P 23
P 23
P 23
Thought Question 1:
Recall study where difference in sample means for weight loss based on dieting only versus exercising only was 3.2 kg. Same study showed difference in average amount of fat weight lost was 1.8 kg and corresponding standard error was 0.83 kg. Suppose means are actually equal, so mean difference in fat lost for populations is actually zero. What is the standardized score corresponding to observed difference of 1.8 kg? Would you expect to see a standardized score that large or larger very often?
Copyright 2005 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Thought Question 2:
In journal article in Case Study 6.4, comparing IQs for children of smokers and nonsmokers, one of the statements made was, After control for confounding background variables, the average difference [in mean IQs] observed at 12 and 24 months was 2.59 points (95% CI: 3.03, 8.20; P = 0.37). (Olds et al., 1994, p. 223) Reported value of 0.37 is the p-value. What are the null and alternative hypotheses being tested?
Thought Question 3:
In chi-squared tests for two categorical variables, introduced in Chapter 13, we were interested in whether a relationship observed in a sample reflected a real relationship in the population. What are the null and alternative hypotheses?
Thought Question 4:
In Chapter 13, we found a statistically significant relationship between smoking (yes or no) and time to pregnancy (one cycle or more than one cycle). Explain what the type 1 and type 2 errors would be for this situation, and the consequences of making each type of error.
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Conclusion: At least one of the means differs from the others. If there were no population differences, sample mean results would vary as much as the ones in this sample did, or more, only 2 times in 1000 (0.002).
Copyright 2005 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
18
Significant differences were found between the music and relaxation conditions (p-value = 0.002) and between the music and silence conditions (p-value = 0.0008). The difference between the relaxation and silence conditions, however, was not statistically significant (p-value = 0.432).
Copyright 2005 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
19
20
Conclusion: p-values are quite small: less than 0.001 for difference after 8 weeks and equal to 0.011 for difference after a year. Therefore, rates of quitting are significantly higher using a nicotine patch than using a placebo patch after 8 weeks and after 1 year.
Copyright 2005 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
21
22
23
24
25
26