Central Line Infection Pathway

Diagnosis and Management of Central Line Associated Bloodstream Infections (CLI) v.
1
Executive Summary Test Your Knowledge Inclusion Criteria
Inpatients and ED patients with suspected CLI
Initial Blood Culture PHASE
Explanation of Evidence Ratings Summary of Version Changes
Exclusion Criteria
!
Do NOT perform blood cultures if CLI not suspected
Amb. Clinic patients Heme/Onc, BMT patients and those on ECMO
!
Remove/exchange non-tunneled catheters promptly in unstable patients; remove all catheters if tunnel infection suspected
Obtain cultures:
Immunocompetent Patient
Blood cultures peripherally and from all catheter lumens Catheter site cultures if indicated Review clinical status
Immunocompromised Patient
High suspicion of CLI, hemodynamically unstable, toxic, or at risk for complications
Low suspicion of CLI, hemodynamically stable,non-toxic, and low risk for complications (minority of patients)
Hemodynamically stable, and non-toxic
Hemodynamically unstable, toxic, or at risk for complications
antibiotics Empiric Antibiotics:

Piperacillin/tazobactam PLUS Vancomycin AND gentamicin if severely ill AND antifungal antifungal if if AND severely ill ill and and with with risk risk severely factors for for fungal fungal disease disease factors
!
Defer antibiotics
Allergies? Call ID!
Empiric Antibiotics: antibiotics:

Piperacillin/tazobactam PLUS Antifungal if risk factors for fungal disease
Empiric antibiotics: Antibiotics:

Meropenem PLUS Vancomycin PLUS Gentamicin PLUS Antifungal if risk factors for fungal disease
Re-evaluate clinical status: Discontinue Antibiotics

Negative cultures at 48 hours and asymptomatic
Definition for nontunneled or tunneled CLs
To Preliminary Cultures: Non-Tunnelled CVCs
After first antibiotic doses and fluid resuscitation Daily
Positive Cultures
Follow culture results
To Preliminary Cultures: Tunnelled CVCs
For questions concerning this pathway, contact: [email protected]

2012 Seattle Childrens Hospital, all rights reserved, Medical Disclaimer
Last Updated: 01/23/2013 Valid until:01/23/2016
Diagnosis and Management of Central Line Associated Bloodstream Infections (CLI) v.1
Executive Summary Test Your Knowledge
Preliminary Culture PHASE, Non-Tunneled CVCs
Inclusion Criteria
!
Exclusion Criteria
!
Preliminary culture results

Gram-positive organisms Gram-negative organisms
Yeast
Gram-Positive Organisms
Consider removing/exchanging the catheter and culturing the catheter tip Evaluate for other sources of infection Repeat blood cultures (from CL only is acceptable) Then add vancomycin if not currently on Add vancomycin lock therapy if not removing/exchanging immediately
Gram-Negative Organisms Yeast

Remove/exchange the catheter and culture the catheter tip Evaluate for other sources of infection Repeat blood cultures (from CL only is acceptable) Then begin antifungal If CLI, remove/exchange the catheter and culture the catheter tip If not a documented CLI, evaluate for other sources of infection and consider remove/exchange of catheter Repeat blood cultures (from CL only is acceptable) Ensure appropriate gram-negative coverage (e.g., pip/tazo) Add second gram-negative agent if patient unstable
Polymicrobial infections
CLIs can involve more than one organism Do not narrow antimicrobials until all organisms are identified and their susceptibilities known. Call ID with questions.
Documenting clearance of CLI

Repeat blood cultures daily: From CL if retained / possible, otherwise peripherally / arterially Until cultures remain negative for at least 48 hours Assure clearance clearance of of infection infection prior prior to to Assure replacing the the catheter, catheter, if if needed needed replacing
Final culture results available
To Definitive Treatment: NonTunnelled CVCs

Preliminary Culture PHASE, Tunneled CVCs
Inclusion Criteria
!
Exclusion Criteria
!
Preliminary culture results

Gram-positive organisms Gram-negative organisms
Gram-Negative Organisms Gram-Positive Organisms

If CLI, consider catheter salvage if patient stable If CLI, remove/exchange the catheter if patient unstable If not a documented CLI, evaluate for other sources of infection and consider remove/exchange of catheter Repeat blood cultures (from CL only is acceptable) Then add vancomycin if not currently on Add vancomycin lock therapy if catheter retained
Yeast
Yeast
Remove/exchange the catheter Repeat blood cultures (from CL only is acceptable) Then begin antifungal
If CLI, consider catheter salvage if patient stable If CLI, remove/exchange the catheter if patient unstable If not a documented CLI, evaluate for other sources of infection and consider remove/exchange of catheter Repeat blood cultures (from CL only is acceptable) Ensure appropriate gram-negative coverage (e.g., pip/tazo) Add second gram-negative agent if patient unstable Add lock therapy if catheter retained
Polymicrobial infections
CLIs can involve more than one organism Do not narrow antimicrobials until all organisms are identified and their susceptibilities known. Call ID with questions.
Documenting clearance of CLI

Repeat blood cultures daily: From CL if retained / possible, otherwise peripherally / arterially Until cultures remain negative for at least 48 hours Assure Assure clearance clearance of of infection infection prior prior to to replacing the catheter, if needed replacing the catheter, if needed
Final culture results available
To Definitive Treatment: Tunnelled CVCs
Definitive Results PHASE, Non-Tunneled CVCs
Inclusion Criteria
!
If >3 days of positive cultures on appropriate antibiotics, remove/exchange catheter and evaluate for metastatic infection
Exclusion Criteria
Repeat blood blood cultures daily: Repeat cultures daily: From CL if retained / possible, otherwise peripherally / arterially Until cultures remain negative for at least 48 hours Assure Assure clearance clearance of of infection infection prior prior to to replacing replacing the the catheter, catheter, if if needed needed
Definitive culture results (identification and susceptibilities of all organisms finalized)

Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (other than S.lugdunensis) All other organisms
Coagulase-Negative Staphylococcus (other than S.lugdunensis)

If CLI, can consider catheter salvage if patient stable Add vancomycin lock therapy if not currently on Treat for 5-10 days if CL salvaged, or 3-5 days if removed Manage CLI due to S. lugdunensis similarly to recommendations for S. aureus CLI
Day 1 of treatment is the first day of negative cultures without subsequent positives
All Other Organisms

1. Remove/exchange the catheter 2. Staphylococcus aureus: S. aureus antibiotic selection Treat uncomplicated CLI for 14 days. Treat complicated CLI for 4-6 weeks. Perform echocardiography if >1 positive culture Consult Infectious Diseases for all patients with high illness severity or multiple comorbidities. 3. Enterococci: Use vancomycin lock therapy in addition to systemic therapy if the catheter is retained. Enterococcal antibiotic selection Treat for 7-14 days. 4. Gram-negative bacilli:
!
Other situations. Call ID!
Gram-negative Gram-negative antibiotic antibiotic selection selection Treat for 7-14 days for uncomplicated CLI, or >4-6 weeks for complicated infections. 5. Candida species: Candida antifungal selection Treat for 14 days for uncomplicated CLI, or >4-6 weeks for complicated infections.

Definitive Results PHASE, Tunneled CVCs
Inclusion Criteria
!
If >3 days of positive cultures on appropriate antibiotics, remove/exchange catheter and evaluate for metastatic infection
Exclusion Criteria
Repeat blood cultures daily: From CL if retained / possible, otherwise peripherally / arterially Until cultures remain negative for at least 48 hours Assure clearance of infection prior to replacing the catheter, if needed
Definitive culture results (identification and susceptibilities of all organisms finalized)
Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (other than S.lugdunensis) S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, Yeast, AFB, other difficult to eradicate pathogens
All other organisms
Coagulase-Negative Staphylococcus (other than S.lugdunensis)

If CLI, consider catheter salvage if patient stable Add vancomycin lock therapy if not currently on Treat for 5-10 days if CL salvaged, or 3-5 days if removed Manage CLI due to S. lugdunensis similarly to recommendations for S. aureus CLI
S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, Yeast, AFB, other difficult to eradicate pathogens Remove / exchange the catheter Employ the narrowest possible antibiotic therapy Staphylococcus aureus recommendations Pseudomonas aeruginosa recommendations Yeast recommendations AFB recommendations For other scenarios or if unable to discontinue CL, consult Infectious Diseases
All Other Organisms

Attempt catheter catheter salvage salvage in in stable stable Attempt patients patients Employ the narrowest possible antibiotic therapy Employ Employ lock lock therapy therapy Enterococcus Gram Negative Bacilli For other scenarios, consult Infectious Diseases
!
Other situations. Call ID!
How to define treatment duration

Last Updated: 01/23/2013 Valid until: 01/23/2016
Background
Millions of indwelling vascular devices are placed annually for administering medications, fluids, and nutrition. These catheters can become infected, which can cause significant morbidity and mortality. Furthermore, the variety both of vascular devices available and organisms that can cause catheter-related infections makes providing simple and easy-to-follow recommendations for the management of such infections difficult. This pathways intent is to standardize to the extent possible the diagnosis and management of such central venous catheter infections at Seattle Childrens.
To Initial Culture Phase
To Preliminary cultures, non-tunneled CVC Preliminary cultures, tunneled CVC
Definitive treatment, non-tunneled CVC Definitive treatment, tunneled CVC
Introduction Central Line Infections

This clinical standard work pathway is meant to entail the diagnosis and management of patients with Central Line Infections (CLI). The inclusion and exclusion criteria as are follows:
Inclusion criteria:
o o
Presence of a central venous catheter Suspected CLI among inpatients and Emergency Department patients Patients without central venous catheters Ambulatory clinic patients Patients on ECMO Hematology / Oncology patients
Exclusion criteria:
o o o o
Definition: Suspected CLI

CLI should be suspected in those with a central catheter in place for >24 hours and a new-onset fever or other systemic or local signs of infection such as hypotension or redness, tenderness, or discharge from their central catheter site. In NICU patients, consider using this pathway for those >7 days of post-natal age and who have central catheters in place for >24 hours.
Definition: Non-Tunneled and Tunneled Catheters

Non-tunneled catheters include peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs), femoral lines, IJ lines, and other central lines not tunneled under the skin. Tunneled catheters include those tunneled under the skin and placed surgically, such as Hickman catheters, Broviacs, and ports.
Definition: Risk of Complications

Low risk:
o
Patients who are immunocompetent, with a single fever or sustained low-grade fever, and without hemodynamic instability, toxic appearance, mental status changes, or indwelling hardware other than their central line (e.g., prosthetic heart valves).
Higher risk:
o
Patients who are immunocompromised* (receiving immunosuppressive medications, transplant recipients, primary immunodeficiency, HIV), with indwelling hardware other than the central line (e.g., prosthetic heart valves), a right-to-left cardiac shunt of any kind, or otherwise of tenuous clinical status / critically ill.
* If in doubt, assume a patient to be immunocompromised and / or call

Infectious Diseases.
Definition: Risk Factors for Fungal Disease

No clear guidelines for when to begin empiric antifungal therapy exist, but typically empiric antifungal therapy should be begun only in the presence of known risk factors. Known risk factors for fungemia include extreme prematurity, prolonged broad-spectrum antibiotics, bone marrow or solid organ transplantation or other abdominal surgery entering a viscus, femoral line in place, ongoing use of parenteral nutrition (Mermel, ).
Empiric Therapy for CLI (contd)

Use micafungin in addition to antibiotics above for septic patients with any fungal infection risk factors (see risk factors definition slide; Mermel, ). Likewise use micafungin if initial culture results suggest candidal infection (e.g., yeast identified on culture). Amphotericin B rather than micafungin is typically used for empiric antifungal treatment of neonates.
Linezolid should not typically be used for empirical therapy (i.e., in patients suspected but not proven to have CRBSI; Mermel, ).
Some services (e.g., SCCA, ICU) have specific protocols for empiric antimicrobial therapy that may supersede these recommendations. Administer antibiotics through the colonized catheter (Mermel, ). Do NOT routinely use urokinase and other thrombolytic agents as adjunctive therapy for patients with CLI (Mermel, ). When an organism has been identified and susceptibilities are available, tailor the antibiotics to the narrowest effective agent (see subsequent slides).
Blood Culture Recommendations

Do NOT routinely obtain catheter cultures in the absence of suspected CLI. (Mermel, ) Obtain blood cultures prior to initiation of antibiotic therapy. (Mermel, ) Prepare skin and the catheter hub for peripheral culture using either alcohol or tincture of iodine or alcoholic chlorhexidine (10.5%), rather than povidone-iodine, and allow adequate skin contact and drying time. (Mermel, ) If a patient with a CVC has a single positive blood culture that grows coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species, obtain additional cultures through the suspected catheter and peripherally before the initiation of antimicrobial therapy and/or catheter removal. (Mermel, )
Blood Culture Recommendations (contd)

Do NOT routinely obtain catheter cultures as test-of-cure after treatment for CLI. (Mermel, ) Once bacteremia or fungemia has been identified, obtain blood cultures daily until cultures remain negative for at least 48 hours to document sterilization, by which time 96% of cultures from central catheters are predicted to be positive. (Local consensus, , and Shah )
Culture All Lumens and Peripherally

Catheter-drawn cultures alone are significantly less specific than when peripheral cultures are also performed (Falagas, ) and result in higher rates of false-positive CLI diagnoses.
Similarly, culturing all lumens and obtaining peripheral cultures add sensitivity to making the diagnosis of CLI. Studies estimate that between 15.8% and 37.3% of all CLI would be missed if not all lumens are sampled (Guembe, ) and that 12.3% of CLI would be missed had peripheral cultures not been drawn (Scheinemann et al., ).
Arterial samples are an acceptable alternative to peripheral samples. Some central catheters (e.g., in neonates) cannot be sampled directly. Culture the catheter skin exit site if signs of local infection (i.e., redness) and discharge are present.
Diagnosis of CLI
Definitive diagnosis of CLI includes any of the following:
The same organism growing peripherally and from the catheter tip. (Mermel, )
Growth of microbes from blood drawn through a catheter hub at least 2 hours before microbial growth is detected in blood samples obtained peripherally, with the same volume of blood obtained in each bottle. (Mermel, A quantitative blood culture obtained through the catheter with a colony count of microbes at least 3-fold greater than that from peripheral culture. However, SCH does not currently employ the quantitative blood culture technique.
Diagnosis of CLI (contd)

Diagnosis of possible CLI includes the following:
2 quantitative blood cultures obtained through 2 catheter lumens in which the colony count for the sample drawn through one lumen is at least 3-fold greater than that from the second lumen. Again, SCH does not currently employ the quantitative blood culture technique. The SCH laboratory does report time to positivity for blood cultures. (Mermel, )
Empiric Therapy for CLI

Use the first day on which negative blood culture results are obtained as day 1 of therapy. (Mermel, ) Use empirical antibiotics as follows:
Instill antibiotics through the infected catheter when possible. Use piperacillin/tazobactam for empirical CLI therapy in stable immunocompetent and immunocompromised hosts (Mermel, ).
Alternatively, for selected immunocompetent patients who are stable and at low risk for complications, antibiotics may be withheld pending culture results (Local consensus, ).
Use piperacillin/tazobactam and vancomycin with or without gentamicin for empirical CLI therapy in unstable immunocompetent and immunocompromised hosts (Mermel, ). For empirical CLI therapy in patients with hemodialysis catheters, use vancomycin and gentamicin (Mermel, ).
Empiric Therapy for CLI (contd)

Use micafungin in addition to antibiotics above for septic patients with any fungal infection risk factors (see risk factors definition slide; Mermel, ). Likewise use micafungin if initial culture results suggest candidal infection (e.g., yeast identified on culture). Amphotericin B rather than micafungin is typically used for empiric antifungal treatment of neonates.
Linezolid should not typically be used for empirical therapy (i.e., in patients suspected but not proven to have CRBSI; Mermel, ).
Some services (e.g., SCCA, ICU) have specific protocols for empiric antimicrobial therapy that may supersede these recommendations. Administer antibiotics through the colonized catheter (Mermel, ). Do NOT routinely use urokinase and other thrombolytic agents as adjunctive therapy for patients with CLI (Mermel, ). When an organism has been identified and susceptibilities are available, tailor the antibiotics to the narrowest effective agent (see subsequent slides).
To Empiric Therapy Pg 2 To Initial Culture Phase
Empiric Antibiotic Selection by Clinical Scenario

Immunocompetent patients Stable, non-toxic, low risk for complications, ongoing monitoring assured Stable, non-toxic, low risk for complications (most patients) Unstable, toxic, severely ill Antibiotic selection Can defer antibiotics Piperacillin/ tazobactam Piperacillin/ tazobactam AND vancomycin AND gentamicin [AND micafungin if risks for fungal disease**] Immunocompromised* patients Stable, non-toxic, low risk for complications Unstable, toxic, severely ill Antibiotic selection Piperacillin/ tazobactam [AND micafungin if risks for fungal disease] Meropenem AND vancomycin AND gentamicin [AND micafungin if risks for fungal disease] Meropenem if penicillin allergic Discuss with Infectious Diseases Alternatives Meropenem if penicillin allergic Discuss with Infectious Diseases Alternatives
*See Febrile neutropenia pathway for management of those patients **Known risk factors for fungemia include extreme prematurity, prolonged broad-spectrum antibiotics, bone marrow or
solid organ transplantation or other abdominal surgery entering a viscus, femoral line in place, ongoing use of parenteral nutrition (Mermel, ).
Lock Therapy with Catheter Salvage

Use lock therapy for all patients with CLI of a long-term catheter without signs of exit site or tunnel infection and for whom catheter salvage is the goal (Mermel, ).
Do NOT routinely use antibiotic lock therapy ALONE for CLI; use antibiotic lock therapy in conjunction with systemic antimicrobial therapy, with both regimens administered for 7-14 days (Mermel, ).
Dwell times for antibiotic locks should be 8-12 hours per day or >2 hours per day for ethanol locks, and the lock solution should be administered 1-2 times daily to each lumen (Local consensus, ). Do NOT routinely allow antibiotic lock solution dwell times to exceed 48 hours before re-instillation of lock solution. Re-instill lock solution every 24 hours for ambulatory patients with femoral catheters (Mermel, ). Re-instill lock solution with each dialysis session for patients undergoing hemodialysis (Mermel, ).
Lock Therapy for CLI Treatment with Catheter Salvage (contd)

Do NOT routinely use antibiotic lock therapy for CLI due to S. aureus or Candida species and instead remove the catheter, unless there are significant extenuating circumstances (Mermel, ). When vancomycin lock therapy is used, the vancomycin concentration should be at least 1000 times higher than the minimum inhibitory concentration of the microorganism involved (Mermel, ).
Do NOT routinely use ethanol lock therapy (Mermel, ); ethanol lock therapy is limited to use in patients with CLI meeting criteria specified in the SCH ethanol lock policy (Local consensus, ).
Additional Gram-Negative Agent Selection

Patients who are critically ill with suspected CLI and who have recent colonization or infection with a multi-drug resistant (MDR) gramnegative pathogen should receive gentamicin (or another agent with broad gram-negative activity from an antimicrobial class different than that of the primary antibiotic, such as ciprofloxacin) in addition to piperacillin/tazobactam and vancomycin as initial therapy; deescalation of the initial regimen to a single appropriate antibiotic is recommended once culture and susceptibility results are available (Mermel, ). Questions regarding risk or management of possible MDR infection should be directed to Infectious Diseases.
Other Evaluation After Fungemia Identified

Additional evaluation for patients with fungemia should include an ophthalmologic exam, and if persistent/prolonged fungemia should also include abdominal ultrasound of liver, kidneys, and spleen, and echocardiogram, to rule out other disseminated sites of infection (Mermel, ; Pappas, ).
Based on IDSA guidelines for management of Candidemia, Pappas et al. 2009
Catheter Removal
Remove and culture non-tunneled catheters if the patient is hemodynamically unstable or has erythema overlying the catheter insertion site or purulence at the catheter insertion site (Mermel, ). Remove non-tunneled catheters from patients with CLI due to any pathogens other than coagulase-negative staphylococci (e.g., gramnegative bacilli, S. aureus, enterococci, fungi, and mycobacteria (Mermel, )). Remove tunneled catheters from patients with CLI associated with any one of the following complications (Mermel, ; Freifeld, ): severe sepsis; suppurative thrombophlebitis; endocarditis; tunnel infection; port abscess; exit site infections that are severe or fail to resolve with antibiotic therapy; CLI due to S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, fungi, or mycobacteria; or any bloodstream infection that continues despite 72 h of antimicrobial therapy to which the infecting microbes are susceptible.
Catheter Removal (contd)

Remove catheters after blood culture contamination is ruled out on the basis of multiple positive culture results, with at least 1 blood culture sample drawn from a peripheral vein, for non-tunneled and tunneled CLI due to less virulent microbes that are difficult to eradicate (e.g., Bacillus species, Micrococcus species, or Propionibacteria), (Mermel, ). In any situation when salvage of the catheter is attempted, remove the catheter if blood cultures obtained 72 hours after the initiation of appropriate therapy remain positive (Mermel, ; Freifeld, ).
Recommendations for Persistently Positive Cultures

Once bacteremia or fungemia has been identified, obtain blood cultures daily until cultures remain negative for at least 48 hours to document sterilization (Local consensus, ; Shah ).
Whenever salvage of the catheter is attempted in a patient with CLI due to any pathogen, remove the catheter if blood cultures obtained 72 hours after the initiation of appropriate therapy remain positive (Mermel, ). Administer antibiotics for 4 to 6 weeks to patients with persistent fungemia or bacteremia occurring >72 hours after catheter removal (Mermel, for S. aureus infection; for infection due to other pathogens), to patients with infective endocarditis or suppurative thrombophlebitis, and to pediatric patients with osteomyelitis (Mermel, ).
Recommendations for Persistently Positive Cultures (contd)

Evaluate patients with persistently positive blood cultures (bacterial or fungal) and/or ongoing fevers for >72 hours after line removal aggressively for evidence of complicated or metastatic disease, such as endocarditis, suppurative thrombophlebitis, occult abscess or osteomyelitis. Consider Infectious Diseases consultation, echocardiogram, extremity Doppler ultrasound, bone scan, ophthalmologic exam and CT scan of chest/abdomen/pelvis.
S. aureus Recommendations
Remove short-term catheters immediately for patients with S. aureus CLI (Mermel, ). For S. aureus CLI involving long-term catheters, remove the catheter unless there are major contraindications (e.g., there is no alternative venous access, the patient has significant bleeding diathesis, or quality of life issues take priority over the need for reinsertion of a new catheter at another site; Mermel, ). For methicillin-susceptible S. aureus, treat with nafcillin (cefazolin is an acceptable alternative). For methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) with a vancomycin MIC <2 g/mL, use vancomycin. For methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) with a vancomycin MIC >2 g/mL, an ID consultation is recommended. Treat patients with uncomplicated CLI due to S. aureus for a minimum of 14 days (Mermel, ).
S. aureus Recommendations (contd)

Treat patients for 4-6 weeks if S. aureus CLI is complicated by persistent bacteremia; endocarditis; septic thrombophlebitis; OR metastatic infection (Mermel, ). Perform echocardiography in all patients with >1 positive blood culture with S. aureus and any one of the following criteria: underlying structural heart disease; murmur; peripheral stigmata of endocarditis; or persistently positive cultures. If an echocardiogram is performed, perform it at least 5-7 days following onset of bacteremia to minimize the likelihood of a false-negative result (Mermel, ). Consider Infectious Diseases consultation for all patients with S. aureus bacteremia and a high illness severity of multiple comorbidities (Honda, ).
Enterococcus Species Recommendations

Remove short-term intravascular catheters infected with enterococci (Mermel, ). Remove long-term catheters infected with enterococci in cases of insertion site or pocket infection, suppurative thrombophlebitis, sepsis, endocarditis, persistent bacteremia, or metastatic infection (Mermel, ).
Use lock therapy in addition to systemic therapy if the catheter is retained (Mermel, ).
For treatment of uncomplicated CLI due to Enterocccus species in stable, immunocompetent patients:
o
Treat with ampicillin if the isolate is susceptible (Mermel, ). Gentamicin may be added if the isolate is susceptible to gentamicin or shows gentamicin synergy (Mermel, ).
Enterococcus Species Recommendations (contd)

o
Use vancomycin if the isolate is resistant to ampicillin but susceptible to vancomycin (Mermel, ). Gentamicin may be added if the isolate is susceptible to gentamicin or shows gentamicin synergy (Mermel, ).
Use linezolid if the isolate is resistant to ampicillin and vancomycin (VRE; Infectious Disease approval required; Mermel, ).
For severe or complicated CLI due to Enterococcus species, or in patients who are immunocompromised:
o
Add gentamicin to ampicillin or vancomycin if the isolate is susceptible to gentamicin or shows gentamicin synergy (Mermel, ). Consult Infectious Diseases if there is high-level gentamicin resistance or for VRE. Treat for 7-14 days from first negative culture in cases of uncomplicated enterococcal CLI (Mermel, ).
Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci Recommendations

If only one culture was positive and the repeat culture drawn prior to the initiation of empirical antibiotics is negative at 48 hours, discontinue antibiotics (Mermel, ). If the isolate is methicillin-susceptible, use nafcillin.
o o
Cefazolin is an acceptable alternative. Use vancomycin for patients with anaphylactic allergies to beta-lactam antibiotics.
If the isolate is methicillin-resistant, use vancomycin. For uncomplicated CLI, treat with antibiotics for 5-7 days if the catheter is removed and for 10-14 days, in combination with lock therapy, if the catheter is retained (Mermel, ). Treatment for neonates can be as short as 3 days for uncomplicated CLI when the catheter has been removed (Hemels, ). Manage CLI due to S. lugdunensis similarly to recommendations above for S. aureus CLI (Mermel, ).
Gram-Negative Bacilli Recommendations

For patients who received combination empiric therapy (e.g., piperacillin/tazobactam and gentamicin), de-escalate the initial regimen to a single appropriate antibiotic once culture and susceptibility results are available (Mermel, ). Treat for 7-14 days from first negative blood culture for uncomplicated gram-negative CLI, or >4-6 weeks for complicated infections.
Candida Species Recommendations

Remove catheters in cases of CLI due to Candida species (Mermel, ). Depending on antifungal sensitivity of the isolate, use micafungin or fluconazole for treatment. Treat for 14 days from first negative blood culture for uncomplicated Candida CLI, or >4-6 weeks for complicated infections.
Other Gram-Positive Organism Recommendations

Diagnosis of CLI due to Corynebacterium, Bacillus and Micrococcus species requires at least 2 positive results of blood cultures performed on samples obtained from different sites (Mermel, ). These organisms can be difficult to eradicate with antimicrobial therapy alone. For the management of these infections, remove the catheter for patients with a short-term CVC, and for patients with an infected longterm catheter or implanted port, unless there are no alternative intravascular access sites (Mermel, ).
Replacing the Catheter (if needed)

The preferred method when a catheter must be replaced is to place the new catheter in a different location. If other vascular sites are unavailable and/or the patient is at increased risk for bleeding diathesis in the setting of CLI not complicated by an exit site or tunnel infection, then attempt exchange of the infected catheter over a guidewire (Mermel, ). In such situations, consider an antimicrobialimpregnated catheter with an anti-infective intraluminal surface for catheter exchange (Mermel, ). Ideally, clearance of the CLI should be documented before replacing the catheter. Documenting clearance typically requires a minimum of 48 hours of negative cultures, but some slow growing organisms may require longer. Questions regarding the risks of replacing the catheter during treatment of a CLI may best be addressed by an Infectious Diseases consultation.
Executive Summary
Objective Create an evidence-based guideline that standardizes the diagnosis and management of Central Line Infections (CLI). Recommendations Providers can revisit and update ED, Neonatal, and Inpatient PowerPlans through multiple phases to: 1) Diagnose a central-line associated bloodstream infection 2) Select appropriate empiric and definitive antibiotic treatment of CLI 3) Know when to remove a catheter to manage a CLI 4) Use lock therapy for catheter salvage during selected CLI.
Rationale Safety the CLI standard Pathway offers specific recommendation to diagnose and treat CLI, highlighting the rationale behind various decision points. Quality of care will improve as result of administering empiric antibiotics as recommended by the best available evidence. We believe that this pathway represents state of the art care. Delivery of care will be improved by defining eligible patient populations, standardizing the diagnosis and treatment of Central Line Infections; Engagement: the pathway has been developed with by MDs, PhDs, and, RNs; CSW Pathway Owner sought broad input for creation of this Pathway as it impacts patients from multiple specialties, services, and departments. Patient/Family Satisfaction will be improved through implementing clinical standard work that will assure the highest quality of care. Costs will be monitored as CSW Core Metric. Evidence Searches were performed in July 2012, from 2008 (the year prior to a major IDSA guideline on the topic) to date Search done only from 2008 forward because of IDSA guideline published in 2009.
Implementation Items CLI Algorithm CLI Training Slides
Metrics Plan 1. Count of Inpatient/obs discharges 2. Median Length of Stay 3. % of patients with any of the specified CLI Powerplan 4. Average charges per case 5. Readmission
PDCA Plan
Revision History Date Approved: January 2013 Next Review Date: January 2016
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Self-Assessment
Completion qualifies you for 1 hour of Category II CME credit. If you are taking this self-assessment as a part of required departmental training at Seattle Childrens Hospital, you MUST logon to Learning Center.
1. When evaluating a patient for CLI, blood cultures should be drawn:

a) Peripherally only
b)
c) d)
From one lumen of the central line only

From all lumens of the central line only From both the periphery and all central line lumens
2. CLI of a tunneled line caused by which of these pathogens can be managed with catheter retention?
a) b) c)
d)
Staphylococcus aureus Pseudomonas aeruginosa Coagulase-negative staphylococci

Candida albicans
3. In which of the following circumstances would antibiotic lock therapy be indicated in standard CLI management?
a) b) 4 month old, PICC infection with Staphylococcus aureus 4 month old, PICC infection with Candida albicans
c) d) e)
4 month old, Broviac infection with coagulase-negative staphylococcus 3 year old, Broviac infection with Staphylococcus aureus None of the above
4. Which of the following is typical empiric therapy for CLI in hemodynamically stable, immunocompetent patients?
a) Piperacillin/tazobactam
b) c)
Ceftazidime Vancomycin
5. In an unstable immunocompetent patient with concern for CLI being admitted to the PICU, what empiric antibiotic regimen should be used?
a) b)
c) d)
Vancomycin and gentamicin Linezolid and gentamicin

Vancomycin, piperacillin/tazobactam, and gentamicin Vancomycin and piperacillin/tazobactam
e)
Vancomycin, ceftriaxone, and metronidazole

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Answer Key
1) d 2) c 3) c 4) a 5) c
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Evidence Ratings
We used the GRADE method of rating evidence quality. Evidence is first assessed as to whether it is from randomized trial, or observational studies. The rating is then adjusted in the following manner: Quality ratings are downgraded if studies: Have serious limitations Have inconsistent results If evidence does not directly address clinical questions If estimates are imprecise OR If it is felt that there is substantial publication bias Quality ratings can be upgraded if it is felt that: The effect size is large If studies are designed in a way that confounding would likely underreport the magnitude of the effect OR If a dose-response gradient is evident Quality of Evidence:
High quality Moderate quality Low quality Very low quality Expert Opinion (E)
Reference: Guyatt G et al. J Clin Epi 2011: 383-394
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Summary of Version Changes

Version 1 (01/23/2013): Go live
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Medical Disclaimer
Medicine is an ever-changing science. As new research and clinical experience broaden our knowledge, changes in treatment and drug therapy are required. The authors have checked with sources believed to be reliable in their efforts to provide information that is complete and generally in accord with the standards accepted at the time of publication. However, in view of the possibility of human error or changes in medical sciences, neither the authors nor Seattle Childrens Healthcare System nor any other party who has been involved in the preparation or publication of this work warrants that the information contained herein is in every respect accurate or complete, and they are not responsible for any errors or omissions or for the results obtained from the use of such information. Readers should confirm the information contained herein with other sources and are encouraged to consult with their health care provider before making any health care decision.
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Bibliography
Search Methods, Central Line Infection, Clinical Standard Work
Studies were identified by searching electronic databases using search strategies developed and executed by a medical librarian, Susan Klawansky. Searches were performed in July 2012, from 2008 (the year prior to a major IDSA guideline on the topic) to date. The following databases were searched on the Ovid platform: Medline, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials; elsewhere Embase, Clinical Evidence, National Guideline Clearinghouse and TRIP. Retrieval was limited to humans and English language. In Medline and Embase, appropriate Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) and Emtree headings were used respectively, along with text words, and the search strategy was adapted for other databases using their controlled vocabularies, where available, along with text words. Concepts searched were central venous catheters, including dozens of alternative phrases; catheter-related infections, including specific bacterial infections; and terms for diagnosis and management, such as anti-infective agents, including specific agents, microbial sensitivity tests, ethanol, device removal, diagnostic techniques and procedures, and subheadings for diagnosis, therapy and drug therapy. All retrieval was further limited to certain evidence categories, such as relevant publication types, Clinical Queries, index terms for study types and other similar limits.
Susan Klawansky, MLS, AHIP January 3, 2013
To Bibliography, Pg 1
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Bibliography
Acua M, O'Ryan M, Cofr J, Alvarez I, Benadof D, Rodrguez P, Torres MT, Aguilera L, Santolaya ME. Differential time to positivity and quantitative cultures for noninvasive diagnosis of catheter-related blood stream infection in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2008 Aug;27(8):681-5. Al Wohoush I, Cairo J, Rangaraj G, Granwehr B, Hachem R, Raad I. Comparing Quantitative Culture of a Blood Sample Obtained through the Catheter with Differential Time to Positivity in Establishing a Diagnosis of Catheter-Related Bloodstream Infection. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2010;31(10):1089-1091. Anoop P, Anjay MA. Role of Antibiotic Line Locks in the Treatment of Infected Central Venous Access Devices. Arch Dis Child 2009;94:556-559. Mermel LA, Allon M, Bouza E, et al. Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Intravascular Catheter-Related Infection: 2009 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 2009:49:1-45 Broom J, Woods M, Allworth A, McCarthy J, Faoagali J, Macdonald S, Pithie A. Ethanol lock therapy to treat tunnelled central lineassociated blood stream infections: results from a prospective trial. Scand J Infect Dis. 2008;40(5):399-406. Bookstaver PB, Gerrald KR, Moran RR. Clinical outcomes of antimicrobial lock solutions used in a treatment modality: a retrospective case series analysis. Clin Pharmacol. 2010;2:123-30. Del Pozo JL, Rodil R, Aguinaga A, Yuste JR, Bustos C, Montero A, Espinosa G, Garca-Fernndez N. Daptomycin lock therapy for grampositive long-term catheter-related bloodstream infections. Int J Clin Pract. 2012 Mar;66(3):305-8. Falagas ME, Kazantzi MS, Bliziotis IA. Comparison of utility of blood cultures from intravascular catheters and peripheral veins: a systematic review and decision analysis. J Med Microbiol. 2008 Jan;57(Pt 1):1-8. Freifeld AG, Bow EJ, Sepkowitz KA, Boeckh MJ, Ito JI, Mullen CA, Raad II, Rolston KV, Young JA, Wingard JR, Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clinical practice guideline for the use of antimicrobial agents in neutropenic patients with cancer: 2010 update by the infectious diseases society of america. Clin Infect Dis. 2011 Feb 15;52(4):e56-93.
Liu CY, Huang LJ, Wang WS, Chen TL, Yen CC, Yang MH, Hsiao LT, Liu CY, Chen PM, Chiou TJ. Candidemia in cancer patients: impact of early removal of non-tunneled central lines on outcome. J Infect. 2009 Feb;58(2):154-60.
Labelle AJ, Micek ST, Roubinian N, Kollef MH. Treatment-related risk factors for hospital mortality in Candida bloodstream infections. Crit Care Med. 2008 Nov;36(11):2967-72. McGrath EJ, Salloum R, Chen X, Jiang Y, Boldt-MacDonald K, Becker C, Chu R, Ang JY. Short-dwell Ethanol Lock Therapy in Children Is Associated With Increased Clearance of Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections. Clin Pediatr 2011;50:943-951. Megged O, Shalit I, Yaniv I, Fisher S, Livni G, Levy I. Outcome of antibiotic lock technique for persistent central line-associated coagulase-negative Staphylococcus bacteremia in children. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2010;29:157-161. Mermel LA, Allon M, Bouza E, et al. Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Intravascular Catheter-Related Infection: 2009 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 2009:49:1-45 Nucci M, Anaissie E, Betts RF, Dupont BF, Wu C, Buell DN, Kovanda L, Lortholary O. Early Removal of Central line in Patients with Candidemia Does Not Improve Outcome: Analysis of 842 Patients from 2 Randomized Clinical Trials. Clin Infect Dis 2010;51(3):295303. OHoro JC, Silva GLM, Safdar N. Anti-Infective Locks for Treatment of Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Am J Nephrol 2011;34:415-422. Onder AM, Chandar J, Simon N, Diaz R, Nwobi O, Abitbol CL, Zilleruelo G. Comparison of tissue plasminogen activator-antibiotic locks with heparin-antibiotic locks in children with catheter-related bacteraemia. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2008 Aug;23(8):2604-10. Onder AM, Billings A, Chandar J, Francoeur D, Simon N, Abitbol C, Zilleruelo G. PREFABL: predictors of failure of antibiotic locks for the treatment of catheter-related bacteraemia. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2010 Nov;25(11):3686-93. Pappas PG, Kauffman CA, Andes D, Benjamin Jr DK, Calandra TF, Edwards Jr. JE, et al. Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Candidiasis: 2009 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 2009:48:503-535
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Funalleras G, Fernndez-Hidalgo N, Borrego A, Almirante B, Planes AM, Rodrguez D, Ruiz I, Pahissa A. Effectiveness of antibioticlock therapy for long-term catheter-related bacteremia due to Gram-negative bacilli: a prospective observational study. Clin Infect Dis. 2011 Nov;53(9):e129-32. Greenberg RG, Moran C, Ulshen M, Smith PB, Benjamin Jr. DK, Cohen-Wolkowiez M. Outcomes of Catheter-associated Infections in Pediatric Patients With Short Bowel Syndrome. JPGN 2010;50:460-462. Guembe M, Rodriguez-Creixems M, Sanchez-Carrillo C, Perez-Parra A, Martin-Rabadan P, Bouza E. How Many Lumens Should be Cultured in the Conservative Diagnosis of Catheter-Related Bloodstream Infections? Clin Infect Dis 2010;50(12):1575-1579. Guembe M, Martin-Rabadan P, Echenagusia A, Camunez F, Rodriguez-Rosales G, Simo G, Echenagusia M, Bouza E. J Clin Microiol 2012;50(3):1003-1007. Guttmann DM, Trerotola SO, Clark TW, Dagli M, Shlansky-Goldberg RD, Itkin M, Soulen MC, Mondschein JI, Stavropoulos SW. Malfunctioning and Infected Tunneled Infusion Catheters: Over-the-Wire Catheter Exchange versus Catheter Removal and Replacement. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2011;22:642-646. Haag GM, Berger AK, Jager D. Treatment of long-term catheter-related bloodstream infections with a taurolidine block: a single cancer center experience. J Vasc Access 2011;12(3):244-247. Halm M, Hickson T, Stein D, Tanner M, VandeGraaf S. Blood Cultures and Central Catheters: Is the Easiest Way Best Practice? Am J Crit Care 2011;20:335-338. Hemels MAC, van den Hoogen A, Verboon-Maciolek MA, Fleer A, Krediet TG. Shortening the Antibiotic course for the Treatment of Neonatal Coagulase-Negative Staphylococcal Sepsis: Fine with Three Days? Neonatology 2012;101:101-105 Honda H, Krauss MJ, Jones JC, Olsen MA, Warren DK. The Value of Infectious Diseases Consultation in Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia. Am J Medicine 2010;123:631-637.
Park KH, Cho OH, Lee SO, Choi SH, Kim YS, Woo JH, Kim MN, Lee DH, Suh C, Kim DY, Lee JH, Lee JH, Lee KH, Kim SH. Outcome of attempted Hickman catheter salvage in febrile neutropenic cancer patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Ann Hematol 2010;89:1163-1169. Raad I, Kassar R, Ghannam D, Chaftari AM, Hachem R, Jiang Y. Management of the Catheter in Documented Catheter-Related Coagulase-Negative Staphylococcal Bacteremia: Remove or Retain? Clin Infect Dis. 2009;49:1187-1194. Scheinemann K, Ethier MC, Dupuis LL, Richardson SE, Doyle J, Allen U, Sung L. Utility of peripheral blood cultures in bacteremic pediatric cancer patients with a central line. Support Care Cancer 2010;18:913-919. Shah SS, Downes KJ, Elliott MR, Bell LM, McGowan KL, Metlay JP. How long does it take to "rule out" bacteremia in children with central lines? Pediatrics. 2008 Jan;121(1):135-41. Slobbe L, El Barzouhi A, Boersma E, Rijnders BJ. J Clin Microbiol. 2009 Apr;47(4):885-8. Tsai MH, Hsu JF, Lien R, Huang HR, Chiang CC, Chu SM, Liang HF, Huang YC. Catheter management in neonates with bloodstream infection and a percutaneously insterted central line in situ: Removal or not? Am J Infect Control 2012;40:59-64. Valentine KM. Ethanol lock therapy for catheter-associated blood stream infections in a pediatric intensive care unit. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2011;12(6):e292-e296. Wintenberger C, Epaulard O, Hincky-Vitrat V, Brion LP, Recule C, Francois P, Stahl JP, Pavese P. Outcome of central line-related bacteraemia according to compliance with guidelines: experience with 91 episodes. J Hosp Infect 2012;80:245-251. Wong T, Clifford V, McCallum Z, Shalley H, Peterkin M, Paxton G, Bines JE. Central line thrombosis associated with 70% ethanol locks in pediatric intestinal failure patients on home parenteral nutrition: a case series. J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2012 May;36(3):35860.
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Central Line Infection Pathway

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Diagnosis and Management of Central Line Associated Bloodstream Infections (CLI) v.

Initial Blood Culture PHASE

Explanation of Evidence Ratings Summary of Version Changes

Amb. Clinic patients Heme/Onc, BMT patients and those on ECMO

High suspicion of CLI, hemodynamically unstable, toxic, or at risk for complications

Hemodynamically stable, and non-toxic

Hemodynamically unstable, toxic, or at risk for complications

antibiotics Empiric Antibiotics:

Empiric Antibiotics: antibiotics:

Empiric antibiotics: Antibiotics:

Re-evaluate clinical status: Discontinue Antibiotics

Definition for nontunneled or tunneled CLs

To Preliminary Cultures: Non-Tunnelled CVCs

After first antibiotic doses and fluid resuscitation Daily

Follow culture results

To Preliminary Cultures: Tunnelled CVCs

For questions concerning this pathway, contact: [email protected]

Last Updated: 01/23/2013 Valid until:01/23/2016

Preliminary Culture PHASE, Non-Tunneled CVCs

Explanation of Evidence Ratings Summary of Version Changes

Preliminary culture results

Gram-Negative Organisms Yeast

Documenting clearance of CLI

To Definitive Treatment: NonTunnelled CVCs

For questions concerning this pathway, contact: [email protected]

Last Updated: 01/23/2013 Valid until:01/23/2016

Preliminary Culture PHASE, Tunneled CVCs

Explanation of Evidence Ratings Summary of Version Changes

Preliminary culture results

Gram-Negative Organisms Gram-Positive Organisms

Documenting clearance of CLI

Final culture results available

To Definitive Treatment: Tunnelled CVCs

Last Updated: 01/23/2013 Valid until:01/23/2016

Definitive Results PHASE, Non-Tunneled CVCs

Explanation of Evidence Ratings Summary of Version Changes

Definitive culture results (identification and susceptibilities of all organisms finalized)

Coagulase-Negative Staphylococcus (other than S.lugdunensis)

All Other Organisms

For questions concerning this pathway, contact: [email protected]

Last Updated: 01/23/2013 Valid until:01/23/2016

Definitive Results PHASE, Tunneled CVCs

Explanation of Evidence Ratings Summary of Version Changes

Inpatients and ED patients with suspected CLI

Definitive culture results (identification and susceptibilities of all organisms finalized)

All other organisms

Coagulase-Negative Staphylococcus (other than S.lugdunensis)

All Other Organisms

How to define treatment duration

For questions concerning this pathway, contact: [email protected]

Last Updated: 01/23/2013 Valid until: 01/23/2016

To Initial Culture Phase

To Preliminary cultures, non-tunneled CVC Preliminary cultures, tunneled CVC

Definitive treatment, non-tunneled CVC Definitive treatment, tunneled CVC

Introduction Central Line Infections

To Initial Culture Phase

To Preliminary cultures, non-tunneled CVC Preliminary cultures, tunneled CVC

Definitive treatment, non-tunneled CVC Definitive treatment, tunneled CVC

Definition: Suspected CLI