Eight Parts Of Speech

EIGHT PARTS OF SPEECH

Eight Parts of Speech
1. Noun (n) (erf) 3. Adjective (adj) 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 2. Pronoun (pron) (erfpm;)

( er0daooe) Verb (V) (Bud,m) Adverb (adv) (Bud,m0daooe) Preposition (perp) (0dbwf) Conjunction (conj) (pum;quf) Interjection (!) (tmar!dwf)

1. Noun (n) - emrf A noun is a naming word. The names of person, animals, things and places are called noun. For example: man, girl, boy, Swe Swe, Hla Hla, cat, dog, etc. 2. Pronoun (pron) - emrfpm; A pronoun is a word used in place of noun. For example: I, we, you, they, he, she, it, etc. 3. Adjective (adj) - emr0daooe An adjective is a word that adds something to the meaning of a noun. For example: clever, stupid, old, young, small, big, tall, short, happy, sad, noise, silent, etc. 4. Verb (v) - Bud,m A verb is a doing word or saying word. It tells us what a person or thing is, does or suffers. For example: Swe Swe is writing a letter. 5. Adverb (adv) - Bud,m0daooe An adverb is a word that adds something to the meaning of a verb, an adjective or another adverb. For example: He walks quickly. 6. Preposition (prep) 0dbwf A preposition is a word placed before a noun or pronoun to show the relation of the noun or pronoun to other nouns or pronouns. For example: to, in, at, from, with, near, etc. 7. Conjunction (conj) pum;quf A conjunction is a joining word. It joins one word to another word or one sentence to another sentence. For example: and, or, because, if, after, etc. 8. Interjection (!) - tmar!dwf An interjection is a word sound which we make to express some sudden feeling. 1. 0rf;om&if Fine! Well-done! Hurray! Hurrah! 2. 3.

0rf;enf;&if qGJaqmifcsif&if

Ah! Alah! Oh God! Woe is me! Look! Listen! Be quiet! Be silent! 17

Eight Parts Of Speech 4.

tHhtm;oifh&if

How nice! How wonderful! Good gracious! What a pity! What a good day!

Nouns are simply naming words-the words we use to refer to objects. Kinds of Nouns Nouns may be broadly classified as follows: NOUNS

1. NOUN

(1) Proper Nouns

(2) Common Nouns

(a) Concrete Nouns

(b) Collective Nouns

(c) Mass Nouns

(d) Abstract Nouns

(e) Compound Nouns

1. Proper Nouns Proper nouns refer to particular persons, places, or things. They are always capitalized. For example: Nilar, Soe Soe, Thura, Singapore, Myanmar, Mandalay, March, Thingyan, Ayerwady, etc. 2. Common Nouns Common nouns refer to any of a class or group of persons, places, or things. All nouns that are not Proper are Common. For example: girl, boy, man, woman, husband, wife, village, city, district, division, town, book, pencil, pen, ruler, shoe, shirt, etc. (a) Concrete nouns Concrete nouns refer to objects and substances that exist in a physical sense; that is anything that can be seen, heard, tasted, smelled, or felt by the body. For example: bird, house, apple, child, rose, wheat, orange, airplane, umbrella, shirt, etc. (b) Collective nouns Collective nouns refer to a number or a set of persons, things, animals, regarded as a single group of the same kind. For example: team, crowd, class, committee, group, family, etc. (c) Mass nouns Mass nouns usually refer to substances (liquid, solid), which are not normally divisible. For example: milk, butter, sugar, oil, water, iron, glass, sand, ink, etc. (d) Abstract nouns Abstract nouns refer to the names of special qualities, actions, emotions, or conditions, including fields of study and sports. For example: poverty, honesty, love, courage, patience, freedom, progress, agriculture, science, etc. (e) Compound nouns Compound nouns consist of two or more words put together to form a name. 18

Eight Parts Of Speech For example: post office, living room, doorknob, brother-in-law, mother-in-law, check in, name plate, etc. Functions 1.As a subject of verb 2.As an object of verb (a) direct object (b) indirect object 3.As object of preposition in a prepositional phrase 4.As a complement (a) subject complement (b) object complement 5.As noun adjunct 6.As appositive 7.As possessive 8.As direct address Examples Su Su dances. Position Before the verb

Su Su saw Mg Mg. After the verb Su Su gave Mg Mg a book. After the verb Su Su gave a book to Mg Mg. After the preposition Su Su is the secretary. Su Su considers him a baby. She waited at the bus-stop. Su Su, a doctor, is my sister. My brother is Su Sus husband Mg Mg, where are you going? Where are you going, Mg Mg? After the verb After the object Before a noun After a noun After the possessive At the beginning of the sentence At the end of the sentence

Pronouns are words that are used in place of a noun or noun phrase. For example: I, we, everybody, anybody, nobody, who, where, that, this, these, some, etc. (a) Personal pronouns Personal pronouns are classified into three groups. They are Personal pronouns, Possessive pronouns and Reflexive pronouns. Person First person Second person Third person Personal Pronouns Objective Subjective case case I me We us You (singular) you You (plural) you He him She her It it They them Possessive Pronouns Possessive Possessive Determiners pronouns my mine our ours your yours your yours his his her hers its its their theirs Reflexive Pronouns myself ourselves yourself yourselves himself herself itself themselves

2. PRONOUNS

Personal pronouns The subjective form is used in subject position: I am a doctor. He ate a banana. The objective form is used in all other position: Their mother is taking them to the theatre. (Direct object) Su Su gave me a book today. (Indirect object) No one came on time except me. (Object of preposition) Possessive pronouns The possessive determiners are used before a noun: That is my book. Give me your name plate. 19

Eight Parts Of Speech The possessive pronouns are used as pronouns in all main position where a noun phrase is possible: 1 2 3 4 5 As subject As subject complement As object As prepositional complement In comparison after as, than Lets go in my car. Mine is faster. Is this book hers? He didnt bring a pen, so I lent him mine. He put his books on the desk behind mine. Our car is older than theirs. Their car is not as old as ours.

Reflexive pronouns As reflexive pronouns points back the subject. It is used: 1. As the direct object You mustnt blame yourself for that. 2. As the indirect object I bought myself a beautiful gold chain. 3. As a prepositional object Shes very angry with herself. 4. To emphasize a subject We ourselves will lead the discussion. 5. To emphasize a object I saw the manager himself. (b) Demonstrative pronouns The demonstrative words in English are this, that, these, those. As pronouns they normally have non-personal reference except when they are used in subject position. As subject This is my book. These are my books. That is your sister. Those are your sisters. As non-personal reference I want to buy this dress. I found these plates in the kitchen. (c) Quantifier pronouns As pronouns quantifier pronouns may take an of-phrase. Countable nouns Uncountable nouns Singular Plural Singular all (of) all (of) all (of) each (of) both (of) half (of) half (of) half (of) some (of) some (of) some (of) any (of) any (of) any (of) either (of) many (of) much (of) more (of) more (of) most (of) most (of) enough (of) enough (of) (a) few (of) (a) little (of) fewer/less (of) less (of) fewest (of) least (of) several (of) least (of) one (of) none (of) none (of) none (of) neither (of) For example: It rained all (of) week. All of the people enjoyed it. 20

Eight Parts Of Speech All of the food has gone bad. Each of the students has been given their own e-mail address. Both of them are my brothers. (d) Other quantifier pronouns Other quantifier pronouns include singular pronouns which have either personal or non-personal reference. Personal Non-personal everybody, everyone everything somebody, anyone something anybody, anyone anything nobody, no one nothing Everyone/Everybody in the office is pleased with everything the new manager does. Somebody/Someone is coming up the driveway. If you want everything, you will get nothing. (e) Reciprocal pronouns Each other and one another are reciprocal pronouns. The twins always borrow clothes from each other /one another. The twins always borrow each others/one anothers clothes.

3. VERB
A verb is a doing word or saying word. It tells us what a person or thing is, does, or suffers. There are two types of verbs in English: Main verbs and Auxiliary verbs. (a) Main Verbs Main verbs have five forms: 1 The mother form(V0)-unchanged form go, be, have, play 2 The present form(V1)-singular-s/es // plural goes, is/am/are, has/have, plays/play 3 The past form (V2) went, was/were, had, played 4 The past participle form (V3) gone, been, had, played 5 The present participle form (V4) going, being, having, playing 1. The mother from(V0) is used: (a) after modal auxiliary verbs: He will go to school tomorrow. She may win the champion. (b) after verb-do of primary auxiliary: He does not go to Yangon. They do not come today, do they? (c) after to He wants to become a doctor. She wants me to be a champion of tennis. 2. The present forms (V1) are used in the present tense (a) The singular form is used after singular subject: She goes to London every year. Mg Mg plays football with his friends every evening. (b) The plural form is used after the plural subject. They go to London every year. Mg Mg and his friends play football every evening. 3. The past form (V2) is used in the past tense: She went to Yangon yesterday. They went to London last week. 21

Eight Parts Of Speech 4. The past participle form (V3) is used in perfect tense and passive voice: (a) with verb-have in perfect tense She has finished her work. They have had breakfast. (b) with verb-be in passive voice Hla Hla is elected a manager. Bo Gyoke Aung San was killed on July 19, 1947. 5. The present participle form (V4) is used in continuous tense with verb-be: She is writing a letter to her friend. They were running to the river. I am singing Yang Aungs song. (b) Auxiliary Verbs Auxiliary verbs are commonly called HELPING VERBS because they are always followed by a main verb in a verb phrase. There are two types of auxiliaries: Primary Auxiliary and Modal Auxiliary verbs. Auxiliary verbs Main verbs Primary Modal Do will, would, shall, should, can, could, run, jump, hate, love, write, Have may, might, must, used to, ought to, look, draw, eat, hear, go, lead, need, dare follow, see, watch Be Primary Auxiliary verbs are used: Singular subject does She does not eat a banana. Plural subject do V0 They do come here. All subjects did Did he come to me? Singular subject Plural subject All subjects has have had She had eaten rice. We have ever been to Bagan. He had gone when you came here.

V3

Singular subject is She is swimming in the pool. V4 Plural subject are They are the farmers. They are working. I am/was I am reading. I was reading a book this time yesterday. Singular subject was V3 He was studying the lessons when the light went out. Plural subject were They were punished for that. Modal Auxiliary verbs are used: All subjects Modal V0 He will go there next week. They would go there next week.( in the past)

Auxiliary verbs as main verb (1) Verb-do functions as a main verb with the meaning of perform: I do my homework. She does the exercises. (2) Verb-have functions as a main verb meaning possess: I have a new cupboard. She has a car. Or receive, take, experience: I have coffee for breakfast. I have free time on the week-ends. (3)Verb-be functions as a main verb meaning equal to: I am a girl. 22

Eight Parts Of Speech He is an author. Or situate: She is in the car. They are in the room.

(4) ADVERB
An adverb is a word that adds more information about place, time, manner, cause, or degree to a verb, an adjective, a phrase or another adverb. They played the music beautifully. (modify verb) It is rather old. (modify adjective) She arrived very quickly. (modify adverb) The situation was getting completely out of hand.(modify phrase) Types of Adverbs (a) Adverbs of Time These answer the question When? now, soon, already, today, before, ago, them, immediately, lately, yesterday, since, every day, weekly, sometimes, at 8 oclock, in the morning, in the evening, at night, etc Ill see you again soon. He set off yesterday. I study English every day. (b) Adverbs of Place and Direction These answer the question Where? here, there, everywhere, in, out, above, down, behind, below, outside, left, straight, west, downstairs, on the roof, over there, etc Hey! Climb down. She walked downstairs. A bird is on the roof. (c) Adverbs of Manner, Means and Instrument These answer the question How?, In what way/manner? surely, better, easily, well, quietly, loudly, politely, badly, gladly, separately, with a big gun, quickly, slowly, with friends, etc She closed the door quietly. He speaks politely. The results were published separately. (d) Adverbs of Frequency These answer the question How often? often, usually, sometimes, never, twice a week, rarely, yearly, always, etc The rubbish was collected twice a week. I ought never to have encouraged him.

(5) ADJECTIVE
An adjective is a word that modifies, or changes the meaning of a noun or pronoun. It may point out or describe or limit the meaning of the noun or pronoun. Kinds of Adjectives (a) Attributive or descriptive: He is an intelligent child. We are a happy family. (b) Predicative: All the children are intelligent. We are happy. (c) Participle adjectives: There are the two cooking pots in the kitchen. 23

Eight Parts Of Speech One of them is the broken pot. His ideas on religious are astonishing. She seemed satisfied with my explanation. (d) Adjectives as Heads Some adjectives can function as heads of noun phrase: The rich can afford to eat meat every day. The educated have many experiences. Adjective Patterns (a) Adjective + prepositional phrase You must be more accurate in your work. Doctors say that milk is good for you. You are interested in English, arent you? (b) Adjective + that clause Are you sure that hes honest? Shes surprised that youre going abroad. Its sad that he is so ill. Its fortunate that he only took her radio. (c) Adjective + to-V0 The house was difficult to find. It was difficult to find the job. It is easy to say but difficult to do. Comparison of Adjectives (a) The positive degree, used when no comparison is made; Subject +V-be + Adjective He is tall. They are beautiful. (b) The comparative degree, used when two things are compared; Subject +V-be + Adjective2 +than+ Object He is taller than Mg Mg. She is more beautiful than they are beautiful (them). (c) The superlative degree, used when more two things are compared; Subject +V-be +the+Adjective3 +Noun +in/among+ Noun He is the tallest boy in our class. She is the most beautiful girl among us.

(6) PREPOSITION
A preposition is a word or group of words such as in, from, to, out, of, and on behalf of used before a noun or pronoun to show place, position, time or method. Positions of Preposition (a) Preposition + Noun in the morning, by bus, out of the room He always gets up early in the morning. She goes to work by bus. (b) Noun + Preposition key to, respect to, influence on, relationship with I have the spare key to the front door. I have the greatest respect to your brother. (c) Verb + Preposition consist of, divide into, look for, look at 24

Eight Parts Of Speech It can be divided into two parts. A baby is looking at the moon. (d) Adjective + Preposition afraid of , busy with, different from, good at He is good at English. They are interested in football.

(7) CONJUNCTION
The work of a conjunction is to join words, phrases, clauses, or sentences. Types of Conjunctions (a) Coordinate conjunctions These join together words, phrases and clauses of equal rank. Mya Mya and Hla Hla are the teachers. (word) I looked for the dictionary on the shelf and in the cupboard. (phrase) The thunder rolled and the lighting flashed. (clause) (b) Subordinate conjunctions These join clauses of unequal rank, i.e. they join sub clauses to main clauses. My mother has got thinner since I last saw her. Wherever the cat goes, her kittens follow. He is nearly as tall as his father.

(8)INTERJECTION
An interjection is a word of exclamation whose only function is to express emotion or feeling. Surprise Satisfaction Great satisfaction Great surprise Excitement/delight Pain Disgust Pleasure, pain Exhaustion : Oh, what a lovely present! : Ah, thats a much neater essay! : Aha, those are the books Ive been looking for. : Wow, did you see that? : Yippee, grandfather is coming to visit us! : Ouch, youre treading on my foot! : Ow, Ive hurt myself. : Ugh, what a filthy road. : Ooh, the waters lovely and cool. : Ooh, my back aches terribly. : Phew, Im hot!

A simple sentence A simple sentence is a sentence that is formed by one clause.

25

Eight Parts Of Speech

32 SIMPLE SENTENCE PATTERNS

0guskd; (32) rsdK;

She is a doctor. She is beautiful. She is afraid of dog.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10 . 11 . 12 . 13 . 14 . 15 . 16 . 17 . 18 . 19 . 20 . 21 . 22 . 23 . 24 . 25 . 26 . 27 .

S+Vbe+N S+Vbe+Adj S+Vbe+Adj+Prep+N S+Vbe+Adj+To-V0 S+Vbe+Adj+V4 S+Vbe+V3 S+Vbe+V4 S+Vbe+Prep+N S+Vbe+To-V0 V1 S+Vi S+Vt+O S+Vt+IO+DO S+Vt+DO+Prep+IO S+Vt+O+Adj S+Vt+O+N S+Vt+O+To-V0 S+Vt+O+V1 S+Vt+O+V3 S+Vt+O+V4 S+Vt+To-V0 S+Vt+V4 S+Vt+Prep+N S+LV+N S+LV+Adj It+Vbe+N It+Vbe+Adj+(for N)+To-V0

She is afraid to go home. She is busy doing homework. She was killed on January 19, 2000. She is swimming. She is from Yangon. Her hobby is to read many books. Come in please. Please do me a favor. She dances on the stage. She eats rice. She gives the teacher the flowers. She gives the flowers to the teacher. She made me happy. She considered me a baby. She wants me to become a doctor. She made me cry. She had her hair cut. She saw the children playing football. She hoped to get a good job. She likes reading a novel. She always looks after me. She will make a good wife. She looks very young. It is a hot day. It is difficult (for everyone) to master English. 26

Eight Parts Of Speech 28 . 29 . 30 . 31 . 32 . It+Vbe+Adj+of+N+To-V0 It+Vbe+N/Adj+V4 It+takes+N+time phrase+To-V0 There+Vbe+N+Prep+N There+Vi+N+Prep+N It is kind of you to help us. It is worth reading this book. It takes me five minutes to go to school. There are three persons in my family. There developed goodwill between the two countries.

A compound sentence A compound sentence is a sentence consisting of two or more main (independent) clauses linked by a coordinating conjunction.
Simple sentence Independent Clause Principle Clause Super ordinate Clause Main Clause Coordinating conjunction and, but, or, so, else, either, nor, neither, for, however, also, as well as, both and, therefore, etc Simple sentence Independent Clause Principle Clause Super ordinate Clause Main Clause

t"du0gus

*kPf&nfwljzpf pum;quf

t"du0gus

COMPOUND SENTENCES JOINED BY 42 CONJUNCTIONS

pum;quf (42) rsdK; ESihf qufxm;aom 0gusaESmrsm;

1. and (ESifh??NyD;vQif?aemufNyD;?if;tjyif) We stayed at home and (we) watched TV.

uRefawmfwdkYonf kyfjrifoHMum;MunfhcJhMuonf/ 2. but (odkYr[kwf?odkY&mwGif?'gayr,fh) uRefrowif;pmwpfapmif0,fcJhonf/ rzwfcJhyg/ 3. or ('grSr[kwf?odkYr[kwf)

Do as the teacher told, or you'll be punished. I brought a newspaper but (I) didn't read it.

tdrfrSmaeNyD;

odkY&mwGif

uRefr

q&majymxm;wJhtwdkif;vkyfyg/ rif;tjypfay;cH&vdrfhrnf/ 4. nor (vn;f.....r[kwf) ig a&rul;wwfbl;/ rif;vnf; a&rul;wwfbl;/ 5. either (vnf;yJ) olwdkYraysmfygbl;/ igvnf;raysmfygbl;/ 6. neither (vnf;.....r[kwf) xdkvlBuD; rkd;om;yg/ olUom;vnf; rdk;om;yg/ 7. else ('grSr[kwf&if)
Walk quickly, else you won't overtake him. 27 The man is not honest, neither is his son. They are not happy, I'm not either. I can't swim, nor can you.

'grSr[kwf&if

Eight Parts Of Speech

jrefjrefavQmufyg/ 'grSr[kwf&if ausmfwufEdkifrSmr[kwfbl;/ 8. however (rnfodkYyifjzpfap?odkYaomfvnf;)

Yangon has a warm weather; however Putao has a cold one.

rif;olUudk

&efukefwGif aEG;axG;aom &moDOwkSdygonf/odkUaomfvnf; ylwmtdkwGif at;aom &moDOwkSdygonf/

9.therefore (xdkYaMumifh?'ghaMumifh) Soe Pay didn't study; therefore he failed in the exam.

qdk;aypmrusufcJhyg/ xdkUaMumifh pmar;yGJ uscJh\/ 10. so (xdkYaMumifh?'ghaMumifh)

It is very hot, so I opened the window.

tvGefyljyif;vS\/ xdkUaMumifh uRefawmf zGifhcJh\/ 11. for (taMumif;uawmh?twGufaMumifh) tcsdefaESmif;oGm;ygNyD/ taMumifhuawmh 'DrSma&mufaewm MumygNyDyJ/ 12. also (vnf;yJ)
I am quite happy; he is also. It was late, for I have long been here.

jywif;ayguf

uRefawmf

uRefawmfodyfaysmfwmyJ/ olvnf;aysmfwmygyJ/ 13. otherwise ('grSr[kwf&if)

Do as you are told, otherwise you'll be punished.

rif;udkajymxm;wJhtwdkif; vkyfyg/ rif;tjypfay;cH&vdrfhr,f/ 14. yet (odkY&mwGif?odkYaomfvnf;)

He didn't study, yet he passed his exam.

'grSr[kwf&if

olpmrusufcJhbl;/ odkUaomfvnf; olpmar;yGJatmifcJhygw,f/ 15. then ('gqdk&if?,if;odkYqdkvQif) rif; yifyefaew,f/ 'gqdk&if rif; tem;,l&r,f/ 16. too (if;tjyif?vnf;yJ?tvm;wl) uRefra,musfm;u pufbD;pD;wmudk BudKufw,f/ olUtwdkif;ygyJ/ 17. nevertheless(aomfjim;vnf;/ 'gayr,fhvnf;)
I'm not quite well; nevertheless I'll go along with you. My husband likes riding bicycle; I do too. You are tired, then you must take a rest.

uRefrvnf;

uRefawmfodyfawmhaeraumif;ygbl;/ cifrsm;eJUvdkufr,f/ 18. nonetheless(aomfjim;vnf;/ 'gayr,fhvnf;) pmtkyfuawmhSnfvGef;ygw,f/ azsmfajzrISdygw,f/ 19. or else ('grSr[kwf&if)
Do as I tell you; or else you will regret it. 28 The book is too long; nonetheless it is education and entertaining.

'gayr,fhvnf;

'gayr,fhvnf;

ynmay;NyD;

igajymwJhtwdkif;vkyfyg/ 'grSr[kwf&if rif; aemifw&vdrfhr,f/

Eight Parts Of Speech 20. only (that) (odkUaomf/ 'gayr,fh/ I really want to go, only that I am now busy.

rSvGJ) oGm;csifygw,f/ 'gayr,fh

uRefawmf wu,fhudk tcktvkyfIyfaeygw,f/ 21. as well as (xdkUtjyif/ vnf;yJ)

We will travel in days as well as at nights.

uRefawmfwdkU aeUtjyif nyg c&DoGm;Mur,f/ 22. no less than (xufravsmhyJ)

Father loves me no less than mother does.

taz[m uRefawmhfudk tarxufravsmUyJ cspfygw,f/ 23. ratherthan (rnfhtpm;/ xuf)

She'd rather die than tell a lie.

olr vdrfajym&wmxuf ao&wm ydkaumif;vdrfhr,fvdkU xifygw,f/ 24. both.and (ESpfckpvHk;/ a&myg) iyvDa&m? jzpfygw,f/
25. Both Ngapli and Kanthayar are pleasant beaches.

urf;om,myg

om,mvSywJh

yifv,furf;ajcrsm; ...

eitheror.(wpfckr[kwf....wpfck?

.jzpfap....jzpfap)
Either Ko Win or Ko Thin is in the room. 26. Neither Thuzar nor Marlar goes to work.

udk0if;jzpfap? udkoif;jzpfap tcef;xJrSm Sdygw,f/

neither.nor.

(wpfckckrSr[kwf?.......a&m.....yg..r[kwf) olZma&mrmvmyg tvkyfroGm;Muyg/ 27. and.also (....ESifh....vnf;yJ)

They know him and I know him also.

olwkdUu olUudkodovdk uRefawmfuvnf; olUudk odygw,f/

28.and too(....ESifh....vnf;yJ) He likes tea and I do too.

olvufzuf&nfBudKufovdk uRefrvnf;yJ BudKufygw,f/ 29. andeither (...vnf;yJ) ol roGm;Edkifbl;/ ig vnf;yJ roGm;Edkifbl;/ 30. and neither (.....vnf;...r[kwf) uRefawmfraysmfygbl;/ olwdkUvnf;yJ raysmfygbl;/ 31. and then (tJ'Daemufawmh) ol a&csdK;cJhw,f/ tJ'Daemufawmh npmpm;cJhw,f/ 32. and nor (vnf;.....r[kwf)
He won't visit Pepple's Park and nor will she. 29 He took a bath and then had dinner. I am not happy and neither do they. He can't go and I can't go either.

Eight Parts Of Speech

ol jynfolUO,smOfudk oGm;vnfrSmr[kwfbl;/ oGm;vnfrSmr[kwfbl;/ 33. and yet (odkUaomfjim;vnf;/ 'gayr,fhvnf;) uRefawmfxGufoGm;csifygNyD/ aezdkU0w&m;Sdw,fvdkU cHpm;&w,f/ 34. and thus(xkdUaMumifh/ xkdodkUjzifh)
They like movies and thus they often go to the movies. I want to leave, and yet I feel obliged to stay.

olrvnf;

'gayr,fhvnf;

olwdkUkyfSifBudKufMuonf/ xdkUaMumifh kyfSifoGm;Muonf/ 35. and hence (xdkUaMumifh/ taMumif;aMumifh) uRefawmhfrSmaqGrsdK;rSdygbl;/ 'DrSwnf;cdk&ygvdrfhr,f/ 36. but nor ('gayr,fh....r[kwf)
She doesn't like them but nor do we. I have no relatives, and hence I will have to stay here.

rMumcP

'gaMumifh

olru olwdkUudk rBudKufygbl;/ 'gayr,fh uRefawmfwdkUvnf; rBudKufyg/ 37. but neither ('gayr,fh....r[kwf) ol[m xl;cRefolr[kwfyg/ 'gayr,fhvnf; tvum;aumifawmh r[kwfygbl;/ 38. butstill ('gayr,fh...wkef;yJ/qJyJ/ odkUaomfjim;vnf;)
We searched everywhere but we still couldn't find it. He is not a very outstanding person but neither is he a good-for-nothing guy.

uRefawmfwdkU ae&mwdkif;udk SmcJhygw,f/ 'gayr,fh SmvdkUr&wkef;ygyJ/ 39. not..but (....r[kwf....odkUaomf/ 'gayr,hf/ omvQif) yufvufukvm;xdkifrsm;udk aq;okwfxm;ygonf/ 40. notnor (r[kwf....vnf;yJ)
You are not married, nor am I. The easy chairs are not polished but painted.

ay:vpfwdkwfrxm;yg/

odkUaomf

rif; tdrfaxmifrSdbl;/ igvnf; rSdbl;/ 41. not only.but also (.....omru......vnf;yJ)

I am learning not only English but also Japanese.

uRefawmft*Fvdyfbmomudkomru *syefbmompum;udkvnf; oif,laeygw,f/ 42. not just.but also (.....omru......vnf;yJ)

My parents not just take care of me but also lead me also.

uRefawmhf&JUrdbawGu uRefawmhfudk apmifhaSmufkHomru OD;vnf;OD;aqmifygw,f/

A complex sentence
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Eight Parts Of Speech

A complex sentence is a sentence with only one independent (super ordinate/ principle/ main) clause and one or more dependent (subordinate/ sub-) clauses.
(a) Usual position

ykHrSeftxm;todk
Sub-ordinate conjunction Sub-clause

Main clause

t"du0gu s
(b) Unusual position

vufatmufcHpu m;quf

vufatmufc H0gus

xl;jcm;txm;todk
Sub-clause

Sub-ordinate conjunction

vufatmufcHpum vufatmufc ;quf H0gus

, Main clause , t"du0g us

Model sentences: As, Because, Since = aomaMumifh 1. The man was sent to prison as he had committed a crime. 2. Because the test is on Friday, you should be reading your books. 3. He failed in the exam since he didn't work hard. Seeing that =aMumifh 4. Seeing that he's been off sick all week he's unlikely to come. In case = jzpfEdkifaomaMumifh 5. You'd better take the keys in case I'm out. For =taMumif;uawmh 6. I believed her for surely she would not lie to me. After = NyD;aemuf 7. After I've spoken to them, I'll come to you. If, Provided that, Providing that = vQif 8. If it rains, we will not go outside. 9. Provided that you have the money in your account, you can withdraw up to $100 a day. 10. We'll buy everything you produce, providing that of course the price is right. As long as, So long as, Only if = rSomvQif 11. We'll go as long as the weather is good. 12. Only if a teacher has given permission is a student allowed to leave the room. As if, As though = ouJhodkU ^ovdk 13. He behaved as if/as though nothing had happened. Unless = r.....vQif 14. Unless you'd prefer a cold drink, have a cup of tea. When, Once, By the time = aomtcg 15. When I was at school, I loved English. 16. Once you go out, take the umbrella with you. 17. There was no one in the room by the time I arrived there. Whenever = tcsdefwdkif;rSm 18. Whenever you need it, you can ask for help. Whence = ae&mrS 19. They returned whence they had come. 31

Eight Parts Of Speech Where = ae&mrSm 20. She found her purse where she had left it in the bus. Wherever = ae&mwdkif;rSm 21. Wherever you go, I follow you. Whither = ae&m 22. They did not know whither they should go. As ..as =avmuf 23. Nilar is as beautiful as her mother. Than = . xuf 24. Su Su is taller than Mya Mya. So that, In order that = ap&ef 25. We took a taxi to the stadium so that we wouldn't be late for the game. 26. A note was sent to all the classrooms in order that every boy would know to wear a tie on Mondays. So as to, In order to = ap&ef 27. We went early so as to get good seats. 28. She arrived early in order to get a good seat. That = vkdU 29. I think that he is honest. Although, Even though, Though, Whereas, Despite the fact that, In spite of the fact that, Much as = aomfvnf;yJ 30. Although she is poor, she is generous. 31. We lost the game although/even though/though everyone played well. 32. Some of the studies show positive results, whereas others do not. 33. She was good at Physics despite the fact that she found it boring. 34. English became the official language for business in spite of the fact that the population was largely Chinese. 35. Much as I would like to stay, I really must go home. Before, Ere = r.....wdkifcif 36. Look before you leap. 37. Ere they came back home, I returned. Until, Till = wkdifatmif 38. Let's wait until the rain stops. 39. We waited till he came here. Supposing that = qdkMuygpdkU 40. Supposing that you are wrong, what will you do then? While = pOfwGif 41. Her parents died while she was still at school. As far as = oavmufawmh 42. That's the truth, as far as I know it. No sooner than =NyD;aemufrMumrD 43. No sooner had the match started than they scored the first goal. Whether..or..= ...vm;.......vm; 44. He seemed undecided whether to go or stay. Whetheror.not =...vm;.......rvkyfzl;vm; 45. Whether or not we're successful, we can be sure that we did our best. Whichever = b,f.......yJjzpfjzpf 32

Eight Parts Of Speech 46. It takes three hours, whichever route you take. Lest =pdk;vkdU 47. He gripped his brother's arm lest he be trampled by the mob. Except that = rSwyg; 48. I didn't tell him anything except that I needed the money. As soon as, Immediately =...vQif.......csif; 49. As soon as the train had gone, they reached the station. 50. Immediately she'd gone, I remembered her name. Elliptical sentences (1) Omitting of Verb Mg Mg can play the piano and Mya Mya, the guitar. (ellipsis) Mg Mg can play the piano and Mya Mya can play the guitar. (full sentence) (2) Omitting of verb, object, and complement Mg Mg can play the piano and Mya Mya too. (ellipsis) Mg Mg can play the piano and Mya Mya can play the piano too. (full sentence) Mg Mg can play the piano and Mya Mya can too. (ellipsis) Mg Mg can play the piano and Mya Mya can play the piano too. (full sentence) She wanted to go there and did. (ellipsis) She wanted to go there and she went there. (full sentence) I will clean the room today if you will tomorrow. (ellipsis) I will clean the room today if you will clean the room tomorrow. (full sentence) She wants me to be a doctor, but I dont want. (I dont want to be a doctor.) (3) Leaving out when answering to the questions () A: Who will come to the party tomorrow? B: Mr. Brown. (Mr. Brown will come to the party tomorrow.)When does the party start? A: 5 pm. (The party starts at 5 pm.)Do you come? (Do you come to the party?) B: No, I dont. (I dont come to the party.) () wh- A: I will go to Yangon. B: When? (When will you go to Yangon?) --Mr. Brown will come to the party, but I dont know when. (when he will come to the party) She neglects me, but I dont know why. (why she neglects me) A: Would you like to drink more? B. Why not? (Why wouldnt I like to drink more?) ( ) -A: She loves Mg Mg. 33

B: Why Mg Mg?

Eight Parts Of Speech

() I have two books, but she has many. (many books) I like her book, but she likes mine. (my book) There are five questions, but I dont know the first and the third. (the first question and the third question) () (than ) She ordered more beer than we could drink. (we could drink beer) She is older than I am. (I am old) She is older than me. ) More people arrived than we expected would arrive. (we expected people would arrive) More people arrived than we expected.

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