Sampling and Sampling Distribution

Asst.
Dita&Agnes (Statistics II)
WEEK 2: SAMPLING AND SAMPLING DISTRIBUTIONS

Sampling is concerned with the selection of a subset of individuals from within a statistical population to estimate characteristics of the whole population. Two advantages of sampling are that the cost is lower and data collection is faster than measuring the entire population. Sampling Methods Probability random sampling is one in which every unit in the population has a chance (greater than zero) of being selected in the sample, and this probability can be accurately determined. Probability random sampling includes: a. Simple Random Sampling Simple random sampling is a sampling method where each individual is chosen randomly and entirely by chance, such that each individual has the same probability of being chosen at any stage during the sampling process. Systematic random sampling is a method where the progression through the list is treated circularly, with a return to the top once the end of the list is passed. The sampling starts by selecting an element from the list at random and then every Kth element in the frame is selected. (where K= N/n) b. Stratisfied random sampling is a sampling method for heterogeneous population. Stratification is is the process of dividing members of the population into homogeneous subgroups before sampling. Then simple random sampling or systematic sampling is applied within each stratum. c. Multistage random sampling where sampling is done in stages, this method can be done if the study area is relatively wide / large study population. d. Cluster random sampling where sampling is done by clustering the population. This is done because the populations are separated from each other fieldwork. Sampling is often clustered by geography or by time periods.
Non-probability random sampling is any sampling method where some elements of the population have no chance of selection, or where the probability of selection can't be accurately determined. Non-probability random sampling includes:
Asst. Dita&Agnes (Statistics II) a. Accidental sampling method is a type of nonprobability sampling which involves the sample being drawn from that part of the population which is close to hand. b. Purposive sampling method where the researcher chooses the sample based on who they think would be appropriate for the study. c. Snowball sampling method is such samples that are biased and scattered because they give people with more social connections an unknown but higher chance of selection (e.q. The first respondent refers a friend. The friend also refers a friend, and so on).
Additional formulas: Factorial (to determine the number of samples):
Mean:
Standard Error:
Z Value:
EXERCISE 1. A population consists of the following four leaves: 12, 12, 14, and 16.
Asst. Dita&Agnes (Statistics II) a. List all samples of size 2, and compute the mean of each sample. b. Compute the mean of the distribution of the sample mean and the population mean. Compare the two values. c. Compare the dispersion in the population with that of the sample mean. 2. There are five sales associates at Mid-Motors Ford. The five representatives and the number of cars they sold last week are: Sales Cars Sold Representative Peter Hankish 8 Connie Stallter 6 Juan Lopez 4 Ted Barnes 10 Peggy Chu 6 a. How many different samples of size 2 are possible? b. Liss all possible samples of size 2, and compute the mean of each sample. c. Compare the mean of the sampling distribution of sample means with that of the population. d. On a chart similiar to chart 8-1, compare the dispersion in sample means with that of the population.
Answers: 1. a.
Sample
Values
Sum
Mean
Asst. Dita&Agnes (Statistics II) 1 12, 12 24 12 2 12, 14 26 13 3 12, 16 28 14 4 12, 14 26 13 5 12, 16 28 14 6 14, 16 30 15 X = (12 + 13 + 14 + 13 + 14 + 15) / 6 = 13.5 =(12 + 12 + 14 + 16)/4 = 13.5 More dispersion with population compared to the sample means. The sample means vary from 12 to 15 whereas the population varies from 12 to 16. 10, found by (5!)/3!2! Cars Sample Cars Sample sold mean sold mean 8,6 7 6,10 8 8,4 6 6,6 6 8,10 9 4,10 7 8,6 7 4,6 5 6,4 5 10,6 8 6.8 for population, 6.8 for sample means. They are identical.
b. c. 2. a. b.
c. d.
There is more dispersion in the population than in the sample.

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Asst.

Dita&Agnes (Statistics II)

WEEK 2: SAMPLING AND SAMPLING DISTRIBUTIONS

Additional formulas: Factorial (to determine the number of samples):

There is more dispersion in the population than in the sample.

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