Environmental Management System 1. The objectives: We must have basic knowledge of: a.

The impacts of human activities on the environment b. The environment ethics, management system, laws legislation c. Must understand sustainable development 2. Earth consist of : a. Atmosphere Mixture of gases, extended outward from earths surface into space b. Hydro Hydro refers to water. Hydro consists of oceans, lake, rivers, and groundwater. c. Litos The layer that wraps the core of the earth. d. Bio Where all life forms exist. 3. Earths surface is 70% covered by water and 30% covered by 7 continent land masses. 4. Ecosystem a. Is also called biomass b. Is a region of land that has its unique climate and life forms. c. Is combination of all living and nonliving elements of an area. d. There are 8 biomass in the world each are different. e. The ocean is the largest biomass. f. Tropical rainforest is another biomass. g. Temperate forest (forest in colder environment) is another biomass. h. Grassland (where there is not enough) is another biomass. 5. Can human control the whole environment system? a. Biosphere provides us with life sustaining materials in the form of gas, liquid, and solid. b. We use air, food and water for our daily needs. c. We (and all life forms) release our discharge into the atmosphere. 6. Dynamic balance is a process where all waste generated are assimilated by environment. 7. Only recently (last 100 years) that this dynamic balance is disrupted. The environment ability to repair itself destroyed.

a. Burning of fossil fuel (oil and coal) result in dramatic released of captured CO2 into the atmosphere. b. Deforestation reduces environments ability to capture CO2 from air and trap it and bury it underground. c. CO2 and CFC are greenhouse gases that cause thinning of ozone layer and result in global warming. d. 2.9 billion tons of total carbon released into the atmosphere annually. To balance this, we need to plant 465 hectare of tree. 8. Other serious environmental issues due to human activities: a. Acid deposition Gases released from industries smokestack, when mixed with water vapor will become acid. Come down to earth with rain as acid rain. b. Pollution of water supply c. Pollution from improper disposal of MSW d. Pollution from improper disposal of toxic waste 9. Major environmental problems in Malaysia a. Water pollution In the past , water pollution comes from tin mining, agricultural activities As Malaysia industrializes and manufacturing base grow, we have organic and inorganic chemicals, heavy metals, chloroforms, petrochemicals and bacteria. Deforestation and land clearance for urbanization result in serious siltation problems. b. Air pollution Comes from burning of fossil fuel (petrol, coal plant). Manufacturing industries, open burning in agricultural sector. In 1997, serious haze problem in Klang Valley. Cross border air pollution from Sumatera. c. Land pollution National average of solid waste produced in Malaysia is 0.5-0.8 kg/person/day In major cities, it is 1.7 kg/person/day Higher income means higher standard of living, higher consumption, and higher amount of waste. In year 2005, 23 million Malaysians produced 19,000 tons of waste every day. Electronic and chemical factory produced toxic and hazardous waste. Contaminants include hydrocarbons, heavy metals, herbicides, pesticides and chlorinated hydrocarbon.

Water Resources and Water Quality

1. Objectives: a. To understand concept of hydrologic cycle b. To understand water demand estimation c. To understand process in water treatment plant d. To understand WQI and water estimation 2. Hydrologic cycle is the various steps of movement of water in over environment (8 steps): a. Evaporation Heat from sun causes water from lakes, rivers, oceans to evaporate into the atmosphere b. Transpiration Water evaporating from plants leaf c. Condensation Water vapor n space forming clouds d. Precipitation Rainfall on land and sea e. Interception Rainwater stuck to plants, leaf and vegetation f. Surface runoff Water flowing on land into river and then sea g. Infiltration Water percolating into the ground h. Groundwater flow i. Movement of water underground sometimes comes out as springs. 3. Malaysia received on average, 2600mm of rain a year a. Department of Irrigation and Drainage (DID) collect and store rainfall and streamflow data. b. Jabatan Meteorologi Malaysia (JMM) collect and store other meteorological data including humidity, temperature, radiation, wind speed, evaporation rate etc. 4. Consider a large city. Study of water demand for any water supply shceme must cover at least 20 years of planning with projection ay every 5 years interval. a. To calculate water demand Wdn = (Pn X C X F) + Dn

Where: Wdn Pn C F Dn = = = = = water demand at the end of year n project population at the end of year n per capita consumption at the end of year n service factor at the end of year n additional demand at the end of year n

b. The value of C for Malaysia: For urban area: 230-320 liters/head/day For rural area: 135-160 liters/head/day 5. Process at conventional water treatment plant (WTP) Raw water from impounded reservoirs is channeled by gravity to WTP. Clean water then send to consumer. Processes are: a. Screening to remove floating and suspended matters b. Aeration to remove hydrogen sulfide, other component that affect taste and odour c. Chemical coagulation adding alum to enhance flocculation of colloidial matters. d. Sedimentation To permit floc to settle to the bottom or removed from water e. Filtration To remove suspended solid by passing water through a larger of sand. f. Chlorination Add chlorine to disinfect water. WTP must ensure free chlorine in your tap water is 1.5 2.0 mg/L. Tap water is safe to drink. g. Conditioning To add hydrated lime/soda ash to make water non corrosive to piping system h. Fluoridation To add fluoride to prevent tooth decay 6. DOE has developed Interim National Water Quality Standard (INWQS) comprising of 5 classes of water for all in land water bodies. a. Class I Status: Very good Water for excellent quality such as in natural park, highland, or uninhabited area. Water supply category 1: no treatment necessary Fishery category 1: very sensitive aquative species can survive.

b. Class IIA Status: Good Water supply category II: conventional treatment required Fishery category II: sensitive aquatic species can survive No body contact activity allowed here (reservoir for water supply) c. Class IIB Status: Good Fishery category III: only tolerant fish survive Recreational activity allowed here (not source of water supply) d. Class III Status: Average Water suitable for livestock drinking Water supply category III: need extensive treatment if used for water supply e. Class IV Status: Polluted Water not suaitable for all purposes.

Municipal Solid Waste Management 1. Objectives: a. To identify the sources of waste and the type of waste b. To understand storage, collection, transfer and transport of waste. c. To understand waste disposal and waste recovery method. 2. Intergrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) involved control of waste generation, storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing and disposal. 3. In year 2005, 23 million Malaysians produces 19,100 tons of MSW daily. National average is 0.5-0.8 kg/person/day In major cities, it is 1.7 kg/person/day 4. MSW is influenced by economic status, lifestyle and seasonal variation. 5. Refer to waste composition table Food waste: high income = 30% low income = 54% Plastic: high income = 21% low income = 8.9% 6. For proper solid waste management (for design and operation) a. Waste characteristic of MSW b. Source of MSW 7. Waste characteristic of MSW: a. Specific weight: weight per unit volume (kg/m3) b. Moisture content c. Particle size distribution d. Chemical properties To find best options for processing and recovery Include proximate analysis, ultimate analysis, etc. e. Heat value (important in Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) f. Compressive strength g. Density Normally is 90-150 kg/m3 Composed to 350 420 kg/m3 in compaction truck Composed to 700 1000 kg/m3 by landfill h. Biodegradability Of organic machinery fraction in MSW determined by ignition at 550oC 8. Important component of ISWM a. Waste minimization of source (reduce) b. Recycling c. Waste treatment-composting, anaerobic digestion d. Energy recovery from waste

e. Volume reduction in incinerator f. Waste disposal in sanitary landfill 9. Effective ISWM must be: a. Environmental sustainable b. Economical sustainable c. Integrated, market oriented, flexible d. Must include Waste collection, waste sorting, recycling Biological treatment, thermal treatment, landfill 10. Transfer station: is halfway house, was collected are places in big trailers for journey to far a ways landfills. 11. Recycling at 3 bins a. Blue: paper products b. Brown: glass product c. Orange: plastic product 12. Waste separation to recover recyclable materials are done at home or at Material Recovery Facility (MRF) 13. Technology for energy and resource recovery a. Combustion Incinerator burn waste at 10000C. Hot gases turn hot water into stream which produces electricity in turbine. b. Biological conversion (composting) of food waste through: Aerobic process: turn windrow : aerated static pile : Inversed composting systems Anaerobic (no oxygen) digestion of waste by enzymes and bacteria. 14. Bukit Tagar Sanitary Landfill a. 1700 acrefacility (700 acre to store trash, 1000 acre buffer) b. 18 separate cell (one filled, 17 remained) c. Cost of RM 220 million. Begin operation in 2000. d. Designed to be filled up by 2045 (40 years) e. Currently capture methane gas, used to generated power through 1 Megawatt gas engine, capacity at 6MW of electricity. 15. Selangor spend up to RM400 million to collect and transport MSW nearly. Also pay RM36 per ton tipping fee.

16. Types of landfill a. Level 4: Sanitary landfill with leachate treatment b. Level 3: Sanitary landfill with leachate recirculation system 17. Malaysia recycling rate is at 5%. Highest rates are Switzerland (52%), Austria (49.7%), Germany (48%), Netherland (46%), Norway (40%).

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) 1. It is a process that aims to: a. Identify, predict, evaluate and communicate impacts b. Consider project alternatives and mitigating measures c. Prevent or reduce the negative impacts d. Optimize the positive impacts 2. EIA will provide decision maker with comprehensive information (total cost and benefit) to improve decision making, and help achieve sustainable and equitable development. 3. EIA is required under Environmental Quality Act (EQA) 1974 in section 34A (added in 1987, mandatory on April 1988). There are 19 prescribed activities in total. It is an added cost to project, but benefit far outweighs cost. 4. Benefits of EIA a. Improve project design (reduce cost to construct, operate) b. Integrate short term needs (progress) with long term goals (sustainability) c. Improve sectoral coordination. d. Improve accountability in planning and decision making. e. Help avoid costly conflicts between stakeholders (public, developers) 5. Four steps in EIA: a. Identification: list all components of projects b. Prediction: identify the impacts and mitigation measures in all aspect. c. Evaluation: put values to all aspects d. Communication: inform the finding to everybody for comments, approval 6. Advantages of EIA a. Identify the negative impacts (environmental, social, economic) b. Avoid technical problems later on (all experts already consulted) c. Provide for continuous modeling or project activity during and other after construction. 7. EIA report consist of: a. Chapter 1: Introduction b. Chapter 2: Project description introduce all components of the project c. Chapter 3: Existing physical environment Study current condition by taking baseline data of water quality, air quality, noise level, vibration level Study current traffic condition (if related) Do socio economies study by distributing questionnaire to nearby residents. This introduces the project to the public.

d. Chapter 4: Potential impacts and mitigating measures during construction Include list of all operation activities List of potential impacts and proposed mitigating measures. e. Chapter 6: Safety and emergency response plan Include general safety, fire safety Emergency response procedure f. Chapter 7: Environmental quality management programme Environmental monitoring of related aspects Water quality Air quality Noise level Vibration level