BHARAT SANCHAR NIGAM LIMITED ENGINEERING INSTRUCTIONS

PROTECTION EARTHING I-001

EARTHING ARRANGEMENT FOR TRANSMISSION AND SWITCHING SYSTEMS (COMBINED RING EARTH) WITH LIGHTNING PROTECTION 1.0 SCOPE (iv) The resistance of the earth connection must remain within the allowable specified limit throughout the various seasons of the year. 3.0 INSTALLATION 2.0 OBJECTIVE OF EARTHING: In all transmission and switching systems, a combined ring earth should be provided. The installation procedure is described below. 3.1 Laying of Ring Earth around New Telecom Departmental Building : (i) The ring earth around the Telecom building and tower is shown in FIGURE 1. A trench, 30 cms. wide and normally 150 cms. deep is dug. The depth should not be less than 60 cms. in any case. A G.I. (Galvanized Iron) strip of 50x3 mm. is laid in the trench. The trench should be minimum one meter away from the building. In the case of black cotton soil, the trench should be sufficiently deep to avoid cracking of soil in summer. In case of rocky or hard murram soil, the depth may be 60 to 90 cms. In case of rocky, hard murram and black cotton soil, the trench should not be filled by the excavated material and instead foreign good earth, i.e. yellow soil or ash, which are fine and cohesive in nature, should be used. While filling the trench, the earth may be rammed in layers, so as to give cohesiveness and compactness to the soil. (ii) The G.I. strips are to be connected with each other as shown in FIGURE 2. The joints are to be properly wrapped and sealed by waterproof tape to avoid any ingress of moisture at the joint, while laying the GI strips for ring earth, it should not be bent sharply at right angles, but should be laid in smooth curve of not less than one metre radius. (iii) In case of new building ring earth should act as the equipotential bonding and all earthing equipments are to be extended from the ring earth. 3.2 Where it is difficult to lay ring earth such as private/rented building due to space constraints, the plate/spike earth may be used. The construction practice of plate/spike earth is as follows. 3.2.1 Plate Earth: The arrangement of construction of plate earthing is shown in FIGURE 3.

This Engineering Instruction describes the combined ring earth arrangement of transmission and switching systems.

An Earthing System is an essential part of any electric/electronic system. The objective of an Earthing System may be summarized as follows : (i) To provide safety to personnel during normal and fault conditions by limiting step and touch potential. (ii) To assure correct operation of electrical/electronic devices. (iii) To prevent damage to electrical/electronic apparatus. (iv) To dissipate lightning strokes. (v) To stabilize voltage during transient conditions and therefore to minimize the probability of flashover during the transients. (vi) To divert stray RF energy from sensitive audio, video, control and computer equipment. 2.1 REQUIREMENTS FOR EFFECTIVE EARTHING An Earthing system must meet the following specifications : (i) (ii) The resistance to earth must be within the allowable limits for the particular application. The electrodes buried in the ground must be : a) b) c) Having good electrical conductivity to carry highest specified load current. Immune to the corrosive action of the soil all along the period. Of sufficient mechanical strength to enable them to be installed without any damage, and Inert, i.e. must not be a source of galvanic corrosion current, within the system to be protected.

d)

(iii) The earth electrode must provide as much of the area of contact as possible with the soil to reduce the resistance of the current path to earth.

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3.2.2. Spike Earth: The present arrangement of earth electrode system consists of twenty numbers of 25.0 mm or 38.0 mm dia. GI pipes, each of 275 cm or 375 cm length. Each pipe is used as earth spike and is so driven into the ground that its top remains at some depth below the ground surface. The spacing between any two spikes should not be less than 375 cm ordinarily. In no case, it should be less than 250 cm. A typical layout is shown in FIGURE 4. The positions of the spikes should be marked out on the site and a trench no wider than necessary should be excavated. The trench should be 70 to 100 cms deep. The spike should be driven vertically into the trench until the top of the driving head is 30 cms above the bottom of the excavation. Spikes can be driven in quite easily with a sledge hammer for round electrodes. A new arrangement has been developed consisting of a sliding hammer placed on the electrode so that the work may be carried out at a level convenient to the workman without a ladder or auxiliary platform. The blows are delivered to the rod at a point near to the ground. The driving head or a suitable bolt is supplied with each earth spike and this must be used to prevent the top of the spike being damaged during the driving operation, when the spike has been driven fully into the ground, it will probably be found that the driving head will be tight fit on the spike and in these circumstances it may be left in position. The spikes should be connected together by a continuous main earth conductor, normally of size 19x1.6 mm. bare tinned copper protected by PVC pipe to prevent corrosion. The PVC pipe containing the earth conductor should be lightly dressed down and wiped on to the earth conductor at each side of the binder. The binder should be soft copper wire, 1.4 mm. diameter wound round the earth conductor at the points where it is held in the clamp on the spike (FIGURE 5). The PVC pipe used should be 19 mm. nominal dia. and 10 kg per 460 cms. length in weight. The binder and the exposed part of the earth conductor should be thoroughly tinned. The earth conductor should be clamped at a point as low as possible on the spike and bent so as to lie along the bottom of the trench. All bolts, clamps, plumbers wipes and tinned copper wire adjacent to the wiped joints should be well coated with black paint suitable for iron work. The main earth conductor should be run as straight and short as possible from the electrode system to the earth collector at a cellar level (cable chamber). Outside the building and underground, the earth conductor should be drawn into 19 mm PVC pipe. The pipe should be brought into the building through the main wall and terminated at a height of 30 cm above the floor. A 38 mm.

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steel pipe through the wall should be provided in the building to allow the PVC pipe to be led in, within the building the earth conductor should be run bare uncovered and unpainted, but short length of conduit may be used where protection against mechanical damage is considered necessary, such as where it passes through floor or wall. 3.3 Commoning of Earths for Equipotential Bonding :

For all existing telecom installations, all the existing earths are to be commoned, i.e. tower earth, building earth, lightning earth, equipment earth, power plant earth, engine alternator earth etc. to bring equipotential situation. For commoning of existing earth, the following procedure is to be adopted. A G.I. strip of 50x3 mm. size can be used as equipotential bonding conductor to connect at one end the plate/spike earth with terminal strip in the pit and the other end with ring earth strip in the pit. All connections are made by GI nuts and bolts for GI to GI with a lead strip of 1 to 3 mm thick in between for insuring proper surface contact. All the joints inside the earth should be made waterproof. For lightning prone areas, we may use 19x6 mm. copper strip instead of GI strip. 3.4 For distribution of earth on various floors of a multistoried buildings is indicated in FIGURE 6. 3.5 Earthing Arrangement for Antenna Towers and Antenna Subsystem 3.5.1 Zone of protection:

The zone of protection adopted (45 degree angle), with a base radius equal to the height of lightning spike, is an indicative spike, is an indicative that the object near to the base of a tall conductor are less likely to be struck by lightning. Such a zone however may not be entirely safe. This can be infringed by unprotected electric wires or fences, and while these can be dealt with when they form part of the scheme, they may be under different ownership and may pass through the zone without contact with the structures to be protected. This requires liaison and special provisions. Sometimes, it may be necessary to provide a tall spike for protection from the neighboring building or structure, in order to prevent it from damaging our own building and structure in turn. Smoke and hot gases from the neighboring chimney tend to attract the lightning discharge to it. These are illustrated in FIGURE 7. Hence the zone of protection adopted should cover these possibilities also.

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Generally, the tower is the tallest structure in the compound of a microwave station and it protects the area coming under 45 degree cone from its apex, from lightning. However, at times an antenna is put up at the top of the tower and with its dish, feed and shields protruding away from the tower, then a part of the antenna may not come in the protection zone offered by the tower, even with existing one metre high lightning spikes fitted on the tower. The height of the lightning spike may have to be increased sufficiently in such circumstances. Usually the antennae are mounted with their fixtures on one side of the tower. The fixing structures and the other ancillaries make the antenna protrude beyond the tower structure. This protruding may be from one to even five metres for Horn Antennas. The exact height where the antenna is mounted is to be taken into consideration to see whether the protection zone encompasses the antenna fringe well within the protection zone. The tower may have to be planned with greater height than the actual height of the antenna to be mounted for effective transmission, in consistent with the SACFA clearance. These are illustrated in FIGURE 8, 9, 10 & 11. 3.5.2 Extreme Cases

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The wave guide for UHF/VHF which are aluminium sheathed and that for microwave system which are copper wave guide, are mounted on the tower and connected to antenna. All such wave guides should be individually earthed, at the top and at the bottom of the tower and at inbetween intervals, by earthing kits as recommended/specified by the manufacturer. 3.5.4.1 Earthing of Aluminium Sheathed VHF/UHF Feeders (Waveguide) Where aluminum sheathed VHF/UHF solid di-electric feeders are used to connect the output of the transmitter to the antenna mounted on the tower, precautions are necessary to ensure the efficient continuity of the earth connection throughout the feeder. Though the aluminium has basically less resistance than steel contact between dissimilar metals and exposure to moisture etc. makes it difficult to maintain good continuity of low resistance with the tower member or the earth lead, special precautions are to be taken to ensure a firm continuity as well as to ensure protection from the moisture and weather. When connecting copper earth clips or clamps to the aluminium outer sheaths (conduits), it is necessary to clean thoroughly the outer sheath of aluminum, immediately smear it with light mineral oil, and then clamp and tighten the copper clip (The clamp may also be of tinned copper). After wiping off the surplus oil, the earthing clip and the surrounding aluminum conduits should be given a coat of bitumenastic paint, so as to exclude the moisture ingress from the atmosphere (Alternatively, PVC tapes of special grade may be used to cover the bonded portion to make the same water and air resistant. This has to be done very carefully and inspected every six months or even earlier and replaced with correct type of water resistant adhesive tape which is also heat resistant, since it is exposed to heat from sunlight). 3.5.4.2 Earthing of Copper Waveguides

In extreme cases, in order to bring the antenna structure under protection zone the height of the lightning spike is to be raised by 4 to 5 metres by putting an additional GI pipe of 10.cm diameter. The additional GI pipe should be rigidly supported by means of steel wire ropes tightened by means of bull-dog grips as shown in FIGURE 12. The existing spike is to be fitted at the topmost point of this 5 metre pipe. this raising of lightning spike may not be required, if antenna of 4 metres is not proposed at the top position of the tower. 3.5.3 Earthing of Antenna Towers Mounted on top of Buildings. For earthing of tower on top of a building, 50x3 mm. GI strip down leads should be bonded to any two opposite tower legs and brought down along outside of the building and connected to ring earth as shown in FIGURE 13. The connection of GI strip down lead to the tower leg is done by GI nuts and bolts with lead sheath in between. Due to non-availability of space around the building, where only plate earth is provided, then GI strip (50 x 3mm.) down leads should be bonded to any two opposite legs of the tower and brought down along outside of the building and connected to plate earth. There should be no sharp bends in the down lead. 3.5.4 Earthing of Waveguides :

Grounding kits are supplied along with the wav guide by the manufacturer. Grounding kits are normally used at the top and at the bottom of the vertical run of the wave guide according to the procedure given by the manufacturer. While connecting the wire braid to the wave guide, remove the polyethylene jacket with knife & plier and clean the exposed copper conductor with a cloth and a brush damped with kerosene. Wrap the border of the polyethylene jacket with adhesive tape about two holds. Now put the wire braid over the stripped-off portion of wave guide. Apply silicon compound on all the parts where the unjacketed wave guide

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is bared after the wire braid is put. After applying the silicon compound, wrap around the grounding with adhesive tape, so that moisture ingress is avoided. Other end of wire braid should be connected to member supporting the wave guide with the help of galvanized brass nuts and bolts as shown in FIGURE 14. 3.5.5 Connection of Tower and the Antenna subsystem to the Ring Earth. Each leg of the tower should be separately connected by 50x3mm. G.I. strips above the ground level of each leg and other end is connected to the ring earth. The connection of G.I. Strip to the tower leg is done by tower bolts & nuts with lead sheaths in between. The sheath of the cable for warning light on tower, if armoured, should be separately connected to the tower at the top end, and to the ring earth at the bottom end by GI strips. All wave guide terminations are individually to be gripped by a copper strip clamp and through copper conductor is commoned at a GI strip (50x3 mm.) which is run separately to the ring earth. 3.6 Earthing Arrangements for Power Plant on LT side and other Protection Measures; The LT side of the main transformer (11 KV step-down) by Electricity Board in the building premises should be checked and the neutral should be connected to separate electrical earth properly. This earth and the transformer earth should be minimum 6 to 7.5 meters away from the nearest point of the ring earth, in order to avoid interference. 11 KV lightning arresters on all the three phases should be ensured on HT side (between line and the transformer), to arrest the longitudinal transients of lightning strikes caused by induction which carries over a long length of HT overhead wires towards transformer. The sheath/armour of the underground cable bringing the LT electric supply inside the building, if armored, should be connected to the ring earth of the building. It should be ensured that neutral in all switches on the power board is not connected to the frame of the power board. Neutral should be insulated from switch and distribution box frame. The frame of Engine Alternator is to be connected to the ring earth. Neutral of the alternator should not be earthed near engine but should be extended to the power board and connected to ring earth through a link. The DC positive from the power plant is to be connected to the ring earth. For LT side in the building 4 numbers of 650 V lightning arresters are to be provided as shown in FIGURE 15. Additional Lighting arresters should also be provided in the Neutral between ON/OFF switch in the building. Other limb of the arrester is to be connected to the ring earth.

PROTECTION EARTHING I-001

Lightning arresters/Integrated protection module(IPM) are also to be provided in both the limbs of Telephone wires, which are entering inside the building. Earthing is to be provided to the gas discharge tubes outside the building and connected to the ring earth. The sheath of underground cable is also to be connected to common earth at MDF end. The external tube light fixtures, steel window frames, fencing wires, gates and any other metallic substances are to be connected to the ring earth through GI strips. 3.7 Earthing Arrangement for Transmission and Switching Equipments The Radio and Multiplexing equipments are to be connected by means of a mesh earth copper strips 20x1.5 mm running on top of the bays and forming a mesh. Each bay may be connected by means of copper cables with crimped type lugs on both sides to the copper strip. As shown in FIGURE 16, the meshed earth of equipment should be connected to the external ring earth in a shortest distance possible at two opposite points of the mesh. Inside the building, all joints should be made by means of lugs (crimped type), nuts and bolts of brass and copper strips. Various telecom equipments may follow mesh type architecture or isolated bonding architecture for earthing as specified by the manufacture. The installation manual will specify the type of bonding required. Accordingly, due care is to be taken while installing the equipments suitably. The equipments belonging to two isolated bonding networks or an isolated bonding network and a mesh bonding network shall not touch each other. The isolation requirements are also to be specified clearly. Earth connection is distributed to the Switching equipment, Power plant, MDF etc. from the point located nearest to the ring earth. In case, it is not convenient to connect the various equipments directly with the ring earth, one or more distribution plates (earth plates) may be provided at suitable location so that distance from the ring earth to the distribution plate and distribution plate to equipment is minimum. The earth plate is made up of copper with a typical dimension of 400 mm. (L) x 100 mm. (W) x 10 mm. (T) and is connected to the ring earth by a 50x3 mm. GI strip earth conductor. At the ring earth end, this GI strip should be connected by means of GI nuts and bolts with the GI strip of ring earth with a lead strip in between. The joint should be covered with insulation tape and bitumen and should be water tight.

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The other end of the GI strip earth conductor should be terminated on the earth plate by brass nut and bolts. The earth plate should have a number of holes to connect earth distribution cables meant for switch room power plant, MDF and any other place to meet the earthing requirement of the system. The arrangement for distribution of earth from plate earthing is shown in FIGURE 17. 3.8 For connecting to external and internal gantry to earthing station, a separate Outdoor Grounding Busbar and Indoor Ground Busbar may be provide as indicates in FIGURE 18. The outdoor grounding busbar may be installed at the outfacing wall of the building at a convenient location. 3.9 There is a sequence to be maintained for connecting various equipments to be connected to the earth plate. The connections should follow the order as surge produces, surge absorbers, ring earth followed by equipment earth. External cable, lightning system, tower, wave-guides, engine alternator etc., are typical surge produces. The building, building reinforcement steel, water pipes etc. are typical surge absorbers. A typical arrangement of sequence for connecting various equipment is indicated in FIGURE 19. 4.0 MEASUREMENT RESISTANCE AND IT'S LIMIT: OF EARTH

PROTECTION EARTHING I-001

GI nuts and bolts for GI to GI with a lead strip of 1 to 3 mm. thick in between for ensuring proper surface contact. That is, (a) GI strip to GI strip By GI nuts and bolts with lead strip 1 to 3 mm. thick in between.

(b) GI strip to Connected by brass Copper strip nuts and bolts or lug, and covered to make it moisture proof. (c) Copper to. With insulation tape & copper strip should be water tight or lugs outside the building. (d) Connections 19x6 mm. copper inside the strip is used. building 6.0 IMPORTANT POINTS CONSIDERATION IN EARTHING: (i) FOR

(ii)

For the purpose of measurement of earth resistance, small interconnecting strip should be provided in the ring earth in a small manhole chamber, so that ring earth can be broken from loop. In case of ring earth, earth resistance is not a major significant item where all equipment is earthed to a common ring. For testing of earth resistance value of commoned earth (by commoning of no. of individual earth), the testing of individual earth is to be done by disconnecting it from Equipotential bonding. The earth resistance should be less than or equal to 0.5 ohm for individual earth connected to Equipotential bonding. In only exceptional cases, earth resistance is allowed up to 1.0 ohms. For measurement of earth resistance please refer to EI No. G 0002, Issue 1, dated-15.09.1966. 5.0 MATERIAL USED IN EARTHING: (i) G.I. strips of size 50x3 mm. are laid in a ring trench and connected to tower legs, earth bar in power room and engine room. etc. All joints inside the earth should be made waterproof. (ii) Tower and other connection : Each leg is connect to ring earth by means of GI strip. All connections are made by

(iii)

(iv)

(v)

(vi)

(vii)

Chemical treatment of earth using salts, etc. are not recommended as the chemical treatment does not last long and needs to be checked periodically. A separate GI strip 50x3 mm. is used to connect the lightning spike to ring earth to ensure proper connectivity of lightning spike with the ring earth as shown in FIGURE 13. Earth conductor should not be encircled with metal clamps while taking it along the wall. This is essential to eliminate the high inductive reactance that will impede the flow of surge current along the conductor in case of lightening. Earthing conductors should not pass through any metallic conduit or pipe as this will increase surge impedance. There should be no sharp bends along the entire length of earth conductors. Bending should be done with a radius of one metre. In digital systems, equipments contain active devices such as FET, MOS and CMOS which are static-sensitive components and can be permanently damaged if it comes in contact with human body possessing electrostatic potential. As such antistatic floor tiles or mats should be installed and connected to earth. If anti-static flooring is not provided, a antistatic wrist-strap which is properly earthed should be used while working on such equipments. All the joints of the similar metals should be water proof.

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Reference: 1. CCIR 2. APO EI on Radio Television, PL 1000 3. EI of Masurement of Exchange Earth with an Earth Meggar EI No. G 0002, Issue 1, dated-15.09.1966. 4. ITU-T recommendation K.27 Bonding Configurations and Earthing inside a Telecommunication Building. 5. Transmission Maintenance Hand/book 6. Electrical Earthing & Accident Prevention by M.G. Say. 7. Lightning Protection for Electrical System (Beck). 8. Earthing Telecommunication Installations CCITT 1976. 9. Technical description of Radio Relay eqpt. GYPES GIT4000/800 & 6000/1800 (Budapest). 10. Electrical Transmission & Distribution reference book. 11. The Earthing Problem particularly in its application to Telephony (Martin Thialets). 12. The Protection of Transmission Systems against Lightning (Lewis). 13. South African Institute of Electrical Engineers June 1955. 14. The Protection of Telecommunication lines & Equipment against lightning Discharges CCITT 1974. END

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FIGURE-3

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SPIKE EARTH FIGURE - 4

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Figure-5

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Figure-6 Dimension of Earth collector bar=400x100x10 mm Copper Gauge of earth cable= 50 sq.mm

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Figure-7

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Figure-8

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FIGURE-9

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FIGURE-10

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FIGURE-11

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FIGURE-12

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FIGURE-14

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FIGURE-15

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FIGURE-16

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FIGURE-17

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TOWER PLATEFORM

FEEDER GROUNDING CARD

FEEDER GROUNDING WIRE

LIGHTINING ARRESTER MOUNT GROUNDING WIRE

OUTDOOR GROUNDING BUSBAR

INDOOR GROUNDING BUSBAR

GROUNDING WIRE 50mm

Figure - 18 EARTHING ARRANGEMENT USING OUTDOOR GROUNDING BUSBAR AND INDOOR GROUNDING BUSBAR

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DC POWER SUPPLY

LIGHTING ARRESTOR MOUNT BT 5

BHARAT SANCHAR NIGAM LIMITED ENGINEERING INSTRUCTIONS

SURGE ABSORBER SURGE ABSORBER COMMON BONDING NETWORK

PROTECTION EARTHING I-001

ISOLATED BONDING NETWORK

INTERIOR RADIO EQUIPMENT

MDF BAR

ICB MAIN AC SERVICE NEUTRAL BUILDING GROUND SYSTEM WATER PIPE GROUNDING ELECTRODE SYSTEM VGR CBN POWER PLANTS BRR CBN FRAMES

IBN POWER PLANTS BRR

LOGIC RETURNS

CABLE ENTRANCE GROUND BAR

STANDBY ENGINE ALLERNATOR FRAME

FRAMEWORK GROUND FBE,etc

NOTE:- Ignore the connections not availadle in a specified application, but maintain the sequence of the available connections

ICB- Integrated Collector Bar VGR- Vertical Ground Riser CBN- Common Bonding Network IBN- Isolated Bonding Network BRR- Battery Return Reference FBE- Framework Bonding Equalizer

FIGURE - 19 BUILDING PRINCIPLE GROUND

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