Royal Academy Exhibition
Royal Academy Exhibition
Royal Academy Exhibition
The British population currently has an ecological footprint of 4% using 5.6 global hectares per capita since 2004 which iss the quivalent of 6 football pitches.
Total Non Agriculural Land: 21050130 m 2105.013 hectares Agriculural Land: 181301550 m 18130.155 hectares
BY 2029 the site population will increase by 17,700 people The average yearly increase is expected to be 983.34 people based on the average UK life expectancy is 80 years old.
36
36
550
Average Life expectancy is 80 years old, which creates an average yearly consumption of 0.1 cows 0.45 sheep
0.45 pigs
6.88 chickens
per person
2029 Requirements:
1770
7965
7965
121776
LIVESTOCK REQUIREMENTS
1 Beef Cow
1 Dairy Cow
1 Goat 1 Pig
20 25sq.ft 48 sq.ft
75 - 100sq.ft
596196.72m2
23318191m2
100 - 125sq.ft
100 - 125sq.ft
47432.01m2
200 sq.ft
43837.2m2
466363820m2
948640.2m2
876744m2
1 - 2 acres
1 - 2 acres 1 - 2 cows
Family Needs
1 beef animal per family, raise 2 per year to provide cont, supply
2-3 goats
2 pigs
6 sheep
6 hens
24 broilers
BY 2029 the site population will increase by 17,700 people The average yearly increase is expected to be 983.34 people based on the average UK life expectancy is 80 years old.
6.77
5.08
Flooding is Possible
Level in Meters
3.39
1.69
0.00 15.00
Calculations:
Total water required on site per year: 53837865 litres (53837.865 kl) 53.837865 megalitres Site Water Area: Average Site Water Levels: 6179158.3m2 1.74m 617.915 hec Average water volume of the site: 10751735m3 (10751735 kl) 10751.735 megalitres
Time
The graph shows the typical water level of the river for this area ranges between 0.28 and 3.20 metres. This makes the average water level for the site 1.74 metres.
Year 1 Excess Water 10697898kl (10697.90megalitres) 2029 Water Consumption: 952968megalitres 2029 Water Shortage of 942216.26 mega litres
ENERGY STATISTICS
By 2029 the site population will increase by 17,700 people The average yearly increase is expected to be 983.34 people based on the average UK life expectancy is 80 years old.
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URBAN SPRAWL
This is a result of designing for the car and single use development which is a result of this. One of the main characteristics of urban sprawl is the lack of public community space. The scale of these developments has discouraged a population from walking and other physical activities allowing cities to lose their sense of community, human scale and nature.
STAGE 1: Walled City no more than 5 kilometres from one end to another. Everything within walking distance.
STAGE 2: Development of passenger trains and trams. Generated sub centres with the train station at the heart of pedestrian pockets. A linear grid base devlopment up to 20 - 30 kilometres.
STAGE 3: Development of the automobile allowing uncontrolled development in any direction. Allowing development of up to 50 kilometres.
STAGE 4: Complete development of the city allowed uncontrolled growth in any direction creating low density living as transport has allowed the seperation of the home from the workplace.
THE ALTERNATIVE
The aim is to design for the community and the individual, taking inspiration from The Compact City Model and One Planet Living guide, to create a system that helps support the needs of a high density population at a local scale. This will allow everything to be contained on site which will create social, economical and environmental benefits.
Crop Space Required: 5166 m2 Reedbed Space Required: 48675 m2 Water Required: 12715517 m2
QUARRIES FORM SCARS ON LANDSCAPE MAN - MADE FIELD BOUNDARIES DIVIDE SPACE
WIND TURBINES CREATE A NEW SKYLINE MAN - MADE PLANTATION LIMITS BIODIVERSITY
EXISTING LANDSCAPE
The image above features a view of the north facing slope in the selected area. It highlights the effect of man shaping its aesthetic through exploiting its potential.
Sample Site:
Sample area is 7.9946% of the whole site area. Area: 16177371.3969 m2 1617.737 hectares Sutainable Population: 898.74 people Site needs to support the 7.9946% of the total population, the sample area needs to support 1415.94 people.
Occupying Space:
Growth will focus on existing settlements during construction of the initial terraces. Once complete the increasing population will start to occupy the new space.
Terracing as a Solution:
By creating an additional surface and multifunctional spaces through terracing. It will create the additional 930 hectares required to support 1415.94 people.
Exposed:
The sample area is largely exposed to winds from the west with an average speed of 4.5m/s across the site. This suggests protection may be required.
The majority of the sample area is on a north facing slope suggesting some interventions may need to be implemented to maximise productivity. Temperature also decreases by 0.65C for every 100 metre incline.
Large water bodies create a flooding problem. This suggests potential for water channelling and collection which could be utilised for Hydroelectric Power, habitat creation and grey water recycling.
1.
2.
3.
Leachate collection system directs leachate to irrigate short rotation willow crops increasing yields and income generated. 6.
4.
5.
Create a windbreak to improve the microclimate and increase productivity and biodiversity. 7.
Increase composting to reduce landfill waste and utilise output to fertilise crops which improves productivity. 9.
8.
Redirecting the run - off and grey water into reedbed channels to clean water so that it can be utilised on site.
Flooding of selected areas to reflect sunlight onto north facing slope and to increase biodiverity and areas for leisure activities.
PROPOSED PROCESSES
STAGE 4: MATURITY
DESIGN IMPLEMENTATION
The terraces will be implemented from the highest point to lowest point on site working from the windward to the leeward sides, in this case west to east in 40 metre sections. Constructing the terraces from top to bottom allows the infrastructure to be installed and removed in stages as each section is complete. Implementing in 40 metre sections creates a more managable area to implement the landfill infrastructure.
Site Axonometric
Windbreak Succession:
Stage 1:
AUGHTON Elevation - 123m Annual Windspeed - 4.5m/s Softwood and Pioneer trees (Larix decidua and Pinus sylvestris) will protect slower growing trees. Stage 4:
Established windbreak.
WINDBREAK IMPLEMENTATION
Due to the exposed nature of the site, the windbreak design and inplementation has been inspired by woodland succession, this allows younger plants to grow and adjust to the exposed conditions which will generate a successful windbreak.
Nurse Species
L d P sy Larix decidua Pinus sylvestris
Leeward Shrubs
A can Rr Amelanchier canadensis Rosa rubiginosa 80 -100 40 - 60 B B 1+1: Transplant 1+1: Branched: 3 brks 24 37 11.75 0.38 282 14.06 1. 1M SPACING: As planted 2. CLOSED CROWNS: As trees grow, crowns eventually close. 3. 2M SPACING (THINNED): Remove every second tree 4. CLOSED CROWNS: As trees grow, crowns eventually close. 5. 4M SPACING (THINNED): Remove every second tree. 6. CLOSED CROWNS: As trees grow, crowns eventually close. This could be the final spacing.
Windward Shrubs
C san C mon Cornus sanguinea Crataegus monogyna 40 - 60 80 - 100 3L B Branched: 4 brks 1+2: Transplant TOTALS 43 61 247 2.25 0.44 96.75 26.84 464.96
Key:
B = Bare-rooted and bagged RB = Root-balled M = Matting (Sedum) C = Container in litres L = Container in litres RT = Root Trainer in cubic centimetres cc = Root volume in cubic centimetres cs = Clear stem height in centimetres brks = Minimum no. of breaks or shoots
RC = Root Collar (minimum) diameter in millimetres 1+2 = 3 year seedling transplanted after year 1 0/2 = 2 year cutting not transplanted X/2/0 = 2 year graft not transplanted 2x = 2 times transplanted ELS = Extra Light Standard LS = Light Standard Std = Standard
Quarry Potential
The sample area has a large number of existing quarries that will become obsolete in the next few years, as this area has already being excavated it provides an opportunity to house a large population sunken into the hillside, as not to disrupt the existing skyline.
1. 5. 6. 3. 2.
7. 8.
4.
QUARRY EXPANSION
In order to accommodate 1515 (7.9946%) of the total population some of the quarries require expansion. This expansion will provide better and less dense accommodation, all excavated removed will be utilised on site for construction of the settlement and landform remodelling.
1.
1. Face Heights
Must be stable and be in reach of the equipment that is being to load from them.
Operators need to be away because of the way in which they have been built they have inherent planes where sliding can occur.
All operators require a clear understanding of the set distance that vehicles can approach edges. Position of edge protection must be clearly stated in the health and safety document and decided by the engineer. As tip edges can collapse in the day or overnight leading to maintenance and testing being crucial.
This is one of the most hazardous operations as when vehicles approach the edge of the tips and excavations operator is required to ensure that the material will not fail under the vehicles wait. The loading machine may also undercut the quarry face and cause additional failure. NOTE: As the quarries have been previously been mined; the work can be sourced locally as their will be an existing labour force with the skills required.
URBAN DENSITIES
9. The population is going to be housed in the existing clay pit (Quarry 1) in a mixture of housing coverages to create a multi functional space. Quarry 1 can accommodate the living space required for 1415 people without further expansion. In response to this there is a need to deal with the waste water produced, this will be done through a series of reed bed cleaning systems contained in the remaining quarries. To accommodate for the scale of reed beds required some of the smaller quarries are going to be excavated to form on large quarry.
High rise - Low coverage
8.
10.
7.
4. 1.
2. 5. 6. 4. 3.
100
100
2029: Population of the 1.5000 site is predicted to be 1415 people. This population will require a reed bed area of 3891.25 square metres.
Anaerobic System
Facultative Pond
BIOGAS POTENTIAL:
An algae treatment forms the second stage of cleaning process; it is at this point that any excess can removed and used for biogas. An additional facility is to be constructed along the remaining dismantled railway the clean water is then used within the settlement.
The slope of the land lends itself to hydro electric power. Hydro Electric Power can be generated in the falls as the water is transported between quarries. The energy generated will be used to pump water where required, additional energy will be fed into the settlement.
Oxygen
Solid pipe 25cm 8cm 15cm 10cm 15cm 1. 2. 3. 4. 1% slope large stones Reeds planted around inflow to continue habitat through from cell. Free draining pipe Outflow Band of emergents around the outflow to trap sediments.
1. Sharp sand 2. 6mm washed pea gravel 3. 12mm round washed gravel 4. 30 - 60mm round washed gravel
LATE SUCCESSION
SCRUB
EARLY SUCCESSION
INTENTION
The reed bed cleaning system takes place in a series of quarries, finishing in the polishing lagoon. Throughout the process each quarry has its own character defined but it is staged within the system. The lagoon is the most interactive space with a variety of habitats which will improve the sites current biodiversity. The site is constructed and developed through a variety of different process, which needs to be represented within the planting selection. All planting selected is chosen for its performance in purifying water and its value for biodiversity, additional planting will be brought onto site via birds and other animals. Any invasive plants should be removed immediately , these include: - Rhododendron ponticum - Heracleum mantegazzianum - Impatiens glandulifera - Fallopia japonica
Distance to Scrub Standing Water Litter Saturation Litter Depth Plant Diversity Dead Reed Stems Reed Stem Diameter
DESIGN INTENTION
PLANTING PLAN
Sparganium eurycarpum
Iris pseudacorus
Juncus effusus
10% reduction in ammonium which can increase to 80% if nitrate levels are decreased.
10000
Typha latifolia
Filipendula ulmaria
1000
Iris versicolor
1000
15000
Root Zone
50cc min. 50cc min. 50cc min. 50cc min. 50cc min. 50cc min. 50cc min.
Specification
Plug: Established root 2 - 3 months min.: Sept to April planting: Native British Origin. Plug: Established root 2 - 3 months min.: Sept to April planting: Native British Origin. Plug: Established root 2 - 3 months min.: Sept to April planting Plug: Established root Plug: Established root 2 - 3 months min.: June to Sept planting: Native British Origin Plug: Established root Plug: Established root
No./m2
8.2 6.2 6.2 4.9 6.9 5 4
Qty
40 91 120 73 96 57 86
Unit Cost ()
0.66 0.74 0.74 0.40 0.65 0.65 0.65
Total ()
26.4 67.34 88.8 29.2 62.4 37.05 55.9
Totals Key
cc= Root volume in cubic centimetres.
563
367.09
Year 1
Habitat Mix
Plugs are planted and a mesh is laid across to prevent animals from grazing.
Open Water: 50% Reed bed: 40% Wet Reed bed 30%
Year 4
Habitat Mix
Sediment begins to build up allowing areas to become dryer and new plants to take root. Beginning the next stage in succession.
Open Water: 20% Reed bed: 50% Wet Reed bed: 30%
Year 5
Habitat Mix
The area is flooded to kill off any unwanted smaller plants and weeds. The flooding of the quarry will also improve soil quality through deposition of minerals carried in the water.
LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT
Year 6
Habitat Mix
Dredging sediment from the lagoon. The sediment is then used to build banks and mounds encouraging pooling and succession in selected areas. Increasing the range of habitats and improving biodiversity. The landform gradient between each habitat zone should be approximately 1 in 40. Connectivity between water bodies should be maintained. Excess sediment and leaf litter is to be removed and utilised in the windrow composting system.
Open Water: 30% Reed bed: 40% Wet Reed bed 20% Scrub: 10%
Year 7
Habitat Mix
10% of Reed bed is cut on a 7 year rotation, Cattle are brought in to maintain the site through grazing. Mild trampling can become a major asset in maintaining a high quality berm at the ditch margins. Birds and animals bring in seeds and eggs increasing biodiversity.
Open Water: 50% Reed bed: 30% Wet Reed bed 20% Scrub: 10%
Maturity
The mature lagoon with have a variety of habitats, maintained at different levels of succession representing different habitats improving biodiversity within the area.
Negative Indicators
These conditions need to be observed, so the correct action is taken: - Levels of negative indicators such as Galium aparine, Impatiens glandulifera and Urtica dioica are to be maintained at low levels. - Scrub willow is to be maintained at less than 10%.
Visual
SUSTAINABILITY AUDIT
A low carbon footprint is maintained through use of sustainable on site resources.
KEY
local livestock: a source of food and income, manure is used to generate biofuel. Grazing helps manage the vegetation structure. settlement structures: are constructed with excavated materials sourced on site. maintainence and construction: local skilled labour is employed. horizontal reed bed: natural water cleaning system, increases biodiversity and generates local jobs. algae: used to clean water, excess is removed and used to create biofuel; (required infrastructure is built around the existing dismantled railway. vertical flow reed beds: continue to clean grey water, increase biodiversity and generate jobs and income. hydro-electric power: potential of the lands gradient is exploited through the use of HEP, energy is supplied back to the settlement. polishing lagoon: increases biodiversity, coppiced reed can be used for thatching, continued grey water cleaning. Generates a need for skilled labour to manage the landscape. windbreak: improves microclimate, increases productivity. Thinned wood is used as construction materials elsewhere on site. Generates skilled jobs within the area.
Phragmites australis
Iris pseudacorus
Typha latifolia
Iris versicolor
Sparganium eurycarpum
Juncus effusus
Filipendula ulmaria