ISSN 1061-9348, Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 2008, Vol. 63, No. 4, pp. 361370. Pleiades Publishing, Ltd., 2008.

. Original Russian Text S.A. Savchuk, S.S. Barsegyan, I.B. Barsegyan, G.M. Kolesov, 2008, published in Zhurnal Analiticheskoi Khimii, 2008, Vol. 63, No. 4, pp. 396405.

ARTICLES

Chromatographic Study of Expert and Biological Samples Containing Desomorphine

National Research Center on Addictions, Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation, Mogiltcevskii per. 3, Moscow, 121921 Russia b Russian Federal Drug Control Service, Kemerovo Regional Administration, ul. Naberezhnaya 2b, Kemerovo, 650066 Russia c Chemical Toxicological Laboratory, GUZ Regional Clinical Narcological Dispensary, ul. Karbolitovskaya 15, Kemerovo, 650010 Russia d Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Kosygina 19, Moscow, 119991 Russia
Received May 7, 2007; in nal form, June 22, 2007

AbstractExpert and biological samples containing desomorphine and concomitant compounds were studied by gas chromatography, chromatographymass spectrometry, and high-performance liquid chromatography. Some synthetic analogues of desomorphine were identied, and their chromatographic parameters and mass spectra were described. Techniques for the extraction and study of desomorphine and didehydrodesomorphine on a Milichrom A-02 liquid chromatograph were outlined. This information is important for experts in analytical toxicology and criminalistics. DOI: 10.1134/S1061934808040096

In recent years, a drastic increase was observed in the number of cases of abuse of synthetic narcotics produced by handicraft techniques from codeine-containing medicines. Tablets available at cost supplied in drugstores without prescription, such as Codterpin, Codelac, Sedal-M, etc., are used for the synthesis. The amount of codeine in these medicines is 810 mg. Desomorphine (5a-17-methyl-4,5-epoxymorphinan-3-ol) is obtained from codeine-containing tablets with the use of iodine and phosphorus. In terms of the strength of impact on the body, this compound signicantly surpasses codeine. Cases of withdrawal symptoms of synthetic narcotics of this type occurred in many regions of Russia. Desomorphine is included in the List of Narcotics, Psychotropic Substances, and Precursors Thereof, Subject to Control in the Russian Federation [1]. Therefore, the comprehensive study of this compound in expert materials and biological samples is an important problem. Expert studies of withdrawn samples containing desomorphine involve difculties. Primarily, these difculties are due to the lack of information about features of the chemical analysis of this compound and the absence of standard reference materials. Descriptions of possible byproducts in the chain of transformations from codeine to desomorphine at different conditions of their synthesis could not be found in the literature. Practice demonstrated that, in different regions, desomorphine is synthesized under different conditions and

by different procedures. Hence, the resulting samples differ from each other in the concentration of desomorphine and in the composition of concomitant reaction products. Therefore, the aim of this work was (i) to study the component composition of desomorphine-containing samples by gas chromatography with a mass-selective detector (GC-MS) and (ii) to develop a procedure for the determination of desomorphine on a Milichrom A-02 liquid chromatograph in expert materials and biological uids of the human body. This information is necessary for experts in criminalistics and analytical toxicology. EXPERIMENTAL Instruments and procedure. The GC-MS analysis was performed on an Agilent 6850 chromatograph with an Agilent 5973 mass-selective detector (Agilent Technologies). The conditions of chromatography were as follows. Mode 1. An HP-SM5 column with a diameter of 0.35 mm and a length of 30 mm; the thickness of the phase lm 0.33 mm. Carrier gas, helium; ow rate of the carrier gas in the column, 1.5 mL/min. Splitless mode. Injector temperature, 270C; column temperature programming: rst step, 50C for 1 min, next with a rate of 99 K/min up to 100C; second step, 100C for 1 min, next with a rate of 15 K/min up to 280C; third step, 280C for 20 min; MSD interface temperature,

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280C. Electron impact ionization with an electron energy of 400 eV. MSD operation mode: full scan of ions from 40 to 450 amu (SCAN mode). Data processing was carried out on a chemical station Enhanced Head Station G-1701 DA Version D.00.00.38. The obtained mass spectra were compared with library mass spectra (NIST-98 Mass Spectral Library provided with the processing program of the instrument) and processed with the program Amdis version 2.1. The GC-MS analysis was performed by the retention timelocking method reported in [2]. Mode 2 differs from the former in column temperature programming: rst step, 100C for 1 min; next with a rate of 35 K/min up to 300C for 10 min. Liquid chromatography was performed on a Milichrom A-02 chromatograph with a UV detector (ZAO EcoNova, Novosibirsk, Russia). Conditions of chromatography: Protosil-120-5-C18 AQ column; mobile phase A, (4 M LiClO40.1 M HClO4) : H2O (95 : 5); mobile phase B, acetonitrile of an HPLC grade; gradient from 5 to 100% mobile phase B in a volume of 4000 L, next 100% mobile phase B in a volume up to 4500 L; ow rate of the eluent, 100 L/min; column temperature, 40C. Detection was performed in the multiwave mode at 210, 220, 230, 240, 250, 260, 280, and 300 nm. The volume of the injected sample was 4 L. Compounds were identied by the retention volumes and spectral ratios according to methodological reconditions from compendium [3]. Spectral ratios were calculated by the best purity method. For thin-layer chromatography (TLC), we used Sorbl PTSKh-AF-UF plates. As reference samples, we used ethanolic solutions of morphine, codeine, and diacetylmorphine. Chromatography was performed in a solvent system benzeneethanoldiethylamine (9 : 1 : 1). The solvent front path was 90 mm. After the end of chromatography, the plates were dried, examined under UV rays (OLD-41 lamp) marking uorescence absorption zones, and then developed with the Marki reagent (solution of formaldehyde in concentrated H2SO4). For the extraction of compounds, four spots were applied to a plate, one of the spots was developed with the Marki reagent, and the other zones were eluted at the level of the developed compounds with a chloroformisopropanol mixture (9 : 1). Samples and their preparation for the analysis. We studied expert-forensic and biological samples. The expert-forensic samples were washouts from cottonwool tampons (through which persons consuming narcotics ltered synthesis products before intravenous introduction), washouts from used syringes, and residues of liquids in syringes. Biological uids were commonly urine taken from persons consuming desomorphine from different regions, in particular, the Kemerovo and Lipetsk regions. Expert samples were washed with water acidied with 0.1 M HCl to pH 2. The resulting washouts were

centrifuged, alkalied with sodium hydrogen carbonate to pH 8, and extracted with a chloroformisopropanol mixture (9 : 1). The organic phase was evaporated, the dry residue was dissolved in 200 L of a chloroform isopropanol mixture (9 : 1), and the resulting extracts were studied by TLC and GC-MS under the conditions described above. Urine for the determination of narcotics and medicines was taken as described in [4]. Three milliliters of urine was alkalied with sodium hydrogen carbonate to pH 8 and extracted with a chloroformisopropanol mixture (9 : 1) The organic phase was evaporated, the dry residue was dissolved in 200 L of a chloroform isopropanol mixture (9 : 1), and the resulting extracts were also studied by thin-layer chromatography and GC-MS. The hydrolysis of urine samples and the isolation of narcotics of the opium group were performed as described in [5]. The derivatization of samples was performed as follows: (i) BSTFA (100 L) was added to the extract evaporated to dryness, and the mixture was kept for 30 min at 55C to obtain trimethylsilyl derivatives. The sample was evaporated to dryness, and the residue was dissolved in 50 L of ethyl acetate. (ii) MBTFA or TFAA (100 L) was added to the extract evaporated to dryness, and the mixture was kept for 1 h at 70C to obtain triuoroacetyl derivatives. The sample was evaporated to dryness, and the residue was dissolved in 50 L of ethyl acetate. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION For the determination of the component composition of desomorphine-containing samples and sample extracts, we used GC-MS; all compounds that were expected to be synthetic analogues of codeine were identied, and their relative concentrations were determined. The results are presented in Tables 1 and 2. Table 1 presents the main codeine derivatives identied by GC-MS that were found in expert samples and samples of urine. In the studied samples, caffeine, dimedrol, analgin and its decomposition products, and phenobarbital were also found. For nearly all of the studied samples except those listed above, the chromatograms exhibit the peak of a compound (its mass spectrum is presented in Fig. 1) that was provisionally called compound 1. Table 2 presents the codeine derivatives found in the studied samples. The concentrations of the identied components were determined by the internal normalization method, in which all peaks in the chromatogram were taken as 100%. As seen in Table 1, the studied substances in different samples substantially differed in composition and mutual ratios of components. This is due to the specic features of the synthesis, its steps, the technique of the preparation of the narcotic for use, and the purication
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CHROMATOGRAPHIC STUDY OF EXPERT AND BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES Table 1. Compounds identified as synthetic analogues of codeine, which were found in extracts from expert samples Chemical name Number Structural formula OH O 283 160 42 268 226 271 270 214 148 272 Chemical name Number

363

Structural formula OH O

Methyldesomorphine 16008-36-9 Characteristic ions

Desomorphine 427-00-9 Characteristic ions

N N

N NH

Dihydromorphine-3,669663-72-5 dideoxyCharacteristic ions 255 42 254 256 198 O

Morphinan-4,529096-51-3 epoxy-3-ol Characteristic ions 257 214 45 256 258 HO O

Table 2. Concentrations of the identified compounds in expert samples and urine Sample Expert sample no. 1 Compound Dihydromorphine-3,6dideoxyMethyldesomorphine Desomorphine Compound 1 Codeine Desomorphine Compound 1 Codeine Methyldesomorphine Desomorphine Compound 1 Codeine Concentration, % 5.19 33.79 29.58 29.67 1.759 8.130 76.215 15.655 20.84 11.83 65.23 2.09 Sample Compound Concentration, % 15.14 62.75 2.28 19.12 0.710 75.62 24.37

Expert sample no. 2

Expert sample no. 5 Dihydromorphine-3,6dideoxyMorphinan-4,5-epoxy-3-ol Compound 1 Desomorphine Codeine Urine extract no. 1 Desomorphine Dihydromorphine-3,6dideoxyUrine extract no. 3 Desomorphine Compound 1 Codeine

Expert sample no. 3

traces* 55.94 44.05

* In urine extract no. 3, desomorphine was identied only by special ions.

of products. In particular, in sample no. 2, the concentration of compound 1 is signicantly larger than the concentrations of desomorphine and codeine. The concentration of desomorphine in the extracts of urine samples varies from 7080% to trace amounts. Along with desomorphine, its derivatives in different concentrations were also found in studies of the urine samples. This indicates that a part of these components that arrive at the body together with desomorphine are excreted in an unchanged form. Desomorphine and other conversion products of codeine are identied in the urine samples either after acidic hydrolysis or without hydrolysis. In chromatograms of an extract of urine containing large amounts of analgin,
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the analgin peak masks the desomorphine peak. In these cases, it is preferable to identify desomorphine in hydrochloric acid hydrolyzates of samples, where the interfering effect of analgin is decreased. Because compound 1 occurs in many samples containing desomorphine, we assumed that this compound is its derivative. Figure 2 presents a chromatogram of a sample extract in mode 2, where the peaks of the compounds with retention times of 7.49 and 7.53 min were identied as desomorphine and compound 1, respectively. The structure of compound 1 was identied by the structurespectrum correlation method on the basis of
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269

212 178 240 327 355 416 489

5 0 50

77

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

m/z

Fig. 1. Mass spectrum of compound 1 (retention time, 14.240 min).

N 106 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5

7.53

9.38

7.99 7.49 8.16 9.02

6.0

6.5

7.0

7.5

8.0

8.5

9.0

t, min

Fig. 2. Chromatogram of the extract of a sample containing desomorphine.

the known mass-spectrometric destructions of desomorphine and its analogues. As is known, the molecular ion m/z = 271 is the main ion in the mass spectrum of desomorphine. The ion m/z = 256 [M-15]+ corresponds to the loss of the methyl group, the ion m/z = 254 [M-17]+ is characteristic of the loss of the hydroxy group, m/z = 242 [M-29]+ is possibly the loss of the C2H5 species with the cleavage of one of the unsaturated rings of the molecule, m/z = 228 [M-43]+ is the loss of the C2H6N species, and m/z = 214 [M-57]+ is the loss of the C4H9 fragment, which can correspond to the loss of the methyl group and the C3H7 species with the cleavage of two bonds at the 5.6 and 8.14 positions of the desomorphine molecule.

If we assume that the main direction of the fragmentation of compound 1 is the same as for desomorphine, the mass spectrum of this compound can be treated as follows (see Fig. 1): m/z = 269 is the molecular ion that differs from desomorphine by 2 amu; this allows the assumption that the molecule of compound 1 has one double bond more than desomorphine; m/z = 254 [M15]+ corresponds to the loss of the methyl group, m/z = 252 [M-17]+ corresponds to the loss of the hydroxy group, m/z = 240 [M-29]+ corresponds to the possible loss of the C2H5 species with the cleavage of one of the unsaturated rings of the molecule, m/z = 226 [M-43]+ corresponds to the loss of the C2H6N species, and m/z = 212 [M-57]+ corresponds to the loss of the C4H9 fragment, which can correspond to the loss of the methyl
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CHROMATOGRAPHIC STUDY OF EXPERT AND BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES N 104 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 t, min

365

Fig. 3. Chromatogram of the trimethylsilyl derivative of desomorphine.

group and C3H7 with the cleavage of two bonds at the 5.6 and 8.14 positions. Note that the studied compound has a destruction character similar to that of desomorphine. In fragmentation, the destruction of two unsaturated rings is observed: one of them involves nitrogen and, in the other, the cleavage of two opposite bonds is observed, possibly, at the 5.6 and 8.14 positions. Because all fragments of the studied compound differ from the fragments in the mass spectrum of desomorphine by 2 amu, it is expected that the double bond is localized in the saturated ring that is not destructed in the fragmentation. The identied compound can be represented as didehydrodesomorphine. Because the derivatization of compounds is use in the GC-MS analysis of narcotics in forensic studies and studies of biomaterials, the study triuoroacetyl and trimethylsilyl derivatives of desomorphine and concomitant compounds is of great practical interest. However, we failed to nd information on these derivatives in the available literature. Therefore, the preparation of the triuoroacetyl derivative of identied didehydrodesomorphine and the study of its mass spectrum can, in our opinion, conrm the structure of the studied compound. In the BSTFA derivatization of desomorphine in an urine extract, we obtained a peak with a retention time of 18.897 min; the chromatogram (in mode 1) and the mass spectrum are presented in Figs. 3 and 4. The molecular mass of the trimethylsilyl derivative of desomorphine is 343 amu; consequently, the molecular ion corresponds to m/z = 343, the ion m/z = 328 [M15]+ corresponds to the loss of the methyl group, the ion m/z = 314 [M-29]+ reects the possible loss of the C2H5 species with the cleavage of one of the unsaturated
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rings, m/z = 300 [M-43]+ reects the loss of the C2H3N species, m/z = 286 [M-57]+ is the loss of the C4H9 fragment, which can correspond to the loss of the methyl group and C3H7 with the cleavage of two bonds at the 5.6 and 8.14 positions of the saturated ring, and the ion m/z = 271 [M-72]+ can correspond to the loss of the trimethylsilyl group. By the character of destruction, this compound can be identied as the mono(trimethylsilyl) derivative of desomorphine. Generally, the character of the destruction is identical to the destruction of desomorphine. The ion corresponding to the detachment of the hydroxy group [M-17]+ is absent, because the derivatization occurs at the hydroxy group, and the ion [M-72]+ corresponding to the loss of the trimethylsilyl group is observed. Figures 5 and 6 present the chromatogram of the triuoroacetyl derivative of desomorphine and its mass spectrum. In chromatography in mode 1, the peak of the triuoroacetyl derivative of desomorphine had a retention time of 11.85 min. The molecular ion m/z = 367 is the main ion in the mass spectrum. The ion m/z = 352 [M-15]+ corresponds to the loss of the methyl group, the ion m/z = 338 [M-29]+ is possibly the loss of the C2H5 species with the cleavage of one of the unsaturated rings of the molecule, m/z = 324 [M-43]+ is the loss of the C2H6N species, m/z = 310 [M-57]+ is the loss of the C4H9 fragment, which can correspond to the loss of the methyl group and the C3H7 species with the cleavage of two bonds at the 5.6 and 8.14 positions, and m/z = 270 [M-97]+ is the loss of the triuoroacetyl group. Similarly to the mono(trimethylsilyl) derivative of desomorphine, the ion corresponding to the detachment of the hydroxy
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343

328

271 286

179

203 216

229

243

300 256 314 360

100

120

140

160

180

200

220

240

260

280

300

320

340

m/z

Fig. 4. Mass spectrum of the trimethylsilyl derivative of desomorphine (retention time, 18.897 min).

N 105 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 6 7 8 9 10 11
8.37 8.44

11.85

13.53 13.95

12

13

14

15

t, min

Fig. 5. Chromatogram of the triuoroacetyl derivative of desomorphine.

group [M-17]+ is absent, because the derivatization occurs at the hydroxy group, and the ion [M-97]+ corresponding to the loss of the triuoroacetyl group is observed. By the character of destruction, this compound can be identied as the mono(triuoroacetyl) derivative of desomorphine. To conrm the structure of the identied didehydrodesomorphine, we studied the product of its MBTFA derivatization. The chromatogram and the spectrogram of the compound are presented in Figs. 7 and 8. Chromatography was performed in mode 2; the

peak of the studied compound has a retention time of 6.98 min. The triuoroacetyl derivative of didehydrodesomorphine must have the molecular ion m/z = 365; in addition, the spectrogram exhibits peaks of ions m/z = 350 [M-15]+ corresponds to the loss of the methyl group, m/z = 336 [M-29]+ possibly corresponding to the loss of the C2H5 species with the cleavage of one of the unsaturated rings of the molecule, m/z = 322 [M-43]+ corresponding to the loss of the C2H6N species, and m/z =
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CHROMATOGRAPHIC STUDY OF EXPERT AND BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES N 105 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2

367

367

1 0 160 180 200 220 240 260

382

280

300

320

340

360

m/z

Fig. 6. Mass spectrum of the triuoroacetyl derivative of desomorphine (retention time, 11.854 min).

N 105 8 7 6 5 4 3 2

6.98

6.91

1 0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 t, min

Fig. 7. Chromatogram of the triuoroacetyl derivative of didehydrodesomorphine.

268 [M-97]+ corresponding to the loss of the triuoroacetyl group. Similarly to other triuoroacetyl derivatives, the ion corresponding to the detachment of the hydroxy group [M-17]+ is absent, because the derivatization occurs at the hydroxy group, and the ion [M-97]+ corresponding to the loss of the triuoroacetyl group is observed. By the character of destruction, this compound can be
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identied as the mono(triuoroacetyl) derivative of didehydrodesomorphine. Thus, desomorphine was found in GC-MS studies of different expert samples. For the rst time, didehydrodesomorphine, the mono(triuoroacetyl) derivative of didehydrodesomorphine, the mono(triuoroacetyl) derivative of desomorphine, and the mono(trimethylsilyl) derivative of desomorphine were identied by GC-MS.
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365

268 194 206 216 226 240 252 281 291 307 322

336

1 0 140 160 180

350 381

200

220

240

260

280

300

320

340

360

m/z

Fig. 8. Mass spectrum of the triuoroacetyl derivative of didehydrodesomorphine (retention time, 6.973 min).

Before studying desomorphine and didehydrodesomorphine by HPLC, it was necessary to extract these compounds; previously, they were puried by thinlayer chromatography. The solvent system benzene ethanoldiethylamine (9 : 1 : 1) was used as most frequently used in the analysis of narcotics of the opium group. In the thin-layer chromatography of an expert sample containing desomorphine, two spots were observed on the plate of development with the Marki reagent: a hardly noticeable blueviolet spot at a level of codeine (spot 1) and a blueviolet spot in the zone between codeine and diacetylmorphine, the zone corresponding to desomorphine (spot 2). Next, compounds from the TLC plate (at the level of the developed zones) were eluted with a chloroform isopropanol mixture (9 : 1). A part of the obtained extracts were studied by GC-MS; the results are presented in Table 3. The concentrations of identied components were determined by the internal normalization method, in which all identied peaks were taken to be 100%. Thus, in the expert sample, the compounds developed by the Marki reagent were found in two zones. In the rst zone at the level of codeine, didehydrodesomorphine and codeine were tentatively found in approximately equal amounts. In the second zone at the level of desomorphine, didehydrodesomorphine and desomorphine were found (also tentatively), and the

amount of desomorphine was three times smaller than the amount of didehydrodesomorphine. Analgin was also identied in this zone. Thus, under the given conditions, the separation of desomorphine from other synthetic analogues on the TLC plates is incomplete. The solvent system benzeneethanoldiethylamine (9 : 1 : 1), which is used in the analysis of narcotics, is insufciently informative; therefore, other methods must be used to conrm the presence of desomorphine in the studied samples. For this purpose, puried samples were studied on a Milichrom A-02 liquid chromatograph in the mode described in [3]. The extracts after TLC purication were back extracted with 200 L of a mixture (95 : 5) of 4 M LiClO40.1 M HClO4 : H2O and studied on the chromatograph. Figures 9 and 10 and Table 4 present the results of the chromatographic separation of the puried extracts. As seen in the table, the peak of analgin and two unresolved peaks at the level of codeine were found in the extract from spot 1. Taking into account the spectral ratios, chromatographic peak areas, and the results of GC-MS and TLC studies, peaks 5 and 6 can be identied as didehydrodesomorphine and codeine, respectively. Two peaks with an area ratio of approximately 1 : 3 were found in the extract from spot 2. Taking into account the spectral ratios, chromatographic peak

Table 3. Concentrations of the identified compounds in samples purified by thin-layer chromatography Sample Spot 1 at the level of codeine Compound Didehydrodesomorphine Desomorphine Codeine Concentration, % 56.76 1.197 42.04 Desomorphine
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Sample Spot 2 at the level of desomorphine

Compound Didehydrodesomorphine

Concentration, % 86.23

13.77
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CHROMATOGRAPHIC STUDY OF EXPERT AND BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES N 1.33 au

369

56

10

1 2 3 210 nm

9 10 11 12 13 t, min

Fig. 9. Chromatograms of spot 1 at the level of codeine.

N 4.96 au
4

5 1 2 3

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 210 nm

t, min

Fig. 10. Chromatograms of spot 2 at the level of desomorphine.

areas, and the results of GC-MS and TLC studies, the peak with a retention time of 10.1510.18 min can be identied as didehydrodesomorphine and the peak with the retention time of 11.46 min can be identied as desomorphine.

In conclusion, we cam summarize the results of this study. (i) In the GC-MS analysis of different expert samples containing desomorphine, four components were found and identied (by mass spectra) as synthetic ana-

Table 4. Results of the processing the chromatographic spectra of spots at the level of codeine and desomorphine Peak number Spectral ratios, nm Retention volume, L Peak area, arb. units 220 230 240 250 260 280 300 Compound

3 5 6 4 5

881.96 1018.22 1033.74 1015.34 1146.40

15.304 8.293 8.567 55.027 10.893

Spot 1 at the level of codeine 0.708 0.615 0.695 0.710 0.787 0.352 0.191 0.111 0.036 0.017 0.674 0.241 0.201 0.128 0.042 Spot 2 at the level of desomorphine 0.363 0.197 0.115 0.039 0.017 0.251 0.164 0.081 0.001 0.005
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0.349 0.050 0.072 0.050 0.040

0.016 0.002 0.008 0.002 0.000

Analgin Didehydrodesomorphine Codeine Didehydrodesomorphine Desomorphine

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logues of desomorphine. The fraction of desomorphine varied from traces to 7080% of the sum of all peaks. Consequently, in the determination of these compounds, it can be assumed that the studied sample is a product of the synthesis of desomorphine. The triuoroacetyl and trimethylsilyl analogues of desomorphine were obtained and studied. Didehydrodesomorphine was identied in the samples; the mass spectra of this compound and its triuoroacetyl derivative were observed. (ii) Expert samples of urine containing desomorphine were studied. It was demonstrated that desomorphine can be either a major component or a trace impurity. Some synthetic analogues of desomorphine were identied in the urine samples. This indicates that a part of these compounds is excreted with urine in the unchanged form. Desomorphine is found in urine both on alkaline extraction and after hydrochloric acid hydrolysis. (iii) By TLC purication, desomorphine was extracted and studied for the rst time on a Milichrom A-02 liquid chromatograph. The retention times and spectral ratios of didehydrodesomorphine and desomorphine were determined under the conditions of the DB-2003 mode of the chromatograph. Thus, this work involved the complex study of expert samples and biological uids containing desomorphine, improved the quality of expertise, and called attention to the thoroughness of studies related to the illicit trafcking of narcotics.

REFRENCES
1. Perechen narkoticheskikh sredstv, psikhotropnykh veshchestv i ikh prekursorov, podlezhashchikh kontrolyu v Rossiiskoi Federatsii (List of Narcotics, Psychotropic Substances and Precursors Thereof, Subject to Control in the Russian Federation), Russian Federation Government Decree no. 681, 1998. 2. Savchuk, S.A., Simonov, E.A., Sorokin, V.I., Dorogokupets, O.B., and Vedenin, A.N., Zh. Anal. Khim., 2004, vol. 59, no. 10, p. 1059 [J. Anal. Chem. (Engl. Transl.), vol. 59, no. 10, p. 954]. 3. Khromatograf Milikhrom A-02. Opredelenie veshchestv s primeneniem baz dannykh VEZhKh-UF, razrabotannykh v ZAO Institut khromatograi EkoNova (Chromatograph Milikhrom A-02. Determination of Substances Using HPLC-UV Databases Developed in the Institute of Chromatography EcoNova), Baram, G.I., Ed., Novosibirsk, 2004. 4. Ob analiticheskoi diagnostike narkoticheskikh sredstv, psikhotropnykh i drugikh toksicheskikh veshchestv v organizme cheloveka (Analytical Diagnostic of Narcotic, Psychotropic, and Toxic Substances in Human Body), order no. 289, Minzdrav RF, 1998. 5. Lisovskaya, S.B., Barsegyan, I.B., and Barsegyan, S.S., Trudy nauchno-prakticheskoi konferentsii Nepreryvnoe poslediplomnoe obrazovanieinvestitsii v zdravookhranenie Rossii (Proc. of Conf. on Continuous Post-Graduate Education as an Investments in Public Health of Russia), Moscow, 2005.

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