Pradip sangle

Indian History Important Dates BC

2300 1750 From 1500 1200 800 600 563 483 540 468 362 321 327 326 322 305 273 232 261 145 101 58 Indus Valley Civilization.

Coming of the Aryans.

Expansion of the Aryans in the Ganga Valley. Age of the 16 Mahajanapadas of northern India. Buddhas Life-span.

Mahavirs Life-span.

Nanda dynasty.

Alexanders invasion of India. It opened a land route between India and Europe. Accession of Chandragupta Maurya. Defeat of Seleucus at the hands of Chandragupta Maurya. Ashokas reign. Conquest of Kalinga. Regin of Elara, the Chola king of Sri Lanka. Beginning of Vikram era.

AD
78 78-101 319 320 380 Beginning of Saka era. Kanishkas reign. Commencement of Gupta era. Accession of Chandragupta II Vikramaditya

405 411 415 455 606 647

Visit of Chinese traveller Fahien. Accession of Kumargupta I. Accession of Skandagupta. Harshavardhans reign.

II. Medieval
712 836 985 998 1001 1025 1191 1192 1206 1210 1221 1236 1240 1296 1316 1325 1327 1336 1351 1398 1469 1494 First invasion in Sindh by Arabs (Mohd. Bin Qasim). Accession of King Bhoja of Kannauj. Accession of Rajaraja, the Chola ruler. Accession of Sultan Mahmud Ghazni. First invasion of India by Mahmud Ghazni who defeated Jaipal, ruler of Punjab. Destruction of Somnath Temple by Mahmud Ghazni. First battle of Tarain. Second battle of Tarain. Accession of Qutubuddin Aibak to the throne of Delhi. Death of Qutubuddin Aibak. Chengiz Khan invaded India (Mongol invasion). Accession of Razia Sultana to the throne of Delhi. Death of Razia Sultana. Accession of Alauddin Khilji. Death of Alauddin Khilji. Accession of Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq. Transfer of capital from Delhi to Devagiri (Daulatabad) in Deccan by the Muhammad-binTughlaq. Foundation of Vijaynagar empire in the South. Accession of Firoz Shah Tughlaq. Timurs invasion of India. Birth of Guru Nanak. Accession of Babur in Farghana.

1497 98 1526 1527 1530 1539 1555 1556 1556 1576 1582 1600 1605 1606 1611 1615 1627 1628 1631 1634 1659 1665 1666 1675 1680 1707 1708 1739 1757

First voyage of Vasco da Gama to India (discovery of sea route to India via the Cape of Good Hope) First Battle of Panipat; Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodhi; foundation of Mughal dynasty by Babur. Battle of Khanwa-Babur defeated Rana Sanga. Death of Babur and accession of Humayun. Sher Shah Suri defeated Humayun in the battle of Chausa and became Indias emperor. Humayun recaptured the throne of Delhi. Second Battle of Panipat (Bairam Khan defeated Hemu). Battle of Talikota (Rakshasa-Tangadi). Battle of Haldighati-Rana Pratap was defeated by Akbar. Din-i-Ilahi founded by Akbar. English East India Company established. Death of Akbar and accession of Jahangir. Execution of Guru Arjun Dev, the 5th Guru of Sikhs. Jahangir marries Nurjahan. Sir Thomas Roe visits Jahangir. Birth of Shivaji and death of Jahangir. Shahjahan becomes emperor of India. Death of Mumtazmahal. The English permitted to trade in India (in Bengal). Accession of Aurangzeb, Shahjahan imprisoned. Shivaji imprisoned by Aurangzeb. Death of Shahjahan. Execution of Guru Teg Bahadur, the 9th Guru of Sikhs. Death of Shivaji. Death of Aurangzeb. Death of Guru Gobind Singh, the 10th Guru of Sikhs. Nadir Shah invades India. Battle of Plassey, establishment of British political rule in India at the hands of Lord Clive.

1761

Third battle of Panipat.

III. Modern
1764 1765 1767 69 1780 Battle of Buxar. Clive appointed Companys Governor in India. First Angle-Mysore War. Birth of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.

1780-84 Second Anglo-Mysore War. 1784 Pitts India Act.

1790-92 Third Anglo-Mysore War. 1793 1799 1802 1809 1829 1830 1833 1839 1839 42 1845 46 1852 1853 1857 1861 1869 1885 1889 1897 The Permanent Settlement of Bengal. Fourth Anglo-Mysore War;Death of Tipu Sultan. Treaty of Bassein. Treaty of Amritsar. Practice of Sati prohibited. Raja Rammohan Roy visits England. Death of Raja Rammohan Roy at Bristol, England. Death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. First Anglo-Afghan War.

First Anglo-Sikh War. Second Anglo-Burmese War. First Railway line opened between Bombay and Thane and a Telegraph line in Calcutta. The Sepoy Mutiny or First War of Independence. Birth of Rabindranath Tagore. Birth of Mahatma Gandhi. Foundation of Indian National Congress. Birth of Jawaharlal Nehru. Birth of Subhash Chandra Bose.

1903 1905 1906 1911 1914 1916 1918 1919

Tibet Expedition. Partition of Bengal by Lord Curzon. Foundation of Muslim League. Delhi Darbar, King George V and Queen visit India; Delhi becomes the capital of India. World War I begins. Lucknow Pact signed by Muslim League and Congress, Foundation of BHU, Home Rule League founded. World War I ends. Montague-Chelmsford Reforms introduced, Jallianwala Bagh massacre at Amritsar. Khilafat Movement launched, first meeting of All-India Trade Union Congress, Hunter Commission Report on Jallianwala Bagh Massacre Published First Non-cooperation movement launched by Gandhi.

1920

1922 1925 1927 1928 1929 1930

Violent incidents at Chaura Chauri Gandhi calls of Non-cooperation movement. Communist Party of India organised at Kanpur. Boycott of Simon Commission, Broadcasting started in India. Death of Lala Lajpat Rai, Nehru Report. Resolution of Poorna Swaraj (complete independence) passed at Lahore Session of INC. Civil disobedience movement launched, Dandhi March by Mahatma Gandhi (April 6, 1930) First round table conference held in London. Gandhi-Irwin Pact, Civil Disobedience movement suspended Second round table conference held. MacDonald announces communal award (modified by Poona Pact, September 24). Government of India Act. Provincial Autonomy, Congress forms ministries. All India Kishan Sabha formed. World War II begins (September 3), Resignation of Congress Ministries in Provinces. Escape of Subhash Chandra Bose from India and death of Rabindranath Tagore. Arrival of Cripps Mission in India, Quit India movement launched (August 8). SC Bose forms Provisional Government of Free India and Indian National Army in Singapore; Bengal famine. Trial of Indian National Army at Red Fort, Shimla Conference; World War II ends. British Cabinet Mission visits India; Interim government formed at the Centre. The Muslim

1931 1932 1935 1937 1938 1939 1941 1942 1943 44 1945 1946

league decides on Direct Action for winning Pakistan. 1947 Division of India; India and Pakistan form separate independent dominions.

The Gandhian Era (1917-47) Facts about Gandhi

Birth : October 2, 1869 at Porbandar, Gujarat. [Note: UNO declared October. 2 as International Non-violence Day (Antarrashtriy Ahimsa Diswas)] Father : Karamchand Gandhi, Mother: Putali Bai, Political Guru: Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Private Secretary: Mahadev Desai. Literary Influence on Gandhi: John Ruskins Unto the Last, Emerson, Thoreau, Leo Tolstoy, the Bible and the Gita. Literary Works : Hind Swaraj (1909), My Experiments with Truth (Autobiography, 1927)reveals events of Gandhis life upto 1922. As an Editor : Indian Opinion: 190315 (in English & Gujarati, for a short period in Hindi & Tamil), Harijan: 1919-31 (in English, Gujarati and Hindi), Young India: 193342 (in English gujarati-named Navjeevan). Other Names : Mahatma (Saint) - by Rabindranath Tagore, 1917; Malang Baba/Nanga Faqir (Naked Saint) - by Kabailis of Noth-West Frontier, 1930; Indian Faqir/Traitor Faqir-by Winston Churchill, 1931; Half-naked Saint by- Franq Mores, 1931; Rashtrapita (the Father of the Nation)- by Subhash Chandra Bose, 1944.

In South Africa (1893-1914)

1893 1894 1899 1904 1906 1907 1908 1910 1913 1914 1915 Departure of Gandhi to South Africa. Foundation of Natal Indian Congress. Foundation of Indian Ambulance Core during Boer Wars. Foundation of Indian Opinion (magazine) and Phoenix Farm, at Phoenix, near Durban. First Civil Disobedience Movement (Satyagaraha) against Asiatic Ordiannce in Transvaal. Satyagraha against Compulsory Registration and Passes for Asians (The Black Act) in Transvaal. Trial and imprisonment-Johanesburg Jail (First Jail Term). Foundation of Tolstoy Farm (Later-Gandhi Ashrama), near Johannesburg. Satyagraha against derecognition of non-Christian marraiges in Cape Town. Awarded Kaisar-i-Hind for raising an Indian Ambulance Core during Boer wars Arrived in Bombay (India) on 9 January 1915; Foundation of Satyagraha Ashrama at Kocharab near Ahmedabad (20 May). In 1917, Ashrama shifted at the banks of Sabarmati;

1916

Abstain from active politics (though he attended Lucknow session of INC held in 26 30 December, 1916, where Raj Kumar Shukla, a cultivator from Bihar, requested him to come to Champaran.) Gandhi entered active politics with Champaran campaign to redress grievances of the

1917

cultivators oppressed by Indigo planter of Bihar (April 1917). Champaran Satyagraha was his first Civil Disobedience Movement in India. cooperation Movement. In Febuary 1918, Gandhi launched the struggle in Ahmedabad which involved industrial workers. Hunger strike as a weapon was used for the first time by Gandhi

1918

during Ahmedabad struggle. In March 1918, Gandhi worked for peasants of Kheda in Gujarat who were facing difficulties in paying the rent owing to failure of crops. Kheda Satyagraha was his first Non Gandhi gave a call for Satyagraha against the Rowlatt Act on April 6, 1919 and took the

1919

command of the nationalist movement for the first time (First all-India Political Movement), Gandhi returns Kaisar-i-Hind gold medal as a protest against Jallianwala Bagh massacre-April 13, 1919; The All India Khilafat Conference elected Gandhi as its president (November 1919, Delhi). Gandhi leads the Non-Cooperation and Khilafat Movement (August 1, 1920Febuary 1922), Gandhi calls off Movement (Feb. 12, 1922), after the violent incident at Chauri-Chaura on Febuary 5, 1922. Non-Co-operation Movement was the First mass based politics under Gandhi. Belgaum (Karnataka) session of INCfor the first and the last time Gandhi was elected the president of the Congress.

192022

1924

1925 Gandhi retires from active politics for the first time and devotes himself to constructive 27 programme of the Congress; Gandhi resumes active politics in 1927. Gandhi launches the Civil Disobedience Movement with his Dandhi march/Salt Satyagraha 1930 (First Phase: March 12, 1930March 5, 1931; Gandhi-Irwin Pact: March 5, 1931; Gandhi 34 attends the Second Round Table Conference in London as sole representative of the Congress: September 7-December. 1, 1931; Second Phase: January 3, 1932-April 17, 1934).

1934 Sets up Sevagram (Vardha Ashram). 39 1940 41 1942 Gandhi launches Individual Satyagraha Movement. Call to Quit India Movement for which Gandhi raised the slogan, Do or Die (Either free India or die in the attempt), Gandhi and all Congress leaders arrested (August 9, 1942).

Gandhi kept in detention at the Aga Khan Palace, near Pune (August 9, 1942-May, 1944). 1942 Gandhi lost his wife Kasturba (Febuary 22, 1944) and private secretary Mahadev Desai; this 44 was Gandhis last prison term. 1946 Deeply distressed by theory of communal violence, as a result Muslim Leagues Direct Action call, Gandhi travelled to Noakhali (East Bengal-now Bangladesh) and later on to Calcutta to

restore communal peace. Gandhi, deeply distressed by the Mountbatten Plan/Partition Plan (June 3, 1947), while staying in Calcutta to restore communal violence, observes complete silence on the dawn of Indias Independence (August, 15, 1947). Gandhi returns to Delhi (September 1947). 1948 Gandhi was shot dead by Nathu Ram Godse, a member of RSS, while on his way to the evening prayer meeting at Birla House, New Delhi (January 30, 1948).

1947

Important Foreign Travellers / Envoys

Megasthenes (302-298 BC) : An ambassador of Selecus Nikator, who visited the court of Chandragupta Maurya and wrote an interesting book Indica in which he gave a vivid account of Chandragupta Mauryas reign. Fa-Hien (405-411 AD) : He came to India during the reign of Chandragupta II Vikramaditya. He was the first Chinese pilgrim to visit India to collect Buddhist texts and relics Hiuen-Tsang (630-645 AD) : He visited India during the reign of Harshavardhana. I-tsing (671-695 AD) : A Chinese traveller, he visited India in connection with Buddhism. Al-Masudi (957 AD) : An Arab traveller, he has given an extensive account of India in his work Muruj-ul-Zehab. Al-beruni (1024-1030 AD) : He came to India along with Mahmud of Ghazni during one of his Indian raids. He travelled all over India and wrote a book Tahqiq-i-Hind. Macro Polo (1292-1294 AD) : A Venetian traveller, visited South India in 1294 A.D. His work The Book of Sir Marco Polo gives an account of the economic history of India. Ibn Batuta (1333-1347 AD) : A Morrish traveller, his book Rehla (the Travelogue) throws a lot of light on the reign of Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq and the geographical, economic and social conditions of that time. Shihabuddin al-Umari (1348 AD) : He came from Damascus and he gives a vivid account of India in his book, Masalik albsar fi-mamalik al-amsar. Nicolo Conti (1420-1421 AD) : A Venetian traveller, gives a comprehensive account of the Hindu kingdom of Vijaynagar. Abdur Razzaq (1443-1444 AD) : He was a Persian traveller, came to India and stayed at the court of the Zamorin at Calicut. He has given a vivid account of the Vijaynagar empire. Athanasius Nikitin (1470-1474 AD) : He was a Russian merchant, describes the condition of the Bahmani kingdom under Muhammad III (1463-82). Durate Barbosa (1500-1516 AD) : He was a Portuguese traveller, has given a valuable narrative of the government and the people of the Vijaynagar empire. Dominigo Paes (1520-1522 AD) : He was Portuguese traveller, visited the court of Krishnadeva Raya of the Vijaynagar Empire.

Fernao Nuniz (1535-1537 AD) : A Portuguese merchant, He wrote the history of the empire from its earliest times of the closing years of Achyutdeva Rayas reign. John Hughen Von Linschotten (1583 AD) : He was a Dutch traveller, has given a valuable account of the social and economic life of South India. William Hawkins (1608-1611 AD) : He was an English ambassador of British King James I to the court of Jahangir (1609). Sir Thomas Roe (1615-1619 AD) : He was an ambassador of James I, King of England, at the court of Jahangir, (the Mughal Emperor). Fransciso Palsaert (1620-1627 AD) : He was a Dutch traveller, stayed at Agra and gave a vivid account of flourishing trade at Surat, Ahmedabad, Broach Cambay, Lahore, Multan, etc. Peter Mundy (1630-34 AD) : He was an Italian traveller to the Mughal empire in the reign of Shahjahan, he gives valuable information about the living standard of the common people in the Mughal Empire.

John Albert de Mandesto (1638 AD) : He was German traveller, who reached Surat in 1638. Jeen Baptiste Travernier (1638-1663 AD) : He was a French traveller, his account covers the reign of Shahjahan and Aurangzeb. Nicolao Manucci (1653-1708 AD) : He was an Italian traveller, got service at the court of Dara Shikoh. Francois Bernier (1656-1717 AD) : He was French physician and philosopher. Danishamand Khan, a noble of Aurangzeb, was his patron. Jean de Thevenot (1666 AD) : He was French traveller, has given a good account of cities like Ahmedabad, Cambay, Aurangabad and Goloconda. John Fryer (1672-1681 AD) : He was an English traveller, has given a vivid account of Surat and Bombay. Gemelli Careri (1693 AD) : He was an Italian traveller, his remarks on the Mughal emperors military organisation and administration are important.

Governor-Generals and Viceroys Governors of Bengal (175774)

Robert Clive : Governor of Bengal during 1757-60 and again during 1765-67 and established Dual Government in Bengal from 1765-72. (True founder of British Political dominion in India). Vanisttart (176065) : The Battle of Buxar (1764). Cartier (176972) : Bengal Famine (1770).

Governor-Generals of Bengal (17741833)

Warren Hastings (17721785) : Brought the Dual Governmnet of Bengal to an end by the Regulating Act, 1773. Became Governor-General in 1774 through the Regulating Act, 1773; Wrote introduction to the first English translation of the Gita by Charles Wilkins; Founded the Asiatic Society of Bengal with William Jones in 1784. Revenue Reforms : Auctioned the right to collect land revenue to the highest bidder; Divided Bengal into districts and appointed collectors and other revenue officials.

Judicial Reforms : Started Diwani and Faujdari adalats at the district level and Sadar diwani and Nizamat adalats (appellate courts) at Calcutta; Redefined Hindu and Muslim laws. Wars : Rohilla War (1774); 1st Anglo-Maratha War (1776-82): 2nd Anglo-Mysore War (1780-84). Note: Sir John Macpherson was made the acting Governor General from 1785 to 1786. Lord Cornwallis (178693) : First person to codify laws in 1793. The code separated the revenue administration from the administration of justice; Created post of district judge; Introduced permanent Settlement in Bengal (1793); Cornwallis is called the father of civil service in India.

Police Reforms: Each district was divided into 400 sq. miles and placed under a police superintendent assisted by constables. Wars : 3rd Anglo-Mysore War (defeat of Tipu and the Treaty of Serinagpatanam, 1792). Sir John Shore (179398) : Introduced the 1st Charter Act (1793) Wars : Battle of Kharda between Nizam and the Marathas (1795). Lord Wellesley (1798 1805) : Started Subsidiary Alliance system to achieve British paramountcy in India. Madras Presidency was formed during his tenure.

Wars : 4th Anglo-Mysore War (1799)-defeat and the death of Tipu Sultan; 2nd Anglo-Maratha War (1803-05)-defeat of the Scindia, the Bhonsle and the Holkar; Treaty of Bassein (1802). George Barlow (18051807) : Vellore Mutiny (1806). Lord Minto I (1807-1813) : Concluded Treaty of Amritsar with Ranjit Singh (1809); Charter Act of 1813 was passed.Lord Hastings (18131823) : Adopted the policy of intervention and war.

Wars : Anglo-Nepalese War (1813-23); 3rd Anglo-Maratha War (1817-18). Hastings forced humiliating treaties on Peshwa and the Scindia; Introduced the Ryotwari settlement in Madras by Thomas Munro, the Governor. Lord Amherst (182328) : Wars: Ist Burmese War (182426). Acquisition of territories in Malay Penisula; Capture of Bharatpur (1826).

Lord W. Bentick (182833) : Most liberal and enlightened Governor-General of India; Regarded as the Father of Modern Western Education in India; Abolished Sati and other cruel rites (1829); Annexation of Mysore (1831). Concluded a treaty of perpetual friendship with Ranjit Singh (1831); Passed the Charter Act of 1833, which provided that no Indian subject of Company was to be debarred from holding an office on account of his religion, place of birth, descent and colour. On recommendation of Macaulay Committee made English the medium of higher education in India.

Governor-Generals of India (1833-58)

Lord W. Bentick (183335) : First Governor-General of India. Macaulays minutes on education were accepted declaring that English should be the official language of India; Abolished provincial courts of appeal and circuit set up by Cornwallis, appointment of Commissioners of revenue and circuit. Wars : Annexed Coorg (1834), Central Cachar (1834) on the plea of misgovernment. Sir Charles Metcalfe (18351836) : Passed the famous Press Law, which liberated the press in India (Called Liberator the the Press). Lord Auckland (183642) : 1st Anglo-Afghan War (1836-42)-great blow to the prestige of the British in India.

Lord Ellenborough (184244) : Brought an end to the Afghan War. Annexation of Sindh (1843); War with Gwalior (1843). Lord Hardings I (184448) : 1st Anglo-Sikh war (1845-46) and the Treaty of Lahore 1846 (marked the end of Sikh sovereighty in India); Gave preference to English education in employment.

Lord Dalhousie (184856) : Abolished Titles and Pensions, Widow Remarriage Act (1856). Made Shimla the summer capital. Administrative Reforms : Introduced the system of Centralized control in the newly acquired territories known as Bon-Regulation system; Raised Gurkha regiments. Education Reforms : Recommended the Thomsonian system of Vernacular education for whole of the North western Provinces (1853); Woods Educational Despatch of 1854 and opening of Anglo-Vernacular Schools and Government Colleges; An Engineering College was established at Roorkee.

Public Works : Started the first railway line in 1853 (connecting Bombay with Thana); Started electric telegraph service. Laid the basis of the modern postal system (1854); A separate public works department was set up for the first time; Started work on the Grand Trunk Road and developed the harbours of Karachi, Bombay and Calcutta.

Wars : Introduced Doctrine of Lapse (Captured Satara (1848), Jaitpur and Sambhalpur (1849), Baghat (1850), Udaipur (1852), Jhansi (1853) and Nagpur(1854); Fought 2nd AngloSikh War (184849) and annexed the whole of the Punjab; 2nd Anglo-Burmese War (1852) and annexation of Lower Burma orPegu; Annexation of Berar in 1853; Annexation of Avadh in 1856 on charges of maladministration.

Lord Canning (185658) : The last Governor General and first Viceroy of India; Revolt of 1857; Passed the Act of 1858, which ended the rule of the East India Company. Withdrew Doctrine of Lapse. Mutiny took place in his time.

Governer Generals and Viceroys (18581947)

Lord Canning (185862) : The Indian Councils Act of 1862 was passed, which proved to be a landmark in the constitutional history of India; The Indian Penal Code of Criminal Procedure (1859) was passed; The Indian High Court Act (1861) was enacted; Income Tax was introduced for the first time in 1858; The Universities of Calcutta, Bombay and Madras founded in 1857. Lord Elgin I (186263) : Wahabi Movement (Pan-Islamic Movement). Sir John Lawrence (186469) : Telegraphic communication was opened with Europe; High Courts were established at Calcutta, Bombay and Madras in 1865; Expanded canal works and railways; Bhutan War (1865); Advocated State-managed railways; Created the Indian Forest Department and recognised the native Judicial service. Lord Mayo (186972) : Introduced financial decentralization in India, Established Rajkot College at Kathiarwar and Mayo College at Ajmer for the princes; Organised the Statistical Survey of India, Established the Department of Agriculture & Commerce, He was the only Viceroy to be murdered in office by a Pathan convict in Andamans in 1872, Introduction of State Railways. For the first time in Indian history, a census was held in 1871. Lord Northbrook (1872-76) : Kuka Movement of Punjab took rebellious turn during his period

Lord Lytton (1876-80) : Most infamous Governor-General, pursued free trade and abolished duties on 29 British manufactured goods which accelerated drain of wealth of India; Arranged the Grand Darbar in Delhi (in 1877) when the country was suffering from a servere famine; Passed the Royal Title Act (1876) and Queen Victoriya was declared as the Kaisar-i-Hind; Arms Act (1878) made mandatory for Indians to acquire license for arms; Passed the infamous Vernacular Press Act (1878); Proposed the plan of Statutory Civil Service in 1878-79 and lowered the maximum age limit from 21 to 19 years, the 2nd Afghan war proved a failure (Viceroy of reverse characters). Lord Ripon (1880-84) : Repeal of the Vernacular Press Act, 1882; The First Factory Act, 1881 to improve labour condition, Resolution of Local Self Government in 1882, Resolution on Land Revenue Policy; Appointed Hunter Commission (for education reforms) in 1882; The Ilbert Bill controversy erupted during his time (1883) enabled Indian district magistrates to try European criminals. But this was withdrawn later. Lord Dufferin (1884-88) : 3rd Burmese War (Annexation of Upper and Lower Burma) in 1885, Establishment of Indian National Congress in 1885. Lord Lansdowne (1888-94) : The second Factory Act of 1891; Categorization of Civil Services into imperial, provincial and subordinate; Indian Council Act of 1892 (introduced elections which was indirect); Appointment of the Durand Commission to define the line between British India and Afghanistan (1893). Lord Elgin II (1894-99) : The Munda uprising (Birsa Munda) of 1899, Convention delimiting the frontier between China and India was ratified, Great famine of 1896-97, Lyall Commission appointed after famine (1897), Assassination of two British officials-Rand & Amherst-by Chapekar Brothers in 1897. Lord Curzon (1899-1905) : Appointed a Police Commission in 1902 under Andrew Frazer; Set up the Universities Commission and accordingly the Indian Universities Act of 1904 was passed; Set up the Department of Commerce and Industry; Calcutta Corporation Act (1899); Passed the Indian Coinage and Paper Currency Act (in 1899) and put India on a gold standard; Partition of Bengal took place in 1905. Created NWFP and Archaeological Survey of India. Extended railways to a great extent. Lord Minto II (190510) : Swadeshi Movement (1905-08); Foundation of the Muslim League, 1906; Surat session and split in the Congress (1907), Newspapers Act, 1908; Morley-Minto Reforms, 1909. Lord Hardinge (191016) : Annulment of the partition of Bengal (1911), Transfer of Capital from Calcutta to Delhi (1911); Delhi Darbar and Coronation of King George V and Queen Mary (1911); Establishment of Hindu Mahasabha by Madan Mohan Malviya (1915); Annie Besant announced Home Rule Movement and a bomb was thrown at him, but he escaped unhurt. Lord Chelmsford (191621) : Home Rule Movement launched by Tilak and Annie Besant (1916); Lucknow Pact between Congress and Muslim League (1916); Arrival of Gandhi in India (1915); Champaran Satyagraha (1917); Montagues August Declaration (1917); Kheda Satyagraha and Satyagraha at Ahmedabad (1918); Government of India Act (1919), Repressive Rowlatt Act (1919); Jalianwala Bagh Massacre (1919); Khilafat Movement (1920-22); Non-cooperation Movement (192022), Saddler Commission (1917) and an Indian sir S. P. Sinha was appointed Governor of Bengal. Lord Reading (1921-26) : Criminal Law Amendment Act and abolition of cotton excise; Repeal of Press Act of 1910 & Rowlatt Act of 1919; Violent Moplah rebellion in Kerala (1921); Foundation of CPI (1921); Chauri Chaura Incident (1922); Foundation of Swaraj Party (1923); Kakori Train Dacoity (1925); Foundation of RSS (1925); Murder of Swami Shardhanand (1926). Suppressed non-cooperation movement.

Lord Irwin (1926-31) : Simon Commission announced in 1927; Butler Commission (1927); Nehru Report (1928); 14 points of Jinnah (1929); Lahore session of Congress and Poorna Swaraj declaration (1929); Civil Disobedience Movement (1930); Dandhi march (1930); Ist Round Table Conference (1930); Gandhi-Irwin Pact (1931); Martyrdom of Jatin Das (hunger strike) Lord Willingdon (1931-36) : IInd Round Table Conference (1931); Civil Disobedience Movement (1932); Announcement of MacDonalds Communal Award (1932); IIIrd Round Table Conference Foundation of Congress Socialist Party-CSP (1934); Government of India Act (1935); Burma separated from India (1935); All India Kisan Sabha (1936); Poona Pact was signed. Lord Linlithgow (1936-43) : General Election (1936-37); Congress ministries in 1937 and Resignation of Congress ministries in 1939; Deliverance Day by Muslim League in 1939; Foundation of Forward Block by S.C. Bose (1939); Lahore Resolution (1940); August Offer (1940); Cripps Mission (1942); Quit India Movement (1942) and outbreak of second world war in 1939. Lord Wavell (1943-1947) : C.R. Formula 1944; Wavell Plan and Shimla Conference in 1945; End of IInd World War in 1945; INA Trials in 1945; Naval mutiny in 1946; Cabinet Mission, 1946 and acceptance of its proposals by Congress; Direct Action Day by the Muslim League on 16th August, 1946 and first meating of the constituent assembly was held on Dec. 9, 1946. Lord Mountbatten (Mar-Aug 1947) : Announced the 3 June, 1947 Plan; Introduction of Indian Independence Bill in the house of Commons and passed by the Brithish Parliament on July 4, 1947.; Appointment of 2 boundary commissions under Sir Cryil Radicliffe.

Governor Generals of Independent India (1947-50)

Lord Mountbatten (1947-48) : The first Governor General of free India; Kashmir acceded to India (Oct. 1947); Murder of Gandhi (Jan 30, 1948). C. Rajagopalachari (June 1948-January 25, 1950) : The last Governor General of free India; The only Indian Governor-General.

Indian States And Their Folk Dances

Jharkhand Uttarakhand Chhau, Sarahul, Jat-Jatin, Karma, Danga, Bidesia, Sohrai. Gadhwali, Kumayuni, Kajari, Jhora, Raslila, Chappeli Kuchipudi (Classical), Ghantamardala, Ottam Thedal, Mohiniattam, Kummi, Siddhi Madhuri, Chhadi. Goudi, Karma, Jhumar, Dagla, Pali, Tapali, Navrani, Diwari, Mundari.

Andhra Pradesh

Chhattisgarh Arunachal Pradesh Himachal Pradesh

Mask dance, War dance etc.

Jhora, Jhali, Chharhi, Dhaman, Chhapeli, Mahasu, Nati, Dangi, Chamba, Thali, Jhainta, Daf, Stick dance etc.

Goa

Mandi, Jhagor, Khol, Dakni, etc. Bihu, Bichhua, Natpuja, Maharas, Kaligopal, Bagurumba, Naga dance, Khel Gopal Tabal Chongli, Canoe, Jhumura Hobjanai etc. Kathi, Gambhira, Dhali, Jatra, Baul, Marasia, Mahal, Keertan, etc. Kathakali (Classical), Rakhal, Nat Rash, Maha Rash, Raukhat etc. Laho, Baagla, etc. Manipuri (Classical), Rakhal, Nat Rash, Maha Rash, Raukhat, etc. Chong, Khaiva, Lim, Nuralim, etc. Odissi (Classical), Rakhal, Nat Rash, Maha Rash, Raukhat etc. Lavani, Nakata, Koli, Lezim, Gafa, Dahikala Dasavtar or Bohada, Tamasha, Mauni, Powara, Gouricha etc. Yakshagan, Huttari, Suggi, Kunitha, Karga, Lambi etc. Garba, Dandiya Ras, Tippani Juriun, Bhavai, etc. Bhangra, Giddha, Daff, Dhaman etc. Ghumar, Chakri, Ganagor, Jhulan Leela, Jhuma, Suisini, Ghapal, Panihari, Ginad etc. Khanatm, Pakhupila, Cherokan etc.

Assam

West Bengal Kerala Meghalaya Manipur Nagaland Orissa

Maharashtra

Karnataka Gujarat Punjab

Rajasthan

Mizoram Jammu & Kashmir Tamil Nadu Uttar Pradesh Bihar

Rauf, Hikat, Mandjas, Kud Dandi Nach, Damali.

Bharatnatyam, Kumi, Kolattam, Kavadi Nautanki, Raslila, Kajri, Jhora, Chappeli, Jaita. Jata-Jatin, Bakho-Bakhain, Panwariya, Sama-Chakwa, Bidesia, Jatra, etc.

Haryana

Jhumar, Phag Dance, Daph, Dhamal, Loor, Gugga, Khor, Gagor etc.

Wildlife Sanctuaries And National Parks In India

Name Bandipur National Park Balpakram Sanctuary Chandraprabha Sanctuary Corbett National Park Dachigam Sanctuary Dudhwa National Park Ghana Bird Sanctuary Gir National Park Hazaribagh National Park Jaldapara Sanctuary Kanha National Park Location Mysore, Karnataka Garo Hills, Meghalya Varanasi, UP Important Species Elephant, Tiger, Bear, Sambhar, Panther Tiger, Elephant, Bison Asiatic Lion, Tiger, Panther, Indian Gazelle, Sloth bear Elephant, Tiger, Sloth bear, Nilgai, Panther, Sambhar Kashmir stag (Hangul) Tiger, Panther, Sambhar, Nilgai

Nainital, Uttarakhand Jammu & Kashmir Lakhimpur Kheri, UP

Bharatpur, Rajasthan Siberian Crane, Spoonbill, Heron teal, Stork Junagarh, Gujarat Hazaribagh, Jharkhand West Bengal Mandla and Balaghat, MP Jorhat, Assam Asiatic Lion, Panther,Sambhar, Nilgai, Crocodile, Rhinoceros Tiger, Leopard, Sambher, Chital Tiger, Leopard, Sambher, Chital Tiger, Panther, Antelope, Barking Deer, Nilgai Great Indian one horned Rhinoceros, Wild Buffalo, Sambhar, Tiger Tiger, Elephant, Panther, Wild Buffalo, One horned Rhinoceros Elephant, Dear, Pigs Tiger and Elephant

Kaziranga National Park

Manas Mudumalai Sanctuary Namdapha National Park Palamau Parkal Periyar

Barpeta, Assam Nilgiri Hills, TN Tirap Distt., AP Daltonganj, Jharkhand Warangal, AP Idukki, Kerala

Tiger, Elephant, Panther, Leopard Tiger, Panther, Chital, Nilgai Elephant, Tiger, Panther, Wild board, Gaur, Sambhar

Ranganthitoo Bird Sanctuary Shivpuri National Park Sunderbans Vedanathangal Bird Sanctury Wild Ass Sanctuary

Karnataka Shivpuri, MP West Bengal Tamil Nadu Little Rann of Kutch, Gujarat

Birds Tiger, Birds Tiger, Wild board, Crocodile, Deer Birds Birds

Wild Ass, Wolf, Nilgai, Chinkara

River Side Cities

Town Kabul (Afghanistan) Kabul Confluence of Ganga, Yamuna, Saraswati (invisible) Ganga Godawari Hooghly Mahanadi Ganga River

Allahabad

Varanasi Nasik Kolkata Cuttack Patna

Chittagong (Bangladesh) Maiyani Lucknow Jamshedpur Haridwar Delhi Gomati Subarnarekha Ganga Yamuna

Kanpur Surat Srinagar Ferozepur Ludhiana Karachi (Pak) Yangon (Myanmar) Akyab (Myanmar) Vijaywada Lahore (Pak) Paris (France) Hamburg (Germany) Budapest (Hungary) Rome (Italy) Warsaw (Poland) Bristol (U.K.) London (U.K.) New Castle (U.K.)

Ganga Tapti Jhelum Sutlej Sutlej Indus Irawady Irawady Krishna Ravi Seine Elbe Danube Tiber Vistula Avon Thames Tyre

Important Lines and Boundaries

Durand Line is the line demarcating the boundaries of India and Afghanistan. It was drawn up in 1896 by Sir Mortimer Durand.

Hindenburg Line is the boundary dividing Germany and Poland. The Germans retreated to this line in 1917 during World War I. Mason-dixon Line is a line of demarcation between four states in the United States. Marginal Line was the 320 km line of fortification built by France along its border with Germany before World War II, to protect its boundary from German attack. Mannerheim Line is the line of fortification on the Russia-Finland border. Drawn up by General Mannerheim. Macmahon Line was drawn up by Sir. Henry MacMahon, demarcating the frontier of India and China. China did not recognize the MacMahon line and crossed it in 1962. Medicine Line is the border between Canada and the United States. Order-neisse Line is the border between Poland and Germany, running along the Order and Beisse rivers, adopted at the poland Conference (August 1945) after

World War II.

Radcliffe Line was drawn up by Sir Cyril Radcliffe, demarcating the boundary between India and Pakistan. Siegfried Line is the line of fortification drawn up by Germany on its border with France. 17th Parallel defined the boundary between North Vietnam and South Vietnam before the two were united. 24th Parallel is the line which Pakistan claims for demarcation between India and Pakistan. This, however, is not recognized by India. 26th Parallel south is a circle of latitude which croses through Africa, Australia and South America. 30TH PARALLEL north is a line of latitude that stands one-third of the way between the equator and the North Pole. 33rd Parallel north is a circle of latitude which cuts through the southeren United States, parts of North Africa, parts of the Middle East, and China. 35th Parallel north forms the boundary between the State of North Carolina and the State of Georgia and the boundary between the State of Tennessee arid the State of Georgia the State of Alabama, and the State of Mississippi. 36030 Parallel north forms the boundary between the Tennessee and Commonwealth of Kentucky between the Tennessee River and the Mississippi River, the boundary between Missiouri and Arkansas west of the White River, and the northernmost boundary between the Texas and the Oklahoma. 37th Parallel north formed the southern boundary of the historic and extralegal Territory of Jefferson. 38th Parallel is the parallel of latitude which separates North Korea and South Korea. 39th Parallel north is an imaginary circle of latitude that is 39 degrees north of the Earths equatorial plane. 40th Parallel north formed the original northern boundary of the British Colony of Maryland. 41th Parallel north forms the northern boundary of the State of Colorado with Nebraska and Wyoming and the southern boundary of the State of Wyoming with Colorado and Utah. 42nd Parallel north forms most of the New York - Pennsylania Border. 43rd Parallel north forms most of the boundary between the State of Nebraska and the State of South Dakota and also formed the northern border of the historic and extralegal Territory of Jefferson. The Parallel 440 north is an imaginary circle of latitude that is 44 degrees north of the Earths equatorial plane. 45th Parallel north is often called the halfway point between the Equator and the North Pole. The

45th parallel makes up most of the boundary between Montana and Wyoming. 45th parallel of south latitude is the east-west line that marks the theoretical halfway point between the equator and the South Pole. 49th Parallel is the boundary between USA and Canada.

National Highways
No. 1 No. 1A No.1B No.2 No. 3 No.4 No.4A No.5 No.6 No.7 No.8 No. 8A No.9 No.10 No.11 No.12 No.13 No.15 No.17 No.21 No. 22 No.23 No.24 No.25 No.26 Delhi and Amritsar (via Ambala and Jaulandhar) Julandhar and Uri (via Madhavpur, Jammu, Srinagar and Baramula) Batot and Kishtwar (via Doda) Delhi and Kalkata(via Mathura and Varanasi) Agra and Mumbai (via Gwalior and Nasik) Thane and Chennai (via Pune, Belgaum, Hubli, Bangaluru and Ranipet) Belgaum to Panji Behragoda and Chennai (via Cuttack, Vishakhapatnam and Vijaywada) Dhuria and Kolkata (via Nagpur, Raipur and Sambalpu) Varanasi and Kanyakumari (via Nagpur, Bangaluru and Maduria) Delhi and Mumbai (via jaipur, Ahmedabad and Vadodara) Ahmedabad and Kandia (via Morbi) Pune and vijayawada (via Sholapur and Hyderabad) Delhi and Farika proceeding to Indo-Pak border Agra and Bikaner (via Jaipur) Jabalpur and Jaipur (via Bhopal and Kota) Sholapur and Chitradurg Pathankot and Kandla (via Amritsar, Ganganagar and Jaisalmer) Punvel and Karngaur (via Karwar and Calicut) Chandigarh and Manali (via Bilaspur, Mandi and Kulu) Ambala and Shonia La on Indo-China border (via Shimla and Narkanda) Chaus and Teacher (via Ranchi and Rourkela) Delhi and Lunknow (via Bareilly) Lucknow and Shivpuri (via kanpur and Jhansi) Jhansi and Launaceen

No.27 No.28 No.29 No.30 No.31

Allahabad and Varanasi Barauni and Lucknow (via Gorakhpur) Gorakhpur to Varanasi (via Gazipur) Mohanis and Bactnarpur (via Patna Barhi and Pandunda Purnea and Siligudi

No.31 A Sivok and Gangtok No.31B No.32 No.33 No.34 No.36 No.37 No. 38 No. 39 No.40 No.41 No.42 No.43 No.44 No.45 No.46 No.47 No.48 No.49 No.50 No.52 No.52A No.53 No.54 North Salmara and Golpara Gobindpur and Jamshedpur (via Dhanbad) Barhi and Bargoda (via Ranchi and Jamshedpur) Daikola and Kolkata (via Behrampur) Naogaon and Dimapur Golpada and Saikhowa Ghat (via Guwahati and Jorhat) Makum and Lechapani (via Ledo) Numaligam and indo-Myanmar border (via lmphal) Jorhat and Indo-Bangladesh border (via Shillong) Golaghat and Haldia port Sambalpur and Cuttack (via Ongul) Raipur and Vijaynagar Shillong and Agartala (via Badarpur) Chennai and Dindigul (via Tiruchirapalli) Krishnagar and Ranipet Salem and Kanyakumari (via Coimbatore and Thiruvananthapuram) Bangaluru and Mangalore (via Hassan) Madurai and Dhanushkodi Nasik and Pune Behra and Sitamani (via Tejpur, Passighat and Teju) Bander and Itanagar (via Deva) Badarpur and Silchar (via Jirighat and Imphal) Silchar and Lundel (via Aizwal)

New Zones that were created on 10th October, 2002

North Western Railway Jaipur East Central Railway Hajipur

Old Zones as they are after April, 2003

Western Railway Central Railway Easter Railway Southern Railway Northern Railway Mumbai Mumbai Kolkata Chennai New Delhi

North Eastern Railway Gorakhpur South Central Railway Secumderabad South Eastern Railway Kolkata North-East Guwahati

New Zones that was created on 2010

Kolkata-Metro Kolkata

Oceans of the World Oceans by Size

Pacific Ocean Atlantic Ocean Indian Ocean Caribbean Sea Arctic Ocean South China Sea Bering Sea (35,827 ft) (10, 924 metres) (30,246 ft) (9,219 metres) (24,460 ft) (7,455 metres) (22,788 ft) (6,946 metres) (18,456 ft) (5,625 metres) (16,456 ft) (5,016 metres) (15,659 ft) (4,773 metres)

Mediterranean Sea (15,197 ft) (4,632 metres) Gulf of Mexico Japan Sea (12,425 ft) (3,787 metres) (12,276 ft) (3,742 metres)

Oceans Greatest Depths

Mariana Trench, Pacific Ocean Tonga Trench, Pacific Ocean, Phillippine Trench, Pacific Ocean, Kuril-Kamchatka Trench, Pacific Ocean, Kermadec Trench, Pacific Ocean Japan Trench, Pacific Ocean Puerto Rico Trench, Atlantic Ocean Yap Trench, Pacific Ocean, 10,911 mt (Challenger Deep) 10,882 mt (VITYAZ 11) 10,540 mt (Galathea Depth) 10,500 mt 10,047 mt 9,000 mt 8,6057 (Milwaukee Deep) 8,527 mt

South Sandwich Trench, Atlantic Ocean, 8,428 mt Peru-Chile Trench, Pacific Ocean, 8,065 mt

Marathi Bhal Chandra Nemade (Kosala, Bidhar, Jareela); B.s. Mardhekar (Shishiragam, Kanhi Kavita); C. Vinayak Joshi (Chimanravache Charhat); Eknath (Eknathi Bhagavata or Bhavartha Ramayana); Hari Narayan Apte (Madhali Sthiti, Ushankala, Me); Jnaneshwar (Bhawarthadipika, Anubhavamrita); Namdeve Dhasal (Golpitha, Murkh Mhataryane Donger Balwale, Priyadarshini); Ramadasa (Dasabodha); Sane Guruji (Shyamchi Aai, God Shevat); S.N. Pendse (Haddapar, Grambacha Bapu); T. Bapuji Thomre (Samagra Batakavi, Anandi-Anand); Vijay Tendulkar (Srimant, Gidhade, Ghasiram Kotwal); V.s. Khandekar (Yayati, Don Dhruv, Ulka).

NOBEL PRIZE Background of Nobel Foundation

Alfred Bernhard Nobel: Nobel was born on October 21, 1833 in Stockholm, Sweden. Nobel, who invented dynamite, endowed a $9 million fund in his will. The interest on this endowment was to be used as awards for people whose work most benefited humanity. He wanted the profit from his invention to be used to reward human ingenuity. First awarded in 1901, the Nobel Prize, is still the most honoured in the world. In 1842, Nobels family moved to St. Petesburg, Russia, where he obtained his education. He travelled widely as a young man, becoming fluent in five languages. Nobel was interested in literature and wrote novels, poetry and plays in his spare time. In the 1860s, he began experiments with nitroglycerin in his fathers factory. He tried many ways to stabilise this highly volatil e material. Nobel discovered that a mix of nitroglycerin and fine porous powder called kieselguhr was most effective. He named this mixture as dynamite and received a patent in 1867. Background and Establishment of the Nobel Foundation : Alfred Nobel died on December 10, 1896. The provisions of his will and their unusual purpose, as well as their partly incomplete form, attracted great attention and soon led to skepticism and criticism, also aimed at the testator due to his international spirit. Only after several years of negotiations and often rather bitter conflicts and after

various obstacles had been circumvented or overcome, could the fundamental concepts presented in the will assume solid form with the establishment of the Nobel Foundation. On June, 1900, after series of alterations, suggestions, modifications, the statues of the newly created legatee, the Nobel Foundation, and special regulations for the Swedish Prize-Awarding Institutions were promulgated by the King in Council (Oscar II). The same year as the political union between Sweden and Norway was dissolved in 1905, special regulations were adopted on April 10, 1905, by the Nobel Committee of the Storting (known since January 1, 1977 as the Norwegian Nobel Committee), the awarder of the Nobel Peace Prize. Premises: To create a worthy framework around the prizes, the board decided at an early stage that it would erect its own building in Stockholm, which would include a hall for the Prize Award Ceremony and banquet as well as its own administrative offices. Ferdinand Boberg was selected as the architect. He presented an ambitious proposal for a Nobel Palace, which generated extensive publicity but also led to doubts and questions. On December 19, 1918, a building at Sturegatan, 14 was bought for this purpose. After years of renovation there, the Foundation finally left its cramped premises at Norrlandsgatan, 6 in 1926, and moved to Sturegatan, 14, where the Foundation has been housed ever since. Objectives of the Foundation : The Nobel Foundation is a private institution. It is entrusted with protecting the common interests of the Prize Awarding Institutions named in the will, as well as representing the Nobel institutions externally. This includes informational activities as well as arrangements related to the presentation of the Nobel Prizes. The Foundation is not, however, involved in the selection process and the final choice of the Laureates (as Nobel Prize winners are also called). In this work, the Prize-awarding Institutions are not only entirely independent of all government agencies and organisations, but also of the Nobel Foundation. Their autonomy is of crucial importance to the objectivity and quality of their prize decisions. One vital task of the Foundation is to manage its assets in such a way as to safeguard the financial base of the prizes themselves and of the prize selection process. Year of Institution : 1901 Founder : Alfred Bernhard Nobel (183396) Number of Awards : Six 1. Physics 2. Chemistry 3. Physiology or Medicine 4. Literature Peace 5. Economics (Established in 1967) Date on which it is awarded : December 10 Anyone proposing himself for Nobel Prize is ruled out of consideration. The recommendations have to come from outside. The Noble Prizes are presented annually, December 10, the death anniversary of the founder and the festival day of the Foundation. Originally it was awarded for works in five disciplines. The prize for Economics was instituted in 1967, by Sverigs Riksbank, Swedish Bank, in celebration of its 300th anniversary and was awarded for the first time in 1969, it is called Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics.

Nobel Foundations Prize Awarding Bodies

i. ii. iii. iv. v.

The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, awards the Nobel Prize in Physics and Chemistry. The Nobel Assembly of Karolinska Chirugical Institute, Sweden, awards the Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology. The Swedish Academy awards the Prize in Literature. The Committee of the Norwegian Parliament awards the Prize for Peace. The Bank of Sweden Awards the Nobel Prize in Economics.

Value of the Nobel Prize : The amount of each prize varies with the income from the fund. The value of nobel prize was 150,782 Swedish Crown in 1901. Now the value of nobel prize has increased to 10,000,000 Swedish Crown in 2004 as compared to 9,000,000 Swedish Crown in 2000. No Nobel Prize was awarded for 1940, 1941 and 1942; Prizes for Literature were not awarded for 1914, 1918 and 1943. Maximum Nobel Prizes : US citizens have won outright as well as shared the maximum number of Nobel Prizes. Individually, the only person to have two Nobel Prizes: Dr Linus Carl Pauling, Professor of Chemistry at California. He received the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1954 and the Peace Prize in 1962 First Couple to Receive the Nobel Prize : Madame Marie Curie shared the 1903 Nobel Prize for Physics with her husband Pierre Curie, she later won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1911, Three Nobel Prizes : The International Committee of the Red Cross was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace three times: 1917, 1944 and 1963.

INDIAN NOBEL LAUREATES

Name Field Year 1913 1930 1968 1979 1983

Rabindranath Tagore (1861 1941) Literature (Gitanjali) Dr. C.V. Raman (1888 1970) Dr. Hargobind Khorana (b. 1922) (of Indian Descent) Mother Teresa (1910 97) Dr. S. Chandrasekhar (1910 95) Dr. Amartya Sen (b. 1933) Sir V.S. Naipaul (b. 1932) (of Indian Desent) Venkataraman Ramakrishnan Physics (Raman Effect) Medicine (Genetic Code) Peace Physics (Chandrasekhar Limit)

Economics (Welfare Economics) 1988 Literature Chemistry 2001 2009

PULITZER PRIZE
Instituted in 1970 and named after the US publisher Joseph Pulitzer (18471911). It is conferred annually in the United States for accomplishment in journalism, literature and music under the management to the Pulitzer Prize Board at Columbia University. Each winner receives a gold medal as well as a cash award of $10,000 (raised in 2003 from $7,500).

RAMON MAGSAYSAY AWARD

Instituted in 1957 named after Ramon Magasaysay, President of the Philippines, who died in an air crash in 1957. He became world renowned figure in the 1950s for his land reform programme to defuse communist insurgency. The award is given annually on August 31st, the birth anniversary of Magsaysay, for outstanding contributions to Public Service, Community Leadership, Journalism, Literature and Creative Arts and International Understanding. It is equivalent to the Nobel Prize in Asia. It may also be awarded to organizations / institutions and non-Asians working for the benefit of Asia. It carries a cash prize of $50,000. Indian Recipients : Mother Teresa (1962), Jockin Arputham (2000), L. Ramdas (2004). For Lterature, Journalism and Creative Communication Arts : Amitabh Chaudhury (1961), Satyajit Ray (1967), B, G, Vergheese (1975), Shambu Mitra (1976), Gour Kishore Ghosh (1981), Arun Shourie (1982), R, K, Lakshman (1984), K, V, Subbanna (1991), Mahasweta Devi (1997), P. Sainath (2007). For Community Leadership : Acharya Vinobha Bhave (1958), Dara N, Khurodi , Thribhuvan Das K, Patel and Vergheese Kurian (1963), Kamaladevi Chattopdhyaya (1966), M, S, Swaminathan (1971), L, R, Bhat (1977), Rajanikant S, Arole and Mabelle R, Arole (1979), Panduranga Athavale (1996), Ms. Aruna Roy (2000), Rajendra Singh (2001), Ms. Shanta Sinha (2003), Prakash Amte and his wife Mandakini Amte (2008). For Public Service : Jaya Prakash Narayan (1965), M, S, Subalakshmi (1974), Manibhai Desai (1982), Muralidhar Devidas Amte (1985), L, C, Jain (1989), M S Mehta (1997), V, Sharma (2005) For Government Service : C, D, Deshmukh (1959), Kiran Bedi (1994), T, N, Seshan (1996), J, M, Lyngodh (2003). For Emergent Leadership : Sandeep Pandey (2002), Arvind Kejriwal (2006).

MAN BOOKER PRIZE

Instituted in 1968, it is the highest literary award set up by the Booker Company and the British Publishers Association along the lines of the Pultizer Prize of USA, worth $20,000 (1992). The Booker Prize has only been shared in 1974 and 1992. Since 2002, it has been known as the Man Booker Prize, reflecting the sponsorship by an investment company, the Man Group plc. The winner receives 50,000 and both the winner and the shorlisted authors are guaranteed a world wide readership plus a dramatic increase in book sales

OSCAR AWARD
The annual Oscar presentation has been held since 1929. After three quarters of a century of recognizing excellence in cinema achievement, the annual presentation of the Oscar has become the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences most famous activity. The Academy Awards Presentation is also the activity that enables the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences to maintain its varied year round calendar of programs and events and a wide-ranging educational and cultural agenda. All voting for Academy Awards is conducted by secret ballot and tabulated by the international auditing firm of Pricewaterhouse Cooper. Secrecy is maintained by the auditors the results of balloting are not revealed until the now-famous envelopes are opened on stage during the live television program. Because the Academy numbers among its members the ablest artists and craftsmen in the

motion picture world, the Oscar represents the best achievements of the year in the opinion of those who themselves reside at the top of their craft.

GOLDMAN ENVIRONMENTAL PRIZE

The Goldman Environmental Prize is the worlds largest prize program, honouring grass roots environmentalists and is known as the Nobel Prize for environment. Awards are given to activists in six regions: Africa, Asia, Europe, Island Nation, North America and South/Central America; and each recipient receives US$150,000 (2008).

UNESCO EISENSTEIN MEDAL

The medal, bearing the likeness and signature of world cinema giant Sergei Eisenstein is awarded to deserving individuals from the world of cinematography for their contribution a dialogue among peoples according to UNESCO. The number of medals to be awarded has been limited to 25 under the terms of an agreement on the initiative between UNESCO, the Russian film company MOSFILM and the Russian VIVAT Foundation for music and the theatre.