Cloud Computing

The FUTURE INTERNET

CH.venkatesh 10731a0517 Email:[email protected] III YEAR COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

s.anilkumar 10731a05a0 Email:[email protected]

P.B.R Visvodaya Institute of Technology & Science Kavali, Nellore .

ABSTRACT:

Cloud computing can play a variety of significant roles including internal pilots, virtual worlds, innovations,ebusiness,social networks and search. A cloud infrastructure can be a cost efficient model for delivering information services, reducing IT management complexity, promoting innovations and increasing responsiveness through real time workload balancing. Here, the cloud makes it possible to launch WEB2.0 applications Quickly and to scale up applications as much as needed when Needed. INTRODUCTION: I. Clouds also support non-grid environments, such as a three-tier Web architecture running standard or Web 2.0 applications. II. Cloud computing environments support grid computing by quickly providing physical and virtual servers on which the grid applications can run. III. cloud computing should not be confused with grid computing. Grid computing involves dividing a large task into many smaller tasks that run. CLOUD COMPUTING Cloud computing is a way of computing, via the Internet, that broadly shares computer resources instead of using software or storage on a local computer. Cloud computing is an outgrowth of the ease-of-access to remote computing sites provided by the Internet. In concept, it is a paradigm shift whereby details are abstracted from the users who no longer have need of, expertise in, or control over the technology infrastructure "in the cloud" that supports them. Cloud computing describes a new supplement, consumption and delivery model for IT services based on the Internet, and it typically

involves the provision of dynamically scalable and often virtualized resources as a service over the Internet.

Cloud computing logical diagram The term cloud is used as a metaphor for the Internet, based on the cloud drawing used to depict the Internet in computer network diagrams as an abstraction of the underlying infrastructure it represents. Typical cloud computing providers deliver common business applications online which are accessed from a web browser, while the software and data are stored on servers. A technical definition is "a computing capability that provides an abstraction between the computing resource and its underlying technical architecture (e.g., servers, storage, networks), enabling convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction." This definition states that clouds have five essential

characteristics: on-demand self-service, broad network access, resource pooling, rapid elasticity, and measured service. The majority of cloud computing infrastructure, as of 2009, consists of reliable services delivered through data centers

and built on servers. Clouds often appear as single points of access for all consumers' computing needs. Commercial offerings are generally expected to meet quality of service (Quos) requirements of customers and typically offer SLAs.

makes it possible to receive the same response times from centralized infrastructure at other sites. ECONOMICS Cloud computing users can avoid capital expenditure on hardware, software, and services when they pay (CapEx)

COMPARISONS Cloud computing can be confused with: 1. Grid computing "a form of distributed computing and parallel computing, whereby a 'super and virtual computer' is composed of a cluster of networked, loosely coupled computers acting in concert to perform very large tasks" 2. Utility computing the "packaging of computing resources, such as computation and storage, as a metered service similar to a traditional public utility, such as electricity"; 3. Autonomic computing "computer systems capable of self-management". Characteristics In general, cloud computing customers do not own the physical infrastructure, instead avoiding capital expenditure by renting usage from a third-party provider. They consume resources as a service and pay only for resources that they use. Many cloud-computing offerings employ the utility computing model, which is analogous to how traditional utility services (such as electricity) are consumed, whereas others bill on a subscription basis. Sharing "perishable and intangible" computing power among multiple tenants can improve utilization rates, as servers are not unnecessarily left idle (which can reduce costs significantly while increasing the speed of application development). A sideeffect of this approach is that overall computer usage rises dramatically, as customers do not have to engineer for peak load limits. In addition, "increased high-speed bandwidth"

a provider only for what they use. Consumption is usually billed on a utility (resources consumed, like electricity) or subscription (time-based, like a newspaper) basis with little or no upfront cost. Other benefits of this time sharing-style approach are low barriers to entry, shared infrastructure and costs, low management overhead, and immediate access to a broad range of applications. In general, users can terminate the contract at any time (thereby avoiding return on investment risk and uncertainty), and the services are often covered by service level agreements (SLAs) with financial penalties. According to Nicholas Carr, the strategic importance of information technology is diminishing as it becomes standardized and less expensive. He argues that the cloud computing paradigm shift is similar to the displacement of electricity generators by electricity grids early in the 20th century. Although companies might be able to save on upfront capital expenditures, they might not save much and might actually pay more for operating expenses. In situations where the capital expense would be relatively small, or where the organization has more flexibility in their capital budget than their operating budget, the cloud model might not make great fiscal sense. Other factors impacting the scale of any potential cost savings include the efficiency of a companys data center as compared to the cloud vendors, the company's existing operating costs, the level of adoption of cloud computing, and the type of functionality being hosted in the cloud.

ARCHITECTURE

comparable quality of service but at a much lower cost. By switching traffic to balance utilization as they saw fit they were able to utilize their overall network bandwidth more effectively. The cloud symbol was used to denote the demarcation point between that which was the responsibility of the provider from that of the user. Cloud computing extends this boundary to cover servers as well as the network infrastructure. Amazon played a key role in the development of cloud computing by modernizing their data centers after the dotcom bubble, which, like most computer networks, were using as little as 10% of their capacity at any one time just to leave room for occasional spikes. Having found that the new cloud architecture resulted in significant internal efficiency improvements whereby small, fast-moving "two-

Cloud computing sample architecture

pizza teams" could add new features faster and easier, Amazon started providing access to their systems through Amazon Web Services on a utility computing basis in 2005.

Cloud architecture, the systems architecture of the software systems involved in the delivery of cloud computing, typically involves with multiple each cloud over components application

This characterization of the genesis of Amazon Web Services has been characterized as an extreme oversimplification by a technical contributor to the Amazon Web Services project. In 2007, Google, IBM, and a number of universities embarked on a large scale cloud computing research project. By mid-2008, Gartner saw an opportunity for cloud computing "to shape the relationship among consumers of IT services, those who use IT services and those who sell them, and observed that "[o]organizations are switching

communicating

other

programming interfaces, usually web services. This closely resembles the Unix philosophy of having multiple programs each doing one thing well and working together over universal interfaces. Complexity is controlled and the resulting systems are more manageable than their

monolithic counterparts. HISTORY The underlying concept of cloud computing dates back to 1960, when John McCarthy opined that "computation may someday be organized as a public utility"; indeed it shares characteristics with service bureaus that date back to the 1960s. The actual term "cloud" borrows from telephony in that telecommunications companies, who until the 1990's primarily offered dedicated point-to-point data circuits, began offering Virtual Private Network (VPN) services with

from company-owned hardware and software assets to peruse service-based models" so that the "projected shift to cloud computing ... will result in dramatic growth in IT products in some areas and in significant reductions in other areas."

KEY FEATURES AGILITY improves with users' ability to rapidly and inexpensively resources. re-provision technological infrastructure

SCALABILITY via dynamic ("on-demand") provisioning of resources on a fine-grained, self-service basis near realtime,

without users having to engineer for peak loads. Performance is monitored and consistent and looselycoupled architectures are constructed using web services as the system interface. One of the most important new methods for overcoming performance bottlenecks for a large class of applications is data parallel programming on a distributed data grid. SECURITY: could improve due to centralization of data, increased security-focused resources, etc., but concerns can persist about loss of control over certain sensitive data, and the lack of security for stored kernels. Security is often as good as or better than under traditional systems, in part because providers are able to devote resources to solving security issues that many customers cannot afford. Providers typically log accesses, but accessing the audit logs themselves can be difficult or impossible. Furthermore, the complexity of security is greatly increased when data is distributed over a wider area and / or number of devices.

COST is claimed to be greatly reduced and capital expenditure is converted to operational expenditure. This ostensibly lowers barriers to entry, as infrastructure is typically provided by a third-party and does not need to be purchased for one-time or infrequent intensive computing tasks. Pricing on a utility computing basis is fine-grained with usage-based options and fewer IT skills are required for implementation (in-house).

DEVICE AND LOCATION INDEPENDENCE enable users to access systems using a web browser regardless of their location or what device they are using (e.g., PC, mobile). As infrastructure is off-site (typically provided by a third-party) and accessed via the Internet, users can connect from anywhere.

MULTI-TENANCY enables sharing of resources and costs across a large pool of users thus allowing for:

Centralization of infrastructure in locations with lower costs (such as real estate, electricity, etc.)

Peak-load capacity increases (users need not engineer for highest possible load-levels) MAINTENANCE: cloud computing applications are easier to maintain, since they don't have to be installed on each user's computer. They are easier to support and to improve RELIABILITY improves through the use of multiple redundant sites, which makes cloud computing suitable for business continuity and disaster recovery. Nonetheless, many major cloud computing services have suffered outages, and IT and business managers can at times do little when they are affected. METERING :cloud computing resources usage should be measurable and should be metered per client and application on daily, weekly, monthly, and annual basis. This will enable clients on choosing the vendor cloud on cost and reliability (QoS). since the changes reach the clients instantly.

Utilization and efficiency improvements for systems that are often only 1020% utilized.

LAYERS

Centralized feature updating, which obviates the need for downloadable patches and upgrades. PLATFORM Cloud platform services or "Platform as a Service (PaaS)" deliver a computing platform and/or solution stack as a service, often consuming cloud infrastructure and

sustaining cloud applications. It facilitates deployment of applications without the cost and complexity of buying and managing the underlying hardware and software layers. INFRASTRUCTURE Cloud infrastructure services or " Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)" delivers computer infrastructure, typically a platform virtualization environment, as a service. Rather CLIENT A cloud client consists of computer hardware and/or computer software that relies on cloud computing for application delivery, or that is specifically designed for delivery of cloud services and that, in either case, is essentially useless without it. APPLICATION Cloud application services or "Software as a Service (SaaS)" deliver software as a service over the Internet, eliminating the need to install and run the application on the customer's own computers and simplifying maintenance and support. Key characteristics include Network-based access to, and management of, than purchasing servers, software, data center space or network equipment, clients instead buy those resources as a fully outsourced service. The service is typically billed on a utility computin basis and amount of resources consumed (and therefore the cost) will typically reflect the level of activity. It is an evolution of web hosting and virtual private server offerings. SERVER The servers layer consists of computer hardware and/or computer software products that are specifically designed for the delivery of cloud services. CLOUD COMPUTING TYPES Public cloud Public cloud or external cloud describes cloud computing in Activities that are managed from central locations rather than at each customer's site, enabling customers to access applications remotely via the Web Application delivery that typically is closer to a one-tomany model (single instance, multi-tenant architecture) than to a one-to-one model, including architecture, pricing, partnering, and management characteristics the traditional mainstream sense, whereby resources are dynamically provisioned on a fine-grained, self-service basis over the Internet, via web applications/web services, from an off-site third-party provider who shares resources and bills on a fine-grained utility computing basis.

commercially available (i.e., not custom) software

DEPLOYMENT MODES

(typically virtualisation automation) products claim to "deliver some benefits of cloud computing without the pitfalls", capitalising on data security, corporate governance, and reliability concerns. They have been criticized on the basis that users "still have to buy, build, and manage them" and as such do not benefit from lower up-front capital costs and less hands-on management, essentially "[lacking] the economic model that makes cloud computing such an intriguing concept". The term has also been used in the logical rather than physical sense, for example in reference to platform as a service offerings, though such offerings including

Microsoft's Azure Services Platform are not available for on-premises deployment. ISSUES Richard Stallman, founder of the Free Software Foundation COMMUNITY CLOUD A community cloud may be established where several organisations have similar requirements and seek to share infrastructure so as to realise some of the benefits of cloud computing. With the costs spread over fewer users than a public cloud (but more than a single tenant) this option is more expensive but may offer a higher level of privacy, security and/or policy compliance. Examples of community cloud include Google's "Gov Cloud". HYBRID CLOUD A hybrid cloud environment consisting of multiple internal and/or external providers"will be typical for most The Cloud model has been criticized by privacy advocates for the greater ease in which the companies hosting the Cloud services control, and thus, can monitor at will, lawfully or unlawfully, the communication and data stored PRIVATE CLOUD Private cloud and internal cloud are neologisms that some vendors have recently used to describe offerings that emulate cloud computing on private networks. These between the user and the host company. Instances such as the secret NSA program, working with AT&T, Verizon and BellSouth, which recorded over 10 million phone calls between American citizens, causes uncertainty among and creator of the computer operating system GNU, said that cloud computing was simply a trap aimed at forcing more people to buy into locked, proprietary systems that would cost them more and more over time. "It's stupidity. It's worse than stupidity: it's a marketing hype campaign," he told The Guardian. "Somebody is saying this is inevitable and whenever you hear somebody saying that, it's very likely to be a set of businesses campaigning to make it true." "The interesting thing about cloud computing is that we've redefined cloud computing to include everything that we already do," he said. " PRIVACY

enterprises".By integrating multiple cloud services users may be able to ease the transition to public cloud services while avoiding issues such as PCI compliance.

privacy advocates, and the greater powers it gives to telecommunication companies to monitor user activity. While there have been efforts (such as US-EU Safe Harbor) to "harmonise" the legal environment, providers such as Amazon still cater to major markets (typically the United States and the European Union) by deploying local infrastructure and allowing customers to select "availability zones." COMPLIANCE In order to obtain compliance with regulations including FISMA, HIPAA and SOX in the US, the Data Protection Directive in the EU and the credit card industry's PCI DSS, users may have to adopt community or hybrid deployment modes which are typically more expensive and may offer restricted benefits. This is how Google are able to "manage and meet additional government policy requirements beyond FISMA"and Rackspac Cloud are able to claim PCI compliance. Many providers also obtain SAS 70 Type II certification (e.g. Amazon, Google and Microsoft), but this has been criticised on the grounds that the hand-picked set of goals and standards determined by the auditor and the auditee are often not disclosed and can vary widely. Providers typically make this information available on request, under nondisclosure agreement.

foundation for many cloud computing implementations. In November 2007, the Free Software Foundation released the Affero General Public License, a version of GPLv3 intended to close a perceived legal loophole associated with free software designed to be run over a network. OPEN STANDARDS Most cloud providers expose APIs which are typically welldocumented (often under a Creative Commons license) however also unique to their implementation and thus not interoperable. Some vendors have adopted others' APIsand there are a number of open standards under development, including the OGF's Open Cloud Computing Interface. SECURITY The relative security of cloud computing services is a contentious issue which may be delaying its adoption. Some argue that customer data is more secure when managed internally, while others argue that cloud providers have a strong incentive to maintain trust and as such employ a higher level of security. SUSTAINABILITY Sustainability comes about through improved resource utilization, more efficient systems, and carbon neutrality. Nonetheless, computers and associated infrastructure are major consumers of energy.

LEGAL In March 2007, Dell applied to trademark the term "cloud computing" (U.S. Trademark 77,139,082) in the United States. The "Notice of Allowance" the company received in July 2008 was cancelled in August, resulting in a formal rejection of the trademark application less than a week later. OPEN SOURCE Open standards are critical to the growth of cloud computing, and open source software has provided the

CRITICISM OF THE TERM: This articles criticism or controversy section(s) may mean the article doesnt present a neutral point of view of a subject.It may be better to integrate the material in those sections into the article as a whole. CONCLUSION In today's global competitive market, companies must innovate and get the most from its resources to succeed. This requires enabling its employees, business partners, and

users with the platforms and collaboration tools that promote innovation. Computing infrastructures are next generation platforms that can provide tremendous value to companies of any size. They can help companies achieve more efficient use of their IT hardware and software investments and provide a means to accelerate the adoption of innovations. Cloud computing increases profitability by improving resourceutilization. References 1. "Cloud Computing: Clash of the clouds". The Economist.2009-10-15. http://www.economist.com. 2. Distinguishing Cloud Computing from Utility Computing 3. Gartner Says Cloud Computing Will Be As Influential As E-business 4. Gruman, computing Galen (2008-04-07). means". "What cloud

really

InfoWorld.

http://www.infoworld.com