Chapter 1: Introduction to Cloud Computing

1.1 Introduction:
• Cloud Computing means “Storing of data online rather than on your home computer that means you
are using cloud computing services”.
• If you are an organization and you want to use an online invoicing service instead of updating the in-
house one you have been using for many years that online invoicing service is a “cloud computing”
service.
• Cloud computing: Cloud computing refers to the delivery of computing resources over the Internet.
Instead of keeping data on your own hard drive or updating applications for your needs.
• You can also use a service over the internet at any location to store your information but doing this
also give rise to certain type of privacy implications.
• In this chapter we have defined about the introductory part of the cloud computing. We discuss about
the history, vision, characteristics, components & future of the cloud computing. As well also
discussed about the approaches to follow for migration into cloud, Ethical issues, Networking support
for the cloud computing.

1.2 Cloud Computing:

Many people within IT organizations view that cloud computing have changed their computing world
because of the flexibility it give them by providing services and applications to apply in it.
Cloud computing is defined as:

Cloud computing is the computer technology that can attach together the processing power
of many inter-networked computers while covering the structure that is behind it.

The term “cloud” refers to the hiding nature of this technology’s framework: the system works for users
but in real they have no idea about the inherent complexities that the system utilizes. They do not realize
that there is a massive amount of data being pushed globally in real time to make these applications work
for them and the scale of which is simply amazing.
The idea of connecting to the cloud is familiar among technologists today because it has become a
popular buzzword among the technology media. The only thing users need to be concerned about is the
terminal that they are using and whether it is connected to the internet or not so that they can have access
to the tools that the cloud can provide.
Cloud Computing is unknown to many people as they don’t know much about the information technology
industry of today‘s. As industry now a days is done with a cloud computing environment or is moving
towards that end.
A slow migration towards it has been going on from several years, mainly due to the infrastructure and
support costs of the standalone hardware.
 Fig 1.1: Cloud Computing Model

The following definition of cloud computing has been developed by the U.S. National Institute of
Standards and Technology (NIST):
“Cloud computing is a model for enabling convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of
configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can
be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction. This
cloud model promotes availability and is composed of five essential characteristics, three service models,
and four deployment models”.

1.3 Nutshell of Cloud Computing:

When we are consuming some product in the home or organization, we care neither how that product is
produced nor how it comes in market. This is possible because we think that production process of that
product is virtualized, whether it is available in market from a different organizations working together on
the grid of the machines. When extended to information technologies, this concept means delivering
useful functions while hiding their internal process. Computing it to be considered fully virtualized must
allow computers to be built from distributed components such as processing, storage, data, and software
resources.
Technologies such as cluster, grid, parallel and cloud computing are all aimed at allowing access to large
amounts of computing power in a fully virtualized manner by aggregating resources and offering a single
system view.
Cloud computing has been defined as the on-demand computing services which was initially offered by
the cloud service providers such as IBM, Amazon, Google, and Microsoft. It provides a model on which a
computing infrastructure which is known as “cloud” from which businesses and individuals access
applications from anywhere in the world on demand by paying charges as their uses basis.
The main principle behind this model is offering software, Platform and Infrastructure “as a service.”
According to Dr. Rajkumar Buyya of CLOUDS Laboratory, University of Melbourne, Australia Cloud
Computing : “Cloud is a parallel and distributed computing system consisting of a collection of inter-connected
and virtualized computers that are dynamically provisioned and presented as one or more unified computing
resources based on service-level agreements (SLA) established through negotiation between the service provider
and consumers.”
1.4 Enabling Technology:
Key technologies that enabled cloud computing are virtualization, Web service and service-oriented
architecture, service flows and workflows, and Web 2.0 and mashup. The brief discussion of all is given
below:
• Virtualization
The advantage of cloud computing is the ability to virtualize and sharing resources among different
applications with the objective for better server utilization. In non-cloud computing three independent
platforms (SAAS, PAAS & IAAS) exist for three different applications running on its own server. In
the cloud servers can be shared or virtualized for operating systems and applications resulting in
fewer servers.

• Web Service and Service Oriented Architecture

Web Services and Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) represent the base technologies for cloud
computing. Cloud services are typically designed as Web services, which follow industry standards
including WSDL, SOAP, and UDDI. A Service Oriented Architecture organizes and manages Web
services inside clouds. A SOA also includes a set of cloud services, which are available on various
distributed platforms.

• Service Flow and Workflows

The concept of service flow and workflow refers to an integrated view of service based activities
provided in clouds. Workflows have become one of the important areas of research in the field of
database and information systems.

• Web 2.0 and Mashup

Web 2.0 is a new concept that refers to the use of Web technology and Web design to enhance
creativity, information sharing, and association among users. On the other hand, Mashup is a web
application that combines data from more than one source into a single integrated storage tool. Both
technologies are very beneficial for cloud computing. The components in this architecture are
dynamic in nature. The components closer to the user are smaller in nature and more reusable.

Fig 1.2: Enabling Technologies

1.5 History of Cloud Computing:
• The term cloud was used to represent the Internet early in the year 1994. In which servers were
connected externally to the cloud.
• A reference to cloud computing in its modern sense was found in 1996. The popularization of the
term can be traced to 2006 when Amazon.com introduced the Elastic Compute Cloud

The 1950s
• The first concept of cloud computing was introduced in 1950s.
• In 1950s, large-scale mainframe computers became available in academia and corporations accessible
via thin clients/terminal computers often referred to as "static terminals" because they were used for
communications but had no internal processing capacities.
• To make more efficient use of costly mainframes a practice evolved that allowed multiple users to
share both the physical access to the computer from multiple terminals as well as the CPU time which
eliminated periods of silence on the mainframe. The practice of sharing CPU time on a mainframe
became known in the industry as time-sharing.
• During the mid-70s, time-sharing was popularly known as RJE (Remote Job Entry) and this
classification was mostly associated with large vendors such as IBM.

The 1990s
• In the 1990s telecommunications companies began offering virtual private network (VPN) services
with comparable quality of service but at a lower cost.
• By switching traffic as they saw fit to balance server use they could use overall network bandwidth
more effectively.
• They began to use the cloud symbol to denote the separation point between the provider’s
responsibilities and user’s responsibilities.
• Cloud computing extends this boundary to cover all servers as well as the network infrastructure.

Since year 2000

• In early 2008 Eucalyptus became the first open-source, AWS API-compatible platform for deploying
private clouds.
• In early 2008 OpenNebula introduced RESERVOIR European Commission-funded project by
hosting Cloud concept in it and became the first open-source software for deploying private and
hybrid clouds for the federation.
• By mid-2008 Gartner shape the relationship among consumers of IT services those who use IT
services and those who sell them and observed that organizations are switching from company owned
hardware and software assets to per-use service-based models so that the projected shift to
computing will result in dramatic growth in IT products in some areas and significant reductions in
other areas.
• In July 2010 Rackspace Hosting and NASA jointly launched an open-source cloud-software initiative
known as OpenStack. The OpenStack project intended to help organizations offer cloud-computing
services running on standard hardware.
• On 1st March 2011 IBM announced the IBM SmartCloud framework to support Smarter Planet.
• On 7th June 2012 Oracle announced the Oracle Cloud. While aspects of the Oracle Cloud are still in
development, this cloud offering is posed to be the first to provide users with access to an integrated
set of IT solutions, including the Applications (SaaS), Platform (PaaS), and Infrastructure (IaaS)
layers.

1.6 Vision:
• Cloud computing allows to provision virtual hardware, runtime environments, and services.
• The entire stack of a computing system is transformed into a collection of utilities, which can be
provisioned and composed together to deploy systems in hours rather than days and virtually with no
maintenance costs.
• Despite its evolution, the use of cloud computing is often limited to a single service at a time or, more
commonly a set of related services offered by the same vendor.
• Previously the lack of effective standardization efforts made it difficult to move hosted services from
one vendor to another.
• The long-term vision of cloud computing is that IT services are traded as utilities in an open market,
without technological and legal barriers. In this cloud marketplace, cloud service providers and
consumers, trading cloud services as utilities, play a vital role.
• The need for ubiquitous storage and compute power on demand is the most common reason to
consider cloud computing. A scalable runtime for applications is an attractive option for application
and system developers that do not have infrastructure or cannot afford any further expansion of
existing infrastructure.
• The discovery of such services is done by human intervention: a person or a team of people who
looks over the internet to identify offerings that meet his or her needs.
• We imagine that in the near future it will be possible to find the solution that matches our needs by
simply entering our request in a global digital market that trades cloud computing services.
• The existence of such market will enable the automation of the discovery process and its integration
into existing software systems, thus allowing users to transparently leverage cloud resources in their
applications and systems.
• The existence of a global platform for trading cloud services will also help service providers become
more visible and therefore potentially increase their revenue.
• A global cloud market also reduces the barriers between service consumers and providers.
• By concentrating the core capabilities of cloud computing into large datacenters, it is possible to
reduce or remove the need for any technical infrastructure on the service consumer side.
• This approach provides opportunities for optimizing datacenter facilities and fully utilizing their
capabilities to serve multiple users.
• This consolidation model will reduce the waste of energy and carbon emissions, thus contributing to a
greener IT on one end and increasing revenue on the other end.

1.7 Features:
Cloud computing brings a number of new features compared to other computing paradigms. There are
briefly described here:
• Scalability and on-demand services
 Cloud computing provides resources and services for users on demand. The resources are scalable
over several data centers.

• User-centric interface
Cloud interfaces are location independent and can be accesses by well-established interfaces such as
Web services and Internet browsers.

• Guaranteed Quality of Service (QoS)

Cloud computing can guarantee QoS for users in terms of hardware/CPU performance, bandwidth,
and memory capacity.

• Autonomous system
The cloud computing systems are autonomous systems managed transparently by users. However
software and data inside clouds can be automatically reconfigured and consolidated to a simple
platform depending on user’s needs.

• Pricing
Cloud computing does not require up-from investment. No capital expenditure is required. Users pay
for services and capacity as they need them.

1.8 Characteristics:
The essential characteristics cloud computing is as such listed below in brief:
• On-demand self-service
A consumer can individually establishment computing capabilities such as server time and network
storage as needed automatically without requiring human interaction with each service’s provider.

• Broad network access

Capabilities are available over the network and accessed through standard mechanisms that promote
use by heterogeneous thin or thick client platforms (e.g. mobile phones, laptops, and personal digital
assistants).

• Resource pooling
The provider’s computing resources are joint to serve multiple consumers using a multi-tenant model
with different physical and virtual resources dynamically assigned and reassigned according to
consumer demand. There is a sense of location independence in that the customer generally has no
control or knowledge over the exact location of the provided resources but may be able to specify
location at a higher level of abstraction. The resources include storage, processing, memory, network
bandwidth, and virtual machines.

• Rapid elasticity
Capabilities can be rapidly and elastically provisioned in some cases automatically to quickly scale
out and rapidly released to quickly scale in. To the consumer the capabilities available for
provisioning often appear to be unlimited and can be purchased in any quantity at any time.
• Measured Service
Cloud systems automatically control and optimize resource use by leveraging a metering capability at
some level of abstraction appropriate to the type of service. Resource usage can be monitored,
controlled, and reported, providing transparency for both the provider and consumer of the utilized
service.

1.9 Components of Cloud Computing:

Successful implementation of cloud computing requires proper implementation of certain
components. Without any of these components cloud computing will not be possible. The
Components of the Cloud Computing are as such:

• The Clients
o The hardware components, the application and anything else developed for cloud computing
will be used in the client.
o The client could come in two types:
▪ The hardware component
▪ The combination of software and hardware components.

• The Services
o One of the main reasons cloud computing become popular is due to the adoption of
businesses as the easier way to implement.
o Cloud computing is all about processes and the services launched through cloud computing
always has to deal with processes with an expected output.
o The optimization on services is based on two things: the proper development of the
application and the end user. Sometimes the service could be used by the user wherein their
experience is greatly affected by their gadget.

• The Applications
o This service is often all the same as the application.
o Although the application is entirely different because it is the
application that decide the service is acknowledged.
o This is where software developers have to focus in terms of
ensuring the application will work as expected.
o Optimization of the application is based the actual coding of
developers. Through extensive testing on load handling,
security and functionality, the application could work as
expected.

• The Platform – SAAS, PAAS or IAAS

o In regular websites or applications that don’t deal with cloud computing, the application is
directly connected to the server.
o In cloud computing the application is still launched to another application called the platform.
The platform usually coded by using the programming language such as Ajax, JAVA, Python
or Ruby on Rails.
o At this point those who opted to seek cloud computing providers will have to follow the set
that could be run in the platform.
 • The Storage
o Everything that the application knows and the functions that could be provided by service are
possible through storage.
o The storage holds applicable data and information on function on how they will be
implemented.
o Optimization on storage is based on how the storage facility protected from different attacks
and availability of back-up.
o Computing is always about consistency and availability of service which will naturally
require the storage to be available all the time.

• The Infrastructure
o Every function, service and the ability of storage to provide the needed data is only possible
through optimized infrastructure.
o This could be considered as the platform behind the storage as the infrastructure helps the
storage deal with load problems.
o The infrastructure is a platform wherein it weights the ability of the storage against the
number of requests. The infrastructure has the ability to make some changes by load
balancing and even management.

1.10 Challenges:
Cloud computing provides a number of benefits and advantages over the previous computing paradigms
and many organizations are adopting it. However, there are still a number of challenges which are briefly
described below.

• Performance
o The major issue in performance for some serious transaction-oriented and other data-intensive
applications in which cloud computing may lack sufficient performance.
o Users who are at a long distance from cloud providers may experience high latency and delays.
• Security and Privacy
o Companies are still concerned about security when using cloud computing.
o Customers are worried about the susceptibility of attacks when information and critical IT
resources are outside the firewall.
o The solution for security assumes that cloud computing providers follow standard security
practices.
• Control
o Some IT departments are concerned because cloud computing providers have a full control of the
platforms.
o Cloud computing providers typically do not design platforms for specific companies and their
business practices.
• Bandwidth Costs
o With cloud computing, companies can save money on hardware and software however they could
incur higher network bandwidth charges.
o Bandwidth cost may be low for smaller Internet-based applications which are not data intensive
but could significantly grow for data-intensive applications.
 • Reliability
o Cloud computing still does not always offer round-the-clock reliability. There were cases where
cloud computing services suffered few-hours outages.
o But still in the future we can expect more cloud computing providers, richer services, established
standards, and best practices.

1.11 Risks and Approaches of Migration into Cloud:

Migration into the cloud is implemented in phases or in stages. A structured and process-oriented
approach to migration into a cloud has several advantages of capturing within itself the best practices to
many migration projects. Migration into cloud is a difficult and unclear subject of not much interest for
academics. The industry practitioners have not done so much effort across the industry to combine a top
revenue earner and a long standing customer pain.
The Seven-Step Model of Migration into the Cloud for understanding and leveraging the cloud computing
service offerings in the enterprise context. The seven steps in the model of migration into the cloud are:
• Conduct Cloud Migration Valuations
• Separate the Dependencies
• Map the Messaging & Environment
• Re-architect & Implement the lost functionalities
• Control Cloud functionalities & features
• Test the Migration
• Repeat and Optimize

The process of the seven-step migration into the cloud is given in the figure below:

Fig 1.3: Seven Step Model

In the cloud migration firstly the assessment has to be done for the cost in the cloud migration,
functionality & database needed and after that the isolation of the environment and dependencies has to
be checked out for the cloud after that the mapping has to be done between all the libraries as per the
cloud environment. Now the new analysis performed on the new design for getting the new use-cases. In
the augment step of migration process the security & bandwidth requirement used to be calculated. Now
test the whole new cloud developed by the organization as per there need for checking whether it is
working proper or not? In the optimize step the proper working of the cloud has been maintained by using
the concept of ROI.
The workings of all the seven steps are as such:

Assess Isolate Map Re-Architect Augment Test Optimize

Cloudonomics Runtime Messages Approximate Exploit Expand Test Optimize
Environment mapping lost additional Cases and
functionality cloud Test
using cloud features Automation
runtime
support API
Migration Licensing Mapping New Use cases Seek Low Run Proof of Significantly
Costs Environment cost concepts satisfy
extension cloudonomics
of migration
Recurring Libraries Mapping Analysis Auto- Test Optimize
Costs Dependency Libraries & scaling Migration compliance
runtime strategy with
approximation standards and
governance
Database Data Application Design Storage Test new test Deliver best
segmentation Dependency cases due to migration
cost ROI
augmentation
Database Latencies Bandwidth Test for Develop
Migration Bottlenecks Production Roadmap for
Loads leveraging
new cloud
features
Functionality Performance Security
Migration Bottlenecks
NFR Support Architectural
Dependencies

This is just a subset of our Seven-step Migration Model and is very specific and proprietary to cloud
offering by many organizations in the market.
1.11.1 Risks:
The biggest risk to any cloud migration project is how effectively the migration risks are identified and
moderated. In the Seven-Step Model of Migration into the Cloud the process step of testing and validating
includes efforts to identify the key migration risks.
Migration risks in migrating into the cloud fall under two broad categories:
• The general migration risks
• The security-related migration risks
The several risks are there in the migration into the cloud including:
• Performance, monitoring and tuning essentially by identifying all possible production level deviants
• The business continuity and disaster recovery in the world of cloud computing service
• The compliance with standards and governance issues
• The IP and licensing issues
• The quality of service (QoS) parameters as well as the corresponding SLAs committed to the
ownership, transfer, and storage of data in the application
• The portability and interoperability issues.
On the security basis cloud migration risks are visible at various levels of the enterprise application as
applicable on the cloud in addition to issues of trust and issues of privacy. There are several legal
compliances that a migration strategy and implementation has to fulfill including obtaining the right
execution logs as well as retaining the rights to all audit tracks at a detailed level which currently may not
be fully available.

1.12 Ethical Issues in Cloud Computing:

Cloud computing has mainly the following Ethical issues on the basis of market trends:
• The control is give up to third-party services like unauthorized access, data corruption, infrastructure
failure, and service unavailability.
• The data is stored on multiple sites administered by several organizations.
• Multiple services interoperate across the network.
The complex structure of cloud services make it difficult to determine who is responsible in case
something undesirable happens and therefore no one can be held responsible for undesirable. This is
called problem of many hands.
Identity fraud and theft are made possible by the unauthorized access to personal data in circulation. New
forms of distribution using social networks also position a danger to cloud computing.
Privacy is affected by cultural differences as some cultures favor privacy and other cultures emphasize
community. So this leads to an uncertainty. Many undesirable wonders in cloud computing will only
appear.
The need for rules and regulations for the control of cloud computing is noticeable. Explicit attention to
ethics must be paid by governmental organizations providing research funding for cloud computing.
Private companies are less constrained by ethics lapse and governance arrangements are more helpful for
profit generation.
Accountability is a necessary element of cloud computing. Suitable information about how data is
handled within the cloud and about allocation of responsibility are key elements for enforcing ethics rules
in cloud computing. Recorded evidence allows us to assign responsibility but there can be tension
between privacy and accountability and it is important to find what is being recorded and who has access
to the records.
1.13 Evaluating the Cloud’s Business Impact and Economics:
The Cloud Computing has benefited all sectors of the Business present in the market. The impact will be
fairly categorical in certain sectors of the Business present mainly in the society. The Cloud is most
advantageous to the Government. Now the some main sectors of the business which are benefited by the
cloud computing are as such:
• Government
• Healthcare
• Education
• Small and Medium Enterprises
Government
o Governments can use the Cloud to bridge the communication gap with those citizens that reside
in remote parts of the country.
o The Cloud could also be used to increase inter-operability between various government agencies,
reduce redundancy, track & monitor the effectiveness of government schemes.
o Computing resources shared between Central and State governments would result in reducing
costs by leveraging existing infrastructure.
o Transparency in Government can be achieved at a faster pace through the adoption of Cloud.
Healthcare
o The Cloud is a paradigm shift in the use of Healthcare Information over the internet which
enables stakeholders to focus more on their core competencies.
o In the case of the Healthcare industry it would provide for the seamless management and access
to Electronic Health Records (EHRs) of patients. This would facilitate the provisioning of
healthcare products and services to patients located in remote areas and those that have limited
access to quality medical services.
o The use of the Cloud could possibly result in consolidation of IT assets for Healthcare service
providers. The creation of an integrated Healthcare ecosystem would help the providers of
healthcare services make available the best of services to patients.
Education
o The Cloud would prove to be the catalysts that will enable the sector overcome barriers such as
the challenges of high cost, limited reach and quality.
o The Education sector which has already embraced the use of the Cloud for email services could
now consider moving critical applications such as Virtual Learning Environment (VLE),
Learning Management Systems (LMS) and Student Information System (SIS) into the Cloud.
o The Cloud could make the Education system more collaborative and innovative with unique
resources readily available to all students. This could change the way in which education is
delivered and financed.
Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs)
o SMEs have been largely unable to take advantage of IT systems and solutions due to the high
upfront costs of sourcing and deploying the same. Consequently they are known to face issues in
the management of their supply chains, financials, inventories, customer relationships, and human
resources.
o The Cloud reduces the cost burden of using IT for SMEs especially because Cloud services
provided access to on a usage based pricing model. Other benefits like scalability, flexibility and
On-Demand service are highly attractive proposition to this user group. Thus the adoption of the
Cloud amongst the

1.14 Future of the Cloud:

The cloud computing is growing in the market as more startups continue to go public. The top five cloud
predictions for the computing in the coming years are as such:
• More application availability on the cloud
o With most new software being built for cloud from the outset and it is predicted that by 2018
around 48 million will be available on the cloud (e.g. Global Technology Outlook, Cloud 2014 &
etc.).
o About 56 percent of enterprises consider cloud to be a strategic differentiator, and approximately
58 percent of enterprises spend more than 10 percent of their annual budgets on cloud services.
• Increased growth in the market for cloud
o The cloud is accelerating globally. The enterprises were increasingly relying on cloud to develop
market and sell products manage supply chains and more.
o The worldwide market of the software as a service (SaaS) would grow amazingly yearly growth
rate of 20.2 percent. With this kind of expected growth, it is no wonder that many companies are
rebranding.
• More hybrid cloud adoption
o It is estimated that about 50 percent of the enterprises would have hybrid clouds by 2017. More
and more companies are adopting cloud computing daily.
o It would be very difficult to move everything wholesale to the cloud because of the complexity of
today’s environments. The hybrid cloud a mix of on and off premises offers a combination of
strengths allowing organizations to achieve the performance of on-premises.
• Increased development for the cloud
o More than millions of software developers worldwide developing for the cloud today. As cloud
continues to be adopted, more developers will develop for the cloud.
o Regarding the growth of these IT services, 20 percent of all application revenue in 2016 will be
generated by SaaS.
o There will be an increase in third-party, commercial and enterprise developers and contributors to
cloud application ecosystems, marketplaces and application programming interface (API)
exchanges.
• More innovation because of cloud
o Increased competition in the cloud space will give way to better products, services and
innovation.
o When a vendor establishes a new product or service than its pace of innovation drops. This occurs
because companies need to help their clients adopt the new innovative offering.

1.15 Networking Support for cloud computing:

The cloud computing is an anywhere any time service access to a broad set of applications and services to
be delivered over the network to multiple customers.
• These services are essentially offered through interfaces available within the clouds rather than spread
over the single computers connected through the Internet.
• Cloud infrastructures are used to provide high degree of abstraction and has the potential to introduce
unpredictable performance behaviors. In fact while sharing the resources available on a large
distributed infrastructure can average out the variability of individual workloads and it is extremely
difficult to predict the exact performance characteristics of your application at any particular time. As
in any shared infrastructure varying individual workloads, resource demands and network load
conditions can result in unpredictable performance behavior of the combined applications.
• Cloud computing enables users and applications to store all their data on the network which is
handling and moving large volumes of data within the cloud or between the users and the cloud may
become a challenging issue.
• Cloud-service providers must guarantee that data are processed automatically and transferred
transparently when and where they are needed.
Integrating an accurate network into the cloud is to support these types of services which would make the
cloud more flexible and also increase the efficient use of the available resources and communication
infrastructure.
• The network architecture which is building the foundation for cloud computing concept used to
consists of interconnected server farms within the data centers and a high-speed transport network
providing connectivity to remote and backup sites.
• High-speed connections from the backbone of the cloud network are required to run at highest
bandwidth with lowest transmission delay and in general according to a properly defined QoS degree.
• Cloud computing resources can be made accessible through the public Internet, private high
performance networks, and also through a hybrid mixing of the two.
• Providers and users of cloud services must understand the performance, redundancy, and cost
associated with Cloud model. Some will only require the basic capabilities available on the public
internet or traditional public connection services. Other services may also require the enforcing of
specific network performance constraints.

1.16 Ubiquitous Cloud and the Internet of Things:

The Ubiquitous Cloud means that the availability of the data of cloud anywhere at any time. As the data
over the cloud can be assessed easily from anywhere in the world at any time is known as Ubiquitous
Cloud Computing. And the cloud platform where data is stored and which is providing service at any
place at any time is known as Ubiquitous cloud.
The concept of the Internet of Things (IoT) was introduced in 1999 at MIT. The IoT refers to the
networked interconnection of everyday objects, tools, devices or computers. One can view the IoT as a
wireless network of sensors that interconnect all things in their daily life. These things can be large or
small and can vary with respect to time and place. The idea is to tag every object using RFID or a related
sensor or electronic technology such as GPS.
• With the introduction of the IPv6 protocol the 2128 IP addresses become available to distinguish all
the objects on Earth including all computers and universal devices. The IoT researchers have
estimated that every human being will be surrounded by objects. For this the IoT needs to be designed
to track static or moving objects simultaneously. The IoT demands universal addressability of all of
the objects or things.
• All objects and devices are instrumented, interconnected and interacted with each other intelligently.
Three communication patterns are as s:uch
o H2H (human-to-human)
o H2T (human-to-thing)
o T2T (thing-to-thing)
The idea is to connect things including human and machine objects at any time and any place
intelligently with low cost at any place or at any time.
• The dynamic connections will grow exponentially into a new dynamic network called Internet of
Things. The IoT is still in its beginning stage of development. Many prototype for IoTs with restricted
areas of coverage are under experimentation at the time.
• Cloud computing scholars believe to use the cloud and future Internet technologies together to
support fast, efficient and intelligent interactions among humans and machines or any other object on
Earth.