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    Endocrine System Review

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    Sairee Abian
    The document provides information about the endocrine system. It discusses the production of ADH and oxytocin in the neurohypophysis. It describes the histology and functions of the anterior and posterior pituitary. Feedback regulation of the anterior pituitary is explained. The structure and function of thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal cortex and medulla, pancreas, pineal gland are summarized along with their target cells and hormones.

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    Endocrine System Review

    Uploaded by

    Sairee Abian
    28 views12 pages
    The document provides information about the endocrine system. It discusses the production of ADH and oxytocin in the neurohypophysis. It describes the histology and functions of the anterior and posterior pituitary. Feedback regulation of the anterior pituitary is explained. The structure and function of thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal cortex and medulla, pancreas, pineal gland are summarized along with their target cells and hormones.

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    anatomy

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    The document provides information about the endocrine system. It discusses the production of ADH and oxytocin in the neurohypophysis. It describes the histology and functions of the anterior and posterior pituitary. Feedback regulation of the anterior pituitary is explained. The structure and function of thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal cortex and medulla, pancreas, pineal gland are summarized along with their target cells and hormones.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    28 views12 pages

    Endocrine System Review

    Uploaded by

    Sairee Abian
    The document provides information about the endocrine system. It discusses the production of ADH and oxytocin in the neurohypophysis. It describes the histology and functions of the anterior and posterior pituitary. Feedback regulation of the anterior pituitary is explained. The structure and function of thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal cortex and medulla, pancreas, pineal gland are summarized along with their target cells and hormones.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 12

    Endocrine system

    Review

    ADH and Oxytocin are produced by both nuclei Your text is wrong!!!!

    Neurohypophysis Median eminence Infundibular stalk Pars nervosa

    The Master Gland


    Adenohypophysis Pars distalis Pars tuberalis Pars intermedia

    Pituitary Histology

    Pars distalis

    Pars intermedia

    Pars nervosa

    B=Basophil, A=Acidophil, V=blood vessel, rbc=red blood cells

    Things to know
    What do acidophils do? Know target cells. What do basophils do? Know target cells. Folliculostellate cells: chromophobes that may be regulatory, but we dont really know their function (local regulator of different functions). Know what hormones control each of the anterior pituitary hormones. Know about feedback to anterior pituitary cells.

    Advantages Of portal circulation:


    Capillaries provide increased surface area for lots of nerve fiber endings Then, portal veins provide a direct conduit or route to the anterior lobe cells. Releasing or inhibiting hormones are not diluted by entire blood stream. Dont have to travel very far.

    Feedback Regulation of the Anterior Pituitary cells

    Target organ produces hormone that may feedback via blood stream to brain or pituitary Portal veins transport the hormones to the capillaries of the pars distalis.

    Negative feedback blocks the synthesis and secretion of pituitary and hypothalamic hormones. Tells the pituitary to stop stimulating the organ Positive feedback enhances the synthesis and secretion of pituitary and hypothalamic hormones

    Target organ

    Structure and function of the Neurohypophysis


    Nerve cell bodies in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei produce OXYTOCIN and VASOPRESSIN.

    These hormones are stored in Secretory granules. Sent down axon to pars nervosa via stalk.

    Posterior lobe Anterior lobe

    Oxytocin and vasopressin are released into blood stream to be distributed to the body
    Oxytocin: Contractions of uterus and mammary gland myoepithelial cells (Lactation) Direct neural stimulation. Vasopressin (Anti-diuretic hormone) Raises blood pressure; water and sodium conservation; Collecting ducts in kidney.

    NOSE

    capillaries

    Thyroid Histology
    Thyroid epithelial cells line follicles. Base of all cells is adjacent to capillaries. Apex faces the colloid.

    colloid

    Thyroid Follicles

    Parafollicular or C cells
    Thyroid follicle

    C-Cells

    C Cells labeled immunocytochemically for calcitonin Know function of calcitonin and target cells

    Parathyroid Gland

    A= fat or adipose cells; Chief=chief cells that produce parathyroid hormone; oxy=oxyphil cells.

    Distinguish Chief and Oxyphil


    Chief cells have paler nuclei Pale cytoplasm Function?
    Produce parathyroid hormone Oxyphil cells have central, dense nucleus Acidophilic cytoplasm Often in clusters Function?
    To help you identify the parathyroid gland

    Adrenal Cortex:
    cells.

    Know function of each region and target

    Z. Fas

    Z. Ret

    Zona Glomerulosa (Z. Glom); Zona Fasciculata (Z. Fas.); Zona reticularis (Z. ret.)

    Remember major organelles for steroid synthesis

    SER

    Know functions of medulla and products.

    Adrenal Medulla Zona reticularis

    Cardiac hormones
    Atrial natriuretic peptide; Atriopeptins; cardiodilatin and cardionatrin.
    Family of peptides; same precursor; Counter renin angiotensin system Decrease aldosterone (adrenal) Decrease sodium and water retention at the level of the kidney Relax smooth muscle (dilates vessels) Inhibits vasopressin

    May be very important clinically in response to cardiac failure and high blood pressure.

    Cardiac hormones
    Atrial natriuretic peptide; Atriopeptins; cardiodilatin and cardionatrin.
    Family of peptides; same precursor; Counter renin angiotensin system Decrease aldosterone (adrenal) Decrease sodium and water retention at the level of the kidney Relax smooth muscle (dilates vessels) Inhibits vasopressin

    May be very important clinically in response to cardiac failure and high blood pressure.

    Histology of the Islet of Langerhans

    Beta cell (insulin)

    Alpha cell (glucagon) Purple cells in Islet of Langerhans are insulin containing beta cells. Reddish cell is a glucagon-containing alpha cell.

    10

    EM view

    Pinealocyte

    Pineal Gland

    11

    Functions of pineal
    Produces melatonin, from serotonin Rise in melatonin at night (sensitive to light cues from eye) makes us sleepy Melatonin helps establish rhythms Also, melatonin is inhibitory to gonadotropins (LH and FSH).
    Rise in melatonin during short days/long nights causes regression of testes in seasonal breeders Longer days lowers melatonin and allows for breeding

    Children with destroyed pineal gland may go through precocious puberty.

    12

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