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    Photosynthesis

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    pixholic
    Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and energy in the form of ATP and NADPH. This energy is then used to combine carbon from carbon dioxide with hydrogen from water to make carbohydrates like glucose. There are two stages - the light-dependent reactions where light energy is captured to make ATP and NADPH, and the light-independent Calvin cycle where carbon is incorporated into organic compounds like glucose. Chlorophyll and other pigments are involved in absorbing sunlight to drive the light-dependent reactions.

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    Photosynthesis

    Uploaded by

    pixholic
    506 views31 pages
    Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and energy in the form of ATP and NADPH. This energy is then used to combine carbon from carbon dioxide with hydrogen from water to make carbohydrates like glucose. There are two stages - the light-dependent reactions where light energy is captured to make ATP and NADPH, and the light-independent Calvin cycle where carbon is incorporated into organic compounds like glucose. Chlorophyll and other pigments are involved in absorbing sunlight to drive the light-dependent reactions.

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    Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and energy in the form of ATP and NADPH. This energy is then used to combine carbon from carbon dioxide with hydrogen from water to make carbohydrates like glucose. There are two stages - the light-dependent reactions where light energy is captured to make ATP and NADPH, and the light-independent Calvin cycle where carbon is incorporated into organic compounds like glucose. Chlorophyll and other pigments are involved in absorbing sunlight to drive the light-dependent reactions.

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    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    506 views31 pages

    Photosynthesis

    Uploaded by

    pixholic
    Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and energy in the form of ATP and NADPH. This energy is then used to combine carbon from carbon dioxide with hydrogen from water to make carbohydrates like glucose. There are two stages - the light-dependent reactions where light energy is captured to make ATP and NADPH, and the light-independent Calvin cycle where carbon is incorporated into organic compounds like glucose. Chlorophyll and other pigments are involved in absorbing sunlight to drive the light-dependent reactions.

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    of 31

    Photosynthesis

    Is the process by which green plants and


    autotrophic organisms synthesize food.

    Is the combination of carbon dioxide with


    water to form carbohydrates.
    chl
    6CO2 + 12H20 C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O
    light
    Non-photosynthetic plants

    Snow plant

    Indian pipe
    Differences between autotrophs and
    heterotrophs
    Photoautotrophs Heterotrophs
    Source of energy Sunlight Food:proteins
    carbohydrates
    Source of building carbon dioxide Food
    materials

    Organisms
    photosynthetic plants Completely parasitic plants
    Algae Fungi
    Cyanobacteria Animals; protozoa
    Non-photosynthetic parts
    Photosynthesis uses light energy to convert CO2 and H2O
    into sugars
    The processes of photosynthesis and respiration are
    interdependent
    Converting light energy to Chemical Energy: The Light Reaction
    Chlorophyll is the principal light absorbing molecule of photosynthesis
    PHOTOSYNTHETIC PIGMENTS
    CH A – MAIN PHOTOSYNTHETIC PIGMENTS
    DARK GREEN
    BLUE-VIOLET AND RED SPECTRUM

    CH B – ACCESSORY PIGMENTS
    BLUISH GREEN

    CAROTENOIDS – ACCESSORY PIGMENTS


    ABSORB BLUE GREEN AND REFLECTS
    YELLOW OR YELLOW ORANGE

    1. CAROTENE – ORANGE- antioxidant


    2. XANTHOPHYLL – YELLOW- oxidizing
    The Light-dependent reaction
    1. The nature of light

    Action spectrum- a profile of how


    effectively different wavelengths of
    light promote photosynthesis.
    Absorption spectrum = the range of pigment’s ability to absorb
    wavelengths of light.
    PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTION- “LIGHT REACTION”
    Light energy enters photosynthesis at locations called photosystems
    The Light-dependent reaction
    The Photosynthetic units
    Photosystem I
    Photosystem II

    Membrane lipids
    Antenna chlorophyll molecules
    Reaction center and primary
    electron acceptor
    Photosynthetic units- 300 molecules of ch a & b and
    carotenoids

    Photosystem I Photosystem II
    With little chl b With ch b almost equal to ch a
    P700 P680

    Each photosystem consists of


    the ff:
    1. Antenna chlorophyll molecules
    2. Reaction center (Ch a)
    3. Series of electrons carriers
    Movement of electrons in the light reactions
    Chemiosmosis and ATP synthesis in the light reactions
    H+ ions move back across the membrane causing the release of energy
    Light-dependent reaction
    (Photochemical Reaction)
    1. Produce the reducing agent NADPH
    2. Synthesis of ATP
    (chemiosmotic phosphorylation)
    3. Breakdown of water into H+, O2
    Converting CO2 to sugars: The Calvin Cycle

    Melvin Calvin, Andrew Benson, and James Bassham- 1953


    1961 won the Nobel Prize in Biochemistry
    Biochemical reactions
    Stroma reaction
    Calvin Benson Cycle
    Conversion of carbon
    dioxide to carbohydrates
    The Calvin cycle uses ATP
    And NADPH from the light
    Reactions to make sugar
    Phosphates from CO2
    Rubisco -RuBP Carboxylase
    • One of the largest and most
    complex enzymes known

    • A giant complex of two protein


    subunits

    • With 8 copies of large protein,


    each with a molecular wt of 14,000
    to 15,000 daltons

    • Total molecular weight of 480,000


    daltons

    • Low substrate specificity


    Rubisco and photorespiration.
    Rubisco can function as
    carboxylase (fixing carbon);
    oxygenase (fixing oxygen),
    depending on oxygen
    concentration.
    Anabolic Metabolism
    • 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde
    Several types of storage
    compound
    1. Short-term storage: ATP and
    NADPH
    2. Intermediate-term storage:
    glucose and sucrose
    3. Long-term storage
    starch and lipids
    The synthesis of
    Polysaccharides

    Gluconeogensis – the anabolic synthesis of


    glucose
    Glucose is polymerized into polysaccharides
    1. amylose
    2. amylopectin
    3. cellulose
    The C4 pathway limits the loss of
    carbon from photorespiration
    C4 plants are more efficient than C3 plants.
    High light intensity, high temperature, and loc CO2.
    CAM plants store CO2 in a C4 acid at night for use
    in the Calvin Cycle during the day.

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