FIKE CORPORATION

2.0 SYSTEM DESIGN

DESIGN

Carbon Dioxide is effective in areas where flammable solids, liquids, and vapors are present. Fires in these hazards spread very rapidly. Deep-seated fires associated with hazards such as electrical equipment, bulk record storage, dust collectors and ductwork are equally well protected with Carbon Dioxide. A fixed-pipe Carbon Dioxide system that is engineered specifically for a particular hazard, and actuated automatically, assures the early detection and rapid extinguishment necessary to prevent major losses and downtime. A Fike Carbon Dioxide system consists of single or multiple cylinders discharging into a system of distribution piping that terminates at special Carbon Dioxide discharge nozzles. Fike Carbon Dioxide systems are custom designed to protect a specific hazard or application. The quantity of Carbon Dioxide and the method of application required for the protection of a specific hazard are determined by the system designer, but the final design must be based on the materials or product involved. NFPA Standard No. 12 Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing Systems and this design manual are used as guides to determine the appropriate design parameters. Fike Carbon Dioxide systems can be actuated automatically, pneumatically or manually. Automatic systems incorporate fire detectors and system control panels, along with electric and mechanical/manual releases that are located in the hazard area. When activated, they send a signal to the control panel to release the Carbon Dioxide into the hazard. Mechanical/manual actuator(s) are generally located at, or near, the Carbon Dioxide cylinder storage area. Automatically actuated systems are electrically operated and always incorporate an emergency manual override feature and standby power supply. NOTE: Specific control panels, detectors, and peripheral devices are NOT covered in this manual. Refer to the appropriate manual(s) and/or data sheets for additional information regarding these devices.

2.1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS Fike Carbon Dioxide systems consist of one or more cylinders of Carbon Dioxide agent connected to a fixedpiping system that delivers the Carbon Dioxide agent to the protected hazard through one or more discharge nozzles selected for the specific application. Carbon Dioxide systems are designed to comply with specific design criteria in accordance with NFPA 12 and are separated into the following design categories: 1) Total Flood Application a) Surface Fires b) Deep Seated Hazards 2) Local Application a) Rate-by-Area b) Rate-by-Volume 3) Combination Systems a) Total Flood Surface & Deep Seated b) Total Flood & Local Application

Each design has requirements and limitations that MUST be adhered to in order to produce an approved system that complies with the requirements of Fike Protection Systems, NFPA 12, and the Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ). The following paragraphs will provide the necessary information, guidelines, and examples to allow the system designer to produce a system designed to provide quality Carbon Dioxide fire protection acceptable to all associated with the project. 2.1.1 USE AND LIMITATIONS Carbon Dioxide systems can be used on Class A fires involving wood, paper, cloth, or any product that leaves a carbon ash; Class B fires involving flammable liquids or vapors; and Class C fires involving live electrical equipment.

UL Ex4447 / ULC CEX 1312 F.M. 0D8A9.AF

Carbon Dioxide Manual P/N C06-018

Section 2 / Page 1 of 28 Date: October, 1999

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2.1.1.1 AREAS OF USE Carbon Dioxide is particularly useful for extinguishing fires in specific hazard areas or equipment: ?? Where an inert, electrically non-conductive, medium is essential or desirable. ?? Where cleanup or production downtime caused by another suppression medium would present a problem or high cost. ?? Where other mediums might contaminate solvents, coolants, or other products associated with the hazard being protected. Some of the more important types of hazards or equipment that Carbon Dioxide systems may satisfactorily protect include: Battery Rooms Flammable Liquids Storage Engine Test Cells Printing Presses Solvent Recovery Record Storage Wet Benches Electric Generators Coating Machines Underfloor Areas Fur Storage Vaults Dust Collectors Wave Solder Machines Spray Booths Ovens Dip Tanks & Drain Boards Motors Switchgear Rooms Transformer Vaults Ducts Hydraulic Pump Units

2.1.1.2 AREAS OF NON-USE Carbon Dioxide should not be used on fires involving the following materials: ?? Chemicals that contain their own Oxygen supply such as: Cellulose Nitrate (old movie film) and gunpowder that are capable of rapid oxidation in the absence of air. ?? Reactive metals such as Lithium, Sodium, Potassium, Magnesium, Titanium, Uranium, Plutonium. ?? Metal Hydrides such as Sodium Hydride (NaH), Lithium Hydride (LiH), Calcium Hydride (CaH2), Lithium Aluminum Hydride (LiAlH4) and Sodium Borohydride (NaBH). While Carbon Dioxide will not extinguish fires involving these products, it will not react dangerously with them or increase their burning rate. A Carbon Dioxide system designed for Total Flooding will provide protection of adjacent combustibles when used in these situations. Local Application designed systems, with their attendant high velocity and directed discharge, should not be used for these applications.

2.2 TOTAL FLOOD / SURFACE FIRE SYSTEMS A Total Flood Carbon Dioxide System design can be defined as follows: A fixed supply of Carbon Dioxide agent discharging through piping and nozzles into a permanent enclosure that is capable of containing the Carbon Dioxide agent. Therefore, an extinguishing concentration of Carbon Dioxide can be established and maintained for a specific period of time. Surface fires involving flammable liquids, gases, and solids are extinguished by introducing Carbon Dioxide into the enclosure quickly, and in a sufficient quantity to reduce the oxygen concentration to a point where the fire can no longer exist. In some applications, Carbon Dioxide agent loss through uncloseable openings is anticipated and can be compensated for in the system design calculations. In general, it is preferable to close all openings, shutdown all ventilation, and seal the protected enclosure to insure the Carbon Dioxide concentration will be maintained for the appropriate time period. Refer to the following flow chart for the necessary steps that need to be taken into consideration when designing a total flood / surface fire system:

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Carbon Dioxide Manual P/N C06-018

UL Ex4447 / ULC CEX 1312 F.M. 0D8A9.AF

FIKE CORPORATION

DESIGN

Total Flood / Surface Fire System Design

Determine Hazard Volume Flooding Factor
(2.2.2)

Special Condition Adjustments Ventilation

(2.2.3.1)

Uncloseable Openings
(2.2.3.2)

Concentration Adjustment
(2.2.3.3)

Temperature
(2.2.3.4)

Below 0 F. 0 F. to 200 F. No Correction

Above 200 F.

+ 1% per Degree

+1% per 5 Degrees

Nozzles
(2.5)

Agent Reqd / Bill of Matl

UL Ex4447 / ULC CEX 1312 F.M. 0D8A9.AF

Carbon Dioxide Manual P/N C06-018

Section 2 / Page 3 of 28 Date: October, 1999

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FIKE CORPORATION

2.2.1 HAZARD VOLUME Determine the volume of the hazard by multiplying (length) x (width) x (height). For total-flood applications, the volume can be reduced to exclude any permanent, non-removable, or impermeable structures from the overall volume of the protected space. (Reference: NFPA 12, Section 2-3.3.1) 2.2.2 FLOODING FACTORS FOR SURFACE FIRES The minimum extinguishing concentration required for Surface fires is 34% by volume. To determine the base Carbon Dioxide agent requirement, multiply the hazard volume by the flooding factors in the following table: (Reference: NFPA 12, Table 2-3.3) FLOODING FACTORS FOR SURFACE FIRES Vol. of Space ft3. Up to 140 141 500 501 1,600 1,601 4,500 4,501 50,000 Over 50,000 English Values Vol. Factor Vol. Factor ft3 / lb. CO2 lb. CO2 / ft3. 14 0.072 15 16 18 20 22 0.067 0.063 0.056 0.050 0.046 Min. Qty. CO2 lbs. *** 10 35 100 250 2500

FLOODING FACTORS FOR SURFACE FIRES Vol. of Space m 3. Up to 3.96 3.97 14.15 14.16 45.28 45.29 127.35 127.36 1,415.0 Over 1,415.0 Metric Values Vol. Factor Vol. Factor m3 / kg. CO2 kg. CO2 / m3. 0.86 1.15 0.93 1.07 0.99 1.11 1.25 1.38 1.01 0.90 0.80 0.77 Min. Qty. CO2 kg. *** 4.5 15.1 45.4 113.5 1135.0

2.2.3 CARBON DIOXIDE AGENT ADJUSTMENTS FOR SPECIAL CONDITIONS Additional Carbon Dioxide must be supplied to compensate for specific material types, ventilation, hazard temperature, and enclosure leakage. The determination of these adjustments is explained in the following paragraphs. Additional information regarding the following conditions is included in Section 3, Sample Problems. 2.2.3.1 VENTILATION It is Fikes recommendation to shutdown and/or damper the ventilation system for the Carbon Dioxide system discharges in accordance with NFPA 12, Section 2-2.2.2. When a ventilation system cannot be shutdown prior to the Carbon Dioxide system discharge, additional agent must be added to compensate for the volume expressed as cubic feet per minute (cfm) leaving the enclosure. This information is variable and will depend upon the type and capacity of the air handling system(s) present. The additional agent is supplied through the regular piping distribution system, and the amount must be determined by multiplying the volume moved (cfm) during the required holding period by the flooding factor used to determine the base quantity required. This amount must also be multiplied by the material conversion factor (refer to Paragraph 2.2.2.2) when the design concentration for the protected space is greater than 34%. (Reference: NFPA 12, Section 2-3.5.2) 2.2.3.2 UNCLOSEABLE OPENINGS All uncloseable openings in a protected hazard must be compensated for by providing additional Carbon Dioxide in accordance with NFPA 12, Section 2-3.5.1. The additional quantity of Carbon Dioxide must equal Section 2 / Page 4 of 28 Carbon Dioxide UL Ex4447 / ULC CEX 1312 Date: October, 1999 Manual P/N C06-018 F.M. 0D8A9.AF

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DESIGN

the total anticipated quantity of Carbon Dioxide agent that will be lost through the openings during the required agent hold time. Use the Leakage Compensation Chart on the next page to determine the leak rate for the area due to the uncloseable openings. Multiply that leak rate by the total area of the opening(s) and the discharge time to determine the amount of additional Carbon Dioxide agent required. (Reference: NFPA 12, Section A-2-5.2) NOTE: If the quantity of Carbon Dioxide agent required for loss compensation exceeds the base agent quantity requirement for a surface-type hazard, the system can be designed for Local Application.

(Reference: NFPA 12, Section 2-2.1.1) To determine the additional amount of Carbon Dioxide required to compensate for the leakage, proceed as follows: ?? Find the intersection of the vertical line (representing the distance from the center of an opening to the top of the enclosure) in feet and the diagonal line (representing the design concentration of Carbon Dioxide). ?? Follow a horizontal line left to the Leakage Rate axis to determine the leakage rate value in lbs./min./ft.2. ?? Determine the equivalent metric value by using the conversion value of 1 lb./min./ft.2 = 4.89 kg/min./m2. EXCEPTION: If the opening(s) is in the side wall(s) only, the area of the wall openings can be divided by two (2). It is assumed that one-half of the opening will provide fresh air intake while the other half allows Carbon Dioxide leakage. (Reference: NFPA 12, Section A-2-5.2) If the opening(s) is in the ceiling, no additional Carbon Dioxide is required to compensate for this opening(s).

UL Ex4447 / ULC CEX 1312 F.M. 0D8A9.AF

Leakage Rate (lbs./ft /min.

Carbon Dioxide Manual P/N C06-018

Section 2 / Page 5 of 28 Date: October, 1999

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2.2.3.3 CONCENTRATION ADJUSTMENT FOR SPECIAL MATERIALS Some products and/or materials require a higher extinguishing concentration of Carbon Dioxide due to their specific chemical characteristics. Therefore, the design concentration must be adjusted by a Material Conversion Factor if any of these materials are present. To accomplish this adjustment, first determine the quantity of Carbon Dioxide required at a 34% base concentration. Then, locate the specific material or product in the following table and note its required extinguishing concentration. The table below lists some of the more common liquids and gases, and the established Carbon Dioxide extinguishing concentrations required for each. (Reference: NFPA 12, Table 2-3.2.1) NOTE: Consult Fike Corporation, Product Support Services, for required concentrations for any chemicals not listed below.

MINIMUM CARBON DIOXIDE EXTINGUISHING CONCENTRATIONS Material or Product Acetylene Acetone Aviation Gas Grades 115/145 Benzol, Benzene Butadiene Butane Butane-I Carbon Disulfide Carbon Monoxide Coal or Natural Gas Cyclopropane Diethyl Ether Dimethyl Ether Dowtherm Min. Conc. % 66 34 36 37 41 34 37 72 64 37 37 40 40 46 Material or Product Ethane Ethyl Alcohol Ethyl Ether Ethylene Ethylene Dichloride Ethylene Oxide Gasoline Hexane Higher Paraffin Hydrocarbons Hydrogen Hydrogen Sulfide Isobutane Isobutylene Isobutyl Formate Min. Conc. % 40 43 46 49 34 53 34 35 34 75 36 36 34 34 Material or Product JP-4 Kerosene Methane Methyl Acetate Methyl Alcohol Methyl Butene-I Methyl Ethyl Ketone (MEK) Methyl Formate Pentane Propane Propylene Quench/Lube Oils Toluene Min. Conc. % 36 34 34 35 40 36 40 39 35 36 36 34 40

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DESIGN

Next, use the Material Conversion Chart below and find the minimum concentration at the bottom of the chart. Follow the minimum concentration percent line up, until it intersects with the curve line. Then, follow the line to the left for the Conversion Factor. Multiply the base Carbon Dioxide requirement (in pounds/kilograms) by the conversion factor to determine the amount of agent required for that particular material. (Reference: NFPA 12, Table 2-3.4)

Conversion Factor

Material Conversion Chart

Minimum Concentration Percentage

NOTE: When a system design involves multiple fuel sources, always use the highest required concentration for any of the materials or products present within the protected hazard; regardless of the stored quantity.

2.2.3.4 TEMPERATURE CONSIDERATIONS There are two areas of concern as it relates to temperature: 1) The temperature of the hazard being protected 2) The temperature range of the area where the agent storage cylinder(s) is/are located 2.2.3.4.1 HIGH TEMPERATURES When protecting hazards where the normal operating temperature is greater than 200F (93.3C), the amount of Carbon Dioxide required must be increased. For every five (5) degrees F. above 200F (93.3C), an additional one percent (1%) increase in the calculated quantity of Carbon Dioxide agent must be provided. (Reference: NFPA 12, Section 2-3.5.3) 2.2.3.4.2 LOW TEMPERATURES When the protected hazard has a normal operating temperature of less than 0F (-17.8C), the amount of Carbon Dioxide agent required must be increased. For every one (1) degree F. below 0F (-17.8C), an additional one percent (1%) increase in the calculated quantity of Carbon Dioxide agent must be provided. (Reference: NFPA 12, Section 2-3.5.4)

UL Ex4447 / ULC CEX 1312 F.M. 0D8A9.AF

Carbon Dioxide Manual P/N C06-018

Section 2 / Page 7 of 28 Date: October, 1999

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2.2.3.4.3 CYLINDER STORAGE TEMPERATURES The Carbon Dioxide cylinders must be located / installed in an area that falls within the temperature limitations for each system type. Where storage temperatures fall outside of the ranges stated, additional measures such as enclosures, heating, or cooling shall be provided. (Reference: NFPA 12, Section 1-8.5.5) 1) For Total-Flooding systems, the cylinder(s) must be stored within a temperature range of 0oF. to 130oF. (-18oC to 54oC). 2) For Local Application systems, the cylinder(s) must be stored within a temperature range of 32oF. to 120oF. (0oC to 49oC). 2.2.3.5 POWER / FUEL SOURCE CONSIDERATION All electrical power and fuel sources must be shutdown prior to Carbon Dioxide system discharge. This is to remove any ignition source(s) and the potential of re-flash within the hazard(s) being protected. (Reference: NFPA 12, Section 1-7.3.8) 2.2.3.6 PRESSURE OPERATED SIRENS Pressure operated sirens that operate off of the Carbon Dioxide supply must be compensated for when determining the amount of agent required. Agent consumption for each siren is approximately eleven (11) pounds per minute. EXCEPTION: If the Siren(s) is located within the protected space, additional agent compensation is not necessary. 2.2.4 MINIMUM DISCHARGE TIME / SURFACE FIRE APPLICATION

For surface-type applications, the calculated agent quantity must be discharged within one (1) minute. This includes any compensation made for materials, ventilation, temperature, and/or uncloseable openings. (Reference: NFPA 12, Paragraph 2-5.2.1) 2.2.5 SPECIAL LIQUIDS If a hazard contains a liquid having an autoignition temperature below its boiling point, (i.e. paraffin wax and cooking oils), the Carbon Dioxide concentration shall be maintained for a period sufficient for the liquid temperature to cool below its autoignition temperature. In this circumstance, the minimum liquid discharge time shall be three (3) minutes. (Reference: NFPA 12, Paragraph 2-3.5.6 and 3-3.3.2) 2.3 TOTAL FLOOD / DEEP-SEATED FIRE SYSTEMS Deep-Seated hazards are those in which the materials involved are subject to smoldering fire conditions. Generally, this involves Class A products such as wood, paper, cloth, or any similar material that leaves a carbon ash residue. The quantity of Carbon Dioxide necessary for a Deep-Seated hazard is based on tight enclosures. After the design concentration is reached, the concentration shall be maintained for a substantial period of time; but not less than twenty (20) minutes. Any possible leakage shall be given special consideration since no allowance is included in the basic flooding factors. (Reference: NFPA 12, Section 24.1)

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Carbon Dioxide Manual P/N C06-018

UL Ex4447 / ULC CEX 1312 F.M. 0D8A9.AF

FIKE CORPORATION

DESIGN

Total Flood / Deep-Seated Fire System Design

Determine Hazard Volume Flooding Factor
(2.3.2)

Special Condition Adjustments Ventilation

(2.3.3.1)

Uncloseable Openings
(2.3.3.2)

Temperature
(2.3.3.3)

Below 0 F. 0 F. to 200 + 1% per Degree No Correction

Above 200 F.

+1% per 5 Degrees

Nozzles
(2.5)

Agent Reqd / Bill of Matl

UL Ex4447 / ULC CEX 1312 F.M. 0D8A9.AF

Carbon Dioxide Manual P/N C06-018

Section 2 / Page 9 of 28 Date: October, 1999

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2.3.1 HAZARD VOLUME Determine the volume of the hazard by multiplying (length) x (width) x (height). For total-flood applications, the volume can be reduced to exclude any permanent, non-removable, or impermeable structures from the overall volume of the protected space. (Reference: NFPA 12, Section 2-3.3.1) 2.3.2 FLOODING FACTORS FOR DEEP-SEATED FIRES The flooding factor used for a system design is based on the specific hazard being protected. To determine the base quantity of Carbon Dioxide agent required, multiply the hazard volume by a flooding factor selected from the following table. (Reference: NFPA No. 12, Table 2-4.2.1) FLOODING FACTORS FOR SPECIFIC HAZARDS Design Conc. ft3 / lb. CO2 50% 50% 65% 75% 10 12 8 6 lb. CO2 / ft3 0.100 0.083 (200 lb/min) 0.125 0.166 m3 / kg. CO2 0.62 0.75 0.50 0.38 kg. CO2 / m3 1.60 1.33 (91 kg/min) 2.00 2.66 Specific Hazard Dry electrical hazards in general. (Spaces 0 - 2,000 ft3./ 56.6 m3) Dry electrical hazards (Spaces over 2,000 ft 3 / 56.6 m3) Record or bulk paper storage, ducts & covered trenches Fur storage vaults, dust collectors, etc.

2.3.3 CARBON DIOXIDE AGENT ADJUSTMENTS FOR SPECIAL CONDITIONS Additional Carbon Dioxide must be supplied to compensate for specific material types, ventilation, hazard temperature, and enclosure leakage. The determination of these adjustments is explained in the following paragraphs. Additional information regarding the following conditions is included in Section 3, Sample Problems. 2.3.3.1 VENTILATION It is Fikes recommendation to shutdown and/or damper the ventilation system for the Carbon Dioxide system discharges in accordance with NFPA 12, Section 2-2.2.2. When a ventilation system cannot be shutdown prior to the Carbon Dioxide system discharge, additional agent must be added to compensate for the volume (cfm) leaving the enclosure. This information is variable and will depend upon the type and capacity of the air handling system(s) present. The additional agent is supplied through the regular piping distribution system, and the amount must be determined by multiplying the volume moved (cfm) during the required holding period by the flooding factor used to determine the base quantity required. This amount must also be multiplied by the material conversion factor (refer to Paragraph 2.2.2.2) when the design concentration for the protected space is greater than 34%. (Reference: NFPA 12, Section 2-3.5.2)

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Carbon Dioxide Manual P/N C06-018

UL Ex4447 / ULC CEX 1312 F.M. 0D8A9.AF

FIKE CORPORATION

DESIGN

2.3.3.2 UNCLOSEABLE OPENINGS All uncloseable openings in a protected hazard must be compensated for by providing additional Carbon Dioxide in accordance with NFPA 12, Section 2-3.5.1. The additional quantity of Carbon Dioxide must equal the total anticipated quantity of Carbon Dioxide agent that will be lost through the openings during the required agent hold time. Use the Leakage Compensation Chart below to determine the leak rate for the area due to the uncloseable openings. Multiply that leak rate by the total area of the opening(s) and the discharge time to determine the amount of additional Carbon Dioxide agent required. (Reference: NFPA 12, Section A-2-5.2) NOTE: For deep-seated hazards, uncloseable openings shall be restricted to those bordering or actually in the ceiling when the size of the openings exceed the pressure relief venting requirements outlined in NFPA 12, Section 2-6.2.1. (Reference: NFPA 12, Section 2-2.1.2)

Leakage Rate (lbs./ft /min.

Center of Opening to Ceiling (ft.)

To determine the additional amount of Carbon Dioxide required to compensate for the leakage, proceed as follows: ?? Find the intersection of the vertical line (representing the distance from the center of an opening to the top of the enclosure) in feet and the diagonal line (representing the design concentration of Carbon Dioxide). ?? Follow a horizontal line left to the Leakage Rate axis to determine the leakage rate value in lbs./min./ft.2. ?? Determine the equivalent metric value by using the conversion value of 1 lb./min./ft.2 = 4.89 kg/min./m2. EXCEPTION: If the opening(s) is in the side wall(s) only, the area of the wall openings can be divided by two (2). It is assumed that one-half of the opening will provide fresh air intake while the other half allows Carbon Dioxide leakage. (Reference: NFPA 12, Section A-2-5.2) If the opening(s) is in the ceiling, no additional Carbon Dioxide is required to compensate for this opening(s). UL Ex4447 / ULC CEX 1312 F.M. 0D8A9.AF Carbon Dioxide Manual P/N C06-018 Section 2 / Page 11 of 28 Date: October, 1999

DESIGN
2.3.3.3 TEMPERATURE CONSIDERATIONS There are two areas of concern as it relates to temperature:

FIKE CORPORATION

3) The temperature of the hazard being protected 4) The temperature range of the area where the agent storage cylinder(s) is/are located 2.3.3.3.1 HIGH TEMPERATURES When protecting hazards where the normal operating temperature is greater than 200F (93.3C), the amount of Carbon Dioxide required must be increased. For every five (5) degrees F. above 200F (93.3C), an additional one percent (1%) increase in the calculated quantity of Carbon Dioxide agent must be provided. (Reference: NFPA 12, Section 2-3.5.3) 2.3.3.3.2 LOW TEMPERATURES When the protected hazard has a normal operating temperature of less than 0F (-17.8C), the amount of Carbon Dioxide agent required must be increased. For every one (1) degree F. below 0F (-17.8C), an additional one percent (1%) increase in the calculated quantity of Carbon Dioxide agent must be provided. (Reference: NFPA 12, Section 2-3.5.4) 2.3.3.3.3 CYLINDER STORAGE TEMPERATURES The Carbon Dioxide cylinders must be located / installed in an area that falls within the temperature limitations for each system type. Where storage temperatures fall outside of the ranges stated, additional measures such as enclosures, heating, or cooling shall be provided. (Reference: NFPA 12, Section 1-8.5.5) 3) For Total-Flooding systems, the cylinder(s) must be stored within a temperature range of 0oF. to 130oF. (-18oC to 54oC). 4) For Local Application systems, the cylinder(s) must be stored within a temperature range of 32oF. to 120oF. (0oC to 49oC). 2.3.3.4 POWER / FUEL SOURCE CONSIDERATION All electrical power and fuel sources must be shutdown prior to Carbon Dioxide system discharge. This is to remove any ignition source(s) and the potential of re-flash within the hazard(s) being protected. (Reference: NFPA 12, Section 1-7.3.8) 2.3.3.5 PRESSURE OPERATED SIRENS Pressure operated sirens that operate off of the Carbon Dioxide supply must be compensated for when determining the amount of agent required. Agent consumption for each siren is approximately eleven (11) pounds per minute. EXCEPTION: If the Siren(s) is located within the protected space, additional agent compensation is not necessary. 2.3.4 DISCHARGE DURATION / FLOW RATE Deep-Seated hazard systems are discharged at a slower flow rate and for a longer duration to counter-act the characteristics of a smoldering fire. For Deep-Seated fires, the design concentration shall be achieved within seven (7) minutes, but at a flow rate that will provide a concentration of 30% within two (2) minutes. To calculate the minimum flow rate for a 30% concentration, multiply the hazard volume by 0.043 (0.688 for metric calculations). This will determine the amount of Carbon Dioxide to be discharged within two (2) minutes. Dividing the resultant quantity of Carbon Dioxide by two (2) provides the required flow rate in pounds (kg) of Carbon Dioxide per minute. (Reference: NFPA 12, Section 2-5.2.3) NOTE: For Deep-Seated hazards requiring a 75% concentration, the flow rate required to discharge within seven (7) minutes is greater than the 30% requirement stated above, and must be used. 2.3.5 PRESSURE RELIEF VENTING Leakage from doors, windows, and dampers, though not easily calculated or apparent, have been found to provide sufficient relief venting for the system without the need for additional venting. Even tight spaces such as vaults, freezers, and ductwork have also been found to provide adequate venting under normal conditions. (Reference: NFPA 12, Section 2-6.2)

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DESIGN

2.4 COMBINED SURFACE FIRE AND DEEP SEATED HAZARDS Some protected spaces may contain both Surface Fire hazards (such as flammable liquids or solids) and Deep-Seated hazards (such as wood, paper or cloth) within the same enclosure. Whenever this situation occurs, the system discharge flow rate must be adjusted to satisfy the Surface Fire requirements FIRST, while still satisfying the requirements for the Deep-Seated Fire. Therefore, the Carbon Dioxide must be discharged within one (1) minute to satisfy the Surface Fire requirements and maintain the twenty-(20) minute hold time requirement associated with a Deep-Seated Fire. 2.5 NOZZLE SELECTION All Fike nozzle types are acceptable for use in Total Flood applications. Each nozzle has its own discharge characteristics and recommended range of flow rates. This information will assist the system designer in determining which nozzle is the most appropriate to use for each application. 2.5.1 RADIAL NOZZLES The Radial Nozzle (P/N C80-041 thru C80-046) is machined from brass and is available in 1/2, 3/4 and 1 NPT sizes. They are available in 180 degree and 360 degree discharge patterns. Approved for Total Flood applications only, the Radial Nozzle offers flexibility and a variety of options to the system designer. RADIAL NOZZLES Nozzle Description C80-041 360 1/2 NPT C80-042 180 1/2 NPT C80-043 360 3/4 NPT C80-044 180 3/4 NPT C80-045 360 1 NPT C80-046 180 1 NPT Flow Rates Minimum 25 lbs./min. (11.3 kg/min.) 25 lbs./min. (11.3 kg/min.) 120 lbs./min. (54.4 kg/min.) 120 lbs./min. (54.4 kg/min.) 220 lbs./min. (99.8 kg/min.) 220 lbs./min. (99.8 kg/min.) Maximum 160 lbs./min. (72.6 kg/min.) 160 lbs./min. (72.6 kg/min.) 200 lbs./min. (90.7 kg/min.) 200 lbs./min. (90.7 kg/min.) 300 lbs./min. (136.1 kg/min.) 300 lbs./min. (136.1 kg/min.) Recommended 100 lbs./min. (45.4 kg/min.) 100 lbs./min. (45.4 kg/min.) 150 lbs./min. (68.0 kg/min.) 150 lbs./min. (68.0 kg/min.) 250 lbs./min. (113.4 kg/min.) 250 lbs./min. (113.4 kg/min.) Available Orifice Codes 3.5 thru 13 3.5 thru 13 10 thru 19 10 thru 19 15 thru 25 15 thru 25 Spacing and/or Height above Floor 20 feet (6.1 m) 20 feet (6.1 m) 25 feet (6.1 m) 25 feet (6.1 m) 30 feet (6.1 m) 30 feet (6.1 m)

2.5.2 BAFFLE NOZZLE The Baffle Nozzle (P/N C80-030) provides a 180-degree, fan-shaped discharge pattern that makes it acceptable for perimeter mounting around the protected hazard space. The Baffle Nozzle is machined from brass and has a 1/2 NPT male pipe thread connection. BAFFLE NOZZLE P/N C80-030 Flow Rates Minimum 25 lbs./min. (11.3 kg/min.) Maximum 160 lbs./min. (72.6 kg/min.) Recommended 75 lbs./min. (34.0 kg/min.) Available Orifice Codes 1 thru 13.5 Spacing and/or Height above Floor 20 feet (6.1 m)

2.5.3 VENT NOZZLE Vent Nozzles (P/N C80-020) are primarily installed in ductwork and small enclosures such as shallow, covered pits; covered trenches, electrical switches and electrical cabinets. The discharge pattern is a narrow, 120-degree cone shape. The Vent Nozzle is machined from brass and has a 1/2" NPT pipe thread on each end. The 1/2" NPT male thread on the discharge end allows the Vent Nozzle to be mounted on the UL Ex4447 / ULC CEX 1312 F.M. 0D8A9.AF Carbon Dioxide Manual P/N C06-018 Section 2 / Page 13 of 28 Date: October, 1999

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outside of a protected hazard space. This results in easier installation and access, as well as preventing blockage of the nozzle due to dirty airflow and/or atmospheres. External mounting is accomplished by using the Vent Nozzle Flange Mounting Kit (P/N C80-10130 complete with Mylar dirt seal. VENT NOZZLE P/N C80-020 Flow Rates Minimum 10 lbs./min. (4.5 kg/min.) Maximum 120 lbs./min. (54.4 kg/min.) Recommended 60 lbs./min. (27.2 kg/min.) Available Orifice Codes 1 thru 13.5 Spacing and/or Height above Floor Special Application

2.5.4 S TYPE NOZZLE S Type Nozzles (P/N C80-010) can be used for both Total-Flood and Local Application hazard designs. They are particularly effective when specific objects within the hazard area need to be protected. The S Type Nozzle has a circular shaped discharge pattern. The bell shaped S Nozzle is spun from a single stock piece and provided with a 1/2 NPT female pipe thread connection. The nozzle uses a brass insert sleeve that contains (2) or (4) orifice holes depending upon the orifice code value requested. With the orifice sleeve in position within the nozzle, an extremely soft Carbon Dioxide discharge is realized; thus making the S Type Nozzle well suited for use in hazard areas were small or loose items could be dislodged and propelled about the protected space during a system discharge. The S Type Nozzle can be mounted outside a protected space by using the S Type Nozzle Flange Mounting Kit (P/N C80-1018) complete with Mylar dirt seal. S TYPE NOZZLE P/N C80-010 Flow Rates Minimum 15 lbs./min. (6.8 kg/min.) Maximum 130 lbs./min. (59.0 kg/min.) Recommended 75 lbs./min. (34.0 kg/min.) Available Orifice Codes 1 thru 14.5 Spacing and/or Height above Floor 20 feet (6.1 m)

2.5.5 NOZZLE STRAINER Nozzle Strainers (P/N C02-1181) are required on Radial Nozzles having an orifice code of seven (7), or less, and all other nozzles having an orifice code of three (3), or less. Nozzle Strainers do not come with the nozzles and must be ordered separately.

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DESIGN

2.6 LOCAL APPLICATION SYSTEMS A Local Application System consists of a fixed supply of Carbon Dioxide agent permanently connected to a system of fixed piping with nozzles designed to discharge the Carbon Dioxide directly into the fire for the protection of a specific piece of equipment or surface. Flammable liquids, gases, and shallow solids may be protected where the hazard is not enclosed, or where leakage prohibits the use of a Total Flooding System. Some examples of such hazards are dip tanks, quench tanks, spray booths, oil-filled transformers and hydraulic pump/reservoir systems. Local Application Systems are divided into two (2) design classifications, depending upon the method of application required: a) Rate-by-Area Method Systems Refer to Paragraph 2.3.3 b) Rate-by-Volume Method Systems Refer to Paragraph 2.3.4

WARNING: Local Application Carbon Dioxide systems cannot be applied to deep-seated or smoldering
fire hazards that require longer discharge durations to ensure complete extinguishment. 2.6.1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS Local Application Systems shall be designed, installed, tested, and maintained in accordance with applicable requirements in NFPA 12, Chapter 3, and with the additional requirements set forth in this section of this manual. The hazard area must be isolated from other hazards and combustibles in order to keep a fire from spreading outside the protected area. All areas that may become coated by combustible liquids due to spillage, leakage, or splashing, are considered to be part of the hazard; as well as all associated materials that may extend into, or out of, the protected space. (Reference: NFPA 12, Section 3-2.1) 2.6.2 SAFETY REQUIREMENTS Refer to NFPA 12, Sections 1-5, 1-7.5 and A-1-5 regarding hazards to personnel due to obscuration of vision and reduction of oxygen concentration below that which will support life; not only in the immediate area of discharge, but in adjacent areas into which the Carbon Dioxide gas may migrate. 2.6.3 DISCHARGE DURATION REQUIREMENTS When designing a Local Application System, the minimum effective discharge time used for computing Carbon Dioxide agent quantity shall be thirty (30) seconds. This shall be increased to compensate for any additional hazard condition(s) that would require a longer cooling period to assure complete extinguishment of the fire. (Reference: NFPA 12, Section 3-3.3) When the fuel has an auto-ignition point below its boiling point, such as paraffin wax and cooking oils, the effective discharge time shall be increased to permit cooling of the fuel to prevent re-ignition. For this application, the minimum liquid discharge time shall be three (3) minutes. (Reference: NFPA 12, Section 33.3.2) 2.6.4 RADIANT HEATING Where there is a possibility that metal, or other materials, can become heated above the ignition temperature of the hazard fuel, the effective discharge time shall be increased to allow adequate cooling time. (Reference: NFPA 12, Paragraph 3-3.3.1) 2.6.5 STORAGE REQUIREMENTS The storage requirement is the quantity of Carbon Dioxide required for a Local Application System. This quantity is based on the discharge flow rate required to blanket the Hazard Area or Assumed Volume being protected. Since flow rate is calculated in terms of lbs. per minute; and the required discharge time is thirty (30) seconds, the system flow rate must be multiplied by 0.5 minutes (30 seconds). Furthermore, since the hazard is not totally enclosed in the case of Local Application Systems, only the LIQUID PORTION of the discharge may be considered to be effective. Therefore, the quantity of Carbon Dioxide agent supplied for a Local Application System shall also be increased by 40%, (multiplied by 1.4), to compensate for the ineffective vapor portion of the discharge. (Reference: NFPA 12, Section 3-3.1.1)

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2.7 LOCAL APPLICATION / RATE-BY-AREA DESIGN METHOD The Rate-by-Area design method is used to protect two dimensional, horizontal surfaces and low-level objects. The hazard can consist of a flammable solid, a liquid surface, or a coated surface. ?? A liquid surface is any pool of liquid 0.25 (6 mm) or more in depth. ?? A coated surface is defined as pools of liquid less than 0.25 (6 mm) deep, accumulating over a total area exceeding 10% of the protected surface. (Reference: NFPA 12, Section 3-4.3.5.) 2.7.1 NOZZLE DETERMINATION The Rate-by-Area method of protection utilizes the S Type Nozzle, which directs the Carbon Dioxide agent discharge in a specific pattern toward the protected surface. This method of agent application is effective only when the proper agent flow rate and nozzle height are applied to a specific coverage area. 2.7.2 NUMBER AND LOCATION OF NOZZLES The number and location of the nozzles is based upon the height of the nozzle(s) above the hazard, and the size of the surface to be protected. When evaluating the size of the hazard area, both sides of the protected square (length and width) must be taken into consideration when determining the quantity and location of nozzles required.

"S" TYPE NOZZLE H

X OR Y X OR Y X = COATED SURFACE Y = LIQUID SURFACE

Each nozzle is rated to protect a single, square segment of protected surface area as shown in the figure above. Therefore, irregular-shaped hazard surfaces must be carefully subdivided to provide for complete coverage. Once all these factors have been established, the correct nozzle flow rate can be determined. Each nozzle combination as shown on the selection chart provide the maximum coverage dimensions for liquid or coated surfaces based upon the height above the protected surface, and the required flow rate for each nozzle.

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DESIGN

?? The first step is to determine the number of nozzle rows required to cover the width of the protected surface. Divide the width of the protected space by the surface dimension (Coated = X; Liquid = Y) from the Rate-by-Area Nozzle Coverage Chart on the following page. The appropriate dimension (X or Y) is dependent upon the nozzle height (H) above the protected surface. The result identifies the number of nozzle ROWS that are required.

5.0' (1.52 m)

12.0' (3.66 m)

LIQUID SURFACE

COATED SURFACE

10.0' (3.05 m)

NOZZLE HEIGHT = 3'-0" (0.91 m)

DETERMINE NOZZLE ROWS English Units Liquid Surface: Width of Surface = 10-0 / Nozzle Height = 3-0 Dim. Y = 2.95 ft. (Taken from Rate-by-Area Chart. See paragraph 2.4.3) Nozzles Rows required = 10.0 ? 2.95 = 3.4 = 4 Rows Coated Surface: Width of Surface = 10-0 / Nozzle Height = 3-0 Dim. X = 3.49 ft. (Taken from Rate-by-Area Chart. See paragraph 2.4.3) Nozzles Rows required = 10.0 ? 3.49 = 2.9 = 3 Rows Metric Units Liquid Surface: Width of Surface = 3.05m / Nozzle Height = 0.91 m Dim. Y = 0.90 m (Taken from Rate-by-Area Chart. See paragraph 2.4.3) Nozzles Rows required = 3.05 ? 0.90 = 3.4 = 4 Rows Coated Surface: Width of Surface = 3.05 m / Nozzle Height = 0.91 m Dim. X = 1.06 m (Taken from Rate-by-Area Chart. See paragraph 2.4.3) Nozzles Rows required = 3.05 ? 1.06 = 2.9 = 3 Rows

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?? Next, divide the length of the protected space by the surface dimension (Coated = X; Liquid = Y) from the Rate-by-Area Nozzle Coverage Chart (See Paragraph 2.4.3). The appropriate dimension (X or Y) is dependent upon the nozzle height (H) above the protected surface. The result identifies the number of nozzles required IN EACH ROW.

DETERMINE NUMBER OF NOZZLES IN EACH ROW English Units Liquid Surface: Length of Surface = 5-0 / Nozzle Height = 3-0 Dim. Y = 2.95 ft. (Taken from Rate-by-Area Chart. See paragraph 2.4.3) Nozzles Per Row = 5.0 ? 2.95 = 1.7 = 2 Nozzles/Row Coated Surface: Length of Surface = 12-0 / Nozzle Height = 3-0 Dim. X = 3.49 ft. (Taken from Rate-by-Area Chart. See paragraph 2.4.3) Nozzles Per Row = 12.0 ? 3.49 = 3.4 = 4 Nozzles/Row Metric Units Liquid Surface: Length of Surface = 1.52 m / Nozzle Height = 0.91 m Dim. Y = 0.90 m (Taken from Rate-by-Area Chart. See paragraph 2.4.3) Nozzles Per Row = 1.52 ? 0.90 = 1.7 = 2 Nozzles/Row Coated Surface: Length of Surface = 3.66 m / Nozzle Height = 0.91 m Dim. X = 1.06 m (Taken from Rate-by-Area Chart. See paragraph 2.4.3) Nozzles Per Row = 3.66 ? 1.06 = 3.5 = 4 Nozzles/Row

?? The total number of nozzles is now calculated by multiplying the number of rows by the number of nozzles required for each row.

2.95' (0.9 m)

3.49' (1.1 m)

2.95' (0.9 m)

3.49' (1.1 m)

LIQUID SURFACE

NOZZLE (TYP.) COATED SURFACE

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2.7.3 NOZZLE / APPLICATION FLOW RATE Two things are needed to determine the appropriate nozzle flow rate: a) The height of the nozzles above the surface to be protected b) The number of nozzles required

DESIGN

The following Rate-by-Area Nozzle Selection Chart must be used to determine the nozzle flow criteria for each system application.

RATE-BY-AREA NOZZLE COVERAGE CHART English Units Coated Flow Rate Surface (lb/min) Dim. X (feet) 16.0 2.65 17.5 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.5 36.5 38.5 41.0 43.0 45.0 47.0 49.0 51.0 53.0 55.0 57.0 59.5 61.5 63.5 66.0 68.0 70.0 72.0 74.0 2.78 2.90 3.00 3.13 3.22 3.30 3.41 3.49 3.59 3.69 3.78 3.87 3.94 4.01 4.10 4.19 4.26 4.34 4.42 4.50 4.57 4.57 4.57 4.57 4.57 4.57 4.57 4.57 Liquid Surface Dim. Y (feet) 2.24 2.34 2.45 2.53 2.65 2.72 2.79 2.88 2.95 3.03 3.11 3.19 3.27 3.33 3.39 3.48 3.54 3.61 3.67 3.74 3.81 3.87 3.87 3.87 3.87 3.87 3.87 3.87 3.87 Metric Units Coated Flow Rate Surface (kg/min) Dim. X (meters) 7.3 0.81 7.9 9.1 10.0 10.9 11.8 12.7 13.6 14.5 15.7 16.6 17.5 18.6 19.5 20.4 21.3 22.2 23.1 24.6 25.0 25.9 27.0 27.9 28.8 29.9 30.8 31.8 36.7 33.6 0.85 0.88 0.92 0.95 0.98 1.00 1.04 1.06 1.09 1.12 1.15 1.18 1.20 1.22 1.25 1.28 1.30 1.32 1.35 1.37 1.39 1.39 1.39 1.39 1.39 1.39 1.39 1.39 Liquid Surface Dim. Y (meters) 0.68 0.71 0.75 0.77 0.81 0.83 0.85 0.89 0.90 0.92 0.95 0.97 1.00 1.02 1.04 1.06 1.08 1.10 1.12 1.14 1.16 1.18 1.18 1.18 1.18 1.18 1.18 1.18 1.18

Nozzle Height (feet) 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.00 3.25 3.50 3.75 4.00 4.25 4.50 4.75 5.00 5.25 5.50 5.75 6.00 6.25 6.50 6.75 7.00 7.25 7.50 7.75 8.00

Nozzle Height (meters) 0.31 0.38 0.46 0.53 0.61 0.69 0.76 0.84 0.91 0.99 1.07 1.14 1.22 1.30 1.37 1.45 1.52 1.60 1.68 1.75 1.83 1.91 1.98 2.06 2.13 2.21 2.29 2.36 2.44

2.7.4 NOZZLE PLACEMENT Nozzles should be installed in a location that will enable an extinguishing Envelope to be developed around the entire protected area. Any obstructions that could interfere with the flow of Carbon Dioxide from the nozzle to the protected surface, must be avoided to ensure proper system performance. If obstructions UL Ex4447 / ULC CEX 1312 F.M. 0D8A9.AF Carbon Dioxide Manual P/N C06-018 Section 2 / Page 19 of 28 Date: October, 1999

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cannot be avoided, the nozzle(s) must be repositioned or relocated. If additional nozzles are required, the agent quantity will have to be revised accordingly. Nozzles should be installed perpendicular to the hazard and centered over the area protected by the nozzle whenever possible. They may also be installed at an angle between 45 degrees and 90 degrees from the plane of the hazard surface. NOTE: For nozzles mounted at an angle, the height used in determining the flow rate and area coverage shall be the distance from the aiming point on the protected surface to the face of the nozzle; as measured along the axis of the nozzle. (Refer to NFPA 12, Section 3-4.4.3) 2.7.4.1 NOZZLE AIMING FACTORS Nozzles shall be aimed at a point that is a specific distance in from the edge of the protected surface. This distance, from the near side of the protected surface to the aiming point, is calculated by multiplying the coverage dimension (X or Y) of the nozzles protected area by the Aiming Factor found in the table below. The concept is illustrated below the table.

Aiming Factors for Angular Placement of Nozzles Discharge Angle (Degrees from plane of hazard surface) 45 - 60? 60 - 75? 75 - 90? 90? (Perpendicular) Aiming Factor (Fractional amount of coverage area) 1/4 1/4 - 3/8 3/8 - 1/2 1/2 (0.25) (0.25 - 0.375) (0.375 - 0.50) (Centered)

H H 90 60

W x 1/2 W W

2.7.5 DETERMINE SYSTEM FLOW RATE AND AGENT QUANTITY REQUIRED The quantity of agent required for the system is determined by the number of nozzles required to cover the projected surface area x the flow rate per nozzle as determined by the Rate-by-Area Coverage Chart. This gives you the total system flow rate that will be utilized to determine pipe sizes. Take the system flow rate x 1.4 to compensate for the liquid portion of the discharge and x 0.5 (the minimum effective discharge time) to determine the total agent quantity required to protect the area being protected.

2.8 LOCAL APPLICATION / RATE-BY-VOLUME DESIGN METHOD The Rate-by-Volume protection method is used to protect three (3) dimensional hazards that are NOT enclosed, or those hazards that have too high a leakage rate to protect with a Total Flood / Surface Type system. The total flow rate requirement for the system will be based upon an Assumed Enclosure volume that surrounds the hazard. The dimensions of the assumed walls and ceiling of this enclosure shall be at least 2-ft (0.61 m) greater than the extreme dimensions of the specific hazard itself; unless actual walls are involved. The assumed enclosure shall be based on an actual closed floor unless special provisions are made to take care of bottom conditions. In addition, no deductions shall be made for solid objects within this volume. Section 2 / Page 20 of 28 Date: October, 1999 Carbon Dioxide Manual P/N C06-018 UL Ex4447 / ULC CEX 1312 F.M. 0D8A9.AF

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(Refer to NFPA 12, Section 3-2-2)

DESIGN

2.8.1 FLOW RATE REQUIREMENT The total discharge flow rate requirement for the basic system shall be equal to 1lb/min/ft3 (16 kg/min/m3) for the Assumed Volume unless the partial enclosure adjustment applies. See paragraph 2.3.4.4. (Reference: NFPA 12, Section 3-5.3) 2.8.2 RATE-BY-VOLUME CALCULATIONS The agent supply and flow requirements are determined in accordance with the following: ?? Establish the Assumed Volume. This is calculated by first adding (2) feet (0.61 m) to the extreme dimensions for all four sides and the top of the protected object/equipment.

"H"

L = 16'-0" (4.88 m) W = 4'-0" (1.22 m) H = 5'-6" (1.68 m) A = 2'-0" (0.61 m) A A "W" A A "L"

ASSUMED VOLUME
English Units Length = 16-0 + 2-0 + 2-0 Width =4-0 + 2-0 + 2-0 Height = 5-6 + 2-0 Assumed Volume = 20.0 x 8.0 x 7.5 = 1,200 ft3 Metric Units Length = 4.88 m + 0.61 m + 0.61 m Width = 1.22 m + 0.61 m + 0.61 m Height = 1.68 m + 0.61 m Assumed Volume = 6.1 x 2.44 x 2.29 = 34.08 m3

NOTE: No deductions are allowed for solid objects within the volume.

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?? Determine the System Flow Rate. This is based on the NFPA requirement of 1.0 lb./min./ft3 (assumed volume). The metric equivalent is 16 kg/min./m3 (assumed volume). To determine the system flow rate, multiply the Assumed Volume by 1 lb./min./ft3 (16 kg/min./m3).

SYSTEM FLOW RATE FOR RATE-BY-VOLUME

English Units Flow Rate = 1lb./min./ft (assumed volume) Flow Rate = 1 lb./min. x 1,200 ft3 System Flow Rate = 1,200 lbs./min.
3

Metric Units Flow Rate = 16 kg./min./m3 (assumed volume) Flow Rate = 16 kg./min. x 34.08 m3 System Flow Rate = 545.28 kg./min.

?? Determine the Storage Quantity Required. The Storage Quantity is calculated by multiplying the system flow rate by the liquid flow requirement (1.4) and the discharge time of (30) seconds (0.5). The result is then rounded-up to the next cylinder size.

STORAGE QUANTITY
English Units Storage Quantity = 1,200 lbs./min. x 1.4 x 0.5 Storage Quantity = 840 lbs. Supplied Quantity = 900 lbs. Metric Units Storage Quantity = 545.28 kg./min. x 1.4 x 0.5 Storage Quantity = 381.7 kg Supplied Quantity = 408.6 kg

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DESIGN

2.8.3 PARTIAL ENCLOSURE ADJUSTMENT If the Assumed Enclosure has a closed floor and is partly defined by permanent continuous walls that extend at least two (2) ft. (0.61m) above the hazard, or define the hazard itself, (where the walls are not normally a part of the hazard); the discharge rate may be proportionately reduced to not less than 0.25 lb/min/ft3 (16 kg/min/m3). In order to calculate the adjustment, it is necessary to first determine the Flow Rate Reduction Factor. (Reference: NFPA 12, Section 3-5.3.1 and Figure A-3-5.3.1) The Flow Rate Reduction Factor is determined as follows: ?? Establish the Assumed Volume. This is accomplished as previously described in paragraph 2.5.2.1, except that it is not necessary to add 2 feet (0.61 m) to any side that is defined with a permanent wall. See illustration below.

'W' 'L' 'A'

'H' L = 7'-0" (2.13 m) W = 2'-6" (0.76 m) H = 4'-0" (1.22 m) A = 2'-0" (0.61 m)

ASSUMED VOLUME
English Units Length = 7-0 + 0 Width = 2-6 + 2-0 (open side) Height = 4-0 + 0 Assumed Volume = 7.0 x 4.5 x 4.0 = 126 ft3 Metric Units Length = 2.13 m + 0 Width = 0.76m + 0.61 m (open side) Height = 1.22 m + 0 Assumed Volume = 2.13 x 1.37 x 1.22 = 3.56 m3

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DESIGN

?? Determine the Reduced Flow Rate Equation. Multiply the Flow Rate Reduction Factor by the Basic Flow Rate Equation for local application systems as follows: Flow Rate Reduction Factor x 1lb./min./ft3 (Flow Rate Reduction Factor x 16kg/min./m3)

REDUCED FLOW RATE EQUATION FOR PARTIAL ENCLOSURES

English Units Flow Rate = 0.53 x 1lb./min./ft (assumed volume) Flow Rate = 0.53 lbs./min. x 126 ft3 Reduced Flow Rate = 67 lbs./min.
3

Metric Units Flow Rate = 0.53 x 16 kg./min./m3 Flow Rate = 8.48 kg./min. x 3.56 m3 Reduced Flow Rate = 30.2 kg./min.

?? Determine the Storage Quantity Required. The Storage Quantity is calculated by multiplying the system flow rate by the liquid flow requirement (1.4) and the discharge time of (30) seconds (0.5). This step can be simplified by multiplying the system flow rate by (0.7), which is the result of multiplying (1.4) and (0.5) together. The result is then rounded-up to the next cylinder size.

STORAGE QUANTITY
English Units Storage Quantity = 67 lbs./min. x 1.4 x 0.5 Storage Quantity = 47 lbs. Supplied Quantity = 50 lbs. Metric Units Storage Quantity = 30.2 kg./min. x 1.4 x 0.5 Storage Quantity = 21.1 kg Supplied Quantity = 22.7 kg

2.8.4 NOZZLE DETERMINATION The nozzles used for Rate-by-Volume System designs must totally encapsulate the hazard in an atmosphere of Carbon Dioxide. The best way to accomplish this effect is to apply the Carbon Dioxide agent from multiple directions using several S Type Nozzles. The minimum-to-maximum flow rates for an S Nozzle are 15 lbs./min. to 130 lbs./min. (6.8 kg/min. to 59.0 kg/min.). The recommended flow rate is 75 lbs./min. (34.0 kg/min.), but could vary depending upon the specific hazard requirements. 2.8.5 NUMBER AND LOCATION OF NOZZLES The number of nozzles is based on the required flow rate for the Assumed Volume. To estimate the number of nozzles required, the flow rate is divided by 75 lb/min (34.0 kg/min); a nominal recommended flow for the S type nozzle. This calculation yields a nominally recommended number of nozzles. This number may be adjusted for esthetic reasons, such as balancing the number of nozzles so there are equal numbers on both sides of the protected area; or specific application related reasons, such as adding nozzles to facilitate application of agent around obstacles. The limiting factor to this adjustment is the fact that the flow must be within the S Type nozzle parameters listed in Paragraph 2.2.6.3. The distance from the hazard to the nozzle is not as critical as it is with a Rate-by-Area System application. However, the nozzles should generally be located three (3) to six (6) ft. (0.91 to 1.82 m) from an open hazard to provide adequate coverage. For partially enclosed hazards, the nozzle(s) will be mounted within the protected volume or onto the enclosure itself.

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?? Calculate the Total Surface Area of Perimeter Walls. Because we protecting a threedimensional object, the surface area of each side must be added together; excluding the top and bottom. This is mathematically expressed as: 2(L x H) + 2(W x H).

TOTAL SURFACE AREA OF PERIMETER WALLS

English Units Front & Back = 2(7-0 x 4-0) Both Sides = 2(2-6 x 4-0) Total Surface Area = 56 + 20 = 76 ft2 Metric Units Front & Back = 2(2.13 x 1.22) Both Sides = 2(0.76 x 1.22) Total Surface Area = 5.20 + 1.85 = 7.05m2

?? Calculate the Open Area. Because this is a three-dimensional object, the open area is defined as the surface area (L x W) of each open wall or portion thereof added together.

OPEN AREA
English Units Open Front = 7-0 x 4-0 Open Area = 28 ft2 Metric Units Open Front = 2.13 x 1.22 Open Surface = 2.60 m2

?? Calculate the Open Area Percentage. This is accomplished by dividing the Open Area by the Total Surface Area of Perimeter Walls.

OPEN AREA PERCENTAGE

English Units Open Area Percentage = 28 ft ? 76 ft Open Area Percentage = 0.37 (37%)
2 2

Metric Units Open Area Percentage = 2.60 m2 ? 7.05 m2 Open Area Percentage = 0.37 (37%)

?? Apply the Open Area Percentage to the Flow Rate Reduction Factor. This is mathematically expressed as follows: Flow Rate Reduction Factor = [Open Area Percentage (expressed as a decimal) x 0.75] + 0.25.

FLOW RATE REDUCTION FACTOR

English Units Reduction Factor = (0.37 x 0.75) + 0.25 Flow Rate Reduction Factor = 0.53 Metric Units Reduction Factor = (0.37 x 0.75) + 0.25 Flow Rate Reduction Factor = 0.53

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2.9 COMBINATION TOTAL-FLOOD AND LOCAL APPLICATION SYSTEMS For applications that require a portion of the hazard to be protected with a Total-Flood system design, and another portion to be protected with a Local Application system design, the discharge rate of the TotalFlooding portion must be determined in accordance with the Local Application requirements. Therefore, the discharge time requirement is thirty (30) seconds for a combined application system design. To determine the total Carbon Dioxide agent supply required for a combined system, calculate the Total-Flood and Local Application portions of the hazard separately as described in preceding sections of this manual and add them together. However, since the discharge time requirement is thirty (30) seconds, the flow rate requirement for the Total-Flood portion(s) must be adjusted as follows: NOTE: To determine the flow rate required for the total-flood portion, the agent supply quantity must be divided by 0.7 ?1.4 x 0.5 (vapor compensation factor x discharge time in minutes)?. (Reference: NFPA 12, Section 3-3.2.3 and 3-3.3) 2.10 PIPING DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

2.10.1 GENERAL Pipe and fittings shall be of metallic, noncombustible, materials having physical and chemical characteristics such that their deterioration under stress can be predicted with reliability. Where piping systems are installed in severely corrosive atmospheres, special corrosion-resistant materials or coatings shall be used. (Reference: NFPA 12, Section 1-9) 2.10.2 PIPE Pipe used in Carbon Dioxide systems shall be black or galvanized steel pipe conforming to ASTM A-53, seamless or electric welded, Grade A or B; or ASTM A-106, Grade A, B or C. ASTM A-120 pipe and ordinary cast-iron pipe shall not be used. Stainless steel pipe shall be Type 304 or Type 316 for threaded connections, or Type 304, 316, 304L or 316L for welded connections. Pipe that is 3/4 NPT and smaller shall be permitted to be Schedule 40. Pipe that is 1 through 4 NPT shall be Schedule 80. (Reference: NFPA 12, Section 1-9.1) While the use of flexible piping system components is not recommended, it is allowed. Flexible piping system components shall be used only when there is no alternative method of installation. All flexible piping system components shall have a minimum burst pressure of 5,000psi (34,474 kPa). (Reference NFPA 12, Sections 1-9.1.1 and A-1-9.1.1) 2.10.3 FITTINGS Class 300 malleable iron and/or ductile iron fittings shall be used for all nominal sizes through 2, and forged steel fittings shall be used for all larger sizes. Flanged joints upstream of stop valves shall be Class 600, and flanged joints downstream of stop valves, or in systems with no stop valves, may be Class 300. Stainless steel fittings shall be Type 304 or 316, wrought/forged (per ASTM A-182); Class 3000, threaded or socketweld, for all sizes 1/8 through 4. (Reference: NFPA 12, Section 1-9.1.2) NOTE: Class 150 lb. malleable iron and ordinary cast iron fittings, shall not be used. 2.10.3.1 OTHER APPROVED FITTINGS Welded joints, screwed, or flanged fittings (malleable or ductile iron) may be used. Mechanical grooved joint fittings may be used only if they are specifically listed for Carbon Dioxide service. Flush bushings shall not be used. Where hex bushings are used for one pipe size reduction, a 3000-lb. steel bushing shall be provided to maintain adequate strength. Where hex bushings are used for more than one pipe size reduction, the materials and strength must be in accordance with those outlined in paragraph 2.5.3 above. Suitable flared, compression-type, or brazed fittings shall be used with compatible tubing. Where brazed joints are used, the brazing alloy shall have a melting point of 1,000 ?F (538 ?C), or higher. (Reference: NFPA 12, Section 1-9.1.3)

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DESIGN

2.10.4 PIPING SUPPORT The piping system shall be securely supported with due allowance for Carbon Dioxide agent thrust forces, thermal expansion / contraction, and shall not be subject to mechanical, chemical, or other damage. Where explosions are possible, the piping system shall be provided with hangers or supports that are least likely to be displaced. (Reference: NFPA 12, Section 1-9.2) NOTE: Pipe shall be reamed and cleaned before assembly, and installed in a neat, workmanlike, manner. After assembly, the entire system shall be blown out before nozzles or other discharge devices are installed. (Reference: NFPA 12, Section 1-9.2.1) 2.10.5 VALVES All valves shall be suitable for the intended use, particularly in regard to flow capacity and operation. They shall be used only within the temperature range and other conditions for which they are listed and/or approved. Valves shall be located, installed, or suitably protected so that they are not subject to mechanical, chemical, or other damage that would render them inoperative. (Reference: NFPA 12, Section 1-9.3) Valves used in high-pressure systems and continuously under pressure shall have a minimum bursting pressure of 6,000 psi (41,369 kPa). Those valves not under continuous pressure shall have a minimum bursting pressure of 5,000 psi (34,474 kPa). (Reference: NFPA 12, Section 1-9.3.1) 2.10.6 PRESSURE RELIEF PROVISIONS In piping systems where valve arrangement introduces sections of closed piping, such sections shall be equipped with pressure relief devices, or the valves shall be designed to prevent entrapment of liquid Carbon Dioxide. The pressure relief device(s) shall operate between 2,400 and 3,000 psi (16,547 and 20,684 kPa). Where pressure operated cylinder valves are used, a means shall be provided to vent any cylinder gas leakage from the manifold or piping system, but will prevent loss of Carbon Dioxide agent when the system operates/discharges. All pressure relief devices shall be of such design, and so located, that their discharge will not injure personnel. (Reference: NFPA 12, Sections 1-9.2.2 and 1-9.2.3) 2.10.7 ESTIMATING PIPE SIZES Prior to performing a Carbon Dioxide flow calculation, the piping systems required pipe sizes can be estimated by using the table located below. However, this table contains estimated sizes only and a flow calculation must always be performed prior to the installation of any piping or discharge nozzles.

Pipe Size Estimating Table Pipe Size (Schedule) US 1/2" (40) 3/4" (40) 1" (80) 1-1/4" (80) 1-1/2" (80) 2" (80) 2-1/2" (80) 3" (80) Avg. Flow Rate lbs./min. 15 - 100 101 - 200 201 - 350 351 - 700 701 - 1000 1001 - 1600 1601 - 2500 2501 - 4000 kg/min. 6.8 - 45.4 45.8 - 90.7 91.2 - 158.8 159.2 - 317.5 318.0 - 453.6 454.0 - 725.8 726.2 - 1134.0 1134.5 - 1814.4

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FIKE CORPORATION

2.11 EQUIVALENT LENGTHS In the process of calculating flow rates and quantities of Carbon Dioxide required, it is necessary to use equivalent lengths for some of the system components. These equivalent lengths are listed in the following paragraphs.

2.11.1 CHECK VALVES The equivalent lengths listed in the table below apply for either vertical or horizontal mounting.

CHECK VALVE EQUIVALENT LENGTHS Nominal Sch. 40 Sch. 80 Part No. Size (NPT) ft. (m) ft. (m) C02-1204 C02-1205 C02-1206 C02-1207 C02-1240 1/2 3/4 1" 1-1/2 2" 10.0 (3.05) 8.0 (2.44) N/A N/A N/A 5.0 (1.52) 4.0 (1.22) 3.0 (0.91) 3.0 (0.91) 2.5 (0.76)

2.11.2 STOP / MAINTENANCE VALVES The equivalent lengths for Stop / Maintenance Valves are listed in the table below. STOP / MAINTENANCE VALVE EQUIVALENT LENGTHS Part no. CO2-1210 CO2-1211 CO2-1212 CO2-1213 Nominal Size (NPT) 1/2" 3/4" 1" 1-1/2" Sch. 40 ft. (m) 0.4 (0.12) 0.51 (0.16) N/A N/A Sch. 80 ft. (m) N/A N/A 0.6 (0.18) 0.9 (0/27)

2.11.3 PNEUMATIC TIME DELAY The equivalent lengths for Pneumatic Time Valves are listed in the table below. PNEUMATIC TIME VALVE EQUIVALENT LENGTHS Part no. C70-235 C70-237 Time Value 30 Sec. 60 Sec. Sch. 40 ft. (m) 55.0 (16.8) 55.0 (16.8) Sch. 80 ft. (m) 32.0 (9.8) 32.0 (9.8)

2.12 SUMMARY This manual is prepared to assist the design engineer in preparing an approved Carbon Dioxide fire suppression system. However, this manual does not cover all aspects of system design and hazard analysis. It shall be the responsibility of the system design engineer to read, and thoroughly understand, NFPA No. 12, Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing Systems, before attempting to design any Fike Carbon Dioxide Suppression System.

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