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    Module05 Datalinkv3

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    vipulugale
    This document discusses data link layer protocols, including local area networks (LANs) and point-to-point links. It covers Ethernet, the most commonly used LAN protocol, describing its bus and star topologies and standards like IEEE 802. It also discusses point-to-point protocols like PPP that are used to encapsulate IP datagrams over serial links.

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    Module05 Datalinkv3

    Uploaded by

    vipulugale
    88 views11 pages
    This document discusses data link layer protocols, including local area networks (LANs) and point-to-point links. It covers Ethernet, the most commonly used LAN protocol, describing its bus and star topologies and standards like IEEE 802. It also discusses point-to-point protocols like PPP that are used to encapsulate IP datagrams over serial links.

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    This document discusses data link layer protocols, including local area networks (LANs) and point-to-point links. It covers Ethernet, the most commonly used LAN protocol, describing its bus and star topologies and standards like IEEE 802. It also discusses point-to-point protocols like PPP that are used to encapsulate IP datagrams over serial links.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf
    88 views11 pages

    Module05 Datalinkv3

    Uploaded by

    vipulugale
    This document discusses data link layer protocols, including local area networks (LANs) and point-to-point links. It covers Ethernet, the most commonly used LAN protocol, describing its bus and star topologies and standards like IEEE 802. It also discusses point-to-point protocols like PPP that are used to encapsulate IP datagrams over serial links.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf
    of 11

    Data Link Protocols

    Relates to Lab 2.

    This module covers data link layer issues, such as local area networks
    (LANs) and point-t o-point links, Ethernet, and the Point-to-Point Protocol
    (PPP).

    TCP/IP Suite and OSI Reference Model

    • The TCP/IP protocol stack does


    not define the lower layers of a
    complete protocol stack

    • In this lecture, we will address how


    the TCP/IP protocol stacks
    interfaces with the data link layer

    1
    Data Link Layer

    • The main tasks of the data link layer are:


    • Transfer data from the network layer of one machine to
    the network layer of another machine
    • Convert the raw bit stream of the physical layer into
    groups of bits (“frames”)

    Network Network
    Layer Layer
    Data Link Data Link
    Layer Layer
    Physical Physical
    Layer Layer

    Two types of networks at the data link layer

    – Broadcast Networks: All stations share a single


    communication channel
    – Point-to-Point Networks: Pairs of hosts (or routers) are
    directly connected

    Broadcast Network Point-to-Point Network


    • Typically, local area networks (LANs) are broadcast and wide area
    networks (WANs) are point-to-point

    2
    Local Area Networks

    • Local area networks (LANs) connect computers within a


    building or a enterprise network
    • Almost all LANs are broadcast networks
    • Typical topologies of LANs are bus or ring or star
    • We will work with Ethernet LANs. Ethernet has a bus or star
    topology.

    Bus LAN Ring LAN

    MAC and LLC

    • In any broadcast network, the stations must ensure that only


    one station transmits at a time on the shared communication
    channel
    • The protocol that determines who can transmit on a broadcast
    channel are called Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol
    • The MAC protocol are implemented
    in the MAC sublayer which is the to Network Layer

    lower sublayer of the data link layer Logical Link


    Data Link

    Control
    Layer

    • The higher portion of the data link Medium Access


    layer is often called Logical Link Control
    Control (LLC) to Physical Layer

    3
    IEEE 802 Standards

    • IEEE 802 is a family of standards for LANs, which defines


    an LLC and several MAC sublayers

    Ethernet

    • Speed: 10Mbps -10 Gbps


    • Standard: 802.3, Ethernet II (DIX)

    • Most popular physical layers for Ethernet:


    • 10Base5 Thick Ethernet: 10 Mbps coax cable
    • 10Base2 Thin Ethernet: 10 Mbps coax cable
    • 10Base-T 10 Mbps Twisted Pair
    • 100Base-TX 100 Mbps over Category 5 twisted pair
    • 100Base-FX 100 Mbps over Fiber Optics
    • 1000Base-FX 1Gbps over Fiber Optics
    • 10000Base-FX 1Gbps over Fiber Optics (for wide area links)

    4
    Bus Topology

    • 10Base5 and 10Base2 Ethernets has a bus topology

    Ethernet

    Star Topology

    • Starting with 10Base-T, stations are connected to a hub in a


    star configuration

    Hub

    10

    5
    Ethernet Hubs vs. Ethernet Switches

    • An Ethernet switch is a packet switch for Ethernet frames


    • Buffering of frames prevents collisions.
    • Each port is isolated and builds its own collision domain
    • An Ethernet Hub does not perform buffering:
    • Collisions occur if two frames arrive at the same time.

    Hub Switch
    CSMA/CD CSMA/CD CSMA/CD CSMA/CD

    CSMA/CD CSMA/CD CSMA/CD CSMA/CD

    HighSpeed
    Backplane
    CSMA/CD CSMA/CD CSMA/CD CSMA/CD

    CSMA/CD CSMA/CD CSMA/CD CSMA/CD

    Input Output
    Buffers Buffers

    11

    Ethernet and IEEE 802.3: Any Difference?

    • There are two types of Ethernet frames in use, with subtle


    differences:
    • “Ethernet” (Ethernet II, DIX)
    • An industry standards from 1982 that is based on the
    first implementation of CSMA/CD by Xerox.
    • Predominant version of CSMA/CD in the US.
    • 802.3:
    • IEEE’s version of CSMA/CD from 1985.
    • Interoperates with 802.2 (LLC) as higher layer.

    • Difference for our purposes: Ethernet and 802.3 use


    different methods to encapsulate an IP datagram.
    12

    6
    Ethernet II, DIX Encapsulation (RFC 894)

    802.3 MAC

    destination source
    type data CRC
    address address

    6 6 2 46-1500 4

    0800 IP datagram

    2 38-1492

    0806 ARP request/reply PAD

    2 28 10

    0835 RARP request/reply PAD

    2 28 10

    13

    IEEE 802.2/802.3 Encapsulation (RFC 1042)

    802.3 MAC 802.2 LLC 802.2 SNAP

    destination source DSAP SSAP cntl org code


    length type data CRC
    address address AA AA 03 0

    6 6 2 1 1 1 3 2 38-1492 4

    - destination address, source address: 0800 IP datagram


    MAC addresses are 48 bit
    2 38-1492
    - length:frame length in number of bytes
    - DSAP, SSAP : always set to 0xaa 0806 ARP request/reply PAD

    - Ctrl: set to 3
    2 28 10
    - org code: set to 0
    - type field identifies the content of the 0835 RARP request/reply PAD

    data field 2 28 10
    - CRC: cylic redundancy check

    14

    7
    Point-to-Point (serial) links

    • Many data link connections are


    point-to-point serial links:
    – Dial-in or DSL access connects hosts
    to access routers
    – Routers are connected by Access
    Router
    high-speed point-to-point links Modems

    Dial-Up Access
    • Here, IP hosts and routers are
    connected by a serial cable

    • Data link layer protocols for point-


    to-point links are simple:
    – Main role is encapsulation of IP
    datagrams
    – No media access control needed 15

    Data Link Protocols for Point-to-Point links

    • SLIP (Serial Line IP)


    • First protocol for sending IP datagrams over dial-up links (from
    1988)
    • Encapsulation, not much else
    • PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol):
    • Successor to SLIP (1992), with added functionality
    • Used for dial-in and for high-speed routers
    • HDLC (High-Level Data Link) :
    • Widely used and influential standard (1979)
    • Default protocol for serial links on Cisco routers
    • Actually, PPP is based on a variant of HDLC

    16

    8
    PPP - IP encapsulation

    • The frame format of PPP is similar to HDLC and the 802.2 LLC frame
    format:

    • PPP assumes a duplex circuit


    • Note: PPP does not use addresses
    • Usual maximum frame size is 1500
    17

    Additional PPP functionality

    • In addition to encapsulation, PPP supports:


    – multiple network layer protocols (protocol multiplexing)
    – Link configuration
    – Link quality testing
    – Error detection
    – Option negotiation
    – Address notification
    – Authentication

    • The above functions are supported by helper protocols:


    – LCP
    – PAP, CHAP
    – NCP

    18

    9
    PPP Support protocols

    • Link management: The link control protocol (LCP) is


    responsible for establishing, configuring, and negotiating a
    data-link connection. LCP also monitors the link quality and is
    used to terminate the link.

    • Authentication: Authentication is optional. PPP supports two


    authentication protocols: Password Authentication Protocol
    (PAP) and Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol
    (CHAP).

    • Network protocol configuration: PPP has network control


    protocols (NCPs) for numerous network layer protocols. The IP
    control protocol (IPCP) negotiates IP address assignments
    and other parameters when IP is used as network layer.

    19

    Switched networks

    • Some data link technologies can be used to build


    complete networks, with their own addressing, routing,
    and forwarding mechanisms. These networks are often
    called switched networks.
    • At the IP layer, a switched network may like a point-to-
    point link or like a broadcast link

    20

    10
    Switched networks

    Data link layer technologies:


    – Switched Ethernet
    – ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode)
    – Frame Relay
    – Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS)

    • Some switched networks are intended for enterprise networks


    (Switched Ethernet), wide area networks (MPLS, Frame
    Relay), or both (ATM)

    • Some switched networks have a complete protocol suite.

    21

    11

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