Cive140001 200506 Solutions
Cive140001 200506 Solutions
Cive140001 200506 Solutions
© UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS
May/June 2006
BEng/ MEng
Civil Engineering
FLUID MECHANICS
Attempt 4 questions
SOLUTIONS
1 Turn over
CIVE 140001
1.
(a) Water is flowing over a sharp-crested rectangular weir of width 35cm into a cylindrical
tank of diameter 75cm. In 20 seconds the depth of water in the tank rises 1.2m.
Assuming a discharge coefficient of 0.9, determine the height of the water above the
weir in mm.
[9 marks]
(b) If the discharge remains the same and the rectangular weir is replaced by a 90o notch
weir with a coefficient of discharge of 0.8 and a maximum height of 18cm. Would this
notch be adequate to measure this discharge?
[6 marks]
(a)
Rectangular weir equation
2
Q = Cd B 2g H 3 / 2
3
H = 0.093 m = 93 mm
This is higher than the 18cm height of the weir, so the weir is NOT adequate to measure
this discharge.
2 Turn over
CIVE 140001
⎛Q Q⎞ 3 Q2
F =Qρ ⎜ cos 120 − ⎟ = − ρ
⎝A A⎠ 2 A
This equates to the force of the mass
3 Q2
Mg = ρ
2 A
Q2
0.5 × 9.81 = 1000 × 1.5 ×
π 0.02 2 / 4
Q = 0.00101m 3 / s
Q = 1.01litres / s
3 Turn over
CIVE 140001
2
(a) (i) Explain what is meant by dimensional homogeneity and describe how it may
be used.
[2 Marks]
(iii) Describe the term similarity and what is required to achieve geometric
similarity, kinematic similarity and dynamic similarity.
[5 marks]
(b) It can be shown that the resistance to motion, R, of an object moving in a fluid
can be given by the following expression:
⎛ ρud ⎞
R = ρu 2 dφ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ μ ⎠
(ii) Under these conditions, if the force measured on the sphere in the air is
14200 N, what would be the force on the 0.1m sphere in the water?
[6 marks]
a) see notes
b) i)
Dynamic similarity so the Reynolds numbers must be equal in air and water
Re air = Re water
⎛ ρud ⎞ ⎛ ρud ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ μ ⎠ air ⎝ μ ⎠ water
⎛ 1.25 × u × 1.0 ⎞ ⎛ 1000 × 2.0 × 0.01 ⎞
⎜ −5 ⎟=⎜ −6 ⎟
⎝ 1.7 × 10 ⎠ ⎝ 1.0 × 10 ⎠
u = 272 m / s
(ii) Divide the expressions for force for water and air, the function may be
cancelled as the Reynolds numbers are equal, giving
Rwater ρ water u water
2
d water
=
Rair ρ air uair d air
2
ρ water u water
2
d water 1000 × 2 2 × 0.01
Rwater = Rair = 14200 = 6.14 N
ρ air uair
2
d air 1.25 × 2722 × 1.0
(iii) This experiment is not valid as the air speed required is probably un attainable.
4 Turn over
CIVE 140001
3. Water flows horizontally along a 220mm pipeline fitted with a 90o bend that moves the
water vertically upwards. The diameter at the outlet of the bend is 150mm and it is 0.5m
above the centreline of the inlet. If the flow through the bend is 150 litres/s and assuming no
losses due to friction, calculate the magnitude and direction of the resultant force the bend
support must withstand.
The volume of the bend is 0.02m3 and the pressure at the inlet is 100 kN/m2
[25 marks]
Solution
A1= πd1 / 4 = 0.0380 m2 A2= πd2 / 4 = 0.01767 m2 Q = 150 / 1000 = 0.15 m3/s
u1 = Q/A1 = 3.946 m/s u2 = Q/A2 = 8.488 m/s p1 = 100 kN/m2 = 100 000 N/m2
Calculate the total force
FT x = ρQ (u 2 x − u1 x ) = ρQ(u 2 cos θ − u1 )
In the x-direction: = 1000 × 0.15(8.488 cos 90 − 3.946 )
= −591.9 N
( )
FT y = ρQ u 2 y − u1 y = ρQu 2 sin θ
In the y-direction: = 1000 × 0.15 × 8.488 sin 90
= 1273.2 N
Calculate the pressure force
p1 u12 p2 u22
Use Bernoulli to calculate force at exit, p2 + +z = + + z + hf
ρg 2 g 1 ρg 2 g 2
the friction loss hf can be ignored, hf=0
As the exit of the pipe is 0.5m higher than the entrance we can say z1 = 0.0, z2 = 0.5
By continuity, Q= u1A1 = u2A2
ρ
p2 = p1 −
2
(u 2
2 )
− u12 + ( z1 − z 2 )
= 100000 −
1000
2
(
8.488 2 − 3.946 2 + 0 )
= 66855 N
FT x = FR x + FP x + FB x
FT y = FR y + FP y + FB y
5 Turn over
CIVE 140001
FR x = FT x − FP x − FB x = −4393N
FR y = FT y − FP y − FB y = 2651N
And the resultant force on the fluid is given by
FRy
FResultant
FRx
⎛ FR y ⎞
φ = tan −1 ⎜⎜ ⎟ = −31.1o
⎟
⎝ FR x ⎠
the force on the bend is the same magnitude but in the opposite direction
R = − FR
u2
b) The frictional force would be taken into account with a head loss term of the form hf = k in the Bernoulli
2g
equation. i.e.
p1 u1 p u
+ + z1 = 2 + 2 + z2 + h f
ρg 2 g ρg 2 g
6 Turn over
CIVE 140001
4. (a)
A concrete dam of width 15m has the cross-sectional profile shown in Figure 1.
Calculate the magnitude, direction and position of action of the resultant force
exerted by the water on the dam.
(15 marks)
10m
75°
Figure 1
(b) A second design for the same dam has the cross-sectional profile composed of a
vertical face with a circular curved section at the base as shown in Figure 2.
Calculate the resultant force and its direction of application on this dam design.
(10 marks)
10m
4m
4m
Figure 2
[6 marks]
Method 1
7 Turn over
CIVE 140001
Acting at right angle to the wall 15° to the horizontal. Also tan
−1
(Rv / Rh ) = φ = 15 o
Method 2
Force on wall = pressure at centroid × area of wall
= ρg × depth to centroid × area of wall
bd 3 15 × 10.353
I GG = = = 1386
12 12
1386
Sc = + (10.35 × 0.5)
10.35 × 15 × (10.35 × 0.5)
= 6.9m
This is the distance to the centre of pressure from O.
2.b.
b = 15m
a1 = 4 × 6 = 24m 2
π 42
a2 = = 12.566m 2
2
Vertical force
Rv = weight of water
= ρg (a 1 + a2 )b
= 1000 × 9.81 × (24 + 12.566 ) × 15
= 5380869 N
⎝ 7357500 ⎠
8 Turn over
CIVE 140001
As notes.
9 Turn over
CIVE 140001
6. (a) Starting with the Bernoulli and Continuity equations, show that the following
expression gives the discharge measured by a venturimeter.
⎛ p − p2 ⎞
2 g ⎜⎜ 1 + z1 − z 2 ⎟⎟
Q = Cd A1 A2 ⎝ ρg ⎠
A1 − A2
2 2
⎛ρ ⎞
2 gh⎜⎜ man − 1⎟⎟
Qactual = C d A1 A2 ⎝ ρ ⎠
A1 − A2
2 2
[7 marks]
(b) A vertical venturimeter is being used to measure the flow of oil of relative density 0.88
in a 200mm diameter pipe. The throat diameter of the venturimeter is 100mm and the
discharge coefficient is 0.96. Two tapping point at the throat and entrance are 320mm
apart and the pressure difference between these is measured at 28 kN/m2. What is the
discharge and the velocity in the pipe?
If a mercury manometer were attached at the tapping points what would be the
difference in levels of the two arms of the manometer?
[Assume the relative density of mercury is 13.6.]
[8 marks]
(c) The velocity of the water flowing in the same pipe is also measured using a pitot-static
tube located centrally in the flow. If the height measured on the attached mercury
manometer is 15mm, determine the velocity of the oil.
[8 marks]
(d) Explain why the velocity measured by the pitot-static tube is higher than that measured
by the venturimeter.
[2 marks]
a) as notes
b) + c)
To calculate the discharge us this equation
⎡ p − p2 ⎤
2g ⎢ 1 + z1 − z 2 ⎥
Qactual = C d A1 A2 ⎣ ρg ⎦
A1 − A2
2 2
d1 = 0.2m, A1 = 0.0314 m2
d2 = 0.1m, A2 = 0.00785 m2
Cd = 0.96
p1 – p2 = 28000 N/m2
z1 – z2 = -0.32 m
ρ = 880 kg/m3
10 Turn over
CIVE 140001
⎛ p − p2 ⎞ ⎛ρ ⎞
2 g ⎜⎜ 1 + z1 − z 2 ⎟⎟ 2 gh⎜⎜ man − 1⎟⎟
Cd A1 A2 ⎝ ρg ⎠ =C AA ⎝ ρ ⎠
d 1 2
A1 − A2
2 2
A1 − A2
2 2
This simplifies to
⎛ p1 − p2 ⎞ ⎛ρ ⎞
⎜⎜ + z1 − z 2 ⎟⎟ = h⎜⎜ man − 1⎟⎟
⎝ ρg ⎠ ⎝ ρ ⎠
h = 0.202 m = 202mm
2 gh( ρ m − ρ )
u1 =
ρ
2 g 0.015(13600 − 880)
u1 = = 2.06 m / s
880
d) The reason for the difference between the velocity value calculated by the Pitot tube and
the Venturimeter is tahteth Pitot tube measures a point velocity and the venture a
discharge which is converted to a mean velocity. The Pitot tune was in the middle of the
pipe, where you would expect the largest velocity, hence the measured value is slightly
greater than that from the venturimetre.
11 Turn over
CIVE 140001
FORMULA SHEET
du μ
τ =μ ν= p = ρgh
dy ρ
I oo
R = ρgz A R = pressure at centroid × Sc =
area Ax
u = 2 g (h2 − h1 ) 32 μLu
2 gh( ρ m − ρ ) hf =
u1 = ρgd 2
ρ
H
⎛ρ ⎞ Q = Cd Ao 2 gh Qtheoretical = 2 g ∫ bh1 / 2 dh
2 gh⎜⎜ man − 1⎟⎟
Qactual = C d A1 A2 ⎝ ρ ⎠ 0
A1 − A2
2 2
⎡ p − p2 ⎤ 2 8 ⎛θ ⎞
2g ⎢ 1 + z1 − z 2 ⎥ Q = Cd B 2g H 3/ 2 Q = Cd 2 g tan⎜ ⎟ H 5 / 2
3 15 ⎝2⎠
Qactual = C d A1 A2 ⎣ ρg ⎦
A1 − A2
2 2
ρud Δp πd 4
FT = FR + FB + FP Re = Q=
μ L 128μ
F =Qρ (u 2 − u1 )
12 End of Paper