71

33 Cont|nuous r|||ed s|a|

The slab is for an ofce where the specied load is 1.0 kN/m
2
for
nishes and 4.0 kN/m
2
imposed (no partitions). Perimeter load is
assumed to be 10 kN/m. Concrete is C30/37. The slab is 300 mm
thick and columns are 400 mm square. The oor slabs are at 4.50 m
vertical centres. A 2 hour re rating is required.
E
D
C
A
4.0
8.0
9.6
200 x 200
hole
200 x 200
hole
300 mm flat slabs
All columns 400 mm sq.
8.6
8.0
4.0 4.0
6
.0
1
2
3
B Bb
Figure 3.18 Part plan of flat slab p
3.4.1 Actions
kN/m
2
Permanent:
EC1-1-1:
Table A1
Self-weight 0.30 25 = 7.5
Finishes = 1.0
Total g
k
= 8.5
Variable:
Offices j
k
= 4.0

Client requirement. See also BS EN 199111, Tables 6.1, 6.2, Cl. 6.3.2.1(8) & NA.
3.4 Flat slab
h|s examp|e |s or the des|gn o a re|norced concrete |at s|a| w|thout co|umn heads he s|a|
|s part o a |arger |oor p|ate and |s ta|en rom @nb]^mhma^]^lb`gZg]\hglmkn\mbhgh_k^bg_hk\^]
\hg\k^m^_eZmleZ[l
|2/|
, where |n|te e|ement ana|ys|s and des|gn to lurocode 2 |s |||ustrated As
w|th the @nb]^, gr|d ||ne C w||| |e des|gned |ut, or the sa|e o |||ustrat|on, coe|c|ents w||| |e
used to esta|||sh des|gn moments and shears |n th|s cr|t|ca| area o the s|a|
lro|ect deta||s
Ca|cu|ated |y chg o| no CCIP 041
Chec|ed |y web Sheet no 1
C||ent TCC Late Oct 09
Flat slab
72
3.4.2 Cover
c
nom
:
c
nom
= c
min
+ Dc
dev
where
c
min
= max[c
min,b
; c
min,dur
; 10 mm]
where
c
min,b
= 20 mm, assuming 20 mm diameter reinforcement
c
min,dur
= 15 mm for XC1 and using C30/37
Dc
dev
= 10 mm
Exp. (4.1)
Cl. 4.4.1.2(3)
Table 4.1.
BS 8500-1:
Table A4.
Fire:
For 2 hours resistance, a
min
= 35 mm = not critical
= c
nom
= 20 + 10 = 30 mm
EC2-1-2:
Table 5.9
3.4.3 Load combination and arrangement
q
k
= 4.0 kN/m
2
g
k
= 8.5 kN/m
2
9600 8600
2 3 1
Figure 3.19 Panel centred on grid C
Ultimate load, n:
By inspection, Exp. (6.10b) is critical.
n = 1.25 8.50 + 1.5 4.0 = 16.6 kN/m
2
Fig. 2.5
EC0: Exp. (6.10b)
Arrangement:
Choose to use all-and-alternate-spans-loaded load cases and
coefcients

.
Cl. 5.1.3(1) & NA:
Table NA.1
(option b)
3.4.4 Analysis grid line C
Consider grid line C as a bay 6.0 m wide. (This may be conservative
for grid line C but is correct for grid line D etc.)
M
Ed
Effective spans:
9600 2 400/2 + 2 300/2 = 9500 mm
8600 2 400/2 + 2 300/2 = 8500 mm
Cl. 5.3.2.2(1)
Check applicability of moment coefcients:
8500/9500 = 0.89 = as spans differ by less than 15% of larger
span, coefcients are applicable.
Tables C2 & C3

The all-spans-loaded case with 20% redistribution of support moments would

also have been acceptable but would have involved some analysis. The use of Table
5.9 in BS EN 199212 (Fire resistance of solid at slabs) is restricted to where
redistribution does not exceed 15%; the coefcients presume 15% redistribution
at supports.
Cl. 5.3.1 & NA
Table C3
73
34 l|at s|a|
As two span, use table applicable to beams and slabs noting
increased coefcients for central support moment and shear.
Table C3
Design moments in bay.
Spans:
M
Ed
= (1.25 8.5 0.090 + 1.5 4.0 0.100) 6.0 9.5
2
= 842.7 kNm
Support:
M
Ed
= 16.6 0.106 6.0 9.5
2
= 952.8 kNm
C D
Column
strip
Column
strip
Column strip Column strip
Middle
strip
Middle strip
6000
1500
1500
1500
15001500 1500 3000 1500
1
2
Figure 3.20 Column and middle strips p
Apportionment of moments between column strips and middle strips:
Apportionment (as %)
Column strip Middle strip
ve (hogging) Long span = 70%

Short span = 75%
Long span = 30%
Short span = 25%
+ve (sagging) 50% 50%
Table I.1;
CS Flat slab
guide
[27]
Table I.1
NA.3
[1a]
; Fig. I.1
Parallel to grid C, column strip is l
y
/2 = 3 m wide. The middle strip is
also 3 m wide.
Long span moments:
M
Ed
Column strip, 3 m wide Middle strip, 3 m wide
ve (hogging) 0.70 952.8/3.0 = 222.3 kNm/m 0.30 952.8/3.0 = 95.3 kNm/m
+ve (sagging) 0.50 842.7/3.0 = 140.5 kNm/m 0. 50 842.7/3.0 = 140.5 kNm/m

The Concrete Societys TR 64

[27]
recommends a percentage, k
1
, based on l
y
/l
z

Assuming l
y
/l
z
= 1.5 the distribution of moments in the long span between column
strips and middle strips is given as 70% and 30%.
74
Punching shear force, V
Ed
VV :
At C2,
V
Ed
VV = 16.6 6.0 9.6

0.63 2 = 1204.8 kN Table C3 Table C3

At C1 (and C3)
V
Ed
VV = 16.6 6.0 9.6 0.45 + (10 + 0.2 0.3 25)

1.25 6.0
= 516.5 kN
Table C3 Table C3
3.4.5 Design grid line C
Effective depth, d:
d = 300 30 20/2 = 260 mm d
a) Flexure: column strip and middle strip, sagging
M
Ed
= 140.5 kNm/m
K = M
Ed
/bd
2
f
ck
f = 140.5 10
6
/(1000 260
2
30) = 0.069
z/ zz d = 0.94 d Table C5 Table C5
z = 0.94 260 = 244 mm
A
s
= M
Ed
/f
yd
ff z = 140.5 10 z
6
/(244 500/1.15) = 1324 mm
2
/m
(r = 0.51%) r
Try H20 @ 200 B1 (1570 mm
2
/m)
b) Deection: column strip and middle strip
Check span-to-effective-depth ratio. Appendix B Appendix B
Allowable l/ ll d = d N N K F1 F2 F3
where
Cl. 7.4.2(2)
Appendix C Appendix C
N = 20.3 ( N r = 0.51%, r f
ck
f = 30)
Tables C10C13 Tables C10C13
K = 1.2 (at slab)
F1 = 1.0 (b
eff
/b
w
bb = 1.0)
w
F2 = 1.0 (no brittle partitions)
#
F3 = 310/s
s
s 1.5
Cl. 7.4.2, Exp. (7.17)
Table 7.4N, &
NA, Table NA.5
Note 5
Fig. C3 Fig. C3
where*
s
s
s = s
su
s (A
s,req
/
q
A
s,prov
) 1/d
where
s
su
s = (500/1.15) (8.5 + 0.3 4.0)/16.6 = 254 MPa
(or 253 MPa; from Figure C3
G
k
/Q
k
= 2.1, c
2
cc = 0.3 and g
G
gg = 1.25)
d = redistribution ratio = 1.03 d
= s
s
s 253 (1324/1570)/1.03 = 207
= F3 = 310/207 = 1.50

= Allowable l/ ll d = 20.3 1.2 1.50 = 36.5 d

Fig. C14 Fig. C14

As punching shear force (rather than a beam shear force) effective span is not
appropriate.

Cladding and strip of slab beyond centre of support.
#
Otherwise for at slabs 8.5/9.5 = 0.89 as span > 8.5 m.
* See Appendix B1.5

In line with Note 5 to Table NA.5, 1.50 is considered to be a maximum for 310/s
s
s .
Cl. 7.4.2(2)
75
34 l|at s|a|
Actual l/d = 9500/260 = 36.5 = OK

Use H20 @ 200 B1 (1570)

c) Flexure: column strip, hogging

M
Ed
= 222.3 kNm/m
K = M
Ed
/bd
2
f
ck
= 222.3 10
6
/(1000 260
2
30) = 0.109
z/d = 0.89
z = 0.89 260 = 231 mm
A
s
= M
Ed
/f
yd
z = 222.3 10
6
/(231 500/1.15) = 2213 mm
2
/m
(r = 0.85%)
Try H20 @ 125 T1 (2512 mm
2
/m)
#
Table C5
d) Flexure: middle strip, hogging
M
Ed
= 95.3 kNm/m
K = M
Ed
/bd
2
f
ck
= 95.3 10
6
/(1000 260
2
30) = 0.069
z/d = 0.95
z = 0.95 260 = 247 mm
A
s
= M
Ed
/f
yd
z = 95.3 10
6
/(247 500/1.15) = 887 mm
2
/m
(r = 0.34%)
Try H16 @ 200 T1 (1005 mm
2
/m)
Table C5
e) Requirements
i) In column strip, inside middle 1500 mm
There is a requirement to place 50% of A
t
within a width equal to
0.125 of the panel width on either side of the column.
Cl. 9.4.1(2)
Area required = (3 2213 + 3 887)/2 mm
2
= 4650 mm
2
Over width = 2 0.125 6.0 m = 1500 mm
i.e. require 4650/1.5 = 3100 mm
2
/m for 750 mm either side of the
column centreline.
Use H20 @ 100 T1 (3140 mm
2
/m)
750 mm either side of centre of support (16 no. bars)
(r = 0.60%)
ii) In column strip, outside middle 1500 mm
Area required = 3.0 2213 16 314 mm
2
= 1615 mm
2
Over width = 3000 2 750 mm = 1500 mm
i.e. 1077 mm
2
/m
Use H20 @ 250 T1 (1256 mm
2
/m)
in remainder of column strip

Note: Continuity into columns will reduce sagging moments and criticality of
deection check (see Figures 3.26 and 3.27).

Note requirement for at least 2 bars in bottom layer to carry through column.
#
The hogging moment could have been considered at face of support to reduce the
amount of reinforcement required.
Cl. 9.4.1(3)
76
iii) In middle strip Use H16 @ 200 T1 (1005 mm
2
/m)
iv) Perpendicular to edge of slab at edge column
Design transfer moment to column M
t
= 0.17 b
e
d
2
f
ck
where
Cl. 9.4.2(1),
I.1.2(5)
b
e
= c
z
+ y = 400 + 400 = 800 mm
M
t
= 0.17 800 260
2
30 10
6
= 275.8 kNm
K = M
Ed
/bd
2
f
ck
= 275.8 10
6
/(800 260
2
30) = 0.170
z/d = 0.82
z = 0.82 260 = 213 mm
A
s
= M
Ed
/f
yd
z = 275.8 10
6
/(213 500/1.15) = 2978 mm
2
/m
This reinforcement to be placed within c
x
+ 2c
y
= 1100 mm
Fig. 9.9
SMDSC
[9]
Try 10 no. H20 T1 U-bars in pairs @ 200 (3140 mm
2
) local to column
(max. 200 mm from column)
Note:
Where a 200 200 hole occurs on face of column, b
e
becomes 600 mm
and pro rata, A
s,req
becomes 2233 mm
2
i.e. use 4 no. H20 each side
of hole (2512 mm
2
).
v) Perpendicular to edge of slab generally
Assuming that there is partial xity along the edge of the slab, top
reinforcement capable of resisting 25% of the moment in the
adjacent span should be provided
0.25 2213 = 553 mm
2
/m OK
Cl. 9.3.1.2(2),
9.2.1.4(1) & NA
vi) Check minimum area of reinforcement
A
s,min
= 0.26 (f
ctm
/f
yk
) b
t
d 0.0013 b
t
d
where
b
t
= width of tension zone
f
ctm
= 0.30 f
ck
0.666
A
s,min
= 0.26 0.30 30
0.666
1000 260/500 = 390 mm
2
/m
(r = 0.15%)
Use H12 @ 200 (565 mm
2
/m)
Cl. 9.3.1.1, 9.2.1.1
Table 3.1
The reinforcement should extend 0.2h from edge = 600 mm Cl. 9.3.1.4(2)
3.4.6 Analysis grid line 1 (grid 3 similar)
Consider grid line 1 as being 9.6/2 + 0.4/2 = 5.0 m wide with
continuous spans of 6.0 m. Column strip is 6.0/4 + 0.4/2 = 1.7 m
wide. Consider perimeter load is carried by column strip only. Cl. 5.1.1(4)
77
34 l|at s|a|
q
k
slab = 20.0 kN/m
g
k
cladding = 10.0 kN/m
g
k
slab = 42.5 kN/m
6000 6000 6000
F E D C
p
Actions:
Permanent from slab g
k
= 5 8.5 kN/m
2
= 42.5 kN/m
Variable from slab q
k
= 5 4.0 kN/m
2
= 20.0 kN/m
Permanent perimeter load g
k
= 10.0 kN/m
Load combination and arrangement:
As before, choose to use all-spans-loaded case and coefcients
Cl. 5.1.3(1) &
NA: Table NA.1
(option c)
Ultimate load, n:
By inspection, Exp. (6.10b) is critical. Fig. 2.5
n = 1.25 (42.5 +10) + 1.5 20 = 95.6 kN/m EC0: Exp. (6.10b)
Perimeter load, 10 1.25 = 12.5 kN/m
Effective span, l
eff
Effective span = 6000 2 400/2 + 2 300/2 = 5900 Cl. 5.3.2.2(1)
Design moments in bay, M
Ed
:
In spans (worst case, end span assuming pinned support)
M
Ed
= 0.086 83.0 5.9
2
= 248.5 kNm Table C2
At supports (worst case 1st support)
M
Ed
= 0.086 83.0 5.9
2
= 248.5 kNm
Additional moment in column strip only due to perimeter load,
spans (and supports, worst case)
M
Ed
= 0.086 12.5 5.9
2
= 37.4 kNm
Table C2
Apportionment to column strips and middle strips: NA.3
[1a]
: Fig. I.1
Apportionment (as %)
Column strip, 1.7 m wide Middle strip
ve (hogging) Short span = 75% Short span = 25%
+ve (sagging) 50% 50%
Table I.1
CS Flat slab
guide
[27]
Short span moments:
M
Ed
Column strip, 1.7 m wide Middle strip, 3.3 m wide
ve (hogging) (0.75 248.5 + 37.4)/1.70
= 131.6 kNm/m
0.25 248.5/3.3
= 18.8 kNm/m
+ve (sagging) (0.50 248.5 + 37.4)/1.70
= 95.1 kNm/m
0.50 248.5/3.3
= 37.6 kNm/m
78
Punching shear force, V
Ed
For internal supports, as before = 516.5 kN
For penultimate support, 516.5 1.18 = 609.5 kN Table C3
3.4.7 Design grid line 1 (grid 3 similar)
Cover:
c
nom
= 30 mm as before
d = 300 30 20 20/2 = 240 mm
a) Flexure: column strip, sagging
M
Ed
= 95.1 kNm/m
K = M
Ed
/bd
2
f
ck
= 95.1 10
6
/(1000 240
2
30) = 0.055 Table C5
z/d = 0.95
z = 0.95 240 = 228 mm
A
s
= M
Ed
/f
yd
z = 95.1 10
6
/(228 500/1.15) = 959 mm
2
/m
(r = 0.40%)
Try H16 @ 200 B2 (1005 mm
2
/m)
b) Deection: column strip
Check span-to-effective-depth ratio. Appendix B
Allowable l/d = N K F1 F2 F3
where
Appendix C7
Tables C10C13
N = 26.2 (r = 0.40%, f
ck
= 30) Cl. 7.4.2, Exp.
(7.17), Table 7.4N
& NA,
Table NA.5:
Note 5
K = 1.2 (at slab)
F1 = 1.0 (b
eff
/b
w
= 1.0)
F2 = 1.0 (no brittle partitions)
F3 = 310/ s
s
1.5
where
s
s
= s
su
(A
s,req
/A
s,prov
) 1/d
where
s
su
283 MPa (from Figure C3 and G
k
/Q
k
= 3.6, c
2
= 0.3, g
G
= 1.25)
d = redistribution ratio = 1.08
Fig. C3
= s
s
283 (959/1005)/1.08 = 250 Table C14
= F3 = 310/250 = 1.24 Fig. C3
=Allowable l/d = 26.2 1.2 1.24 = 39.0
Actual l/d = 5900/240 = 24.5 = OK
Use H16 @ 200 B2 (1005 mm
2
/m)
c) Flexure: middle strip, sagging
M
Ed
= 37.6 kNm/m
By inspection, z = 228 mm
A
s
= M
Ed
/f
yd
z = 37.6 10
6
/(228 500/1.15) = 379 mm
2
/m
(r = 0.56%)
79
34 l|at s|a|
By inspection, deection OK.
Check minimum area of reinforcement.
A
s,min
= 0.26 (f
ctm
/f
yk
) b
t
d 0.0013 b
t
d Cl. 9.3.1.1, 9.2.1.1
where
b
t
= width of tension zone
f
ctm
= 0.30 f
ck
0.666
Table 3.1
A
s,min
= 0.26 0.30 30
0.666
1000 240/500 = 361 mm
2
/m
(r = 0.15%)
Use H12 @ 300 T2 (376 mm
2
/m)
d) Flexure: column strip, hogging
M
Ed
= 131.6 kNm/m
K = M
Ed
/bd
2
f
ck
= 131.6 10
6
/(1000 240
2
30) = 0.076
z/d = 0.928
z = 0.928 240 = 223 mm
A
s
= M
Ed
/f
yd
z = 131.6 10
6
/(223 500/1.15) = 1357 mm
2
/m
(r = 0.56%)
Try H20 @ 200 T2 (1570 mm
2
/m)

Table C5
e) Flexure: middle strip, hogging
M
Ed
= 18.8 kNm/m
By inspection, z = 228 mm Table C5
A
s
= M
Ed
/f
yd
z = 18.8 10
6
/(228 500/1.15) = 190 mm
2
/m
(r = 0.08%)
A
s,min
as before = 361 mm
2
/m
(r = 0.15%)
Try H12 @ 300 T2 (376 mm
2
/m)
Cl. 9.3.1.1, 9.2.1.1
f) Requirements
There is a requirement to place 50% of A
t
within a width equal to 0.125
of the panel width on either side of the column. As this column strip is
adjacent to the edge of the slab, consider one side only:
Area required = (1.5 1357 + 3.3 190)/2 mm
2
= 1334 mm
2
Within = 0.125 6.0 m = 750 mm of the column centreline,
i.e. require 1334/0.75 = 1779 mm
2
/m for 750 mm from the column
centreline.
Cl. 9.4.1(2)

The hogging moment could have been considered at face of support to reduce
the amount of reinforcement required. This should be balanced against the
effect of the presence of a 200 200 hole at some supports which would
have the effect of increasing K but not unduly increasing the total amount of
reinforcement required in the column strip (a 1.5% increase in total area would
been required).
80
Allowing for similar from centreline of column to edge of slab:
Use 6 no. H20 @ 175 T2(1794 mm
2
/m)
(r = 0.68%)
between edge and to 750 mm from centre of support
In column strip, outside middle 1500 mm, requirement is for
1.7 1357 6 314 = 422 mm
2
in 750 mm, i.e. 563 mm
2
/m
Use H12 @ 175 T2 (646 mm
2
/m) in remainder of column strip
In middle strip Use H12 @ 300 T2 (376 mm
2
/m)
3.4.8 Analysis grid line 2
Consider panel on grid line 2 as being 9.6/2 + 8.6/2 = 9.1 m wide
and continuous spans of 6.0 m. Column strip is 6.0/2 = 3.0 m wide.
(See Figure 3.20).
q
k
slab = 36.4 kN/m
g
k
slab = 77.4 kN/m
6000 6000 6000
F E D C
Figure 3.22 Internal panel on grid 2 p
Slab g
k
= 9.1 8.5 kN/m
2
= 77.4 kN/m
Slab q
k
= 9.1 4.0 kN/m
2
= 36.4 kN/m
Actions, load combination and arrangement:
Choose to use all-spans-loaded case.
Cl. 5.1.3(1) &
NA: Table NA.1
(option c)
Ultimate load, n:
By inspection, Exp. (6.10b) is critical.
n = 1.25 77.4 + 1.5 36.4 = 151.4 kN/m
Fig. 2.5
EC0: Exp. (6.10b)
Effective span, l
eff
:
Effective span = 5900 mm as before.
Cl. 5.3.2.2(1)
Design moments in bay, M
Ed
:
Spans (worst case, end span assuming pinned support)
M
Ed
= 0.086 151.4 5.9
2
= 453.2 kNm Table C2
Support (worst case 1st support)
M
Ed
= 0.086 151.4 5.9
2
= 453.2 kNm
Additional moment in column strip only due to perimeter load.
Table C2
81
34 l|at s|a|
Apportionment to column strips and middle strips:
M
Ed
Column strip, 3.0 m wide Middle strip, 6.1 m wide
ve (hogging) 0.75 453.2/3.0
= 113.3 kNm/m
0.25 453.2/6.1
= 18.5 kNm/m
+ve (sagging) 0.50 453.2/3.0
= 75.5 kNm/m
0.50 453.2/6.1
= 37.1 kNm/m
Punching shear force, V
Ed
, as before.
3.4.9 Design grid line 2
Effective depth, d
d = 300 30 20 20/2 = 240 mm
a) Flexure: column strip, sagging
M
Ed
= 75.5 kNm/m
By inspection, z = 228 mm
A
s
= M
Ed
/f
yd
z = 75.5 10
6
/(228 500/1.15) = 761 mm
2
/m
(r = 0.32%)
Try H16 @ 250 B2 (804 mm
2
/m)
Table C5
Deection: column strip
By inspection, OK.
b) Flexure: column strip, sagging
M
Ed
= 37.1 kNm/m
By inspection, z = 228 mm
A
s
= M
Ed
/f
yd
z = 37.1 10
6
/(228 500/1.15) = 374 mm
2
/m
(r = 0.55%)
By inspection, deection OK. Try H10 @ 200 B2 (393 mm
2
/m)
c) Flexure: column strip, hogging
M
Ed
= 113.3 kNm/m
K = M
Ed
/bd
2
f
ck
= 113.3 10
6
/(1000 240
2
30) = 0.065
z/d = 0.94
z = 0.928 240 = 225 mm
Table C5
A
s
= M
Ed
/f
yd
z = 113.3 10
6
/(225 500/1.15) = 1158 mm
2
/m
(r = 0.48%)
Try H20 @ 250 T2 (1256 mm
2
/m)

d) Flexure: middle strip, hogging

M
Ed
= 18.5 kNm/m
By inspection, z = 228 mm

The hogging moment could have been considered at face of support to reduce
the amount of reinforcement required.
82
A
s
= M
Ed
/f
yd
z = 18.5 10
6
/(228 500/1.15) = 187 mm
2
/m
(r = 0.08%) Table C5
As before minimum area of reinforcement governs
A
s,min
= 0.26 0.30 30
0.666
1000 240/500 = 361 mm
2
/m
(r = 0.15%)
Try H12 @ 300 B2 (376 mm
2
/m)
Cl. 9.3.1.1, 9.2.1.1
e) Requirements
Regarding the requirement to place 50% of A
t
within a width equal
to 0.125 of the panel width on either side of the column:
Area required = (3.0 1158 + 6.1 187)/2 mm
2
= 2307 mm
2
Within = 2 0.125 6.0 m = 1500 mm centred on the column
centreline,
i.e. require 2307/1.5 = 1538 mm
2
/m for 750 mm either side of the
column centreline.
Use H20 @ 200T2 (1570 mm
2
/m)
750 mm either side of centre of support
(r = 0.60%)
In column strip, outside middle 1500 mm, requirement is for
3.0 1158 1.5 1570 = 1119 mm
2
in 1500 mm, i.e. 764 mm
2
/m
Use H16 @ 250 T2 (804 mm
2
/m) in remainder of column strip
In middle strip: Use H12 @ 300 T2 (376 mm
2
/m)
3.4.10 Punching shear, central column, C2
At C2, applied shear force, V
Ed
= 1204.8 kN

a) Check at perimeter of column

v
Ed
= bV
Ed
/u
i
d < v
Rd,max
where
Cl. 6.4.3(2),
6.4.5(3)
b = factor dealing with eccentricity; recommended value 1.15
V
Ed
= applied shear force Fig. 6.21N & NA
u
i
= control perimeter under consideration.
For punching shear adjacent to interior columns Cl. 6.4.5(3)
u
0
= 2(c
x
+ c
y
) = 1600 mm
d = mean effective depth = (260 + 240)/2 = 250 mm Exp. (6.32)
v
Ed
= 1.15 1204.8 10
3
/1600 250 = 3.46 MPa
v
Rd,max
= 0.5vf
cd
Cl. 6.4.5(3) Note

Column C2 is taken to be an internal column. In the case of a penultimate

column, an additional elastic reaction factor should have been considered.
83
34 l|at s|a|
where
v = 0.6(1 f
ck
/250) = 0.528
f
cd
= a
cc
lf
ck
/g
C
= 1.0 1.0 30/1.5 = 20
= 0.5 0.528 20 = 5.28 MPa = OK Table C7

b) Check shear stress at control perimeter u

1
(2d from face of column)
v
Ed
= bV
Ed
/u
1
d < v
Rd,c
where
b, V
Ed
and d as before
Cl. 6.4.2
u
1
= control perimeter under consideration.
For punching shear at 2d from interior columns
u
1
= 2(c
x
+ c
y
) + 2Q 2d = 4741 mm
Fig. 6.13
v
Ed
= 1.15 1204.8 10
3
/4741 250 = 1.17 MPa
v
Rd,c
= 0.18/ g
C
k (100 r
l
f
ck
)
0.333
Exp. (6.47) & NA
where
g
C
= 1.5
k = 1 + (200/d)
0.5
2 k = 1 + (200/250)
0.5
= 1.89
r
l
= (r
ly
r
lz
)0.5 = (0.0085 0.0048)
0.5
= 0.0064 Cl. 6.4.4.1(1)
where
r
|y
, r
lz
= Reinforcement ratio of bonded steel in the y and
z direction in a width of the column plus 3d each
side of column
#
f
ck
= 30
v
Rd,c
= 0.18/1.5 1.89 (100 0.0064 30)
0.333
= 0.61 MPa
= Punching shear reinforcement required Table C5*
c) Perimeter at which punching shear links are no longer required
u
out
= V
Ed
b/(d v
Rd,c
)
u
out
= 1204.8 1.15 10
3
/(250 0.61) = 9085 mm
Exp. (6.54)
Length of column faces = 4 400 = 1600 mm
Radius to u
out
= (9085 1600)/2Q = 1191 mm from face of column
Perimeters of shear reinforcement may stop 1191 1.5 250 = 816 m
from face of column Cl. 6.4.5(4) & NA
Shear reinforcement (assuming rectangular arrangement of links):
s
r,max
= 250 0.75 = 187, say = 175 mm Cl. 9.4.3(1)

At the perimeter of the column, v

Rd,max
assumes the strut angle is 45, i.e. that
cot y = 1.0. Where cot y = < 1.0, v
Rd,max
is available from Table C7.
#
The values used here for r
ly
, r
lz
ignore the fact that the reinforcement is
concentrated over the support. Considering the concentration would have given a
higher value of V
Rd,c
at the expense of further calculation to determine r
ly
, r
lz
at
3d from the side of the column.
* v
Rd,c
for various values of d and r
l
is available from Table C6.
84
Inside 2d control perimeter, s
t,max
= 250 1.5 = 375, say 350 mm Cl. 9.4.3(2)
Outside control perimeter s
t,max
= 250 2.0 = 500 mm
Assuming vertical reinforcement:
At the basic control perimeter, u
1
, 2d from the column

:
A
sw
(v
Ed
0.75v
Rd,c
) s
r
u
1
/1.5f
ywd,ef
) Exp. (6.52)
where
f
ywd,ef
= effective design strength of reinforcement
= (250 + 0.25d) < f
yd
= 312 MPa Cl. 6.4.5(1)
For perimeter u
1
A
sw
= (1.17 0.75 0.61) 175 4741/(1.5 312)
= 1263 mm
2
per perimeter
A
sw,min
0.08f
ck
0.5
(s
r
s
t
)/(1.5 f
yk
sin a + cos a) Exp. (9.11)
where
A
sw,min
= minimum area of a single leg of link
a = angle between main reinforcement and shear
reinforcement; for vertical reinforcement sin a = 1.0
A
sw,min
0.08 30
0.5
(175 350)/(1.5 500) = 36 mm
2
= Try H8 legs of links (50 mm
2
)
A
sw
/u
1
1263/4741 = 0.266 mm
2
/mm
Using H8 max. spacing = min[50/0.266; 1.5d]
= min[188; 375] = 188 mm cc
= Use min. H8 legs of links at 175 mm cc around perimeter u
1
Cl. 9.4.3
Perimeters at 0.75d = 0.75 250 = 187.5 mm
say = 175 mm centres
Cl. 9.4.3(1)
d) Check area of reinforcement > 1263 mm
2
in perimeters inside u
1

1st perimeter to be > 0.3d but < 0.5d from face of column. Say
0.4d = 100 mm from face of column.
By inspection of Figure 3.23 the equivalent of 10 locations are available
at 0.4d from column therefore try 2 10 no. H10 = 1570 mm
2
.
Fig. 9.10,
Cl. 9.4.3(4)
By inspection of Figure 3.23 the equivalent of 18 locations are
available at 1.15d from column therefore try 18 no. H10 = 1413 mm
2
.
By inspection of Figure 3.23 the equivalent of 20 locations are available
at 1.90d from column therefore try 20 no. H10 = 1570 mm
2
.
By inspection of Figure 3.23 beyond u
1
to u
out
grid of H10 at 175 x 175 OK.

Clause 6.4.5 provides Exp. (6.52), which by substituting v

Ed
for v
Rd,c
, allows
calculation of the area of required shear reinforcement, A
sw
, for the basic control
perimeter, u
1
.

The same area of shear reinforcement is required for all perimeters inside or
outside perimeter u
1
. See Commentary on design, Section 3.4.14. Punching shear
reinforcement is also subject to requirements for minimum reinforcement and
spacing of shear reinforcement (see Cl. 9.4.3).
Cl. 6.4.5
Exp. 6.5.2
Cl. 9.4.3