loo

EXCAVATIONS AT SAQQARA
(1906-1907)

SERVICE DES ANTIQUITES DE L'EGYPTE

EXCAVATIONS AT SAQQARA
t-

2- "3

(1906-1907)
BY
*

J.

E.

QUIBELL

WITH A SECTION ON THE RELIGIOUS TEXTS

BY
P.

LACAU

LE CAIRE
IMPRIMERIE DE L'INSTITUT FRANCAIS
D'ARCHEOLOGIE ORIENTALE

1908

SEEN BY

PRESERVATION
SERVirpc

623G92

INTRODUCTION.
The digging
continued
till

at

Saqqara in the winter of 190 6- 1907 began on October ayth and

the end of February; only a small and continually decreasing

the first fortnight of March.
left

band of

men were retained through

The previous season had

us two sites where

work had

to

be continued and an

accident drove us to a third, so that for part of the time there were three separate

gangs

at

work.
,

The

great mastaba

the

owner

of

which we had
Teta's

failed to

determine
to
at

had

to

be

farther cleared

and the excavations west of

,

pyramid

be advanced. These

were the two tasks but a third was given us by the sebakhin
into a

Ras

el-Gisr,

who dug
It

chamber the walls

of

which were decorated with paintings.

We

promptly
will

turned the cultivators on to another spot and began the excavation ourselves.

be well
words.

to take the three sites in order.

The main

results can

be stated in a few

I.

At the east side of the Teta pyramid the work was very laborious for the
great

men,

as a

number

of blocks

thrown down from the pyramid had

of temple sculpture

to

be broken up
to indicate

and removed. A few fragments

the plan of the building,
till,

were found, but nothing

opposite the south-east corner of the pyramid the

work

was carried deeper, and a small pyramid, denuded

to four or five courses of masonry,

built.

was disclosed, together with the court

in

which
to

it

was

The chamber was entered, but found

of potsherds.

be uninscribed and empty save for a mass

series of late

Above the pyramid the remains of a

shafts

New Empire

chapels

were found and the

II.

belonging to them cleared.

The south end

of the great mastaba

was dug out

in the

hope

that

an inscribed

chamber might be found, a hope that was not fulfilled. The south end of the building had been quarried away to the last course of stones and if any chapel once existed
,

outside the southern niche

it

had long

since disappeared; the mastaba

was here

II

INTRODUCTION.

covered over before the Middle Kingdom and in the rubbish and in the body of the

mastaba

itself

a series of Xth (?) Dynasty shafts

had been dug.

Two

of these, one that of Karenen, behind the south niche, the other of
, ,

Khennu,

in the south face of the

mastaba were untouched below ground though the chapels

fine coffins

had been destroyed, and the

carpenters' shops

and

series of

wooden models

of granaries,

and the

like

formed one of the best results of the season's work.

XlXth Dynasty and a
this
lot of

A group
stelae

of poor burials of the

fragments of Xth Dynasty

excavation

were the other main products of

piece of digging.

The

made was

a sort of crater about

3o metres

in

diameter and, in the centre 12 metres deep,

bounded
sides

to

north and south by the two massive walls of brick and on the other two

by sloping banks of limestone blocks and sand.

III.

The

excavations at the monastery, called locally Ras el-Gisr, disclosed five

chapels or cells, small and rudely built chambers, but decorated with paintings of
considerable interest. This

work must be continued

It is

in the

coming season

as the

monastery

is

not exhausted.
to the

a curious circumstance that, though this site has

been given over

sebakhin for twenty years, there seems not to be any record

of painted walls being found before.

We may

therefore

hope

that the

monastery has

not been

much touched and

that the area destroyed

by the sebakhin was covered

only by the villagp which adjoined the main building.

It is

a pleasure to acknowledge the help that

,

have received from Miss N. Macto

donald

who drew

with very great care the plates

XX

XXVI and from my

,

wife

to

whom

all

the coloured plates are due.

EXCAVATIONS AT SAQQARA,
1906-1907.

WORK EAST OF TETA

The search
for the

PYRAMID.

previous year had been on too small a scale; so deep was the rubbish that the width of pavement cleared did not exceed i 5 metres. This year a wider sweep was made and a trench, whose farthest edge was a5-3o metres from the foundation of

Pyramid temple

in the

the central stela, was run parallel to the east face of the pyramid. The work was slow and expensive, and was more of the nature of quarrying than digging, so great was the accumulation of massive blocks from the casing. In the northern part of the trench

pavement was not reached. The area really dug out is confined to the small pyramid with its courtyard which we discovered at the southern end. For clearness' sake, and to distinguish it from
the
its

large neighbour the pyramid of Teta,

is

we

will call this the

pyramid of Neferkara, although

in

the attribution

as yet doubtful.

The appearance
sides in plates
II

of this
III,

and

pyramid when partially excavated is seen while the plan and section are in plate IV.
at first

plate

I,

the west and east

We

came on the pyramid

from the west

side;

underneath the limestone detritus and

soil

the blocks from the Teta pyramid appeared a layer of dark

wall, running north

and

to the

west of this was a

and south. This

its

is

smooth on the

east side,

but unfinished on the side next

the Teta pyramid

of the Middle

and

not be determined. In the black layer a scarab original thickness could

face of the

Kingdom was found, and soon the

pyramid appeared, further

east;

evidently a pyramid and not a mastaba from the batter of the wall face.

Clearing was also carried on from the top, and the hole by which the robbers had forced their way into the chamber was found; later on as we got deeper on the north side the original entrance

from the north was

also disclosed.

cause that rendered the digging slow and tedious was the existence of a great number of coffins of late period which lay close together in the upper layers, mostly at the highest remaining level of the pyramid. In this same layer remains of late New Empire chapels were

A second

found and the stone-lined shafts belonging

to

them; these sank through the rubbish surrounding

the pyramid, penetrated the pavement and descended to chambers below, in which coffins

from secondary burials, as it appeared (XXII nd Dynasty or later), lay in considerable numbers. Still on the same high level and a little above it were burials under rude, roofshaped mounds
the date of which
is

mastabas, and with

Excavations at Saqqara
,

not yet determined, and a group of Coptic tombs of crude brick, like these were generally denuded to a foot plastered niche in the east end
:

1906-1907.

2 in height.

EXCAVATIONS AT SAQQARA, 1906-1907.

Lower down, above the pavement but close to it, was another group of burials, in with ridges at each end; near them, and apparently of the same oblong coffins, high and narrow, burials wrapped in mats, without any coffin at all. period were some poor We will now take these buildings and tombs in what appears to be their chronologic order; the New Empire chapels and tombs and the the itself, the burials in the black earth,
pyramid
of like date. mentioning with them the scattered objects The pyramid is constructed of two faces of masonry, an outer one of dressed blocks of Tura limestone, an inner one of rubble of local stone, the face of which was not smoothed at all,
later burials,

but each course was stepped back from the one below it. Inside this inner wall the pyramid is made of rubble, mostly unshaped stones about o m. 20 cent, long, very roughly laid with a light coloured mortar made of tajl and mud. This mortar is seen in the hole made by the robbers to

be reddened by the fire employed in breaking through the roofing blocks. Many of the stones of the outer face were damaged on the edge in transport from the quarry, or contained originally weak bits, and these were cut out and replaced by wedges of new stone fixed in with plaster which give a characteristic look to the masonry. They are very unequally weathered. The entrance was in the middle of the north side and was covered by the pavement was

it

in place; it filled half of the lower part formerly plugged with long stones one of which was found of the passage and was i metre long. The entrance passage is o m. 9 2 cent, high and o m. 7 2 cent, wide and at first slopes down from the base of the pyramid, then becomes horizontal and leads
,

to a

chamber with
i

plain stone walls, roofed with four very massive blocks of 5 by 2 metres,

and

was by breaking through the corner of one of these that the robbers had penetrated into the chamber. The courtyard is bounded on the north by a wall i m. o3 cent, in thickness, 2 metres or
m. 70
cent, thick. It

more
east

high, the top course of which was rounded.

(pi. Ill),
it

The

greater part of this wall remains. At the

has been broken through by one of the New Empire shafts (34-2 in pi. IV). Further east was a gateway, the door of which opened inwards, and beyond this the digging has not reached the low level.

end

There was a similar wall on the

east side of

which

little

remains

on the south we did not

reach far enough to be sure, but, as the pavement is broken away, the wall has probably been entirely destroyed. The west wall already mentioned has but one face and is 2-3 courses high. Sunk in the floor, probably once covered by paving blocks, are four basins, three of quartzite,

one of alabaster

(pi.

II

and

111

the alabaster bowl

is

the farther one in plate

II).

They are placed on the east and west sides of the pyramid; very roughly, opposite the middle of the pyramid and the centre of the north half. There is no sign of a third pair opposite the southern half. The quartzite basins are hollowed out of rough cubes of stone; their upper
surface
is

square of

m. 01

cent.; the basin

is

o m. 72 cent, in diameter and of hemispherical

shape; to the east is an inlet or spout. The alabaster vessel is not a cube like the others but a bowl of ca. o m. ok cent, thick, polished internally. What the use of these vessels may have been is not certain similar ones have been found
:

at Abusir

expect to find channels leading to

undoubtedly intended to receive rain water if this had been the case here, we should them from the face of the pyramid. Such a channel indeed there
:

WORK EAST
is

OF TETA PYRAMID.

in the floor,

but

it

leads through the gateway and turns to the east, not to one of the basins
likely that these

as yet found.

It is

more

were of ceremonial
IN

use.

BURIALS

THE BLACK LAYER.

At the south-west corner, o m. 70 cent, above the pavement was a body wrapped in two mats, the outer one made of sticks a finger thick and midribs of palm leaves. This burial was to the north of one of the brick walls and lay west and east. The mat was tied with cloth, inside

were bandages o m. 3o cent, wide, then a sheet just large enough to enclose the body and inside this another mat, made of palm midribs only. Between the two mats was a bundle of reed pens (pi. XXXVI, i); inside the inner mat a palette and a cradle-shaped box (pi. XXXVI, 2)
it

with four divisions.

The body was

in a

bad

carbonised cloth in the body cavity, so it of red and black ink in the cups, and on the back some faint notes in hieratic. This interment

but some wrappings remained and there was was probably mummified. The palette has a little cake
state,

may be

attributed to the
cross walls

XIX th Dynasty.
pavement. above the stone floor was another floor of brick, which had been
coffins of

The two

mentioned above,
cent,

like the parallel one,

do not reach

to the floor

Between them o m. Go
broken through
to

bury the two

colfin,

which we are now

to

speak

(pi. IV).

square-ended, high and narrow, with ridges at both ends. Two west end of the lid stood part of a chair and a basket. exactly similar are seen in plate III. Over the The contents of the basket were quite clean; they were an alabaster kohl vase with a stick in it,

N 323. A wooden

two spheres and two pears of blue glaze (pi. XXXVIII, 2) and fourteen plaques and scarabs. There was also a string of blue beads with a few glass ones among them, and above the body a
quantity of cloth laid flat. The materials of the scarabs are steatite and glaze. probably be dated to the XVIII Dynasty.
11 '

The tomb may

Similar coffin of the high and narrow type, close to the side of the pyramid; it was only o m. o5 cent, above the pavement.

N 324.

last.

One end

rested on the

There were two bodies

in the coffin, a

small child above and an adult below.

a

To north

of the

head was an alabaster kohl vase, old and broken, and

string of beads

still

threaded, the pattern

thus*'

three spherical carnelian, then two parallel rows, each of five white glaze (?) beads, then three carnelians again.

!*,

broad pear shape with handle of the same metal, and over the head were 2-3 centimetres thickness of carbonised wrappings. In the body cavity were

Below the head was

a bronze mirror of

the bones of an unborn child near full term. In this neighbourhood were four other burials in mats, the heads of which were directed each
to a separate point of the

compass, north, south, east and west.

A fragment
earlier age.

of a stela close by, bearing the inscription \

^<=^

must belong

to

an

At the same low level were two wooden statuettes of the Middle Kingdom type (pi. XXXII, 2), one with a single arm, the larger of them o m. 26 cent, long; then, to the east of the pyramid,

EXCAVATIONS AT SAQQARA, 1906-1907.

(pi.

near the north-east corner, and o m. 5o cent, above the floor, a wooden plaque, plastered and gilt bore the name of king Neferkara; near it, but not necessarily connected with it, were V,
2) four alabaster
drill

foundation deposits, and some long cylindrical blue beads. caps like those in Another group of stone drill caps were found in close proximity to the south-east corner of the alabaster vases o m. o5 cent, to o m. 07 cent, high and several pyramid, together with two rude 3 cent. 5), on one of which was an inscription fragments of small plaques of faience (ca. 7 by
in ink

|O jj"^.

A few

cylindrical beads, very long

and

thin,

and an

of blue glaze completed

the group which must surely have come from a foundation deposit and, as the pavement in the foundations of the pyramid. this quarter has been disturbed, may be derived from

The

torso of a small limestone statue, o in.

26

cent, high, bearing

lid

on the back the name

cent.) incised |
^
$:jA

f ~"^,

a small oar

from a model boat and a

bit of

an alabaster

(o

m. 09

\jf "iP ^ _^^

'/

""/'"":

A. 1 ul

th % B, must be added
To

to the list of

small antiquities in this layer.

An

angarib, indislinguishcent,

able from the

modern product, was placed

:

against the north wall, o m.

70

from the

floor.

the north of the north-east corner was the vase-shaped slip of

of

wood

(pi. V,

h) with the

name
the

Pepy

to the west of this

and near the middle of the north face were

still

more

of

60) of the small saucers so well known near Old Kingdom tombs. These alabasters have the look of foundation deposits, but it is not easy to see where they had been buried.

dummy

alabaster vases with drill caps

and

pestles

and

a lot

(at

least

XIX
Above the Neferkara pyramid, and
A-~*
in

DYNASTY CHAPELS.
at its east side, the

lower part of a stela with the

it

name
pillars

was found

(pi. IV, stela, pi.

XXXVII

i ).

In front of

were the bases of several

two rows and before these, on the same

slabs.

level, a large stone-lined shaft, the

mouth

of which

belonged together. Five metres south was another wall, running 7 metres to the west; only one block of the face remained (south face) but this bore in low relief the feet of two the wall figures wearing sandals with turned up toes
all

had once been covered by

These

clearly

reappeared further west, above the west wall of the pyramid yard and there turned south. Here again were fragmentary sculptures and before these walls was a pavement, above which a considerable

number

of pieces of inscription were found.

One

of these bore a cornice with

two short

columns of inscription
In the
(pi.

~i
jtj

( and

3^,4i i=

*X

TjT|.

same neighbourhood and probably derived from the same building, were two blocks XXXVII, 6), ca. i m. 10 cent, by o m. 62 cent., of detailed work and rather deep sunk
with

relief,

much

colour, representing an adoration of Osiris.

The

statue in plate

XXXVII,

a, 3,
It

was found on the

level of the

XIX th Dynasty pavement

to

the west of the part preserved. of

offerings.

represents

O
(tj

~"f

( again, kneeling and holding a table

With these chapels were connected four shafts which sank through the pyramid pavement and into chambers below. The first of these, the one opened opposite the pillars (33 2 ) was filled with

WORK EAST OF TETA

PYRAMID.

clean sand and opened at 9 in. 5o cent, depth into a chamber, which opened into three others, one good object remained, a blue glaze plaque all thoroughly looted; on the floor, however,
(pi.

XXXV,

/i)

m. a3

cent,

by o

in.

i55

mill., pierced at the top for

suspension and bearing

this inscription in black fired in the glaze

~'^j'^~

"jj*"

""^J^

^^

Tllis

must

have come from one of the original burials. Near it was a large Red Sea shell. Further, on the floor of the shaft was an unfinished Osiride statue, seated, covered with rough chiselling,
o m.

g5

cent,

from base
shaft,

to shoulder; the

head was found separate. Higher

laid side

in the sand, just half

way down the head east.

were two undamaged burials,

by side in the north-west corner,

The smaller one was

painted.
original

a child's burial in an oblong box, the larger, an anthropoid coffin brightly

The

lid

XIX th

had been varnished, the body of the coffin had not. It would appear that the " Dynasty burial was robbed as early as the XXII Dynasty.
1

A second
:

shaft

metre high in and thrown about. In the west chamber were a

chambers a (333) opened on three sides (north, east, west) into irregular each of these were a lot of poor, decorated, anthropoid coffins, thoroughly robbed
set of coarse

Canopic heads. A barrel-shaped bead of red glass o m. o4 cent, long, an amethyst scarab, a plaque with curved top inscribed
above and below
toadstool,

O-iftp

little

ivory rod (o m.

08

cent.)

with buttonlike top, in shape like a

and two bronze rods

the dating of these

(o

m.

a cent,

long) were the small objects found.

is

Though
a

common

coffins
it

nd Dynasty, and period later than the XXII

uncertain, they would be certainly attributed to may well be that nothing from the original burial

was found by

us.

The
to the

third shaft

left

(334) is that which of the wooden platform which

cuts through the east face of the small

is

pyramid

(pi. I,

over shaft 336).

The pyramid was

entirely forgotten;

the well-sinkers

the stone.

came upon the sloping face, found it interfere with their shaft, so cut through For some reason, however, the tomb was not finished; at 7 m. 5o cent, down, the
chamber. But
2

shaft ends without a

m. 5o

cent,

from the bottom there was a burial, an

No varnish anthropoid coffin with bright decoration in red and blue on a yellow background. had been used. Inside was a cartonnage, the face yellow, wig yellow and white stripes, colours
of the scenes red

and blue on yellow. This

is

of a definite

and well-known type but not,

to

my

knowledge, dated.

The next
filling

(338) was more productive. It had, of course been robbed, hut in the sand were broken coffins of the late type, bits of headrests, the handle of a wooden sickle and
shaft
(pi.

XXXIV, 4) a wooden double tray (3), a cylindrical wooden vase, incomplete a dad (3), three staffs and some dom nuts. Below this we came again into clean sand, then, (i), at 9 m. 5o cent, from the top, to the chamber (to the west, 5 metres by k metres) and beyond
a

model hoe

with coffins and fragments of coffins of others of plain wood with the arms and body indicated in low late period, some brightly painted, relief on the lid. Scattered among them were the small objects shown in plate XXXIV, 2 and 3
it

to another, rather smaller.

Both these rooms were

filled

and also the four harps (pi. XXXIII).

The

which ivory Hathor head should be placed below the shallow bowl to the right with

it

EXCAVATIONS AT SAQQARA, 1906-1907.

the double kohl pot
cent,
is

fits;

of limestone, the fragment on the left

and the spatula below

(o

were also two pairs of castanets and a bronze spearhead. long) of wood. There The harps are more important the pieces are seen in plate XXXIII as they were found. They were very much decayed, light as paper, and had to be soaked in paraffin before they could be handled. They were four in number; each consists of three parts, a boat-shaped body, hollowed

m. 09

from a single piece of wood and

standard
:

solid at

one end where a hole

cent, to
i

their lengths varied

from o m. 88

pierced to receive the upright m. 3a cent. The body of the harp was
is

closed above by a sounding board pegged on with

wooden

nails,

and on the upper surface of

this

was a raised ridge pierced witli a series of holes (21 to 28). In the standards (67, 69, 78 centimetres long) were fixed a series of pegs (16, 18) and the strings were stretched between these

and the ridge on the sounding board. But none of the cords remained and the harps had been broken up.

KARENEN TOMB.
To
the east of the southern niche of the mastaba are several square shafts of Old
all

Kingdom

tombs, very thoroughly robbed. In the side of one of these, close to the mastaba, the workmen observed a hole and looking through it saw a chamber containing a coffin and some wooden

an undisturbed Middle Kingdom tomb. Above the chamber was some brickwork, the nature of which we had not before understood, of filling the space between the outer and inner casings of the mastaba. It was the brick
statuettes, evidently

lining

the shaft leading to the

which we had looked, so the Old Kingdom shaft was temporarily filled in again and the Middle Kingdom shaft cleared. When the floor was reached, at a depth of 5 metres below the top of the masonry at that
into
1 1

tomb

point and

metres below the Greek pavement close by, to the west, the openings of two chambers were disclosed, one to the north, one to the south. The north door was of blocks of
stone and had been disturbed in ancient times so that the account of this burial will be but

The blocking of the southern chamber was of brick and had not been clearing of this tomb gave us active occupation for some weeks.
short.

violated

and the

NORTH CHAMBER. TOMB OF

The north chamber was
had been broken away

^.
:

to allow

closed by two upright slabs of stone a metres high a corner of one entrance to a robber and the hole thus made had been closed

again by the undertakers of the burial on the other side of the shaft. At the base of the door were four pots, two bottle-shaped and two coarse cylindrical jars with
slightly

spreading mouth
the

(pi.

When

mouth

of the

XXXIX). tomb was opened we could

at

once see that

this burial,

and therefore,

probably, the

more important southern one, had

suffered

from the white

ants.

The

lid of the

great outer coffin could be seen, but the sides had collapsed; there were signs too of robbery, viz., human bones on the top of the lid.

KARENEN TOMB.
Tlie

chamber (2 m. 60

to contain the coflin,

by i in. 5o cent, by i in. 70 cent, bigli), was just large enougli with a narrow space to one side and on the east, in a little recess, room
cent,

for a canopic box.

Under the

coffin lid at the south-east

Little of the real

wood

of the coflin

end was the fragment of a statue in black granite (pi. XI). was left the mass of white ant tunnels which occupied its
:

in the hand, and the fingers would pass almost without resistance place could be gathered up through a foot thickness of this porous material. No part of the coffin could be preserved but it

was noted that the outer surface was painted yellow with columns of incised hieroglyphs
span distance apart. Nothing was seen of the inner
of the outer
lid.

at a

coffin

nor of the skeleton, except the bones that lay on the top

Close to the canopic chest was a hammerstone of quartzite stained by paint. A bowl covered with another inverted bowl contained bones of a calf's leg and some organic dust, derived from
the cloth in which they had been wrapped.

A few almond-shaped

carnelian beads were found

in the

on the

floor,

below the

coffin lid,

and two more of the same kind appeared afterwards

it

mud

mortar of the wall which closed the southern chamber.

.box

The canopic

was of thin wood; from

the

name

of the

owner

of the

tomb was re-

covered; the vases had disappeared, the lids were of wood, all humanheaded, witli beards and painted; they were badly eaten away, and the vases were represented by fragmentary shells of
paint, with

some remains of
coffin

cloth.

and the canopic chest was a mass of fragments of wood and pottery, among them a boat, o m. 80 cent, long, with the owner seated in a cabin in the stern. Behind him was a trunk and there were traces of a steersman and of a sailor hauling on a

Between the

rope, a large steering oar, a mast-rest (?) and the deck with A model of a brewing scene could also be recognised.

its

red and white chequer pattern.

This tomb had evidently been robbed in very early times and the inner coffin with the body of the deceased seems to have been destroyed and removed. There are grave suspicions against
those

who conducted

the funeral of Karenen.

SOUTH CHAMBER. TOMB OF {J*

We now
turned
to the

AND
j

southern chamber and took

down

the brick wall.

The

first

glance

showed that the tomb had suffered nothing from man but very much from the white ant, as will be seen from the photograph reproduced in plate XII, which was taken bo. -e anyone entered the tomb. The greater part of the chamber was filled by two large coffins ^ 'nted
yellow and bearing inscriptions in blue. Models of boats and granaries and various statuettes stood on the two coffins and in the spaces between one of them and the wall. In the southeast corner
left

was a canopic chest with a granary above it and a boat placed over was the hole by which we had looked in from the Old Kingdom shaft.
a ledge above
it,

that.

To the

by the workmen as soon as they broke into the older tomb, were a boat and a vase of black clay. But the massive wooden coffins had been so badly

On

which was

left

EXCAVATIONS AT SAQQARA, 1906-1907.

attacked by the white ants that they had given way, and a side of one of them had collapsed. Some model figures, placed too near the edge of the lids, had fallen over upon others placed on the ground, while others had fallen through the body of the coffin. This was clearly a tomb

where much might be seen that could not be transported, so we photographed the objects before they were moved from the tomb.
Plate XII shows the eastern half of the

as far as possible

Karenen on the

right; plate

XIII gives a

appeared when opened, with the coffin of view of the western coffin, taken when the first half of

tomb

as

it

the floor had been cleared.

A group

of four pots

were

first

black clay, and one a bottle, all One jar was closed by a stopper of black clay. Above these was the procession of women and boys, a double row of
:

removed, three of them cylindrical jars two of which contained the shapes are given in plate XXXIX, i. of rough red ware

wooden

statuettes, the

tallest

o m.

38

cent, high, fixed in a

common wood, but, being fairly almost escaped the insects' attacks. The statuettes are represented as carrying food and drink in baskets and jars for the funeral festival; some women bear flowers, two boys carry a box
of of clothes, another a bowl of charcoal and a fan, yet another a green painted

m. 60 cent, long (pi. XV). The figures are made free from other objects and more exposed to the air, had
board
i

mat and

a headrest.

The women

are painted yellow, the boys red.

of the coffin was next taken out.
its

The kitchen from the top

The model was about

oti

o m.

76

cent,

long; the side walls remain, the floor had gone but

thickness (o m.

cent.)

could

still

be

seen as the layers of blue paint remained in place. At one end was a man holding a tray, in the middle another roasting a goose and in a corner the scene of the slaughter of an ox.

When
on the

this

object was

moved, several small

-

pieces,

two figures of girls painted blue with horizontal red lines, another of the beehive shape. The bowl, containing veal bones and covered with another bowl inverted over
coffin lid

below,

presumably belonging to it, were found and two ovens, one a plain cylinder of wood,

it,

was now

moved and
coffin,

the vineyard could be examined.

lid of

It is It
is

seen in plate XIII, leaning against the west

painted blue and represents the vine very summarily by little arches of wood supported on wooden pillars, which show that the vine was at this time grown on trellises set on brick columns. The model had, of course, a floor once, but the termites got at it from below. ca. o m. 60 cent, o m. 5o
it

from the

which

had

fallen.

(Dimensions

by

cent.)

Under
It

this the next

model can be

seen.

represents a building open on one side and with a court in front; the roof is supported by a single the cross beam, and rafters are pillar, carefully reproduced. The inner half of the shelter
divided into two storeys in the lower are three chambers with square doors while the upper is open, with two small pillars as further support for the roof. The door, painted red, is in a corner of the yard. In the court are a series of large vases, a man behind them leaning forward, a table with beer like jars, two baskets (?), two flat trays, a large vase lying on its side on a
is
:

support

a barrel on trestles, a

man

with a yoke on his shoulder and lastly a joint of meat, this

made

like

the

hieroglyph jf

In the
is

rooms

at the
little

back are

little bits
,

isosceles triangle.

There

further a

circular table

and of the shape of an the leg of wood the top of bronze and two
of

wood,

flat

KARENEN TOMB.
objects

which may not form any part of this model, namely, a small ewer of cast bronze, o m. 06 cent, high, and a basin to correspond of beaten bronze, both of them inscribed. On
is

the ewer

cut, quite carelessly

SfS

_ A.

'

<=

I
1

V C~3 LJ ^ JQ
I
I

and on the basin

The board forming

but
is

a side of the model seen in plate XII behind the bowl was

now moved

and the two boats near the canopic box better seen. The nearer boat (n
badly damaged, the hulk being nearly destroyed;
line at

9) was a metre long

it

we could

see that

rose sharply from

the water

series of holes at

bow and stern, that it was painted yellow, pierced along the bulwarks by a o m. 08 cent, intervals and that the deck was white with red thwarts.
reis with 4- staff before the cabin, a

There were ten rowers, one lookout, one

fender or mallet,

in the mast mast-step, landing plank and T shaped mast-rest, mast and two yards (these are laid

rest) peg,

and canopy with open sides; the wood. Below the boat was the fallen steersman and
stakes

figure of the

owner was made of superior

a long steering oar.

were two long objects (o m. .09 cent.) tapering at one end (pi. XXVI, 22), and painted white with red and black patches these may represent the spears of the crew laid in a spearcase like a large quiver. There were also shields,

Under

the boat

and across the deck

respectively,

both red and white and black and white;

it

was not easy

to see

which belonged

to each boat,

and two reeds

(o

m. 09

cent, long)

may

also

belong to either boat.

The

further boat (n

7) was of similar type and in better condition, the main difference

being that the mast was stepped and the T shaped rest laid on the deck forward. In the cabin
sat the proprietor, his trunk

behind him, on each side of him a reed and one of the spearcases. Four sailors were hoisting sail; a man seated on deck before the cabin read to Karenen from a roll; before the mast were three sailors and a lookout and two more had fallen over-board.

Two

shields

still

hung on

the roof of the cabin, both on one side.

The

position of the sailors

showed that the boat was supposed to be sailing upstream. The boat from the top of the granary (n 6) which was now moved, was of another type, representing the light boat, once made of reeds and propelled by paddles, not by oars. The stem and stern have the shape of a papyrus flower and the sides are painted green. The owner,

made,

as usual, of better

wood than

the sailors,

sits

on a square
is

seat.

There are eight men

which
is

armed with paddles

in its place;

with broad leaf-shaped blades.

The mast

laid in the rest T,

raised

on the
stream.

left.

by the side of it lies the gangplank, with a mooring stake on either side and a mallet Under the boat one spearcase (?) and part of another. This boat is paddling down

Laid also on the granary at the north-east corner was a small box (pi. XVIII, 3) containing model tools. It has a sliding lid and two knobs for tying the lid. The nails on the floor had rotted
so the sides

and

lid

could be

lifted

oil'

and shown separately. (Dimensions o m. 16

cent,

by

o m. 18 cent.)

The granary (n 5)
Excavation! at Saqifara

is

double one with a central court

on the inside partition walls doors

:

are painted with red for the frame

,

and white

for the panels

there are holes in the roof to

a

1906-1907.

10

EXCAVATIONS AT SAQQARA, 1906-1907.

in the grain.

had been placed in it, both in the granaries and on the door to the model which floor of the court. A stair leads up on to one roof. There is a workable would once open and shut on a pivot hinge. Two scribes sit on the roof of one granary and
pour A
lot of real grain

write.

Two

pairs of sandals,

made

of light wood, but of natural size, were also laid on the granary,

canopic chest (n 6). It is o m. 55 cent, cent, high exclusive of the lid. The pegs that held on the lid were by o m. 55 cent, by o m. 56
to the

one pair on the roof, one in the court. The granary was now removed and we turned

drilledout and the lid taken out;

is

it

was inscribed

-&\ }t O I -*^l=-affiffi V W* ^ =L
I I

'

*="

I*-"*. LJ AVMPMA

The box

of a drab colour and a good deal plastered. Two thirds down are a pair of crossed slats. In each of the four divisions were the remains of a canopic vase; what was left was canvas carlonwith black lines, but there may have been an internal vase of nage painted yellow and decorated wood. One vase had a human headed lid (north-east). Above and by the side of the canopies were a lot of sherds from a large red bowl of the period, also from a smaller bowl that had contained resin, all used, as it seems, to keep the vases from shaking. The north-west vase was
to imitate alabaster, the south-east had black painted with diagonal stripes of yellow and red white. Three of them contained masses of carbonised wrappings which fell to pieces spots on

when touched, but

Between the two

Dr. Elliot Smith recognised two of

them

as viscera,

one the stomach (in

the north-west vase) and the other a parcel of intestine.

and nearly fallen through, resting on the spongy mass of white ant tunnels were three models, two of them of more than average interest. The first (pi. XVI) shows us Karenen enjoying an evening with a party of musicians. He is seated in his palanquin,
coffins

appears, indoors as an easy chair; he has a harper on each side of him, three singers in front and the favourite on a stool before his knees. This is the most attractive of all these groups; it is new to us and it is carried out with

which served,

it

and yet with the necessary detail. Karenen is made of the superior dark wood; he carries a wand ending in a hand; the girls are clearly dancing girls, for one of them wears the knob-ended queue of the gymnast.
simplicity

the right, (north) of this, was a potter's workshop and to the right of it again the most complete of the carpenter's shops (pi. XVII, 6). The model is o m. 62 cent, long and was enclosed by low walls which have mostly disappeared. At one end a man is sawing; the little bronze saw still sticks in the wood, the handle lies at his feet; on the near side is the rod which served to
tighten the cords which the Egyptians always lashed round a log before sawing it. To the right is a man working a bow drill and another shaping a headrest with an adze. After

To

the rotten

but we

away we were able to open the inner coffin of Nefer-semdet-entheb may leave the account of it to the end and finish the list of the small objects. Another granary (n 17) stood on the top of the second coffin in the middle. It was o m. 54 cent, o m. 5o cent., and similar to the last one by except that the door was in one
cleared

wood was

corner, not in the centre, so that the left granary had to be shorter than the one on the right. now go on to the objects on the western coffin, that of the At the north end, not lady.

We

KARENEN TOMB.
visible

11

in

plate XIII,

was
in.

kitchen
cent.).

or slaughter-house
It is

(length

o m. 60 cent.,

breadtli

o m. 61 cent., height o
;

35

shown, after being taken outside and cleaned, in

i there should be two small pillars between the two roofs; one only was found. plate XIX, On the near side of the yard two men are killing an ox; another, whose head is just seen, is

roasting a goose.

The man under the

(o

shelter appears to be
cent, to o

making

beer. Inside the inner

chamber were wooden models

number.

m. o5

m. 07

cent, long) of joints of

meat, three in

Behind and under the granary n 17 was the second vineyard (n 62) (pi. XIX, 2) m. ^19 cent, by o m. 87 cent, and o m. i 3 cent, in height). In it were three figures, one a man (o standing with the left arm and the right leg raised, another a squatting figure, whether a man
squatting posture. It is probable that these figures formed part of the model, but the white ants had done so much damage that it could not be completely planned; some parts were a mere shell of paint. Comparison
or a

woman

was not observed, and three women, two of them

in

with the other vineyard did not help, as

its

floor too

had disappeared and any figures that may

have been on

it

were

lost.

To

the

left

of this stood another boat (n

out at one end to

16) shown in plate XVII, 2. The hulk is eaten a shell into which the rowers have fallen. The mast and two yards were

complete, and the statuette of the lady, in dark wood, was still in the boat, but the canopy had fallen over it differed from those on Karenen's boats in being nearly closed in front. In this inverted canopy or cabin we found part of the figure of a girl, her harp, a tiny bronze
:

sixpence and the top of a fan of wood. There were ten rowers, larger than usual; their oarblades were of a broad leaf shape and curved at the tip. The pear-shaped mallet, the mast-step and a peg were also recovered. It is
knife, a
size of a

wooden mirror the

very curious, considering the freedom of womens' lives, to find that propriety required a or curtain to be drawn before the door of this lady's cabin.

mat

To To
it

the left of this big boat, on the corner of the lid, was another workshop of a potter and a
i5). This
is

sawyer (n

shown

in
it

plate XVII,

the right of this, between

by o m. 26 cent.). and the boat, was a model the nature of which was not clear;
i

and 3

(o

m. 38

cent,

was possibly a laundry.

Lying on
its

2. (PI. XVIII,

Dimensions o m. 67 cent, by o m. 20 cent.)

two and further back was another papyrus boat,

side,

between the

last

in.

70

cent. long.

The

T shaped mast-rest was raised

and the mast and yards laid over the

boat.

Under

the shelter was a sitting sfatuette.

potter's

Behind the

The boat was green with black vertical stripes. shop (n i5) were several small objects. One was a statuette of
(pi.

a girl

with her hands raised

XVII,

i);

she stood on a board, at the other end of which sat the

owner

her palanquin. This was evidently the companion piece to the evening entertainment of the husband, but it was in a very poor state. Close to it were two pairs of wooden sandals, parts of a painted box fallen to pieces o m. i 2 cent, by o m. o5 (lid cent),
of the
in
:

tomb

a small box of tools, similar to that of

blades of chisels and adzes,

plate XVII and are shown on

lastly

Karenen and containing three saws, four adzes, nine the two good statuettes of the lady. These are visible in
XIV.

a larger scale in plate

12

EXCAVATIONS AT SAQQARA, 1900-1907.

Tlie lid of the outer coffin

was now removed and we obtained access

to the

north end.

the coffin and the wall was filled with pottery, over which lay two wooden a boat and a brewery; the boat (n 19), o in. 8/ cent, long, of the heavy type. It has objects, a lookout, behind him a man facing astern, then the mast, raised, astern of it two men squatting and four hauling on shrouds; the cabin is nearly closed in front; behind it is the steersman.

The space between

Inside the cabin are three figures of hard

wood, the

with lady, seated,

two maids before her,

holds up a tiny mirror, while the other probably once held a fan; she has a lotus bud stuck in her wig. As in all the boats sails and ropes have utterly disappeared.

one of

whom

in plate XIX, 3. (Dimensions o m. 60 cent, by 20) is shown is divided into two o by a wall leaving a passage at one end. In the smaller and nearer division is a man standing in a tub, the contents of which are white; he is

The brewing scene (n m. 45 cent.) The court

:

probably kneading

next him

is

a girl with a

poker

in

her hand and

in the

corner

is

a furnace.

white objects with lines scored on them along and across, Along the end wall are two oblong which may represent bread on trays. In the near corner (not visible in the photograph) is a man was making up the loaves for baking. standing, with white hands; he, doubtless,
In the large division of the yard

two

of

them

is

a vessel for holding flour (?).

by side are working querns, and by the side The querns are not of the modern kind that rotates, but
girls side

the millstones, so often found in

excavations,

that

were pushed backwards and forwards.

I

There
flour

is

a kind of bowl attached to the

lower stone in front, into which,

suppose, the

was pushed, a handful at a time. In front of this group is another girl holding a large in her extended hands but the vessel in which she was pounding or stirring is not prepestle
served. In the corner
is

an oven and

in front of

it

are two

more

girls,

one seated, with a dish in

her lap.

The space below these last models was covered with pots. Above the rest, in the north-west corner of the tomb was the large bowl containing veal bones and carbonised cloth (pi. XXXIX, i).
It is

a flat-bottomed bowl

it

stood in another, and inverted over

it

was a third bowl, similar,

but round-bottomed.

The remainder, 20

in

number, were

chiefly of the

round-bottomed bottle shape but

six

were
vase

wide mouthed cylinders, one a high shouldered vase with spout, and one was a black
(pi.

XXXIX,

i,

top row, second from right).

Four bore rough

mud

stoppers, three of the peaked

kind, one

flat

and rounded.
72).
It

At'the south end of the coffin, on the floor, was the last of the boats (n

was a papyrus
It is

boat with mast raised, painted green with black stripes and was in the worst condition.
sufficiently

shown

in plate XVIII, i.
to the coffins

lids being o in. 2/1 cent, thick, but the state of preservation was very bad. Parts of the lines of blue inscription on the outside could be copied, but the interiors were hopeless. The inner coffins, however, being made of better wood, had suffered very little from the wliite ants. They, like the outer ones, were covered on the inside with texts and these

We may now proceed were very massive, their

and

to the

examination of the bodies. The outer coffins

have been examined by M. Pierre Lacau

(p.

21 et seq.).

KARENEN TOMB.
INNER COFFIN OF KARENEN.

13

was removed by drilling out the pegs, two at each end, which fastened the dowels. The body had not been moved it lay on the left side, the head to the north and resting on a wooden pillow. Over the head was a cartonnage, the wig painted green, the face yellow, the

The

lid

eyebrows, moustache and beard also green. Over the body was a mass of linen cloth just as in the coflin of Khennu and above this and in front of the body lay a group of staffs and (pi. XXVIII)

bows; two bows were divided in halves, having been two were left entire. One of the nine staffs was carved

first

sawn half through, then snapped;

to imitate a reed.

Some
parts

of the linen appeared in very good condition but

some was very badly carbonised and

had been attacked by the termites. Part of a necklace could be seen still in place, stretched the outer wrapping; the end on pieces were of gilt wood, the beads of glaze and cylindrical, with a row of almond-shaped carnelian beads below. The body was now taken out, the head
photographed and the mask removed. The following notes on the wrapping,
Dobbin.

etc.,

were kindly taken

for

me

by Drs. Elliot Smith and

was wrapped round the right side of the body. Next then a coarse towel, folded in eight in front of the body and a similar one behind. Underneath these were more than twenty-three circular bandages connected with one another
Ihe outside a long sheet of cloth, folded in eight layers,
this

On

under

came

a second sheet

on the

left side;

longitudinally along the middle and front of the body, all the knots being on the front surface. Under these came from the shoulders towards the feet, in front of them. Under large masses of side padding, long oblique

bandages

these oblique bandages was the lower part of the cartonnage mask. Then came on the front of the body a series of large pads of folded cloth and under them a second series of circular like the first, then a few bandages just

broad bands of cloth laid longitudinally and some more large pads of folded cloth both at the sides and on the front of the body then the arms were exposed, wrapped separately and folded across the chest, each hand on the opposite shoulder, the right forearm uppermost. being Below the arms the body was wrapped by a narrow spiral bandage the arms were also held in position by
: :

of bandages passing obliquely across the chest and pads of linen filled up the gaps between the limbs. The hands were clenched with thumbs extended. On the neck was a collar of gilt cartonnage, of half
circular form
foil.
,

number

fastened round the neck with cord.

The

right

hand held

a half

moon

of

wood covered with gold

Below

this

came a large sheet

of linen with fringed edge

and under

it

a single longitudinal sheet of linen

in contact with the skin.

The man was circumcised

The whole body
cavity

the penis was not wrapped.

filled

was

clearly seen. In the back of the

with parcels of linen bandages, on some of which incrustations of resin were upper part of the thorax a viscus (? heart) was found. The opening for embalmin the usual position

ment was

a fusiform gaping

wound

on the

left flank.

Each leg was wrapped separately and the outermost separate wrapping thickly encrusted with red resin. The inner wrappings, both on the limbs and body, were very much blackened and burnt and were covered
with
salt

crystals.

was thickly smeared with resin, plugs of which were also placed in the nostrils. Plugs of linen to were placed between the eyelids and a series of small round pebbles were laid under the represent eyes lips. The face bore a short, reddish moustache and beard of about two weeks growth and the short hair on the head
face

The

was of the same colour.

14

EXCAVATIONS AT SAQQARA, 1906-1907.

The
race
is

typically Egyptian

cranium a large mass but no sign perforation On the left wrist was a copper bracelet, below it a large barrel-shaped carnelian bead and above blue glaze beads arranged vertically. row of

with aquiline nose, the head broad. The ears were not pierced. Inside the of the ethmoid bone. of
it

a double

On On

large cylindrical the right wrist was a similar bracelet but no carnelian or copper ring. the right foot was an anklet of four horizontal rows of cylindrical beads

and a similar one on the

left.

COFFIN AND BODY OF | W

The account

of the last body will in

many

respects serve for this.

The

position was the same,

the mass of linen above the body, the cartonnage, the necklace, the headrest with the name written on it in ink, but on the breast, over the end of the cartonnage, was a copper mirror

with wooden handle.

There were four bows, two of them broken deliberately, and four staffs. The necklaces, similar to the last one, still partly adhered to the wrappings. The headrest was inscribed, both
on the top and on the shaft this was fluted like a column and painted blue in the Outings; the tips of the curved upper part were also painted. When the body was lifted out it was seen that the left flank was badly decayed.
:

The

succession of bandages observed was as follows. First a mass of folded cloth o m.

60

cent.

by o m. 06 cent.,

Then came
in

a layer of fine cloth of 6 thicknesses,

V-shape

though coarse; then hand-broad bandages across the body and over the shoulders. Under these was a doubled cloth folded once round the body,
fragile,
it

very brown and

had

a o

m. o&

cent, fringe

sewn on.

then a series of

ties

o m.

08

cent, apart, across the body.

Below these came 10 thicknesses of

coarse wrapping and three of fine, this latter doubled over the shoulders.
free;
it

The mirror was now

lay

between the two lapels of the wig.

front of the

body now appeared a mass of black gauze and under it a series of cross ties o m. 10 cent, apart. Below these were pads o m. 16 cent, broad with long fringes, two on the left side, one on the right, placed along the sides of the body. Diagonal of about strips

Over the

same breadth ran from the two shoulders. Two more, o m. 26 cent, broad, were placed on the two sides, the ends of these last split for tying. Next came a pad of 6 thicknesses, all fringed, and reaching from the chest to the knees. The mask could now be removed, and the
the

body be seen, neatly wrapped up

face.

in circular

ties,

one of which ran downwards over the

Up
arm

to this point the cloth

had been brown or dark brown

below

this

it

became blacker and

carbonised; one layer was brushed away in dust. above.

The arms were

crossed over the breast, right

(At this stage Drs. Elliot Smith and Dobbin took up the note-taking.)

The arms
shoulders.

are in the

same position

as the male's

arms, the hands' however, are not clenched but on the

On

the

left

upper arm was a ring of bronze, none on the

left

beads, on the

right. On the right wrist five rows of cylindrical blue wrist a single carnelian similar to that of the male; above the carnelian a row of beads.

TOMB OF KHENNU AND APA-EM-SA-F

The
ears were not pierced.

(289).
plaits

15

The hair was arranged

in a

mass of small

on the back of the head, the

hair in front

was cut short.

Inside the skull was a huge black mass which broke ^ith a shining fracture but the ethmoid was perfectly
intact.

The

posterior bandages

and the whole of the body had

is

fallen

away before the

mummy

was examined.

The

interest of this examination of the bodies

that there has been a lack of well authenticated

mummification before the New Empire. The date of these bodies is fairly established as being of the Early Middle Kingdom or even before this, and the fact of their being mummified and the skill born of old experience with which the process was carried out are both very
cases of
clear.

TOMB OF KHENNU AND APA-EM-SA-F

This
is

(289).

one of the pair of shafts in the south-west of the great mastaba. Nothing remained of the chapel above but some brick detritus. The shaft was lined with long blocks of stone carefully

and was above k metres deep. There was one chamber, to the south, the entrance of which was blocked by a wall of brick almost certainly intact when found. When this was removed the view given in plate XXVII
laid in o

m. 22

cent, courses

appeared. Two burials lay side by side, occupying the greater part of the bare stone chamber each consisted of two coflins, the outer one of ordinary wood which had been attacked by ants and had largely lost the character of wood; the sides and lids had slipped away. Near the door was a lot of pottery; at the end of the east coffin a canopic chest could be seen, and on the lid
:

of the west coffin were a boat, a

wooden

statuette

and some more

pots. In general the

tomb was

very similar to that last described, though by no means so richly furnished.

EAST COFFIN

The outer
little

had panelled pattern in relief and was painted yellow. On the lid were several wooden figures, the poor remains of a set of models of offering-bearers, boats and workcoffin

shops.

The

ruins of the outer lid were swept

away and the inner removed. Inside was

mass of white ant casts. At the north end was an alabaster head-rest; the blue wig of cartonnage had existed but only a shell of paint remained. The face had the moustache, whiskers and beard in blue on a white ground. Over the body lay a mass of linen wrappings of feathery consistency. were two ears of plaster; they appeared but more probably formed part of the cartonnage mask.
skull

Under the

to

have been between the wrappings

The necklace, and the east side

of blue cylindrical beads with two

end pieces,
:

of the coffin.
all

The forearms were bent up

heap between the body the body was that of a youth as the
lay in a

epiphyses were not

joined.

The canopic
coffin. In
it

chest, o

m. 355

mill, broad, lay in a collapsed condition at the south

end of the

were some sherds of pottery but no canopic vases; these must have been, then, of

wood or cartonnage.

16

EXCAVATIONS AT SAQQARA, 190G-1907.

On

the sides were the following texts incised and painted in blue.

the top of the coffin were traces of a boat. A rectangular paint slab of dark stone with sloping sides, and three small bronze tools were found when the tomb was cleared on this side. This was a rather poor burial, no doubt owing
to the

On

youth of the deceased.

WEST COFFIN

y
man,
the spouted vase

On

the lid, besides the good boat, the o

I vase

m.

2 5 cent, figure of a

and

bowl and the

seen in plate XXVII, there were several other objects,

a cow, a sailor,

an oven, part of another oven, a girl with basket on her head and a pigeon in her hand, all relics of models like those in Karenen.

had a shelter with four papyrus bud in bands of blue, green and yellow, separated by black and white rings, was pillars gaily painted itself painted yellow with coloured bands near the bow and had a rosette on the end of the prow.

A papyrus boat was hardly more than a

shell of paint;

it

The
shown
There

better preserved boat

in plate
is

is

of the other

and heavier

type.
is

It

is

m. 76 cent, long and

is

XXIX. The

figure of the master of the boat

inscribed with his

name
in the

in ink.

a conical mallet or fender, white with black spots,

wbich does not shew

in these boats,
is

graph. The

elaborate pattern on the cabin, always the

same
coffin

photoan imitation of

leather work.

third boat

was found

later,

between the

and the
his

wall.
skirt;

In this again the proprietor squats below a canopy

also a brace or strap over his left shoulder.

and has

There are ten

sailors.

name on his The fender is

he wears

wooden cone

with a hole near the top and is coloured white with red spots. These objects may have been hide bags stuffed with palm fibre if indeed they are fenders perhaps it is more reasonable to
:

see in

them mallets covered with

a jar

hide.

To

the north of this boat was an oven o m.

it

5 cent, high,

one of the kind with

on the top; near

was the leg of

a bull; these

were the remains of

a kitchen or slaughter house.

outer coffin could not be preserved, though there was time to observe that it was covered internally with texts written in short columns. Underneath it on the lid of the inner
lid of the

The

coffin

lay a pair of

wooden

sandals.

better preserved piece of the west side of the outer coffin

now became

visible,

carved in

OTHER TOMBS OF MIDDLE KINGDOM.

17

recessed panel pattern like the granite coffin of Khufuankli. Along the top ran a line of large blue hieroglyphs and on some of the projecting panels were columns of text in black.

On

the east side the

wood was

less well

preserved but the two eyes were carved on a separate

wood (o m. o4 cent, thick) let into the plank. piece of better The inner lid was now lifted and the view shown in plate XXVIII appeared.

The mass

of cloth

above the body was singularly white, only broken by a line of brown dust that had fallen between the planks of the lid, and by a patch over the shoulders where the white ants had penetrated.

The body was on

the left side, facing east, the

tonnage was gilt on the face; the coffin were quite bright.

head supported on a wooden pillow. The carthe wig was dark green. The colours of the scenes and texts inside

Laid over the body, one behind, the rest in front, were the staff and bows. One was carved to imitate a cane and above the joints were some bands of fine punctures made by minute nails; another staff has a round gilt knob.

There was a second imitation reed, a stout

points towards the head,

staff,

bow sawn

in

two and laid with the two

and another and longer

columns of

staff laid

behind the body. Of these several

were inscribed

in ink with vertical

text, the

two canes thus

-W^

Ik,

"
Cl

U C~~J A~~A

* *Vand-M.V = "jj^jim JIHh~K *~A s V JT X -=> X JT Jj J

I

and the two stout clubs

m.

8 X

great quantity of cloth was employed for the bandages; these were

unwrapped and noted

with some care, but the details are not given here, as the character of the wrapping was much the same as in the case of Karenen. A difference in position was that the hands were laid over
the pubes;

some gold

leaf

found
I

in the

Below the body

also

was a

wrappings here no doubt came from a gilt sheath. of wood. There were some bronze model tools among the beads

that lay in a heap below the chest.

Under the head was

a flat disc of

red resin, o m. 08 cent, in

diameter and o m. oo3 mill, thick.

When

the coffin was

removed

square hole appeared below

it

in

This was empty except for some traces of cloth; it was inscribed on the the wood was o m. o35 mill, thick, the box o m. 62 cent, square.

which was the canopic box. lid and on the four sides;

OTHER TOMBS OF MIDDLE KINGDOM.

These two tombs of Karenen and Khennu were the prizes but there were several other tombs of the period in a more or less ruined state. Five shafts were found in the angle between the great
wall

and the

side of the mastaba.

two (5o& W. and E.) there were wooden figures from boats and in one of them a boat in very bad condition; the owner was a woman. In another (5o6) though the coffin was destroyed the canopic box, sunk in a pit under the coffin, remained, and a group of pots. There
In

were

also

two boats to the north of the canopic box, one of each kind; four shields hung over
,

Excavationi at Saqqara

1906-1907.

18

EXCAVATIONS AT SAQQARA, 1906-1907.

the cabin of the heavier boat.

The canopic box had been damaged

inscribed on three sides; the

the base of a jar

was found
k

in

k
^

o Mil tn

one of the four

divisions.

The box was

is

name was

again

^B^^^T^.

The next tomb (Soy)

door from
it is

shewn

in

plate

XXX,

2.

The

seen in the background. The part brick chamber. In the filling were bronze tips of masts, four small bronze knives, fragments of outer codin, of boats and of models (a furnace). Sunk into the floor was the canopic box with
A

must be under the great wall, the accessible to us was probably an arched
shaft

the

name p ~pJ-j-

V (height

o m. 62 cent., sides o m. 5i cent, and o m.

5o

cent.,

wood

box was a large bowl inverted, daubed with a yellow plaster. The box was divided into four by partitions o m. 16 cent, high, and in these were sherds of canopic vases of pottery daubed inside with pitch. Under the box was one of the ties used to letit down.

m. 02

cent, thick). Inside the

the shafts and chambers are to be seen Generally the chapels have disappeared and only

in

one case, however, that of

^-^M^^

I- we saw

the chapel, but could not try for the burial

below

we brought down on The upper part of this tomb

lest

us the huge Greek wall that hangs above.

consisted of a mastaba of brickwork in the east side of

which

was a niche lined by the three stelae shewn in plate X. The false door occupied the centre, the two scenes of sacrifice and bringing of offerings, with the lady dining below, formed the two sides. A late New Empire coffin had been buried with its head resting against the block of stone
on which the three
stelae

were erected.

This simple form of chapel in which three slabs take the place of the ornate chamber of an

had been already recognised to be characteristic of these X th Dynasty tombs from the fragments found in the preceding year, but nothing so well preserved had yet come to light. *
earlier period
-o *

Another shaft close

to

(--

J=^
came

could not be finished owing to the same danger of

destroying the big wall.

From

it

several fragments of a stela bearing the

name

T--M

(pi. VIII).

In the

bank of earth
to

from a shaft
broken, the

below the great south wall is a brick arched chamber (26/1) opening the south and containing a heavy limestone sarcophagus. The south end had been
left

dragged out. Nothing more could be seen of the coffin than that it was o m. o5 cent, thick and painted white inside. The body was disturbed and there was another coffin to the south, later in date and much
decayed. Nothing but
its

lid shifted to

one side and the wooden

coffin half

position

and

level really connects this

tomb with the

rest of the group.

deep with a chamber below to east, a m. 5o cent, long and only cent, broad it opens into another and earlier chamber and the opening was bricked up. In the floor was a hole (o m. 60 cent, square) intended for the canopic box but containing only
1

N 281. A

shaft 10 metres
:

m. ko

eight pottery bowls. A lot of other pots had been stacked by the last visitors into a corner of the chamber. An alabaster head-rest, veal bones, a few human bones including a lower jaw, and some beads were all that was left. The shapes of the pots, pi. XXXIX, 3, are similar to those in Karenen's tomb, but not identical; they are rather coarser. High in the north side of this shaft was another burial n a83.

OTHER TOMBS OF MIDDLE KINGDOM.

N 283.
It

19

was not clear whether

this

or whether there had been another pit to

chamber was approached from the shaft to the south, the north, which we did not see. The chamber had walls
it

of brick and was roofed with limestone slabs;

had contained two

coffins,

but the outer one

was entirely eaten away, some fragments of plaster with hieratic texts proving its existence. The inner coffin too was mostly destroyed; it had been made of common wood which had disappeared but a o m. ooA
mill, thick
is

veneer of better wood nailed on with o m. ok cent, pegs, was

well preserved. Part of this

seen in plate
laid

XXX,

2,

and from
the end.

it

the

name

IN

M was

obtained. There was a

wooden headrest

on the

lid at

N 276.
t

^, k

The stone-lined

shaft next to the

Khennu tomb.

It is

m. 85

cent.,

by

by h m. 80 cent, deep, as preserved. The masonry is good, courses o m. 21 cent. high, stones up to i metre in length. In the shaft were a number of fragments of wood statues (pi. XXXII, 3) also bits of coarse alabaster, parts of statuettes of sailors, a bone from a calFs foot, a fragment from a false door

m. 5o

cent.,

and a wooden
stripes; this
is

statuette half a
in

was

metre high, of a man in a long skirt marked with horizontal too bad condition to be of value except that the very heavy wood of which it
the small stela with the

made may be
There were

Sudan ebony.
filling

also in the

name Khety

(pi. VII,

A), a table of

offerings with very deep basins and the granite statue of a king (pi. XXXI). Evidently the wooden statuettes were derived from the tomb, but it is not so clear whether

these last two objects

may

not have

come from

outside.

The chamber

is

on the south;

its

door

had been closed by two limestone slabs which had been pulled back. The walls and the roof, of a flat barrel shape, were covered with a layer of brown mud plaster on which texts and scenes were painted directly without any white plaster. In the floor

was a

o m. 56 cent, square, containing four vases and the ruins of a canopic box. Some pots still stood on the east and north sides, the floor was covered with potsherds and on the west side a few pieces from the coffin had been left though the greater part of the wood
cavity,

had been removed.

The

paintings on the south end are

left

shewn on

plate

XXX,

on the north the sides of the

door were

blank.

The

east wall

chamber, had been used

adhered well
west side
is
:

to

somewhat damaged; a slab of stone, the height of the mask a weak patch in the rock and to this the plaster has not
is is

the part intact

:

covered by a

menu

rather roughly written in white paint.

it

The

complete above is a line of large hieroglyphs in white and below tables on which are depicted the various articles of funerary furniture.
:

are two rows of

in the top row 1 a headrest, standing alone, Going from right to left these objects are, then, on the first of the tables, a three vases, then 3 bracelets, k anklets, 5 necklaces,
(5

a table with

quivers; in the
3
tall

top decorated with chequer pattern, 7 a table against which lean two lower row 1 necklace and menat brightly painted, 2 bows and five staffs, a of bags pile | these on a stool with feet imitating lions' legs, h ewer and basin and a
vase, 5
a pile of oval objects, yellow with red outline,

domed

probably

fruits, 6

two shields and

a spearcase,

and

lastly,

a pair of sandals.
3.

20

EXCAVATIONS AT SAQQARA, 1906-1907.

vases of the normal high shouldered canopic a coat of plaster. One of the pieces of the

The square depression in the floor contained four inside and out with type made of pottery covered
canopic box bore the incised text
Ilk
....

7 -W^

j^L,

Ik

another

V
lid.

LAk

and

a third

m. The fragments of the

coffin

remaining included some pieces of veneer

This

covered with hieratic text in black ink, probably from the had been robbed before the white ants passed over the site.
o m.
mill, thick

008

tomb

GISR EL NEHAS

PLAN OF AREA BETWEEN THE GREAT WALLS.

TEXTES RELIGIEUX
fiCRITS

SUR LES SARCOPHAGES

PAR
M.

PIERRE LACAU.

Middle Kingdom have been examined by M. Lacau who has furnished me with the following notes on three of the best among them. Under the head of each coflin is given the list of ihe chapters it contains. Then follows the text of all new chapters and of a few chapters which are not found often. The rest of the chapters on our coffins have not been collated with the Pyramid texts or with oilier versions already

The

religious texls painted

on Ibese

coflins of the early

published.

J.

E. Q.

SARCOPHAGE DE
Couvercle. 66 lignes verticales
i-3 (sans sep. ) =
=

u
:

(J)

retrogrades

Cote des pieds.

i5 lignes verticales

retro-

Pepi

7, 7

60-6 1 jusqu'a
, ,

^
^
1.

ffj

grades

3-5 (sans sep. )

5 (sans sep.)
le

= Une phrase qu'on

*

Pepi

o3

1-1 3 (sans sep.)

1

jusqu'a

-j- (jj

3-i 5 (sans sep.)

= Harholep 2 3 7-2 45. = Texte nouveau (voir ch.

,
:

i).

retrouvera dans
4-5.

= Pepi I, 103-107. = Pepi 7, 107 i3-2i (sans sep.) = Pepi 7, 107-111. = Pepi 7, m-'*^21-29 (sans sep.) = Pepi 7, 5g-6i. 2g-3g (sans sep.) = Un texte nouveau 3g-4a (sans sep.)
5-i3 (sans sep.) i3 (sans sep.)
1
.

sarcophage de Jj^

^,

couvercle,

Cote droit. 58 lignes verticales

i-

qui se re-

Irouve dans
plus loin ch.

"^

couvercle,

1.

2g-3i (voir

= Texte nouveau (voir ch. u). = Texte nouveau (voir ch. m). = Texte nouveau (voir ch. 10-18 18-28 = Texte nouveau (voir ch. v). a8-3o = Texte nouveau (?) (voir ch. 3o-3i = Texte nouveau (voir ch. VH). 3 1-3 a = Sarcophage de Amamu, pi. XXIX,
3

3-io

iv).

vi).

1.

2-3

= Pe/n 7, 61-62. = Pepi 7, io3-io4. sep.) 45-46 (sans sep.) = Pepi 7, 6 a jusqu'a ~~^^ = Pepi 7, 6a n 66-67 (sans sep.) = Pepi 6a-63. 67-68 (sans sep. *~ a 68-5o (sans sep.) = Pepi 7, 63 de "|"*= 5o-5i (sans sep. = Pepi 7, 63-66. 5i-56 (sans sep.) = Pepi7, 66 jusqu'a ^[ s== |" 55-58 (sans sep.) = Pepi 7, 100-101. 58-6o (sans sep.) = Pepi 7, loi-ioa. 60-62 (sans sep. = Pepi 7, 22 6a-63 (sans sep.) = Pepi I, i22 n 63-66 (sans sep.) = Pepi 7, i23-ia4.
42-44 (sans 44-45 (sans
sep.)
1
,
.

xxxvm).

(voir ch. VHI ).

Un chapitre qui se decompose ainsi 32-3g 32-34 (sans sep.) 0wnas, 46o-462(voirch.n).
:

= = Texte nouveau (voir ch. 34-37 sans sep.) = Livre des morls, ch. LXVII (debut) (voir 37-39
(

ix).

1,

3g-45 45-52

= Texte nouveau (voir ch. x). = Texte nouveau (voir ch. xi). 52-56 = Un chapitre qui se decompose ainsi 52-55 (sans sep. = Sarcoph. du Caire n a8o83,
:

plus loin ch. ix).

cote 4,

1.

38-4o

55-56
1.

= Sarcophage du Caire n
(voir ch. xn).

(voir ch. ,\n).

28083,

cote 4

4o-4a

57.58

= Texte nouveau (voir ch.

:

xm).
( )

Cote de la

tfite.

9 lignes verticales

Cote gauche.
grades
i-

27 lignes verticales

retro-

i-5 (sans sep.)

= Ounat,

56-6o.

5-g (sans sep.)= Ounat, 6i-63.

3 (sans sep.

= Texte nouveau (voir ch.

xiv).

Journal d'entree du Musee, n

3go56.

22
3.27

EXCAVATIONS AT SAQQARA, 1906-1907.

= Un

texte qui se

decompose

ainsi

3- 8

Texte nouveau qui se retrouve dans

1.

"^

= Amamu, 4o-42 = Amamu, 4 2 -43 = Amamu,

35-4o 43-46

pi.
pi.
pi.

XXVII,
XXVII, XXVII,

1.

6-9 (voir ch. xxn).

9-1
i

1.
I.

(voir ch. xxv).

xxvi).

11-12 (voirch.

"*, cole droit,

i-4 (voir ch. xv).

= Texte nouveau (voir ch. xv). = OHnns, 443-446 avec de grandes 18-27
8-18
ferences.

Livre des morts,

pi.

mu,
dif-

XXVII,

1.

iAg (8 2-1 5 (voir ch. xxvn).

= Amademeure)

46-5 1
5 1-56

56-6i
Fond.
!-

106 lignes

verticales

retrogrades

= Amamu, XXVII,!. i5-i 8 (voirch. xxvin). = Amamu, pi. XXVII, 18-21 (voirch. xxix). = Amamu, pi. XXVII, 21-24 et pi. XXVIII,
pi.
1. 1. 1.

1.

= Texte nouveau (voir ch. xvi). = Texte nouveau (voir ch. xvn). 7_! 3 3_! 7 = Texte nouveau (voir ch. xviu). = Texte nouveau (voir ch. xix). J7_2i
7
1

= Texte nouveau (voir ch. xxxi). = Amamu, XXVIII, 2-7 (voir ch. xxxn). 67-78 = j4nantt,pl. XXVIII, 7-10 (voir ch. xxxni). 78-77 = Amamu, pi. XXVIII, io-i4 (voir 77-81 (ou 82)
61-67
pi.
1. 1.

1-2 (voir ch. xxx ).

21-22 22-24

Litre des marts

pi.

86

re

(i
1.

= Amamu, XXIX, = Texte nouveau (voir ch. xxn). 24.29 = Amamu, pi. XXVII, 1-6 (voir ch. 29-85
1.

phrase) (voir ch.xx). 1-2 (voir ch. xxi).

ch. xxxiv).

81 (ou 82) (1) -ioi =Texte nouveau (voirch. xxxv). Texte nouveau (voirch. xxxvi). i o 1-1 o4

xxm).

= io4-io6 = Texte nouveau (voir ch. xxxvn).

SARCOPHAGE DE
Couvercle.
verticales 7 6 lignes
(
)

retrogrades
s

48-4g (sans sep.)

4g-55 55

1-2 (sans sep. )

= Pep /,
I,
i

60-61, jusqu'a

= Pepi I, 22 n = Pepi I, 128-128. (sans sep.) = Une phrase ^_i (sans sep.)
1
.
:

3-4 (sans sep.) 4 (sans sep. )

= Pepi o3 = One phrase

1.

jusqu'a qui se retrouve dans

*
/

= Pepi /, 108-107. (sans sep.) = Pp /, 107*. 11 (sans sep.) = Pep /, 107-111. 1-17 (sans sep.) 4. sans sep. = Pepi I, 7-2 = Pepi 1 5 9-61. 21-29 (sans sep. = Texte nouveau qui se 29-81 (sans sep.
4-n
1 1
1 ( )
1 1 1 1

-*

\, jr

couvercle,

4-5.

= Pepi I, 118-121. = Texte nouveau (voir ch. xxxix). 66-70 (sans sep.) = Mir, 181-1 48. 70-76
_

56-66 (sans sep.)

Cote de la tete.

5 lignes verticales

retro-

grades
retrouve
i-

= 0unas, = Ounas
,

56-6o.

dans

3i-34 (sans
35-87

= Pepi /, sep. = Pepi I, (sans sep.)

)

-*, couvercle,

1.

3g-42 (voirch. xxxvni). 61-62.

7-ib=Harhotep, 188-186.
1

61-62.
2

62-68 (deux chapitres

C6te des pieds.
i

melanges). 87-89 ( sans sep. )

lignes verticales
3
'.

89 (sans

= Pepi 1 63-64. ="s=8" 3g-42 (sans sep. = Pepi 1, 64, jusqu'a 42-44 (sans sep.) = Pepi 100-101. 44-46 (sans sep.) = Pepi I, 101-102. 46-48 (sans sep.) = Pepi I, 122
sep.)
, "

= Pepi

63

1
,

^ "^

j|!

] |

= Mirinri, i22-ia4' 7 = Ounas, 66-70. 7-1 2

ii-

I,

Cote droit. 6 1 lignes verticales

3

(<

retrogrades
1.

= Sarcophage

de

jj

2S,

cote gauche,

1.

et seq. (voir ch. xv).

'

La separation enlre ce chapitre

Journal d'entree du Musee,
11

el le

precedent se Irouve dans une Jacune.

i;

3goi4.

''

Dans ce

lexle

nous avons

trois fois la variante

^"

ffttl

--

Cf

Recueil de travaux,

XXIV,

p. 198.

TEXTES RELIGIEUX.
4-i 2
i

23
fond,
1.

2-1 7

=Harholep, ig Harhotep, 206-212.

=
= =

17-87 =Harholep, 212-287. 38-45 Harhotep, 287-245. Texte nouveau (voir ch. XL). 45-46 46-6 1 Harholep, 245-a6g.
Cote gauche. 4i lignes verlicales
:

= JJS, fond, 15-17 = Texte nouveau 17-26

26-28

i2-i5=jj^5,

18-17 (voir ch. xvin).

1.

4o-42 (voir

ch. xxv).

(voir ch. XLIII).

1.

|t*~*, cote droit,

i-3 (voir ch. n).

-3o

Pepi II, 291-806. Notre exemplaire complete d'une fagon interessanle Pepi II qui est tres mutile en cet endroit, je le donne en enlier (voir
ch. XLI).

= jj~"*i c "^ droit, 3o-3i (voir ch. VH). 28-29 = MS, cote droit, 3 1-82 (voir ch. vm). 29-80 3o-34 = 45-52 (voir ch. cote droit, {J ^, = Texte nouveau qui se decompose ainsi 35-47 35-42 = Texte en tableau (voir ch. xuv). 42-44 = Texte qui se retrouve dans sarcophage
1. 1. 1.

xi).
:

le

du Caire n

28118,

cole 2,

1.

3i-4o
41

i4-22, publie

Teti,
,

= Pepi II

278-277
du

(voir ch. XLII).

par LACAU, Renteil de travaux,

(voir ch. XLIV).

XXX,
XLIV).

p.

198

291. Cette derniere ligne est ecrite en

>)
i
:

sens inverse (repete la Iigne

reste de {'inscription. Elle

44-47

= Texle

nouveau (voir ch.

le scribe avail

commence par
de son erreur,
( ).

47-48 (sep. de chap.)

(voir ch. xn).

S,

cole droit,

1.

55-56

cette extremile, puis s'apercevanl

il

a repris a 1'autre bout et

dans

1'aulre sens

Fond. 64 lignes verlicales

i-

48-5a (sans sep. [?]) (les lignes 5o-52

c6te 4,1. 87-88).

= Texte nouveau (voir ch. XLV) = Sarcoph. du Caire n 28088,

1.

retrogrades

7
i

={J j~~j,
={_

fond,

i.

1-7 (voir ch. xvi).

52-53=jJ^^,

cote droit,

52-56 (voir

ch. xn).

7-1

~*, fond,

1.

7-18

(voir ch. XVH).

Le reste du panneau

est efface.

SARCOPHAGE DE
Couvercle. 68 lignes verticales
:

(-

45-48 (sans sep.)

=

) cj

/,

64, seulement jusqu'a

i-

3 (sans sep. )

"\
3-

4-

\ ^ f > = Pepi 108, jusqu'a | ^ 4^(sep. 5 (sans sep.) = Une phrase qui n'esl pas dans
etc.
,

^ "^

= Pepi

I,

60-61, depuis

jusqu'a s=>

48-5i (sep. ?~^)

5 1-5 2

flj

= Pepi I, (sans sep.)

= Pepi
I, Pept' /,

Py/,

100-101.

101-102.

| )

I,

5-i 2 (sans sep.)

1

= Pepi I, 103-107. = Pepi I, 107. (sans sep.)

1

= 56-62 (sans sep.) = Pepi 62-68 = Pepi I, 118-120.

52-54 (sep. f~^) 55-56 (sans sep.)

122 1

i22 n

I,

128-128

(variantes).

2-1 9 (sans sep.) == Pepi I,

19-28 (sans sep.)

a 3-3 3 (sans sep.)

= Pepi I, = Pepi I,
1.

07-1

1 1

m-ii4.
5 9-61.

Cote de la tete. Pas de texles religieux, mais seulement des representations d'objets.

C6te des pieds.

lignes verticales

33-36 (sans sep.) == Un

texte qui se retrouve

dans

1-11=

Texte nouveau (voir ch. XLVI).

:

5,

couvercle,

3g-42
/,

(voir ch. xxxvin).

&o (sans sep.) = Pepi I, 6 a 4o-4i (sans sep. = Pepi 1 6a n 4 1-42 (sans sep.) = Pepi I, 62-68. *~ 42-44 (sans sep.) = Pepi I, 63 "114-45 (sans sep.) = Pepi I, 63-64.
1
.

86-89 (sans sep.)=Pe^t

61-62.

C6te droit. 52 lignes verticales

i-33 (fin de

la

colonne sans sep. )

= Texte

nouveau

(voir ch. XLVII).

Le

litre et

quelques passages sont

"
jjjj

identiques a
de travaux,

un

texte publie par LACAU, Becueil

p.

XXVI,

67-78
1.

(=

Sarcophage du

Gaire n

28088,

cote 3,

20-88).

1J

Journal d'enlree du Musee, n

EXCAVATIONS AT SAQQARA, 1906-1907.

34 (sans
sep.)

= 4wamu,
dans
).

pi.

XXIX,

1.

2-3. Ce
'

mSme
a 9~3

tres

abime;

les

deux

tiers

du

texte sonl illisibles.

texte se relrouve

J~^1T'
3o-34,

^on ^'

f 1-1 3

35-43 =

vin (voir ch.

= Mr, = 13-17
!

i3i-i5o.
170-173.
indeterminable.
i)

Teti,

1 7* *"""*, f

nd

J-

oil

ce texte forme

2= Texte ^-2

un chapitre
43-52
ch. XLIV).

distinct (voir ch. xi).

22-4a (une separation de chapitre en rouge

et

= 1^*^
i"

fond,

ligne

35

seq. (voir

264-271. 42-56 (on ne voit pas s'il y a separation) Pepi II, de Pepi II sont com8 1 4-820 quelques passages
Teli,

verticales () = Litre des

C6te gauche,

La

liste d'oft'randes; 2

4 lignes

cet exemplaire. pletes par

marts, ch. LXVIII.

56-63=
64-71
est

Teti,
Teti,

Fond. 77 lignes verticales

(*

).

Le tout

= 287-290. = Texte indeterminable. 7 1-77

271-273.

Sarcophage de

|*~~*,

c6t

des pieds,

1.

i3-i5

'

^^^

fin

du panneau.

II

A B

Sarcophage de Sarcophage de

, [

c6te" droit,

1.

i-3.

fond,

1.

26-28.

~~-A

^~

^k

W*A J

V A
^~

'

T* J

QlV JEV
''

1
1

<A- fffffff\

1 1

n'c

J'ai

mis en

I6te

des chapilres

les litres

qui se (rouvent a

la fin.

TEXTES RELIGIEUX.

25
^\ AvwwvA

AN
OUI
~^~

F)

N N

A"~w4
ii

f,;

*"

vj

.1
91

II
I

y
in

Sarcophage de

I
|

cote droit,

1.

3-i o.

Ill

H
*
1

Jr

A ^^

J
I.

y^wA
I
I

| J
I

=!i^-N Aww J
?

i--N

"
Avwv^\

Excavations at Saqqara

1906-1907.

EXCAVATIONS AT SAQQARA, 1906-1907.

IV

Sarcophage de

If^^'
8
'i
I

cot e droit,

1.

10-18.

1 41
I

Jr

mw

\\

*~~*

JT

<*.

HJlr7=BTP^J-*H
?

IP

)|

'

AvA

o
J J\ A
"

J\.

\\

^J

.^> I

\\

J-^-N /MWWA -Hi

V^PU **
.

1T

TJL

Sarcophage de

t^^,

cote droit,

1.

18-28.

V m M

!J

TEXTES RELIGIEUX.
,

27

irr

l-^
I

JO

A~M*~"

_.V ^"=* _ V O
c

Jr

M
4"! _
r n
^
I I I

v
\

^"^

j
al

36 \\
1

v^ v ^^ _y
_/r

M.

vv _y
^zr

"

^HIQ
if

!
i

VVV A

JA. JK\ i

l5

VI

Sarcophage de

'~~~*, cote droit,

I.

28-80.

* -_-fl ^r J C3
I
i
I

AW^
I

^
;

3o

28

EXCAVATIONS AT SAQQARA, 1906-1907.

VII

Sarcophage de
Sarcophage de

jj
1

*,

c6t

droit,

1.

3o-3i. Pas de

titre.

B B

fond,

I.

28-29.

'Xt~2'!
3t

VIII

Sarcophage de

?
|

A~~A, cot^ droit,

I.

3 1-82.

^.^^.^g^
C
Ce

^^

t*^*s.
,

^
X
*

fond,

I.

ag-3o.
1.

Sarcophage de

%,

cote droit,
pi.

36 (au milieu d'un autre chapitre).

I.

texte se retrouve dans

Amamu,

XXIX,

2-3.

G Pas de

titre.

N
34

U
ill
3

n ^
I I

II
IAVWW*

TEXTES RELIGIEUX.
IX

29

Sarcophage de

[*~"'"V

cote droit,
ainsi
:

1.

82-89.

Ge chapitre

se

decompose

= 0unas, 66o-46a (avec de grandes differences). = Texte nouveau(?). SA-Sy = 87-89 Livre des morls, chap. LXVII (delmt).
39-34

til

-A U J

^to^

k.

J\

^.

II

k.

"!
I

10

X
Sarcopliage de
J

(^~^,

cote droit,

1.

3g-A5.

~*vri

*
1 1

fl,

30

EXCAVATIONS AT SAQQAIU, 1906-1907.

. 1
rf

^^^

T^ A _/? .Xl

JA~~*N

"
ft*+**\

XI

A B C

=
=

Sarcophage de Sarcophage de

] -J l^ [

^
'f

A^,, ^w^*^
<fc

cote droit,

1.

65-5a.

fond,

1.

3o-3/i.
1.

Sarcophage de

%,

cot^ droit,

35-i3.

^
B

5B

N
VA
XUUU
/._

IN
|

"

1J

Dans ce sarcophage

le

ddbut manque,

le textc

commence en haul de

la

ligue 35.

TEXTES RELIGIEUX.

31

in

38

A
I

BV

m
_y

f
I

S3
I

AVWVWV

1M"

III

AVW~A

JJ

^,A-Lf\v TV
ytov.MV

1 SK

.^^-

_ZT

*V~N
I

JT

*^

A>VWA

r-T!
I

>

32

EXCAVATIONS AT SAQQARA, 1906-1907.

ft" GTHU
fV
3o

ft

"

XII

Sarcophage de

A~~M, cote droit,

"*,

1.

52-56.
et
1.

Sarcophage de ] W
se

"X

fond,

1.

5a-53

^7-68.

Ce chapitre

decompose

ainsi

52-5&

= un
I.

chapitre distinct dans le sarcophage

du Caire n

28088,

cot<5

4,

1.

38-AoW.

56-56, depuisH
c6te/i,

=un
'

autre chapitre dans le

m&me

sarcophage du Caire n 28088,

k 0-6 2

2
>.

B Pas de

litre.

J JT

v.i

lj

Pultlie Puhl'.d

par LACAU,

flecueiV

rfe

travaux,

IJ

par LACAU, BecueiY de travaux,

XXX, XXX,

199. Notre nouvei exemplairc ameliore le premier. p. 198. Noire nouvel exemplaire ame'liore et complete
p.

le

premier.

TEXTES RELIGIEUX.

33

\.

parlir d'ici environ

1 1

lignes, totalement

S==J

flTVT
I

.^..^.N^^

n-^ !'__.;

55 J
I

AT

j-*

N
!(

stc

N N I-

i5

fN Awww\ n ^d.
I

XIII

Sarcophage de

(*''*)

cote droit,

1.

5y-58.

..

58|

*\
'

/"\

AvsvsvA

T
(l)

partir d'ici ce texle

dislincl.

foime un chapilre s^parddans

"^ *^", fond,

1.

(1)

Animal peu

Excavations al Saqqara

1906-1907.

EXCAVATIONS AT SAQQARA, 1906-1907.

XIV
Sarcophage de
| Lrfi&J /**^**\

j^^,
le

c6t<

gauche,

1.
.

i-3.
,^^

AWW^V
,

Oncomparera dans
(ce
texte est

sarcophage de

cote gauche, les lignes 6,

21-28, 27-28

donn pins

loin, ch. XLI).

|->-N A~~A JJ
N

A"~"V1_^

f|
I

>~~~* I =

m.

W - J A~~A ^BP
I
1

fl

l|

XV
A B

Sarcophage de

I
[

A*^,
A VVWVWA

L^^J ^**^^*^

cote gauche,
,

1.

8-27.
i-4.

^^v

Sarcophage de
r

T w

^
A

cot6 droit,

1.

A A
i

parti

de
J I

la ligne

18 on comparera Ounas, 4^

>-

N
..

C~D .

A%vw^

_/i

* '^ Av*A V " 'V IK V,

-JI* '^^PTl JE.

x MW~A

B
,

__ IL j Ul m. I J^^ J

-=*>-

A
AMMM4
k

-^

^^

UUMUI
Av-vwA

Cfnl" A
I
I

JIV
j|
hZl
.

-J|

~-

J^t

,^

A B

A
p

"*
I

ip::iHVJ^-

TEXTES RELIGIEUX.

35

SI

~^ J

ao

'

"

7
i

I*. J
i
.

~^~ * AVWWA .

11

partir de la ligne 5
J

on a dans

" ^

un

autre texto sans separation

= Harhotep,
5.

'

Depuis

.N^7^

36

EXCAVATIONS AT SAQQARA, 1906-1907.

"
AwwVwA

B J

AvwvA

JM"

N A~^ Illlf 1*11

I

'

J1HJilJJ *

N *~~* JIM,} A X
I

'

()

(7)

35

XVI

A B

Sarcophage de Sarcophage de

|~"S

fond,

1.

1-7.
1.

fond,

1-7.

SIC

in

m
(1 >

Depuis Depuis

>-

N = Ounas,
444.

445.

= Ounas,

(5)

Le

texte est ainsi dispos^

Depuis

j^ = 0n<M,
s,

446.

Depuis

444-445.

TEXTES RELIGIEUX.
A

37

N
N

N N

xv-jN
B

-M

N
B

N'

i5

O'?ivn c
I

Ms -

i2r

A B

N N

IV
1

_Zt

(IV) \ Ji /
1

=* Vfi&SH-*
(l)

(1)

Tous

les

sont sans

Le
:

lexte

est ainsi

z:
!

dispos^

38

EXCAVATIONS AT SAQQARA, 1906-1907.

xvn

A B

= =

Sarcophage

dejj*~s
^k

fond,
,

1.

7-18.
1.

Sarcophage del V

fond,

7-1

M, "hJV^M
.
>*wA

n^
I

e
>^

?
I

Jj.

AMVMA

'
A.vw^

- P'VS*

=1V|U- ;Sj->-N AvA J JT LJ

A
I I I

>**%^A .a

*j J
J
I I

8
X
I

'"^>
I
I I

J^N

"
t~~~*

?P~P^.1
I

H' V f~~~* Jt*

-V JH J*
1
'

r-^W
?X

T _F 'T

II

ll-Ir'-^'yw^^ J"^

^.

^
I I
I

ANWWA

V m

fJl

Jl

Hi A~~A I

.-.-..

ft

A~A

^~ s=> /^k
I I

w
I
I

g
I

Jj*

SK

- ^^ x V
A

_F

*=* X ?W
i

J?

TEXTES RELIGIEUX.

39

1^1

^^*l
I I

B ^
A

h ^i
I

>

\\

'y^^ ->. .^.

ft

V ^_i Jr
^fe 1.

w
1 1 1

AvwwA

\\

-ifc~3*JV-*H
I

4flJ

A~~^

A
i

A~~~\

J\ J

Aww>\

^7^

jff.^

A LuJ

XVIII

Sarcophage de

|^v^, fond,

1.

18-17.
1.

^
"X i"^*v

AkVWvA
,

fond,

12-1

5.

4k

40

EXCAVATIONS AT SAQQARA, 1906-1907.

ANj^V^-Jl'^
BN
'

"

* -11*
Tl
"11

n
I

j ;,

.^^.

.^^

v
N
i5

XIX
Sarcophage de
Cf.

1. 17-21. |"~"S fond, Sarcophage du Caire n a8o3&, cot^ k,

\.

62-68

= MASPERO,

Mission du Caire,

I, p.

226.

:>.

TEXTES RELIGIEUX.
'9

til

JU,
O
I I I

8
X

|_d^N

Avw-A

f
I

"^ W
!

,T1

A~~V

XX
Sarcophage de
*"""*
|

fond,

1.

21-22.

Ce

texte

=
i

Livre des marts, ch. LXXXVI, premiere phrase.

-""-

Jr M

N
N

XXI
Sarcophage de
*""""*,
j | LwJ ^*M**^

fond,

1.

92-2^.
pi.

Ce

texte se retrouve dans

Amamu,

XXVIII, derniere ligne,

et pi.

XXIX,

I.

1-2.

~~
II

v Ai *
-Bl

'

'' !

vh
-I*

.;.,.;%>%.

J.

v J CD
Jr*

ui ui i

~~*> *

n >i *~~*

XXII
Sarcophage de
] * |
-IM^)

AW^, fond,
/^***^

1.

26-29.

i\j
Excavation! at Saqqara, 1906-1907.

it! tM.

EXCAVATIONS AT SAQQARA, 1906-1907.

XXIII

Sarcophage de

|*"~"S fond,

I.

ag-35.
1.

Ce

texte se retrouve dans

Amamu, pi XXVII,

1-6.

IHVVi^VJJ
A
Q *i

Pi

AVVVWA

Mvs%t*A

?^$^3

^^^^R

4.^^-

J*

o
J

' J
xi

=
1*1

J,,,IV "'~'f 1 r.i i*

-V

^PJ-JTlP?Pff* '^^^'V ^r-J! lU^m 1

*ww

TEXTES RELIGIEUX.

XXIV
Sarcophage de
I

t^MhJ ^******^

|*~~*, fond,

1.

35-6o.
pi.

Ce

texte se retrouve dans

Amamu,

XXVII,

1.

6-9.

111

""T

XXV
A

Sarcophage de

|^

A,
AVWWA

fond,

I.

4o-&2.
1.

^
^ i^^V

fond,

16-17.
pi.

Ge chapitre

se retrouve

dans Amamu,

XXVII,

I.

9-11.

J\ AtMMMV I

.<>-- JJ

Aw-vA

6.

44
5

EXCAVATIONS AT SAQQARA, 1906-1907.

AN
J^ LJ
iM
"
\\ffj II

ttVV ^. J^

\\

=
XXVI

Sarcophage de

|^''^, fond,

1.

Aa-A3.
pi.

Ce

texte se retrouve dans

Amamu,

XXVII,

1.

11-12 W.

!5^

JJ
XXVII

Sarcophage de f AW**, fond, LJ AtwwA

|

1.

43-66.
e

Ge

texte

= LtVre des morts,

Jr'

ch. CXLIX

(8 demeure)

= Amamu,

pi.

XXVII,

I.

2-1 5.

g=

'

j^

<l)

Cf.

sarcophage du Gaire n" 28088, couvercle,

a les patles lides sous le venire.

1.

77-78.

[J)

Le taureau

TEXTES RELIGIEUX.
XXVIII
Sarcophage de
"'"'%
j j

45

fond,

I.

46-5

1.

Ce

texte se retrouve dans

Amamu,

pi.

XXVII,

I.

i5-i8.

XXIX
Sarcophage de
| 1

1~~~\,

fond,

I.

5i-56.

Ce

texte se retrouve dans

Amamu,

pi.

XXVII,

I.

18-21

<=="

Ps

ji

J M

' " AWV AWMV _^H *

1

I ,

V'<-| J
^S-V

N ft****

'

1isvn
I

'

T <

(1)

Cf. plus

haul ch. xv,

I.

3a-34. Dans ce dernier texte 1'ordre des membres de phrases

J.

esl

normal.

(l)

Pour

le deliut, cf. le

sarcophage du Caire u 281 18, c6l6 3,

i-4; ce texte a 6l6 public par LACAU, Recueil de travaux,

la fin,
1.

XXX,

p. ig4.

On comparers

egalement Livre des marts, ch. CXLIX (10* demeure). Pour

54-56,

cf.

plus haul

ch. xix.

EXCAVATIONS AT SAQQARA, 1906-1907.

XXX
Sarcophage de
|
1

*""""*

fond,

1.

5 6-61.
pi.

Ce
*
Pi

texte se retrouve dans

Amamu,

XXVII,

I.

et pi.

XXVIII,

1.

1-2

_y

i
'

P MV*^|

>w*vy^

"~"fjV -^ _T
ii

XXXI
Sarcophage de
|

[^*^, fond,

1.

61-67^.

ffi

J^

jj

!)

Tres analogue a Livre des morls, ch. CXLIX (i i" demeure); quelques phrases en plus. Ce texle se relrouve an milieu d'un autre chapitre dans le Sarcophage du Caire n* 28088,
chapitre a
e"td

cole"

3,

1.

190-197

(m^mc litre). Ce

publi^ par LICAU, Recueil de travaux,

XXX,

p.

190. La

fin diflere

dans

les

deux exemplaires.

TEXTES RELIGIEUX.

!J'-^,
"^ N A~A *v^L I
MWA
A"**"*

-j

64 J
'
I

I"*
x
^

l^-^\

pf"3?prppf

i-\

o ^t V
\

J*

ii&.it^u^at;*-:-

_ZT

-7

^^

ji

^
Ji

66
I

fcj-U.
AVVVWA

^J^^B^

.__

5^-

n
,

M/

^^ U~J *^^">^

XXXII

Sarcophage de | \t~*~\, fond, ^J J*t+tt*\

I.

67-78.
pi.

Ce
%
'

texte se retrouve dans

Amamu,

XXVIII,

1.

2-7.
j*rt

"/'#/&%%
3

ywwww^

N JLfJ

^-!^

68

^ ^^"TJ f| J A
.^M. \

j^i

ii

J"^*^]

V AWWA V/ Jr AA ^^ J
i

AV**^

1C
JPV
(10 cadrats environ)

I J

-^^^

N AWM

(u

cadrats environ)

IN AtwwA ^=V-O T "V. X ^^>

?

I" L

N t~~~\\ 1

"

EXCAVATIONS AT SAQQARA. 1906-1907.

XXXIII

Sarcophage de

I'"*"""*!

fond,

1.

73-77.
pi.

Ce

texte se retrouve dans

Amamu,

XXVIII,

I.

7-10.

(17 cadrats environ)

7

N[

(12 cadrats environ)

environ)

XXXIV
Sarcophage de
*~'*, fond,
1.

77-82.
pi.

Ce

texte se retrouve dans

Amamu,

XXVIII,

1.

10-16.

^4

"^

A
~l
v

11

^?

J^

II

"T
I

J'J Jl 31

N AWMMV m

ittiMjP

I (10 cadrats environ) I mSm

'iP

^.

-M

^*

-w

79

%<'"

Jt

%
WMV? (p
r

(1 7

cadrats environ)

80
I

Jin'
H*T
(1)

ing I

(10 cadrats

et

demi environ)

'

A%V~* i^l'V DIT O

^W/
1(^0
c6lt^

cadrats

1(2)

environ)

Pour La

cette phrase, cf. le

(1)

fin

du

chapilre est

sarcophage du Gaire u 281 18, dans la lacune.

a,

1.

29-80.

TEXTES RELIGIEUX.

XXXV
Sarcophage de
|^""~S fond,
1.

82-101 W.

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Excavation! at Saqqara

1906-1907.

50

EXCAVATIONS AT SAQQARA, 1906-1907.

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56

EXCAVATIONS AT SAQQAUA, 1906-1907.

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TEXTES RELIGIEUX.
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58

EXCAVATIONS AT SAQQARA, 1906-1907.

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THE MONASTERY.
Among
the most
as

common

of the Arabic words

that have been adopted into

European

employed by those concerned with antiquities in Egypt, are the names sebakh, languages, sebakhin. Perhaps one third of the time and energy of the out door staff of the Antiquities is on the care of the interests which these words express. Sebakh is the

expended Department soil from ancient sites, a valuable manure, presumably deriving its value from the nitrates left on the fields, by human and animal life in past ages. It is most laboriously gathered and laid
and, great as
the only
is

remedy

the destruction caused to ancient sites, the practice cannot be interfered with; would be in the introduction of a very cheap imported manure. But the fellahin
:

are not supposed to dig quite at large for sebakh

certain sites are given over to them, and, at

monuments, perhaps, the site of Ras el-Gisr has been for of antiquityears abandoned to the sebakh industry. A guard is employed to report any discovery ies, and it was he who pointed out to us the first of the group of chambers now to be described.
Saqqara, in order
to save the earlier
is that much-dug area on the desert edge from Bedrashein. Many brick walls appear above the surface, at the end of the dyke leading all of them belonging to small chambers, but nowhere is there a sign of a large church fragments of Coptic capitals, amphora handles, here and there a block of an earlier period

Ras el-Gisr

ft

the

head of the embankment

T>

reused, even a granite sarcophagus,

extensive, certainly

may be

seen.

The area covered by

these ruins

is

rather
village,

200 metres square and the

:

place was generally called a

Roman

but Maspero many years ago pointed out that it was probably the monastery of Saint Jeremias. The site is by no means exhausted there are more rooms to be dug and the cemetery is well known
to the

Saqqara population, so well known that has been described to me; the name

it

must be

largely destroyed.

The type

of burial

of the dealer

who bought

the beads

and embroideries, even the name of

the customer
is

known

to the

who bought from him, Saqqara tomb -robEgypt the

village does

bers.

But whither the antiquities went

they
left

when

not know.
Ot 2

~
5~~
10

METRES

CELL A.
Plates

This was the

first

found.

XL-XLIV shew
It
,

the decoration
Plan of the chapel and
cells.

on
of

its walls.

mud

brick

square chamber the walls covered with

is

mortar, then with one of white plaster; the dome that once roofed it had collapsed but the pendentives remained in the four corners. The floor was paved with oblong blocks of stone fairly cut and up to o m. 70 cent, by o m. Ao cent, in size.
a layer of

mud

On

the east was an apsidal recess

metre high, the rounded arch of which was formed of

64

EXCAVATIONS AT SAQQARA, 1906-1907.

it

were two small cupboards, there was a larger one to the south of the altar (o m. 90 cent, high and i in. ao cent, wide), another in the north-west corner, and in the west wall two small recesses for lamps.
blocks of stone (pi. XL1). Below
In the north-west corner two halfbrick walls about e
chair, covered with plaster,

m. 60

cent, long

and the height of a

of a seat though the material is conceivably have been the base In the opposite corner, sunk in the ground, was a broken water jar. very weak for the purpose. Three of the four walls are painted.

may

aged. brownish.

and Child, on the two sides the archangels Michael and Gabriel. The plaster surface is very irregular and lumpy but this has not embarrassed the artist and the drawing of the head of the Virgin on the concave surface is well manis meant for The colour of the purple but is really very dull and
East wall (pi. XL).
In the recess the Virgin
Virgin's garments

Above are the lower parts of three

on the pendentive
North
i

saints in the figures of

same

style,

and further

to the

north

is

of the next painting. part of a figure in the cruder style

figures

side.

Picture of four saints on a white background, the tallest of the

is

m.

k cent. high. This scene

given

in a

photograph only

(pi.

XLIV)

as

it

was not worth repro-

ducing in colour. There is a second penitent, not shewn in the plate, to the left of the naked saint; also a palm tree and some other object which I do not recognise. This end is much damaged. The
the famous saints picture, then, represents four of
the

name of which is not

legible,

and two penitents to the left the nude Ggure then Makare Apollo and ( as Crum suggests) Phib. The crouching
:

be bringing the feet of Phib and Apollo together (?). The painting is of a debased kind; it has been restored once, and Apollo has gained a finger in the process. Four colours were used, black, yellow, slate blue, red, and, for the flesh of the figure on the
figure appears to
left,

pink with a greenish mixture in the shadows. The figures were painted in with broad streaks of colour and the black outline was added last. Slate colour is used for beards and hair, for the
outer cloak of Makare and the penitent, for the inner garments of the other two saints the rest of the clothes and the haloes are yellow. The shade lines on the face are of a muddy green:

ish colour, the

bookbindings red with white jewels.

West wall.

The north-west pendentive has unimportant

traces only, but

is left,

on the west wall

are the remains of eight figures which once filled the arc. Little

only in the centre two faces

better pre-

with the

titles

served figure head are the words

^xnAANOYrwcxy and ^nNxnxMOYCHcimpi?!. On the right side is a of a bearded man holding a book, and, much smaller, a female saint

over whose

$ nxnx^exnxo?ic.

The door is rather low and narrow (i m. 5o cent, by o m. 68 Threshold and lintel cent.). bear alike incised crosses and on the latter are several scratched graffiti the clearest of which is
Tc

xc nxyxe KOY'ZA. Going now

bolt hole for a door

and

outside the chapel A, opening to the south this part

:

we come
is

to

another door with a latch

other door to the east into another

room and near

it

not yet wholly dug out. There is ana stone with several holes for water jars.

THE MONASTERY.

65

Outside this doorway to the east we are still indoors, for there is a lamp recess in a wall on the left. There was, too, a small stairway leading to the roof of chamber G. The building here is of the rudest and bricks of various sizes and blocks from other buildings
are used; one was inscribed in Coptic, another bore the

name
in the

of ^fc"

II

^^

The chapel, when found, was

lay

full

of clean sand

and

doorway

at the level of the lintel

an amphora.

was by far the most interesting of all. Plate XLV shows its appearance immediately after the sand was taken out, the altar, the geometric decoration on the north wall to the left, the stone base of the screen separating the liaikal from the church
CHAPEL B.

Was dug

out next.

It

and even two pieces of the wooden screen itself. The next Gve plates show the paintings of the altar, the detail of the pillar and arch, while plates LI and LII reproduce again the ornament
painted on the plaster.

The chapel

is

quite small, just h metres wide;

its

length

has entirely disappeared. Beginning now from the altar adding such notes as are not rendered unnecessary by the photographs.
East end. -

we do not know, for the western part we may go round the little church,

and

all

but a

XLVI, is a thin slab of marble, once upheld by a bar of wood, metre wide. Above it, painted on plaster are medallions of the Virgin and the two
altar, pi.

The

archangels. At a later time

someone has scrawled

in charcoal

on the upper band of white the

following line

-f

nxpxANrexocMixAnx.xm62MOT

The
vision.

eyes of the Virgin have been wilfully gouged out.

in glory, flanked
left,

Above was once the figure of Our Lord

The garments

are reddish, the face on the

by the wings with eyes of Ezekiel's darting beams from its eyes, is painted in

red on white, the background is dark green with some stars in white. In the pillar and pilaster the imitation of stone carving is in brown on yellow. On the pillar the spirals are (pi. XLVIII) and black with a yellow border on the pilaster the centres of medallions are of wavy red red
:

lines; the borders are yellow, the rest black

and white.
cent,

There were two cupboards, both large (o m. 70 the right had a stone shelf.
South
side.

wide), roofed with palm logs; that on

--At

the east end a doorway leads into a smaller

room

(J),

but this had been

blocked with stone below and brickwork above.

On

the left was a cupboard with stone half-shelf

above

it

to the right a very small

sills

cupboard

with another shelf. There were two windows in this wall, both with

and below
for a lamp.

this

slope in

one of them a lower

sill

of

wood remains. Under

sloping sharply inwards, the window is a recess

The patterns on
has been laid
flat

the plaster are given again in colour on plate LI, 2, 3; the second of these so as to get better into the plate.

The The

west end has gone.

north wall

was covered
,

to the height of a

metre with geometrical patterns, and above

y

Excavations at Saqqara

1906-1907.

66

EXCAVATIONS AT SAQQARA, 1906-1907.

these was a line of figures, originally a metre or more high, of which nothing of value remains. The general scheme of colour is that the centres of medallions are red, the dots hlack or red on a white ground and the leaf patterns (like trfleur de lisn) yellow, but the yellow has proved far

more

fugitive than other colours

and mere

traces of

it

now remain.
monks
in a
to write, either with

The white bands

of these decorations had been utilised by various

a knife point or with a

pen

a series of graffiti, one or

(pi.

mentions a certain Stephen, a deacon

good uncial hand. One LXIV, 2) one the monk Lilammon. This last reads
two of

them

There was

a very small

cupboard

(?)

in this wall

in the thickness of the wall with the air outside. It

which now communicates by a may have been an airshaft.

vertical hole

paved with limestone slabs in the part outside the haikal is an inscription which covers two stones, must be then a commemorative inscription and not, as some stones found later,

The

floor

is

an epitaph purloined from the cemetery close by and used as building material. The inscription
is:

i?excpoeicenxcoN<|>oi
mu) H peiM H N OH

At a later date, thinking that the monks might have been buried in their cells or under the floors of the chapels we removed these two slabs. Two empty vases were found in the sand and

then about o m. 5o cent, below a pavement of plaster appeared and this

for fear of bringing the

[bammon] was not

mentary inscription

we could not disturb whole chapel down. It was fairly certain though, that the monk Phoiburied below. On another paving slab, near the door, was a still more frag:

fc

xc

nu>.n.

nces.c
CELL C. - In this

small

chamber there was one painting,

It

of Saint
fell in

dore on horseback, very incomplete. is not published.

At the north-west corner
is

was photographed but

George or Saint Theoa few hours and the scene

an angle of good limestone masonry older than the chambers we have examined; it is Coptic, however, for it has that horizontal groove cut in the stone to insert the long decorated beams of wood which is so characteristic of the
period.
is

To
a

the south of the small

room

farther east are two pillars

the east one

a papyrus shaft from

XIX th Dynasty tomb surmounted by

:

a late capital inscribed with an invocation of Jeremias,

Enoch and Apollo

engraved
in

the west pillar

is

entirely Coptic
:

and bears a

cross in red paint

and below

it,

good characters, another inscription

Kxeocxpin

AMGY6XNOK
K

THE MONASTERY.
CELL D.
Is

67
is

just seen

on the

left in

altar plate LIV; the

shown

in plate

LIX; and the

Jeremias alone in plate figure of

LX.
feature
is

The chapel
a

is

small;

its

main

the altar in

its little

recess with paintings above

and

below. The figures are the Madonna, the two archangels, Saint Jeremias and another pattern below it a small saint, doubtless Enoch. To the right of this is a cupboard with two shelves,
in niche, perhaps for a lamp there are two more of these recesses, one in the north wall, one the north corner of the east. In the south wall was a window with a sharply sloping sill like the two in A; below this a bench of brickwork. In the floor of this cell was found the frag:

chapel

ment

of plastering with the medical inscription given

on plate LXIII, 6, and plate LXIV,

7.

CELL E.

In this were
altar slab,

remove the

no pictures, and this was convenient, as we could without scruple which was part of an old gravestone with a well preserved inscription

below, with incised letters painted in red.

pxi

//

A.OCMIXAHA

"

nxpxArrexocrxspiHX

"

iz

"

Mnxorie

//

eipHNHZAMHN

"

MOMNCOYMOBNCOYCOYN2
(The
letters

underlined are smaller than the

rest.)

This was painted on all four sides; it is the middle room in plate LIV. The altar and the picture of the three holy children to the right of it are shown on plate LV, part of the on the painting over the altar in plate LVI the three children again in plate LVII the decoration
, ,

CELL F. -

north wall in plate LVIII, and a pattern from the west wall in plate LVII, k. There are in the walls no less than nine recesses or cupboards of different sizes. To the right of the altar is a small niche for a lamp, blackened above next it is a larger recess (o m. 60 cent.
;

wide) with a wooden shelf; a stone bench projects before these two about o m. the wall face.

6 cent, beyond

Below the

altar

with a shelf, to
side,

cupboard with a small opening but larger inside. There is another, again the south of the first pair, and there are two more at the north end of the east
is

one

in

the north wall and two in the west.

:

The building was here two storeys high on plate LIV in the east wall we see the holes in which the roofing beams lay (o m. 80 cent, apart) and above them the plaster of the upper
storey

and the

line of the foot of the wall. It

was not a
cent.

lofty building;

from the

floor of the

upper

room

to the floor of the chapel

was but

m. 60

On one

of the figures in the niche was a

vni
1' 1

Greek

pronounced to be of t]je had been photographed.

century.

It

which was seen by Dr. Grenfell and was, unfortunately, washed away by rain before it
graffito

68

EXCAVATIONS AT SAQQARA, 1906-1907.

colour reproduced in monochrome some red in the clothes and the outleft in the original. The angels' wings are yellow, there was lines are in red. The children wear wide cloaks with bright yellow borders and an inner garment

The scene

of the three children in the fire

is

there

is little

the legs are loose trousers, red in the case of the middle figures, black in the southern one. The flames were painted red. The treatment is singular. One would have supposed that the scene of the angel

the collar of which fastens with the collar of the outer cloak in a central medallion.

On

much more modern than the vii" century. holding out a protecting cross was very Below this scene is a single figure in better condition, painted in white on the dark back1

the door to the altar. It is a bearded ground and over the red band or dado which extends from in the style of the four saints in chapel A. Near his head is the legend nAnxovco figure painted

N6OC

written in

six lines.
is
:

an elaborate pattern (pi. LVIII) the lozenges are red, the leaves in the centre green. The curtain pattern below is also in red line with green for the leaf motives. On the west side is a similar curtain pattern, now appearing white against a drab ground, but the
the north side

On

colour was once red. Above lozenges

vase.
filled

is

a lozenge pattern of pairs of yellow lines with red

between

the

with single heart-shaped leaves of bright green, other leaves, and in one case, a

At the south end of this wall

is

an unintelligible scene of some standing figure raising suppliant

hands

to a saint.

On
scene
blank.

the south wall a standing saint appears to pierce with a spear a crouching
is

woman, but

the

fragmentary. There was another painting

in the reveal of

the window.

Room G was

the south of chapel B, has a small window in each of the three walls. These are painted with the curious pattern shewn in plate LIII and in plate LVI1, a. In the upper part the knobbed spikes are red, the leaves green, the flowers were once probably that white of was the medium pink. The surface of the green paint is cracked; it is
J, to

Room

probable

egg

used. Below, the lozenges are red, and inside the lozenges is a red circle crossed by a floral star of green, but the green, as usual, has largely fallen away. Several gravestones with Coptic inscriptions were found (pi. LXI and LXII) both in our

work and
was
t'n

in the sebakli extraction that

was going on
and

at the

same time, but the only one that

situ

was the

altar slab in

chapel E, already mentioned.

capitals (pi. LXII).

There were

pottery was found

Two human face

great quantity of a shortnecked, deeply fluted amphora (pi. LXIII, 3) was the typical vase. of the large (o m. 80 cent.) decorated vases (pi. LXII, 6) with a fish-pattern and a
:

also

some

pairs of pilasters

No very

in black lines

on the red ware were found

intact.

Some fragments

of thin

and good

coloured table glass, blue and green, and three unbroken pieces (pi. LXIII, 2) the larger of them o m. ao cent, high, showed that, in this branch of art the Egyptians had kept up a high
level of skill.

Fragments of bowls of earthenware with glaze of blue and yellow are exactly similar to those found in the dust heaps at Old Cairo, and an interesting find was a flat piece of plaster of Pans o m. 06 cent, thick, pierced with cylindrical holes, closely resembling the plaster backing

THE MONASTERY.
on which the stained
learnt by the Arabs
glass

69
art then,

windows of the mosques are made. This

is

must have been

the papyrus (pi. LXIII, 5). It bears on one side parts of five lines of very large Kufic writing, on the other a list of Christian names in Neskhy Arabic. Prof. Moritz was able to date this for me to not later than 780 A. D.

The

last

from the Copts. small object to be mentioned

Four coins were found and were submitted

to

Mr.

J.

G. Milne,

who

reports that they will not

stand cleaning but that there is no doubt that they are Alexandrian folles of the end of the Roman on one side, and, on ascribed to Heraclius, with a 3/i length figure period two are of a type
:
i

rj

the other

-rrW- The other two

are barbarous copies of the

same

type, perhaps

made

in very

early Arab times.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.
Shews the small pyramid partly excavated; the view is taken from the north-west, with the Step pyramid and the unnamed pyramid in the background. In the foreground the th shaft with planking laid over the mouth is one of the XIX Dynasty shafts, belonging to the
PLATE
I.

same period
above
is

as the bases of

columns and the

line of blocks

more

to the left. In the centre

the hole

made by
is

the original plunderers.

also the

The

fine outer casing

and the core of

rubble are both visible, as

XIX

th

Dynasty

floor.

PLATB

II.

The west

side of the small

pyramid with part of

its

court and boundary wall,

taken from the south. The three walls of brick are of later date and probably belong to the early New Empire tombs two coffins of this period are in the foreground.
:

two basins, the nearer one of quartzite the further of alabaster. In the Sunk loose detritus above the pyramid several of the late coffins, of Ptolemaic date or earlier, are
in the floor are
to

be seen.

PLATE
it

III.

--

East side of the same pyramid.

The north-east angle

is

seen on the

left,

beyond

is

the boundary wall, broken through in a length of 2 metres by the shaft of a late
:

New

Empire tomb the rough masonry face is the outer side of the shaft where the boy is sitting, is a doorway into the court, blocked at a

lining.

Further

to the right,

the right is a scored line on the pavement that marks the edge of the eastern boundary wall; two blocks of it remain on the extreme right. In the middle are two quartzite basins sunk in the floor and two
later date.

On

of the oblong

New Empire

shafts

broken through

it.

PLATE IV.
it

may

Plan and section of the small pyramid. The sharpness of the angle is noticeable be that the angle changed higher up and that this was a blunt n pyramid.
1

PLATE V.

seal of reddish clay with the titles of Userenre. This

I

was from a low

level at

the south-eact coi ner of the mastaba. For several points in the copy

am

indebted to Dr. G. Moller.

A\

ir
30E
3DE

72
2.

EXCAVATIONS AT SAQQARA, 1906-1907.

small plaque of wood, o m. 10 cent, high covered with plaster and gilt; it is slightly curved, the inscribed side being convex. It is also wider below than above, and must have been

inlaid in

some

form. object of conical

The design

in relief

shows a goddess

giving

life to

a KingNeferkara. This object

was found

in the stone chip at the south-east

corner of the pyramid,

it is

and, with the glaze plaques spoken of above, forms the evidence, slight enough, of the kings bearing this name. attributing the small pyramid to one
provisionally

true, for

He can hardly be Pepy II, whose pyramid name known from the Abydos and the Turin
to

is

well

known, but there are several kings of the

one of

lists, to

whom

the idea of building so close

a wider clearance to the east may, within the next presented advantages. But two years, give us inscriptions from the chapel with the titulary of the king. It may be, of course, that this is the tomb of Teta's queen, and that the two small monuments of Neferkara are

Teta

may have

derived from a later building.

3.

Parts of two pear-shaped ceremonial maces of reddish limestone

one of them

is

incised

with the Ka

name

of Teta l-^r-. At the time

it

was found

this title

was only known from a

single inscription at

Hatnub, but the Deutsche Orient

examples of the

Gesellschaft

found, almost at the same

time, at Abusir, other

h.

name on clay

sealings.
I
st
,

a line

wood, o m. 3o cent, long, incised with the name of Pepy of openwork decoration on a table or shrine.
flat

slip

of

doubtless from

PLATE VI.

--

Stela of

*~*

Height

metre. This was found near the

tomb of f-on a single monument

and on the same

level. It is, like

n 2, of white limestone.
varieties of spelling

The period must be about the X th Dynasty. The

are rather noticeable.

Height o m. 80 cent, from a shaft (5o4 W.), east of the south niche of the great mastaba. He was an official of the pyramid of Merkara, which cannot have been very far away from that of Teta.
2.

Stela of

I.

PLATE VII.

Parts of

Xth

Dynasty

stelae.

Same

scale.

1.

!*%.

o m.

60

cent. high. Traces of colour.

fcTH-

PLATE VIII. cartouche of

and

2.

Fragments of

stela of

f--

third piece bore the

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.
3 and
4.
5.

73

Parts of flanking
title

stelae.

Fragment with the

Fragment of
stela

of a physician,

name
rl.

I.

6.

with the

name
I
st

7.

Fragment with the name of Usertesen

o m. 65 cent.). (o m. 55 cent, by

if
-TT

PI
j

PLATE IX. 2.

1.

Fragment
stela of

of stela of

"p.
h.
_i.

Fragment of

-a-

3. Part of a flanking stela with h.

names

of

oils.

Fragment

of stela, o

m. 5i cent, high, of a certain

y
.

5 and 6.

Two

bits of stelae of a certain

m \r
*

-^t

PLATE X.

The three

stelae

here shown of

-\

J^r

were found
:

in situ in the east face

it,

of a small mastaba of brick.

as to

The panelled

stela
|

formed the centre

|.

the other two flanked

so

form

in

plan three sides of an oblong

They

stood on a plain stone base.

The space

between the end pieces was o m. 88 cent. The scenes are, in a shortened form, those of the Old Empire mastabas.
PLATE XI.

--

Only the lower part of

i

this statue
i

m
i

was found (height o m. 20 cent).

It is

of black
shaft,

'j

1 i

granite and comes from the burial of

*>

&

from the northern chamber of the same

the southern

chamber

of which contained the untouched burial of Karenen.

which must be very rare in statues of men. It can be paralleled in the figures of women depicted on a small scale at their husbands' feet. The inscription was, of course, not painted when found; a little white paint was rubbed in
are given in order to

Two photographs

show the

attitude,

to bring

up the signs

in the

photograph. The date

is,

presumably, between the Old and Middle

Kingdom.
Excavation! at Saqfjara
,

1906-1907.

10

74

EXCAVATIONS AT SAQQARA, 1906-1907.

PLATE XII.

taken from the door before anyone had been inside. The view shows about half of the chamber. The hole on the wall on the left leads into the shaft of an earlier tomb, robbed, filled in and forgotten long before Karenen's

A view

of the

tomb

of

Karenen

as

found

time. As soon as

they left old bread tli and the ledge of rock thus left was utilised to receive a boat and a tall vase of black In the corner at the back is the canopic chest of Karenen with, above it, a large granary, pottery. on which again was placed another boat and a box of tools. On the right is the massive outer coflin, badly damaged by white ants; the side has slipped and crushed the models crowded between it and the rock wall. The bowl, covered by another bowl inverted, contained the bones
of a leg and shoulder of veal.

the stonemasons changed the plan of the chamber presence was discovered the lower part narrower than they had intended; the upper part was cut out to the
its
:

Below

it is

a large

model of

a kitchen, the roof of

which

is

partly

broken down; to the left of this are two vases, one with a stopper of black clay. On the broken roof of the kitchen rests the procession of girls and boys and further back are
two boats
is

in very

bad condition and another model

fallen

on

its

side.

On

the roof of the coffin

another kitchen.

PLATE XIII.
It

This gives a similar view, but of the second coffin

east, after the objects

that of

was taken from the

is

shown
,

in the last

plate

had been removed. In the

foreground
a boat

the decayed lid of Karenen's coflin

on which

rests a

model vineyard that has

,

slipped from the wife's sarcophagus.

On

the roof three models are to be distinguished

a potter,
coffin.

and a large granary. A

In the

line of blue incised hieroglyphs

runs along the side of the

PLATE XIV.
of superior wood.

tomb there were two

are about o

statuettes of

Karenen and two of

fine

his wife,

made

They

m. 3o

cent, high,

and of

work, especially those of the

man.

Each was placed on

PLATE XV.

a base of ordinary

wood

those of the two inner figures were eaten away.

tomb

Procession of girls and boys. A wooden model, i m. 65 cent, long, from the of Karenen. This is a unique object. The figures are painted in the usual colours, men

red and

women
is

yellow.

The burdens

consist mostly of food with the materials for cooking,

but there

also a

box of clothes, a pillow and a green mat.

unique (length o m. 33 cent.). Karenen, carved in superior wood, is seated in his palanquin which evidently served as an armchair at home. The poles for carrying it were not found, but the holes for the thongs through which they were slipped are duly provided. The great man holds in one hand a staff the end of which is a clenched human
is

PLATE XVI.

This model

also

hand.

On

each side

is

harper, a

man

to the left, a

woman
:

to the right.

Before him are there

girls, singing and beating time by clapping their hands they are evidently dancing girls. One of them indeed, has her hair done in the long tail with a knob at the end, a fashion favoured

by these very gymnastic dancers. A fourth

girl sits

on a square

stool at

Karenen's knees.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.
Four boxes, containing perhaps the
the group.
clothes,

75

and instruments of the performers, complete

The model was finished with some care, the harps are of fine wood with pegs, and originally with strings. The boxes are painted and provided with knobs to fasten them; they do not open
but are dummies of solid wood.

Some

of the

wood had been eaten away, and

in boiling paraffin wax.

all

that remained was very fragile

it

was

improved by a soaking
PLATE XVII.
kiln.
2.
1.
is

Wooden model
as found, at
i

of a

The model

shewn

workshop with sawyer, potter and, on the the south end of the lady's coffin.
- the

left,

This continues the scenes of n

lid

models on the

lid of the coffin of J

The massive outer

is

and the almost untouched inner

coffin

below

will

be noticed. Above

a boat, eaten out by the white ants to a shell;

some

of the sailors have fallen through into

the cavity so formed; the boat was

3.

made

solid.

Another view of the same model as

feet.

ri

i,

moved from

its

place and laid on the ground;

the sawyer has been set on his

There are two workmen; one takes from the mass of clay on his left the requisite amount, rolls and kneads it and hands it to the potter, who spins his wheel with the left hand and turns
with the right.

The piece

of

wood
ties

lying crosswise on the floor

is

the post to which the

beam

to

be sawed was attached; the

were no doubt of linen thread and had been devoured. The

lever which tightened the ties

4.

had escaped and can be seen below the saw.

Another scene of a carpenter's shop, from the tomb of Karenen (o m. 4 2 cent. long). On the left is the sawyer; the handle has fallen from his little saw of bronze but lies on the floor;
the bar for tightening the cords lies on the other side of the work. In the middle
is

man

working
right side

a bowdrill
is

in his left

hand

is

the cap, duly hollowed out below.

of an adze. Near

The man

at the

making a head-rest by means

flat

him

is

some larger

object, perhaps

a bed.

The small
there from

red-coloured

slip

of

wood leaning

against the carpenter's block probably

fell

some other scene;

it

may be

a piece of meat.

PLATE XVIII.
1.

Continues the details from the tomb of Karenen and his wife.

78, in the last stage of decay. There really was little wood left in it, but the type is clear. It was one of the papyrus boats and was painted green with black stripes. The men were hoisting sail. The lady sits under a slight shelter and a friend outside is also provided
with a
2.
seat.

A boat, n

scene, n

43 (o m. 89

cent,

long), the nature of which

is

is

not quite clear.

Two men

are treading something in time, another

as she carries the scribes' tablets
is

armed with
:

a club.
this

girl

under her arm

perhaps

may

appears to be in authority, be a laundry, but the model

incomplete. These two numbers are from the

wife's coffin.
10.

76
3.

EXCAVATIONS AT SAQQARA, 1906-1907.

Box of
tools

from Karenen. The

tools

have not been moved, but, as the nails in the

bottom had disappeared the box was lifted from its base and the lid slid back to show its and bronze and comprise fourconstruction. The minute tools, eighteen in number, are of wood
axes, three adzes, three saws, seven chisels
l\.

and
It is

drills

and one

staff.

Another scene of

a potter's

workshop.

in

must have been almost poor condition, but

a duplicate of that in plate XVII.

5.

A woman

has here the unpleasant duty of attending to the kiln.

most complete of the papyrus boats (n 6). The boat is going down stream, the mast being unstepped and resting on a shaped support. At the prow was a look-out with a sounding pole but the white ants had devoured his legs and he is laid on the floor below his post. The men use leaf-shaped paddles; they sit square to their

One

of the

work. The object leaning on Karenen's shoulder

PLATE XIX.
1.

is

probably a spear-case.

A kitchen (n

of slaughter of an ox, also of beer making. 18). Scene

The

rafters in the roof are indicated carefully.

Model of a vineyard, photographed in position. Walls and end of the woman's coffin. (n A 2). From the
2.

trellis

are alike painted blue

3.

Good brewing scene (n 20) (o m. 60

cent. long).

Two

girls are

A man pounding with a very large pestle; her mortar has disappeared. kneads the dough with his feet.
h.

grinding corn, another stands in a trough and

Another potter.

PLATES

XX-XXV.

The

inside of the inner coffin of Nefersemdetentheb.

Diagrams of the two kinds of boats, those of papyrus and of wood. The drawing of these seven plates is by Miss Macdonald. Above is the papyrus boat under sail to the right are the fittings, the box of the owner (2), the gangplank (3), the mast step (&), the pile for mooring and the mallet or fender (6). (5),
PLATE XXVI.
:

Below are the mast (7) with its copper tip, and one of the yards (8). In the lower half is the a reed (10), painted in imitation of leather and perhaps heavy wooden boat with its fittings
representing a spear-case, mast (i i), yards (i 2, i3), steering oar (16), the owner's trunk (i 5), one of the shields (16) that were hung on the cabin roof, marlinspikes (17, 18), mallet (19),

gangplank, mast-step and spear-case (20, 21) and mooring peg (23). The original position of the spear-cases was not quite clear in any example, but they seem to have been laid inside the cabin in a leaning position on each side of the proprietor.
PLATE XXVII.

Tomb

of

Khennu and Apa-em-sa-f

as seen

from the shaft when the entrance

opened. The outer coffins have collapsed owing to the ravages of the white ants. The west wall of Khennu's coffin has leaned back a little but remains standing and the bright painting inside

was

first

is

disclosed; the east sides of both coffins have fallen.

The inner

coffins,

made

of finer

wood, have
vases.

hardly suffered.

On

the lid of Khennu's outer colfin are a series of

wooden models and some

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.
PLATE XXVIII.

77

The inner
:

coffin of

Khennu with

the lid removed.

The body was covered

:

by a mass of folded cloths the head, covered with its green mask, lay upon the pillow the linen was quite clean except for the line of dust that had trickled through between the planking
of the
lid.

The

figure looked as

if

asleep

and had a singular appearance of

one
staff

dignity.

The

staffs

and bows, whole and broken, are

PLATE XXIX.
-

laid before the body,

behind

it.

This boat (o m. 76 cent, long), from the tomb of Khennu was, perhaps, the best preserved of all found. The steering oar had fallen away and is not shown. The statuette of the proprietor has his name written in ink on his white skirt.

PLATE

XXX.

massive late

View of part of the large mastaba taken from the south behind is the wall of brick, on the left is the southern niche of the great mastaba; the outer
1.
:

casing of fine stone and the rougher local stone inside are both clear
walls
is

and between these two

mass of brickwork. This

to the right

is

the lining of the shaft of Karenen's tomb.

Farther
2.

and outside the mastaba are two other shafts of the same period.
to the east of
is

One

of the

tombs seen

\.
little

The brickwork on the

right

the lining of the chamber, the

door in the centre

is

the

entrance from the shaft which lay right under the great Ptolemaic wall. The canopic chest was laid in a hole in the floor of the tomb and was in good condition. The coffin had been removed
at

some
3.

early date.

Name

II

l~rlK

(p-

^):

Za (n 276) next are roughly painted on a brown

of

Tomb

to that of

Khennu

the south side of the chamber.

The

scenes

plaster, with

no trace of a layer of white. The tomb had been

robbed
k.

(p. 19).

Tomb

of I

II

from the work south of the mastaba. Here we dug

far

below the

Middle Kingdom levels and this tomb was left in the bank which supported the southern wall of brick. The north wall of the chamber has been broken away, the roofing blocks remain and

we can

under them, through the chamber, the wall of the shaft behind. The coffin was made of wood covered with veneer. A great part of the common wood was destroyed but the
see
,

veneer remained. At the stage of clearance shown in the photograph the lid and part of the coffin have been removed, but part of the east side remains with the two eyes carved on it and
the head of the deceased in the regular position, facing east. On the right is a massive coffin of limestone. The lid had been in ancient times, probably in displaced and the tomb robbed the New

Empire.

PLATE XXXI.

Granite statue of a king, three quarters

life size

found

in the shaft of

n 276

above the chamber in plate XXX, 3. There is no inscription on the back

pillar,

but the statue

may be

attributed to the

same

period as the tombs, namely to that between the Old and Middle Kingdoms. It is possible that the often mentioned Merkara is the of this. king depicted but there is as yet no proof

78

EXCAVATIONS AT SAQQARA, 1906-1907.

PLATE XXXII.
1.

This small wooden statuette was found in a narrow, square (o ni. 90 cent.) the chambers opened shaft 6 m. 5o cent, deep, near the south-east corner of the mastaba west and south of the shaft.
:

The tomb had been robbed long ago; nothing was found but this statue with some other beads of glazed steatite of that fine colour whicli fragments of wood and a few long cylindrical is known in the Old Kingdom. The shaft too, being one of a group close to the mastaba is, th almost certainly earlier earlier, then, it seems, than the V Dynasty.
2.

Two wooden

statuettes, the larger o

in the

m.

a 6 cent. high.

dark layer of earth above the floor of the pyramid court. This dark layer, whicli contains a good deal of black clay and is sharply distinguished from the later detritus of limestone, seems to be of the Middle Kingdom.

These were found loose

These fragments of wooden statuettes from tomb n 276, the largest of them from figures half life-size, shew how well furnished this tomb must once have been. (Early Middle Kingdom.)
3.

This statuette (o m. 276 mill, high) belongs to a very different and much later period. It had been very carefully wrapped up a little piece of cloth was first put over the head and then
4.
:

the whole figure was tightly the figure

is

narrow bandage. The work is of the rudest, but painted and inscribed on both back and front. The statue did not come from a

wrapped up

in a

tomb but was found

loose in the earth.

On

the front surface

is
[

~~*
j

~|

J^. fl
i

Traces of an older text

now

illegible.

PLATE XXXIII.

Parts of several harps found with the castanets

and small ivory objects

of

the next plate, in a robbed

small pyramid and east of

tomb (n 338), of the late New Empire inside the enclosure it. The mouth of the shaft was at the XIX"' Dynasty level.
in the filling of the shaft

of the

The tomb had been robbed and

from
it

and

inside the

chamber which opened

west were coffins and fragments of coffins of mummiform type. The harps were broken, but there can be no doubt how they should be restored. The boatcarved from a single of wood formed the shaped object piece body of the instrument and was closed at the top by one of the flat with six or eight pieces square holes and a central ridge. One of these is shewn in place in the laid harp horizontally before the others.
to the

The

cylindrical bar with a

upright, and was inserted in

row of pegs projecting like the teeth of a comb formed the the hole at the thin end of the base. A part of one is shewn so

mounted

in the

second from the right. The strings ran from these pegs to perforations in the

central ridge of the sounding board.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.
PLATE
1.

79

\XXIV.

Represents most of the smaller objects found in the same tomb as the harps.

Wooden
in

vase with lid,

broken, and not quite complete; the halves are separated for

convenience
2.

photographing.
cent.)
is

The Hathor head (o m. ok

little

of ivory, the double kohl pot (o

m. 09

cent.) of

limestone, the

on the

left,

spatula below of wood. Of wood too, is the fragment of a double kohl tray while the nearly complete tray on the right is of ivory. This should have been shewn

above the Hathor

3.

head on

to

which
(o

it fits.

A double

tray of

wood

m. ii5

mill,

long), a ?, two pairs of

wooden

castanets and

a bronze spear. part of

h.

(o

Model pick (o m. 16 cent, long), and, most interesting of all, the handle of a m. 26 cent.). One edge is grooved for the insertion of saw flints.

real sickle

Kohl spoon, vase and cup of light green faience found outside and the south of the head end of a coffin, one of a late New
PLATE
1.

XXXV.

to

Empire group south of the mastaba (n 272). The coffin was but i m. 26 cent, long and the body inside that of a child. The pottery is shewn in the accompanying figure,
the beads
plate

and scarabs
i.

from

the

neck

and

wrists
also

on

XXXVIII,

Near the head were found

in

two of

the four figures

2.

shewn

3.

Green faience bowl, o m.

a cent, across,

with Hathor

head design, from near one of a group of burials west of the pyramid. These were of poor people, wrapped in mats,
without coffins, laid in the dark layer of earth in the court of the pyramid. They are probably of the late New Empire.
3.

The inner

pair,

wooden

figure of a captive

and an
in
Scale

ivory lion, both pierced

and doubtless

originally joined

some way together, were found with the last group. That they belong to a single object is shewn by the finding of the other pair, the outer one, loose in the sand in which the group of
sible that all four are parts of the
4.

coffins

were

laid. It is

pos-

same

object,

model chair or the

like.

blue glaze plaque, o m. 23 cent, by o m. i 55 mill., found in the chamber of one of the New Empire tombs (n 33 2) dug through the ruins of the small pyramid. A line of text, fired in f***+**\ ^^^^1 J--J-J-.} f*tttt*\ 9 Q ^ ^ k k St^,^^ the glaze, reads
-fr-

}.]_,

Down
of a god.
5.

^ (^ ^ .J^JlI^Mb'
column of

the centre are the remains of a

plaster,

perhaps the backing of a

gilt figure

limestone portable seat or headrest, about o m. 3o cent, wide, bearing the

name

of the

80

EXCAVATIONS AT SAQQARA, 1906-1907.

side
is

owner epie.NOvn. At the ends are sunk hand-holds and the other
arch.

hollowed out

to a

round

of these headrests, entire or in fragments, were found at a high level between the discovered in tombs. It seems that they may have pyramid of Teta and the mastaba. None were belonged to guards or to the staff of the Serapeum.

Many

6.

Male figure of yellow wax, about o m. 08

cent, long,

found loose

in the rubbish.

7.

A small but complete demotic document

. .

of which Sir H.

Thompson has given me

the

following

Ti-Hapi.
(tcerning
trwill

not

a decision (wt) dated year 6 Phamenoth 2 5, of one Teos son of description. It is a Yours is the as judge or arbitrator. She declares to. judgment con(?) acting the herd Pa-hy(?) which you pleaded before me on Phamenoth <zk in year 6. If he(?) execute for you the judgment of Pa-hy(?) the herd which you pleaded before me on
. .

rrthe aforesaid day,

will

give you the herd Pa-hy(?) on

Phamenoth 27

in the year 6,

which

without (further) lawsuit (l-qnbt] or anything on earth. n The document is signed by five witnesse.s or co-judges (?), Hapi-men son of Ankh-Hapi, Harkhebis(?) son of P-shen-t-ehe (?), Ankh-Hapi son of. ., Petemestous son of Ankh-Hapi

you pleaded for before

me

and Harkhebis

(?)

son of P-shen-t-ehe

(?).

PLATE

XXXVI. -

1.

Palette with cakes of red

in a stout

and black ink and bundle of extra pens from

the burial of a
2.

man wrapped up
sliding lid (ca o

mat (n 821). Probably XIX th Dynasty.

from the same
burial.

Box with

m. \k
1 1

cent.)

3.

Sculptor's trial piece (o m.

cent.)

and ink sketches on a

flake of limestone.

The one of hard dark stone came from some Middle Kingdom fragments, the large scarab on the lower line from a among poor coffin at the mastaba work, and the scarab of the Middle Kingdom, good private bearing the name of Siptah, from the lowest levels above the floor of the pyramid court.
4.

The

best scarabs found; they were not numerous.

5.

A
is

small limestone stela, o m. 17 cent, by o m.

a

3 cent, thick
texts

and with rounded

:

surface.

On

it

large figure of a fledgling goose (? a god)

and the

V J^^^^

"~

and

tfl-j

This was tound on the east of the pyramid at the level of the
PLATE XXXVII. .
i

XIX lb Dynasty pavement.

1.

Base of

stela,

m. 65

cent,

wide from above the small pyramid.

Name

Seen

in

plate IV also.

2 and
o

3.

Two

views of a limestone statue, kneeling and bearing a table of offerings. Height

m. 69

cent.

The

text incised

on the back

is
f

ZS *-" 1
I

/MwwA

T^ m>

\ ^m

'

flTF,
I
I I I

f]
m,

- "MB

O
l

'

\\ L_E

Aw~<A

.* ^~' *

~~
>

Aw*~<A LT1

o m

wo

in*

c
i

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.
/i

81

and

5.

Two
II;

of

Rameses

views of the upper part of a limestone pillar o m. 62 cent, high of the time from south of the mastaba. The proprietor of the tomh adores, on one side,

the king as Ptah, on the other as Ra.

G.

Two

blocks from a

XIX th Dynasty

relief (height o

m. 5g

cent.), with considerable traces

of colour.

Found above the small pyramid.

1.

PLATE

New
"2.

Beads, scarabs and shells from a child burial (n 272) of the late Empire. Faience in plate XXXV, i. A scarab of Sety II (inverted) is in the top row.

XXXVIH.

Group of scarabs, plaques and balls of faience from a high, oblong coflin in the courtThe two coffins in the foreground in plate II are of the same type. yard of the pyramid. All the small objects were in a round wicker basket together with an alabaster kohl vase
and
3.

a kohl stick.

This group of amulets was found between two late New Empire coffins in the cemetery south of the mastaba. The Imhotep is of bronze, o m. o56' mill, high; the other two are of fine faience.

The date
li.

is

somewhat doubtful but may be

six little

that of the coffins near, late

:

XIX th

Dynasty.
is

A group of

amulets worn as a bracelet

as to have

this

was found loose and

as likely to

have been dropped by a

5.
all

workman

formed part

of the furniture of a burial.

Two

end-pieces of a necklace,
coffin

gilt

beads, * shaped faience and small cylindrical beads,

from an oblong
th

XIX

containing a cartonnage mask. Dynasty bodies south of the large mastaba.

The

level

was about that of the

PLATE
2.

XX\1\.

1.

Pots from the Karenen

of

tomb

(p. 6).

Pottery from
Pots from

tomb

Za (n 276,
p. 18),

p. 19).

3.

tomb (n

281,

in

bad condition but

and
p.

of the period of the last

named.

There was
k.

a square depression in the floor,

in this

were laid. eight of the spreading bowls

From

the

tomb

of

Khennu

(n

289,

16);

the

on the right high-shouldered vase low

with white paint on

it, is

a canopic vase.

PLATE XL.
wife.

The painting

in the niche in chapel A,

from a water-colour drawing by

my

PLATE XLI. -

The most important

of the paintings found in cell A, the

is

first

one examined.

The niche
is still is

metre high. smoked above it. The

is
i

On

the right

pillars

on which a lamp once stood; the plaster on the sides are only painted but the floral ornament above
a ledge

carved

in stone.

PLATE XLII.

The archangel

Gabriel, from the right side of the

same

altar.
'

Excavation* at Saqqara, 1906-1907.

82

EXCAVATIONS AT SAQQARA, 1906-1907.

PLATE XLIII.

The companion

Michael figure of

from the

left side of

the niche in chapel A.

PLATE XLIV.

From

the north wall of cell

(p. 66).

PLATE XLV.

General view of the two chapels A and

seen from the west and taken as

soon as the nearer chapel was cleared. A large and a small piece of the sanctuary screen were at this time still standing. The background shows the appearance of the rest of the site, mostly of walls in which the clay is free from sebakh are dug out by the villagers for manure bits
:

left

by them standing.

PLATE XLV1.

The apse

in chapel

B on

a larger scale.

PLATE XLV11.

Madonna and archangel from the same

Side of the apse in chapel

apse.

PLATE XLVI1I.
pillars.

B shewing

the details of the decoration on the

PLATE XLIX.

From

the

same

chapel.

The head

of the Virgin.

PLATE L.

- -

From

the same altar.

Head

of archangel to the right.

The decoration

of this

chapel has been given in detail as the better quality of the painting points to an earlier date than that of the other pictures.

PLATE LI.

Geometric design from the north wall of chapel B.

2 and

3.

Patterns from south wall of the

same chapel.

PLATE LII.

North wall of chapel

again.

Pattern of decoration in the chamber J south of chapel B, a rather boldly drawn floral pattern above with the lozenges of laurel leaves below. The (J U pattern is dark red, the
LIII.

PLATE

leaves green.

PLATE LIV.

The view

is

three chapels to south of the taken from the south-west.

left to

The

first

pair

and a room

to the east of them.

The chambers, from

Note the
little altars

on the plan (p. 63), D, E, F, G. on the east of each cell and the evidence of an upper storey in room F.
right, are,

PLATE LV.
children in the

Part of the east side of chapel F, shewing the altar and the scene of the three
fire.

PLATE LV1.

Part of the

same scene

in colour.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.
PLATE LV1I. 2 and
k.
3.
1
.

83

The scene

of the three children from east wall of chapel F.

The decoration

of the walls in the vestry in (J plan).

Pattern on west side of chapel F.

Photograph of the west side of chapel F. The diagonals of laurel leaves are red, the leaves between were once green. There are two long graffiti in red paint
PLATE LVI1I.
:

Apo>Nn6ffcDcyMNn6NCON<j>ci>nxnpoi and HPITHC.

PLATE LIX.
-

Photograph of the east side of chapel D. The Virgin, the two archangels, Apa Jeremias (left) and Enoch (right).
PLATE LX.

The

portrait of Jeremias

from above the

altar in the

same

chapel.

from the monastery. It seems to have been the practice of the monks to rob the cemetery close by when repairs were needed in the buildings. Two from a door-post. pieces of ornament, one
PLATE LXI.
series of gravestones

PLATE LX1I.
1
.

AH from

the monastery.
It is

Another gravestone.

noticeable that the

name

of

Apa Jeremias

follows immediately

after the Trinity.

Part of another gravestone. As in given, not the era of Diocletian.

2.

all

the epitaphs found this year the indiction only

is

3.

Two door
5.

jambs.

One

is

inverted.

k and

Two

large vases.

PLATE LXIII.
1.

The smaller

objects

and pottery from the monastery.

found, one blackened at the nozzle.
is

A lamp

of limestone.
glass.

Two were
The

2.

Three pieces of

bottle

o m. 18 cent, high, and

-n

is

of light-coloured glass

the vase with

3.

drawn

in

rim and the

a salt cellar

are darker.

typical

group of pots, indeed the entire collection of well preserved pottery. The amphorae

generally are very deeply grooved, with short necks.

k.

An

inscription

condition and
5.

had

to

on a piece of plaster fallen from the wall of chapel D. be photographed in situ. A copy is on the next plate.

It

was

in very

bad

piece of papyrus with

huge Kufic characters on one

side, a list of

names

of

monks

in

current

Neskliy without points on the other.

84

EXCAVATIONS AT SAQQARA, 1906-1907.

PLATE LXIV.

A selection of

graffiti.

1,2,3,5,6. From
4.

wall of chapel B.

From

west side of chapel F.

7.

On

a slab of plaster fallen

from the wall of chapel D, photographed on

last

plate. Medical

prescriptions.

LIST OF PLATES.
PLATE!.
.

II..

m.
IV.
V..

New New New New

pyramid,
,

halt'

dug
side.

out.

PLATE

XXX VII. New Empire

column.

stela, statue,

drum

of

pyramid pyramid, east

west side.

pyramid, plan and section. Seal, wood plaque, Old Kingdom

maces.
Stelae of
.
. .
.

XXXVIII. Groups of scarabs, amulets. XXXIX.. Pottery from early Middle Kingdom
tombs.

VI
VII

Senten and Hotepa.

XL XLL...
XLII
. . .

Virgin and Child (watercolour). Virgin and Child (photograph).

VIII...

Parts of early

stelae.

XLIII.

Archangel Gabriel (watercolour). Archangel Michael (photograph).

IX

XLIV.
Stela of Meritit-Teta.

Four Coptic

saints.

X
XI
XII
.

XLV.... Chapel B from

XLVI.
.
.

west.

Statue from tomb of Hershafnekht.

.
.
.

Altar from chapel B.

xm.

Tomb Tomb

of Karenen, from entrance. of Karenen, internal view.

XLVII

Madonna and archangel from same

altar (watercolour).

xiv. ...

Statuettes of

Karenen and
of
servants,

wife.

XLVIIL
XLIX.
.

Side of apse in B.

xv

Procession

wooden

Madonna from same

altar.

model.
xvi.
.
.
.

L
home. Musicians.
LI
LII

Karenen

at

Second archangel. Geometric patterns in colour.

Pattern from north wall of B.

xvii

XVIII.

Models from Karenen tomb.

LIII....

Pattern from wall of vestry

of cells.

(.1).

xix.

LIV.... Group
Coffin of Nefersemdelentheb. Internal

XX to XXV ..
XXVI.
.

LV
LVII
.

Altar of cell F.
altar,

decoration.
of boat
in

LVI.... Part of same

early
.

from watercolour.
:

The two types

The three holy children

patterns

Middle Kingdom tombs.

XXVII

Khennu tomb

as found.

LVffl.

from walls (from drawing). Lozenge and curtain pattern from F.

Altar from cell D.

XXVIII.

Khennu

in his coffin.

LIX

XXIX.

Boat from Khennu.

Early Middle Kingdom tombs. Granite statue of a king.

LX
LXI.
LXII
. .

Portrait of

Apa Jeremias from same

XXX

..
.

altar (watercolour).
.

XXXI.

Epitaphs.
Coptic inscriptions, vases.

XXXII.
XXXIII.

Wooden
Harps.

statuettes.

Lxm.
New Empire.
,

Coptic lamps, glass, amphorae, a

XXXIV.

Small objects found with harps.

Faience, etc.,
,

papyrus.

XXXV

LXIV.

Graffiti.

XXXVI.

Pale tie scarabs sculptors' sketches.

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PL. IV

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FINE STONE

CASING-^

PLAN AND SECTION OF

NEW

PYRAMID.

EXCAVATIONS AT SAQQARA,

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THE TWO TYPES OF BOAT.

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EXCAVATIONS AT SAQQARA,

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KHENNU

IN COFFIN.

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HARPS.

EXCAVATIONS AT SAQQARA,

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PI.

XXXIV

EXCAVATIONS AT SAQQARA,

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XXXV

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BINDING SECT.

SEP

DO NOT REMOVE CARDS OR SLIPS FROM THIS POCKET

PLEASE

UNIVERSITY OF

TORONTO

LIBRARY

Quibell, James Edward Excavations at Saqqara. 1905-1914. c v.2.