TRANSMISSIONLINE PARAMETERS

Ritesh Patel

DepartmentofElectricalEngineering G.H.PatelCollegeofEngineeringand Technology VV Nagar(Gujarat) Email:[email protected]

Necessity
Transfer bulk power for long distances Due to limitation of site selection for generating stations, it is required to transfer power.

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POWERSYSTEMCOMPONENTS
Generation

Dhuvaran

Primary Transmission(132/220/400/765kV) AC or HVDC Karamsad

Power Plant

Sending end SS (11/220kV)

Xmer

CB

Bus-bar

220 kV

Steel Tower

(220/66 kV)

Bus-bar

GCET

Primary Tra. SS / Primary Grid

66 kV Transmission

Urban Customers

Distribution Transformer/ Pole mounted Xmer (11/0.415 kV)

Secondary Transmission(66/132kV)
Primary Distribution

V V Nagar
(66/11 kV)

Secondary Distribution
Underground Cable

Distribution Pole

Secondary Tra. SS/ Secondary Grid

Residential Customer

Residential Customer

66kV
Substations

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POWERSYSTEMCOMPONENTS
Transmission system Generating station.

Step-up xmer Receiving station.

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Distribution system.

SinglelinediagramofPowerSystem

WhyHighVoltage?
Powerdeliveredtoacityis: powerdelivered=current voltagedrop voltage=resistance current Powerwastedintransmissionwiresis: powerwasted=resistance current2 Sowhat? Wireswastepowerasheat Doublingcurrentquadrupleswastedpower Better not transmit high current!!! What is left?? Betternottransmithighcurrent!!!Whatisleft??
HV

Forefficientpowertransmission: Uselowresistancewires (thick,short,copper) Uselowcurrentandhighvoltagedrop

COMPONENTSOFPOWERSYSTEM
Generation Transmission Sending end Substation (step up trans. SS) SendingendSubstation(stepuptrans.SS) PrimaryTransmission Primarytran.Substation(PrimaryGrid) Secondarytransmission Secondarytran.Substation)(SecondaryGrid) Distribution PrimaryDistribution Secondarydistri.SS(PoleMountedXmer) SecondaryDistribution
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TransmissionVoltages:IndianStandards
765kV 400kV 220kV 132kV 66kV

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DistributionVoltages:IndianStandards
11KV 415/240V

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TRANSMISSIONTYPES
OverheadTransmission UnderGroundTransmission

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COMPONENTSOFTRANSMISSIONSYSTEM
StepupXmer LineConductors LineSupports LineInsulators Crossarms Stepdowm Xmer Protectivedevice Regulator Miscellaneous Earthwires(L.A.) Anticlimbing devices Anti climbingdevices Dangerplate Phaseplate Birdguard Vibrationdamper
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Maincomponentsofoverheadline
Conductors: Which carry electric power from the sending end station to the receiving end station. Supports: Whi h may b poles or t S t Which be l towers and k d keep the conductors at a suitable level above the ground. Insulators: Which are attached to supports and insulate the conductors from the ground. Cross arms: Which provide support to the insulators. Miscellaneous items: Such as Phase Plates, Danger Plates, Lightning arrestors, Anti Climbing wires, etc.
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ComponentsofTrans.Line
Insulators

CoronaRing

CrossArm

Conductor

ComponentsofTrans.Line
Earthing Wires

CrossArms DangerPlate

ComponentsofTrans.Line
GuardRing

VibrationDamper

Jumper

InsulatorString

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VibrationDamper

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ComponentsofTrans.Line

BirdGuard

BirdGuard

GuardRing

ComponentsofTrans.Line

PhasePlate BirdGuard

SingleCircuitLine(HorizontalConfi.)

Spacers

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Spacer

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Spacer

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DoubleCircuitLine(VerticalConfi.)

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DoubleCircuitLine(VerticalConfi.)

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LineSupports

LineSupports

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TRANSMISSIONLINEPARAMETERS series Resistance Inductance Capacitance Conductance

Shunt

Introduction
All transmission lines in a power system exhibit the electrical properties of resistance, inductance, capacitance and conductance. Inductance and capacitance are due to the effects of magnetic and electric fields around the conductor. These parameters are essential for the development of the transmission line models used in power system analysis. The shunt conductance accounts for leakage currents flowing across insulators and ionized pathways in the air. The leakage currents are negligible compared to the current flowing in the transmission lines and may be neglected.

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ResistanceandInductance

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Capacitance

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Resistance
Importance:Transmissionefficiency evaluationandeconomicstudies. l ti d i t di Significanteffect
GenerationofI2R lossintransmissionline. ProducesIRtypevoltagedropwhichaffect g g voltageregulation.

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Resistance
Thedcresistanceofasolidroundconductorata specifiedtemperatureis

Rdc =

l
A

Where: =conductorresistivity(m), l=conductorlength(m);and A=conductorcrosssectionalarea(m2)

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FactoraffectionResistance
Conductorresistanceisaffected y bythreefactors:
Frequency(skineffect) Spiraling Temperature

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EffectofTemperature
The conductor resistance increases as temperature increases. This change can be considered linear over the range of temperature normally encountered and y may be calculated from : Where: 1 =
0 [1 + 0t1]

R2 = R1 1 + 1 ( t 2 t1)

R1 =conductorresistancesatt1 inC R2 =conductorresistancesatt2inC Insinglephase2wiresystem: Totalresistance(loopresistance)=2*Resistanceofonecond. In3phasesystem: Resistance/phase=Resistanceofonecond.

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SkinEffect
Direct currents distribute themselves uniformly over the cross section of the conductor and therefore use the center of the conductor just as effectively as they use the periphery. Alternating currents, however, owing to inductance effects within the conductor, crowd toward the outside of the conductor. This effectively limits the crosssectional conductor area available to carry alternating electron flow, increasing the resistance of that conductor above what it would normally be for direct current f di Definition : The tendency of alternating current to concentrate near the surface of a conductor is known as skin effect.
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SkinEffect

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SkinEffect

Skineffectcorrectionfactor aredefinedas

R RO
Where R=ACresistance;and Ro=DCresistance. Ritesh PatelEEDept.GCET

FactoraffectingSkinEffect
(i)Natureofmaterial (ii)Diameterofwireincreaseswiththediameterofwire. (iii)Frequencyincreaseswiththeincreaseinfrequency.

XL = 2 fL
(iv)Shapeofwirelessforstrandedconductorthanthesolid conductor.

Skineffectisnegligiblewhen: supplyfrequencyislow(<50Hz)and conductordiameterissmall(<1cm).

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Spiraling
Forstrandedconductors,alternatelayersofstrands arespiraledinoppositedirectionstoholdthestrands together. Spiralingmakesthestrands1 2%longerthanthe actualconductorlength. DCresistanceofastrandedconductoris1 2% larger thanthecalculatedvalue.

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FluxLinkages
Inductanceofacircuitisdefinedasthefluxlinkages p perunitcurrent. Fluxlinkagesduetosinglecurrentcarryingconductor: FluxlinkagesduetoInternalFlux FluxlinkagesduetoExternalFlux Amperes Law
m.m.f. (ampereturns) around any closed path equals the ( p ) y p q current enclosed by the path.

dl = I x
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H x i 2 x = I x

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FluxLinkagesduetoInternalflux

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FluxLinkagesduetoExternalflux

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Inductanceof1Phasetwowireline
A single phase lines consist of a single current carrying line with a return line which is in opposite direction. This can be illustrated as:

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Inductanceof1Phasetwowireline

TotalfluxlinkageswithconductorAis A=exp.(i)+exp(ii) A (i) (ii)

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Fluxlinkagesofonecond.inanarray
I 1 + I 2 + I 3 + .... + I n = 0
1 3 2 j n i P

Dip=Dpi

Dij=Dji

Thefluxlinkagesofith conductorperunitlengthdue toI1 inconductor1uptopointpis

i1 = 2 10 I 1 ln
7

Similarlyi2 ,i3,i4........ in

D1 p Wb T / m D i1

Di1

D1p

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InductanceofCompositeconductorlines

a c b c

a b'

d m

ConductorM Conductor M

ConductorN Conductor N

Singlephaselinehavingcompositeconductors

a = 2 107

I 1 1 1 1 + ln + . . . + ln ln + ln m rx ' Dab Dac Dam

I 1 1 1 1 2 107 ln + ln + ln + . . . + ln n Daa ' Dab ' Dac ' Dan or

a = 2 10 I ln
7

Daa ' Dab ' Dac ' ...Dan rx ' Dab Dac ...Dam
n

La = Ln =

a
I /n

= 2n 107 ln = 2n 107 ln

Daa ' Dab ' Dac ' ...Dan rx ' Dab Dac ...Dam rx ' Dna Dnb ...Dnm Dna ' Dnb ' Dnc ' ...Dnn

m n

n
I /n

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L x = 2 10 7 ln where h GMD = GMR x =

GMD H /m GMR x

( D aa ' D ab ' ...D an )...( D na ' D nb ' ...D mn ) ( D aa D ab ...D am )...( D ma D mb ...D mm )

where D aa = Dbb ... = D mm = rx '

Inductanceof3phaseline

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Inductanceof3phaselineSymmetricalspacing

Inductanceof3phaselineUnsymmetricalspacing

IA + IB + IC = 0

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Inductanceof3phaselineUnsymmetricalspacing

Inductanceof3phaselineUnsymmetricalspacing

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Inductanceof3phaselineUnsymmetricalspacing

Since in a transposed line each phase takes all three positions, the inductance per phase can be obtained by finding the average value.

Inductanceof3phaselineUnsymmetricalspacing
If we compare the formula of inductance of an unsymmetrically spaced transposed line with that of symmetrically spaced line we find that line, inductance of each line conductor in the two cases will be equal if

d =

d 1d 2 d 3

The distance d is known as equivalent equilateral spacing for unsymmetrically transposed line.

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SelfGMD(GeometricalmeandistanceDs)
Self geometrical mean distance (selfGMD) and mutual geometrical mean distance (mutualGMD) simplifies the inductance calculations, particularly relating to multiconductor arrangements.

selfGMD of a conductor depends upon the size and shape of the conductor and is independent of the spacing between the conductors.

MutualGMD(GeometricalmeandistanceDm)
MutualGMD simply represents the equivalent geometrical spacing. (a) The mutual GMD between two conductors mutualGMD (assuming that spacing between conductors is large compared to the diameter of each conductor) is equal to the distance between their centres i.e. Dm=spacing between conductors = d (b) For a single circuit 3 line, the mutualGMD is equal to the equivalent equilateral spacing

d =

d 1d 2 d 3

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MutualGMD(GeometricalmeandistanceDm)
3Phasedoublecircuitlines.

The value of Ds is the same for all the phases as each conductor has the same radius.

MutualGMD(GeometricalmeandistanceDm)

Mutual GMD depends only upon the spacing and is substantially independent of the exact size, shape and orientation of the conductor.

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InductanceintermsofGMD
L x = 2 10 7 ln GMD H /m GMR x

GMRofBundledConductors
Extra high voltage transmission lines are usually constructed with bundled conductors. Bundling reduces the li dli d h line reactance, which hi h improves the line performance and increases the power capability of the line.

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GMRofBundledConductors
GMR x = D sb =
D sb =
4 mm

( D aa D ab ...D am )...( D ma D mb ...D mm ) Ds d

for the two subconductor bundle ( Ds d ) 2 =

for the three subconductor bundle

( Ds d d ) 3 =

for the four subconductor bundle D sb = 16 ( D s d d d 21/ 2 ) 4 = 1.09 4 D s d 3

ProximityEffect
If the current in both conductors flow in the same direction, they will attract each other.

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ProximityEffect
d

ca b
D

ac b

If current flowing in the same direction , the density of current flowing through section aa (Inner edge) is highest and is least at the section cc(outer edge)

ProximityEffect
The alternating magnetic flux in a conductor caused by the current flowing in a neighborhood conductor gives rise to circulating currents which cause an apparent increase in the resistance of a conductor. This phenomenon is called proximity effect. Like skin effect, proximity effect also results in non uniformity of current in a conductor cross section. For normal spacing of overhead lines, this effect is For always of negligible order. However, for underground cables, where conductors are located close to each other, proximity effect causes an appreciable increase in effective conductor resistance.

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FactoraffectingProximityEffect
(i)Sizeoftheconductor(diameter) (ii)Distancebetweentheconductorsdecreaseswithincrease inthedistance. (iii)Frequencyincreaseswiththeincreaseinfrequency.

XL = 2 fL
(iv)Permeabilityofthematerial(r). (v)Resistivityofthematerial(). Forcircularconductors:

Effective Resistance

d 2 f r

For small conductors and at power frequencies the effect is negligible but these effects may be quite important for large conductors and high frequencies.

Numericals (Inductance)
Symmetrical 3 line Unsymmetrical 3 line Double ckt line. Symmetrical spacing between phases Double ckt line. umymmetrical spacing between phases Double ckt line. Hexagonal arrangement Bundled conductor lines Single phase line

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Capacitance
Electric potential at a point due to a charge is the work done in bringing a unit positive charge from infinity to that point.

Capacitance:Thechargeperunitpotential

Capacitance
The electric intensity E at a distance x from the centre of the conductor in air is given by:

As x approaches infinity, the value of E approaches zero. s app oac es y, e a ue o app oac es e o Therefore, the potential difference between conductor A and infinity distant neutral plane is given by :

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Capacitanceof1Phasetwowireline
The total p.d. between conductor A and neutral infinite infinite plane is

Similarly f Conductor B l l for d

Capacitanceof1Phasetwowireline
Both these potentials are w.r.t. the same neutral plane. Since the unlike charges attract each other, the potential difference between the conductors is

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Capacitancetoneutral
Since potential of the midpoint between the conductors is zero, the potential difference between each conductor and the ground or neutral is half the potential difference between the conductors. Thus the capacitance to ground or capacitance to neutral for the twowire line is twice the line toline capacitance

Capacitanceof3phaselineSymmetricalspacing
Overall potential difference between conductor A and infinite neutral plane is given by

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Capacitanceof3phaselineSymmetricalspacing

This equation is identical to capacitance to neutral for twowire line. Derived in a similar manner, the expressions for capacitance are the same for conductors B and C.

Capacitanceof3phaselineUnsymmetricalspacing

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Capacitanceof3phaselineUnsymmetricalspacing

Capacitance from conductor to neutral is

PotentialDifferenceinaMulticonductor configuration
Considernparallellongconductorswithcharges q1,q2,,qn coulombs/meterasshownbelow. Potentialdifferencebetweenconductori andj duetothepresenceofallchargesis

Vij =

1 2 0

q
k =1

ln

D kj Dik
q1

q2

q3

qn qi qj

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Effectofbundling
C= 2 0 GMD ln rb F /m

The effect of bundling is introduce an equivalent radius rb. The radius rb is similar to GMR calculate earlier for the inductance with the exception that radius r of each subconductor i used i t d of Ds. di f h b d t is d instead f

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Effectofbundling
If d is the bundle spacing, we obtain for the two-subconductor bundle

rb =

rd
3

For the three-subconductor bundle

rb =

rd2

For the four-subconductor bundle

r b = 1 .09 4 r d 3
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Capacitanceof3phaseDoubleCircuitLines
The per-phase equivalent capacitance to neutral is obtained to
C= 2 0 GMD ln GMRc F /m

GMD is the same as was found for inductance calculation

D ab D ab ' D a ' b D a ' b ' Dbc Dbc ' Db ' c Db ' c ' D ac D ac ' D a ' c D a ' c '

Capacitanceof3phaseDoubleCircuitLines
The equivalent GMD per phase is then

GMD =

D AB D BC D AC

The GMRC of each phase is similar to the GMRL This will results in the following equation

D s1 = Ds 2 = Ds 3 =

4 4 4

D aa D aa ' D a ' a D a ' a ' Dbb Dbb ' Db ' b Db ' b ' GMRC = Dcc Dcc ' Dc ' c Dc ' c '
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D s1 D s 2 D s 3

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EffectofEarthonCapacitanceofTr.Line
The presence of ground alters the electric field of a line and hence the line capacitance. Ground can assumed to be a perfect conductor in the form of a horizontal plane of infinite extent. The effect of ground can be modeled by the method of images. Although not exact, experience h shown that lh h i has h h this method is based on realistic and practical approximations.

EffectofEarthonCapacitanceofTr.Line
This well known method makes use of the fact that the effect of ground and the charges and potentials of the conductors i l f h d can be replaced by the effects of images of conductor below the surface of the ground. The electric field of two long parallel conductors charged +q and q per unit is such that it has zero potential plane midway between the conductors as shown in fig.

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EffectofEarthonCapacitanceofTr.Line
Any one conductor and its image conductor are located at equal distance, but in opposite direction from the ground surface. Their charges and potentials are equal b of opposite sign. i l l but f i i The electric flux above the plane is same as it is when the ground is present instead of the image conductors. we may equivalently replace the presence of ground as a charged conductor by a fictitious conductor having equal and opposite charge and located as far below the surface of ground as the overhead conductor above it. It is mirror image of the overhead conductor.(originally suggested by Lord Kelvin)

EffectofEarthonCapacitanceofTr.Line
Effect on Single Phase Transmission line :

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EffectofEarthonCapacitanceofTr.Line
Effect on Three Phase Transmission line :

FerrantiEffect
A long transmission line draws a substantial

quantity of charging current. If such a line is Open circuited or very lightly loaded at the receiving end, the voltage at receiving end may become greater than voltage at sending end. This is known as Ferranti Effect The capacitance (and charging current) is negligible i short li b significant i medium li ibl in h line but i ifi in di line and appreciable in long line. Therefore this phenomenon occurs in medium and long lines.

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VectorpresentationofFerrantiEffect

ICXL ICR

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FerrantiEffect
The Ferranti Effect will be more pronounced the

longer the line and the higher the voltage applied. The relative voltage rise is proportional to the square of the line length. Due to high capacitance, the Ferranti Effect is much more pronounced in underground cables, even in short lengths. All electrical l d are i d i i nature and ll l i l loads inductive in d hence they consume lot of reactive power from the transmission lines. Hence there is voltage drop in the lines.

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FerrantiEffect

Capacitors which supply reactive power are connected parallel to the transmission lines so as to compensate the reactive power consumed by the inductive loads. Thus reactive power consumed by inductive loads is supplied by the capacitors thereby reducing the consumption of reactive power from trans line. However when the inductive loads are switched off the capacitors may still be there. The reactive power supplied by the capacitors add on to the transmission lines due to the absence of inductance. As a result voltage at the receiving end or consumer end increases and is more than the voltage at the supply end.

Numericals (capacitance)
1phase line Symmetrical 3 line Unsymmetrical 3 line Double ckt line. Symmetrical spacing between phases Double ckt line. umymmetrical spacing between phases Double ckt line. Hexagonal arrangement Bundled conductor lines

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QUESTIONS ???

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