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Tobacco is an agricultural product processed from the leaves of plants in the genus
Nicotiana. It can be consumed, used as an organic pesticide, and, in the form of
nicotine tartrate, it is used in some medicines. In consumption it most commonly
appears in the forms of smoking, chewing, snuffing, or dipping tobacco, or snus.
Tobacco has long been in use as an entheogen in the Americas. However, upon the
arrival of Europeans in North America, it quickly became popularized as a trade item
and as a recreational drug. This popularization led to the development of the southern
economy of the United States until it gave way to cotton. Following the America
Civil War, a change in demand and a change in labor force allowed for the
development of the cigarette. This new product quickly led to the growth of tobacco
companies, until the scientific controversy of the mid-1900s.
There are many species of tobacco, which are all encompassed by the plant genus
Nicotiana. The word nicotiana (as well as nicotine) was named in honor of Jean
Nicot, French ambassador to Portugal, who in 1559 sent it as a medicine to the court
of Catherine de Medici.
Because of the addictive properties of nicotine, tolerance and dependence develop.
Absorption quantity, frequency, and speed of tobacco consumption are believed to be
directly related to biological strength of nicotine dependence, addiction, and
tolerance. The usage of tobacco is an activity that is practiced by some 1.1 billion
people, and up to 1/3 of the adult population. The World Health Organization reports
it to be the leading preventable cause of death worldwide and estimates that it
currently causes 5.4 million deaths per year. Rates of smoking have leveled off or
declined in developed countries, however they continue to rise in developin
countries.
Tobacco is cultivated similarly to other agricultural products. Seeds are sown in cold
frames or hotbeds to prevent attacks from insects, and then transplanted into the
fields. Tobacco is an annual crop, which is usually harvested mechanically or by
hand. After harvest, tobacco is stored for curing, which allows for the slow oxidation
and degradation of carotenoids. This allows for the agricultural product to take on
properties that are usually attributed to the "smoothness" of the smoke. Following
this, tobacco is packed into its various forms of consumption, which include smoking,
chewing, sniffing, and so on.

Early developments
Tobacco had already long been used in the Americas when European settlers arrived
and introduced the practice to Europe, where it became popular. At high doses,
tobacco can become hallucinogenic; accordingly, Native Americans never used the
drug recreationally. Instead, it was often consumed as an entheogen; among some
tribes, this was done only by experienced shamans or medicine men. Eastern North
American tribes would carry large amounts of tobacco in pouches as a readily
accepted trade item, and would often smoke it in pipes, either in defined ceremonies
that were considered sacred, or to seal a bargain, and they would smoke it at such
occasions in all stages of life, even in childhood.It is believed that tobacco is a gift
from the Creator and that the exhaled tobacco smoke carries one's thoughts and
prayers to heaved.

Popularization
Following the arrival of the Europeans, tobacco became increasingly popular as a
trade item. It fostered the economy for the southern United States until it was replaced
by cotton. Following the American civil war, a change in demand and a change in
labor force allowed inventor James Bonsack to create a machine which automated
cigarette production.
This increase in production allowed tremendous growth in the tobacco industry until
the scientific revelations of the mid-1900s.

Contemporary
Following the scientific revelations of the mid-1900s, tobacco became condemned as
a health hazard, and eventually became encompassed as a cause for cancer, as well as
other respiratory and circulatory diseases. This led to the Tobacco Master Settlement
Agreement (MSA) which settled the lawsuit in exchange for a combination of yearly
payments to the states and voluntary restrictions on advertising and marketing of
tobacco products.
In the 1970s, Brown & Williamson cross-bred a strain of tobacco to produce Y1. This
strain of tobacco contained an unusually high amount of nicotine, nearly doubling its
content from 3.2-3.5% to 6.5%. In the 1990s, this prompted the Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) to use this strain as evidence that tobacco companies were
intentionally manipulating the nicotine content of cigarettes.
In 2003, in response to growth of tobacco use in developing countries, the World
Health Organization (WHO). successfully rallied 168 countries to sign the Framework
Convention on Tobacco Control. The Convention is designed to push for effective
legislation and its enforcement in all countries to reduce the harmful effects of
tobacco. This led to the development of tobacco cessation products.

Nicotiana
Nicotine is the compound responsible for the addictive nature of Tobacco use.
Tobacco flower, leaves, and buds
Main article: Nicotiana
See also: List of tobacco diseases
There are many species of tobacco, which are encompassed by the genus of herbs
Nicotiana. It is part of the nightshade family (Solanaceae) indigenous to North and
South America, Australia, south west Africa and the South Pacific.
Many plants contain nicotine, a powerful neurotoxin, that is particularly harmful to
insects. However, tobaccos contain a higher concentration of nicotine than most other
plants. Unlike many other Solanaceae, they do not contain tropane alkaloids, which
are often poisonous to humans and other animals.

Despite containing enough nicotine and other compounds such as

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