Electrical Machines and Drives/Electrical Drives and Control Third Semester Mechanical Engineering 2 marks (Questions & Answers)

UNIT I INTRODUCTION PART A (2 MARKS) 1. Define Drive and Electric Drive. Drive: A combination of prime mover, transmission equipment and mechanical working load is called a drive Electric drive: An Electric Drive can be defined as an electromechanical device for converting electrical energy to mechanical energy to impart motion to different machines and mechanisms for various kinds of process control. 2. List out some examples of prime movers. I.C Engines, Steam engine, Turbine or electric motors. 3. List out some advantages of electric drives. Availability of electric drives over a wide range of power a few watts to mega watts. Ability to provide a wide range of torques over wide range of speeds. Electric motors are available in a variety of design in order to make them compatible to any type of load. 4. Give some examples of Electric Drives. Driving fans, ventilators, compressors and pumps. Lifting goods by hoists and cranes. Imparting motion to conveyors in factories, mines and warehouses Running excavators & escalators, electric locomotives trains, cars trolley buses, lifts & drum winders etc. 5. What are the types of electric drives? Group electric drives (Shaft drive), ndividual Drives, Multi motor electric drives. I

6. Classify electric drives based on the means of control. Manual, Semiautomatic, Automatic. 7. What is a Group Electric Drive (Shaft Drive)? This drive consists of single motor, which drives one or more line shafts supported on bearings. The line shaft may be fitted with either pulleys & belts or gears, by means of which a group of machines or mechanisms may be operated.

8. What are the advantages and disadvantages of Group drive (Shaft drive)? Advantages: A single large motor can be used instead of a number of small motors. The rating of the single motor may be appropriately reduced taking into account the diversity factor of loads. Disadvantages: There is no flexibility, Addition of an extra machine to the main shaft is difficult. The efficiency of the drive is low, because of the losses occurring in several transmitting mechanisms. The complete drive system requires shutdown if the motor, requires servicing or repair. The system is not very safe to operate The noise level at the work spot is very high. 9. What is an individual electric drive? Give some examples. In this drive, each individual machine is driven by a separate motor. This motor also imparts motion to various other parts of the machine. Single spindle drilling machine, Lathe machines etc. 10. What is a multi motor electric drive? Give some examples. In this drive, there are several drives, each of which serves to activate on of the working parts of the driven mechanisms. Metal cutting machine tools, paper making machines, rolling mills, traction drive, Traveling cranes etc., 11. Write about manual control, semiautomatic control & Automatic control? Manual control: The electric drives with manual control can be as simple as a room fan, incorporating on switch and a resistance for setting the required speed. Semiautomatic control: This control consists of a manual device for giving a certain command (Starting, braking, reversing, change of speed etc.,) and an automatic device that in response to command, operates the drive in accordance with a preset sequence or order. Automatic control: The electric drives with automatic control have a control gear, without manual devices 12. What are the Typical elements of an Electric Drive?
Power Supply Geared Coupling Mechanical Load

Speed & Torque Control

Motor

13. What is a load diagram? What are its types? What are required to draw a load diagram?

A load diagram is the diagram which shows graphically the variation of torque acting on the electric drive. The motor of the electric drive has to overcome the load torque expressed as a function of time. Types: One for the static or steady state process Other for the dynamic process, when the dynamic components of torque are induced by the inertia of the motor & load. (Instantaneous speed, acceleration, Torque & power) as a function of time are required to draw a load diagram. 14. What are the types Drive systems? Electric Drives Electromechanical Drives Mechanical Drives Hydraulic drives.

15. Give an expression for the losses occurring in a machine. The losses occurring in a machine is given by W = Wc + x2 Wv Where Wc = Constant losses Wv = Variable losses at full load X = load on the motor expressed as a function of rated load. 16. What are the assumptions made while performing heating & cooling calculation of an electric motor? The machine is considered to be a homogeneous body having a uniform temperature gradient. All the points at which heat generated have the same temperature. All the points at which heat is dissipated are also at same temperature. Heat dissipation taking place is proportional to the difference of temperature of the body and surrounding medium. No heat is radiated. The rate of dissipation of heat is constant at all temperatures. 17. What are the factors that influence the choice of electrical drives? 1. Shaft power & speed 11. Speed range 2. Power range 12. Efficiency 3. Starting torque 13. Influence on the supply network 4. Maintenance 14. Special competence 5. Total purchase cost 15. Cost of energy losses 6. Influence on power supply 16. Environment 7. Availability 17. Accessibility 8. Nature of electric supply 18. Nature of load 9. Types of drive 19. Electrical Characteristics 10.Service cost 20. Service capacity & rating 18. Indicate the importance of power rating & heating of electric drives.

Power rating: Correct selection of power rating of electric motor is of economic interest as it is associated with capital cost and running cost of drives. Heating: For proper selection of power rating the most important consideration is the heating effect of load. In this connection various forms of loading or duty cycles have to be considered. 19. How heating occurs in motor drives? The heating of motor due to losses occurring inside the motor while converting the electrical power into mechanical power and these losses occur in steel core, motor winding & bearing friction. 20. What are the classes of duties? Continuous duty Short time duty operation of motor Main classes of duties Intermittent periodic duty Intermittent periodic duty with starting Intermittent periodic duty with starting & braking Continuous duty with intermittent periodic loading Continuous duty with starting & braking Continuous duty with periodic load changes 21. How will you classify electric drives based on the method of speed control? Reversible &non reversible in controlled constant speed Reversible and non reversible step speed control Reversible and non reversible smooth speed control Constant predetermined position control Variable position control Composite control. 22. List out some applications for which continuous duty is required. Centrifugal pumps, fans, conveyors & compressors 23. Why the losses at starting is not a factor of consideration in a continuous duty motor? While selecting a motor for this type of duty it is not necessary to give importance to the heating caused by losses at starting even though they are more than the losses at rated load. This is because the motor does not require frequent starting it is started only once in its duty cycle and the losses during starting do not have much influence on heating. 24. What is meant by short time rating of motor? Any electric motor that is rated for a power rating P for continuous operation can be loaded for a short time duty (Psh) that is much higher than P, if the temperature rise is the consideration. 25. What is meant by load equalization? In the method of load Equalization intentionally the motor inertia is increased by adding a flywheel on the motor shaft, if the motor is not to be reversed. For effectiveness of the flywheel, the motor should have a prominent drooping characteristic so that on load there is a considerable speed drop. 26. How a motor rating is determined in a continuous duty and variable load ?

Method of Average losses Method of equivalent power Method of equivalent current Method of equivalent Torque 27. Define heating time constant & Cooling time constant? The time required to heat the machine parts to 63.3% of its final temperature rise is called as heating time constant. The time required to cool the machine parts to 36.6% of its final temperature fall is called as cooling time constant. 28. Draw the heating & Cooling curve of an electric motor.

max

29. What are the various function performed by an electric drive? Driving fans, ventilators, compressors & pumps etc., Lifting goods by hoists & cranes Imparting motion to conveyors in factories, mines & warehouses and Running excavators & escalators, electric locomotives, trains, cars, trolley buses and lifts etc. 30. Write down the heat balance equation. Heat balance equation is given by Ghd + S .dt = p.dt

PART B (12 or 16 MARKS) 1. Explain the various factors affecting the selection of electric drives. The selection of electric drive basically means the selection of drive motor. Following are the various factors which influence the selection of motor to drive the load: 1. The limits of speed range: The range over which the speed control is necessary for the load; similarly how hard it is to control the speed and the speed regulation also affects the choice of the motor. 2. The efficiency: The motor efficiency varies as the load varies so the efficiency consideration under variable speed operation affects the choice of the motor. 3. The braking: The braking requirements from the load point of view. Easy and effective braking are the requirements of a good drive. 4. Starting requirements: The starting torque necessary for the load, the corresponding starting current drawn by the motor also affects the selection of the drive. 5. Power factor: Running of motors with low power factor values is not economical. While power factor varies with the load conditions in some motors, the type of the load and the running power factor are the essential considerations while selecting a drive. 6. Load factor: There are various types of load conditions possible like continuous, intermittent, impact etc. Such load variation factor and duty cycle of the motor influence the selection of drive. 7. Availability of supply: The motors available are a.c or d.c. Hence the availability of which type of supply decides the type of motor to be selected for the drive. 8. Effects of supply variations: There is a possibility of frequent supply variations. The motor selected must be able to withstand such supply variations. 9. Economical aspects: The size and rating of motor decides its initial cost while the various losses, temperature rise decides its running cost. These economical aspects must be considered while selecting a drive. 10. Reliability of operation: It is important to study the conditions of stable operation of an electric drive. This includes the investigation of reliability of operation of an electric drive. 11. Environmental effects: It is possible that the atmosphere where an electric drive is to be used may contain some chemical gases, fumes, humidity etc. Such a contaminated atmosphere or humid atmosphere also affects the choice of motor for a drive. Study of all these factors leads to the proper selection of an electric motor to a drive and a proper drive system for the load to be driven.