EEE 2207: Electrical Machines 1 Course Credit: 3 CP, 3hrs/week Pre-requisite: EEE-2101

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Syllabus
DC Generator: principles, construction, armature winding, voltage build up, classification, characteristics, armature reaction and commutation, losses and efficiency. DC Motor: torque, motoring and generating actions, types and torque-speed characteristics, starting, speed control and braking, dynamo efficiency. Transformers: construction, cooling, principle, equivalent circuit and vector diagrams, voltage regulations, losses, efficiency, tests, percentage impedance, parallel operation.

Dr. Mannan

Syllabus
Autotransformer: working principle, power loss and copper saving, applications. Polyphase Transformer Connections: types, vector diagrams, open delta performance, harmonics. Induction Motor: rotating field and torque, types of rotor, rotor circuit characteristics, equivalent circuits, losses and efficiency, tests, circle diagram, starting, speed control, space harmonics.

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Evaluation
Quizzes: Marks of the best two quizzes will be taken out of 3 quizzes for both Midterm and Final exam. (No makeup quiz will be taken.) Marking system (Midterm and Final term): i) Attendance, Home work & Performance - - 20% ii) Quiz - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 40% iii)Term Exam - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 40% Total - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 100% Final Grade: Midterm- 40% and Final Term- 60%
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Text and Reference Books

[1] B.L. Theraja, A.K. Theraja, A textbook of Electrical Technology, Volume- II, S. Chand & company Ltd. [2] Jack Rosenblat and M. Harold Friedman, Direct and Alternating Current Machinery, CBS Publishers and Distributors. [3] S. K. Bhattacharya, Electrical Machines, Second or latest Edition, McGraw-hill intl. [4] Irving L. Kosow, Electrical Machinery and Transformers, Second Edition, Prentice Hall India Pvt. Limited
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Text and Reference Books

[5] Stephen J. Chapman, Machinery Fundamentals, Third Edition, McGraw-Hill International Edition [6] Charles S. Siskind, Electrical Machines, Second or latest Edition, McGraw-hill intl. [7] E. R. R. K. Rajput, Alternating Current Machines, Laxmi Publication (P) Ltd. [8] A. F. Puchstein, T. C. Lloyd, A. G. Conrad, Alternating Current Machines, Asia Publishing House.
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Theories Related to the Electrical Machine

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Angular Velocity (): Angular velocity (or speed) is the

rate of change in angular position with respect to time. It is assumed to be positive if the rotation is in a clockwise direction. Angular velocity defined by the following equation:
d = dt

rad/sec

where, is angular position.

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If we use the subscript m for the mechanical quantity then let

m: angular position in rad. m: angular velocity (or speed) in rad./sec

fm: angular velocity (or speed) in rev./sec Nm: angular velocity (or speed) in rev./m The measures of shaft speed are related to each other by the following equations: f m = m / 2 ; N m = 60 f m The relation of mechanical angular position (m) with the electrical angular position (e) is given by: e = ( P / 2) m where P is number of magnetic pole. Dr. Mannan
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Torque (T): The torque of an object is defined as the

product of the force applied to the object and the smallest distance between the line of the action of the force and the objects axis of rotation. If r is a vector pointing from the axis of rotation to the point of application of the force, and if F is the applied force, then the torque can be described as follows:
T = (force)(perpendicular distance) T = ( F )(rsin ) T = Frsin

Where is the angle between the vector r and the vector F.

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Work (W): For linear motion, work is defined as the

application of a force through a distance. In equation form:
W = Fdr joules W = Fr [if applied force is constant]

For rotational motion, work is defined as the application of a torque through an angle. In equation form:
W = Td joules W = T [if applied torque is constant]
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Power (P): Power is the rate of doing work, or the increase

in work per unit time. The equation for the power is:
dW P= dt joules/sec or watt

For linear motion with constant applied force: dr d ( Fr ) P= = F = Fv watt dt dt For rotational motion with constant applied torque:
d d (T ) P= =T = T dt dt
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watt
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Magnetic Field Around Current Carrying Conductor

In Fig. 1.2, the solid circle shows the cross-sectional view of a round conductor. It is seen from Fig. 1.2 (a) that the direction of magnetic field is clockwise direction when the conductor carries a current in inward direction. It is seen from Fig. 1.2 (b) that the direction of magnetic field is anticlockwise direction when the conductor carries a current in Dr. Mannan outward direction.

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When two parallel conductors carry opposite (inward and outward) current, the resultant flux flows through in the middle of those conductor. When two parallel conductors carry same (inward and inward or outward and outward) current, the resultant flux flows through in the outside of those conductor.

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Right Hand Cork Screw Rule

The direction of the magnetic field set up by a carrying conductor is in the same direction as that of the rotation of a right-handed cork screw, so that the screw moves in the direction as that of the current flow.

Right-hand cork-screw rule is used to obtain the direction of current flow when a magnetic field sets up around a conductor.
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Direction of magnetic field

Direction of current flow

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Right Hand Grip Rule

When the current carrying conductor is gripped by righthand with sufficient insulation in such a way that the thumb points toward the direction of current flow, and the direction of other four fingers which grip the conductor indicates the direction of magnetic field.
Direction of current

Right-hand grip rule is used to obtain the direction of magnetic field when a conductor is carrying current.
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Direction of magnetic field

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Electromagnet
Fig. 1.5 shows a current carrying solenoid. A solenoid is a piece of iron wound a coil. A battery B is connected to the solenoid and it causes current I to flow through it. The current in the conductor at the top flows in the outward direction. Therefore, they set up magnetic field in the anticlockwise S N direction. The conductor at the bottom carries the current inward and hence they set up flux in the Dr. Mannan clockwise direction.

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In the result, the magnetic flux set by the solenoid now looks similar to those available around the permanent magnet. By changing the current direction the direction of flux can be changed.

Thus in an electromagnet, the magnitude and the direction of the magnetic field can be controlled.
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Hysteresis Loop
When a ferromagnetic material is magnetized in one direction, it will not relax back to zero magnetization when the imposed magnetizing field is removed. It must be driven back to zero by a field in the opposite direction. If an alternating magnetic field is applied to the material, its magnetization will trace out a loop called a hysteresis loop. The lack of retraceability of the magnetization curve is the property called hysteresis.

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Residual Magnetism: A property of magnetic material by

which magnetic materials retain a certain amount of magnetization after the magnetizing force has been removed. Dr. Mannan 20

Machine: A piece of equipment with moving parts that is designed to do a particular job is called machine. Example: Dynamo Dynamo: A dynamo converts electrical energy to mechanical energy or mechanical energy to electrical energy. Generator : A generator is a dynamo in as much as it converts the mechanical energy imparted to it in the rotation of the coils into electrical energy that is supplied to the electrical load. Motor: A motor is a dynamo in as much as it converts electrical energy imparted to it in the rotation of the shaft Dr. Mannan 21 into mechanical energy that is supplied to the load.

Faradays Laws
Faradays First Law: Whenever flux linking a conductor coil changes, an electromotive force (emf) is induced in the coil. Faradays Second Law: The amount of emf induced in a conducting coil is proportional to the rate of change in flux linked by the coil.

Electromotive Force (EMF):

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The force that establishes the flow of charge (or current) in a system due to the application of a difference in potential.
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In order to have a voltage induced in a conductor the following elements are required: (i) A conductor, (ii) Lines of magnetic flux, and (iii) Motion that produces cutting of the magnetic flux.

Let N = number of turns of the coil, and d = changes in flux linking the coil during the time dt. Then, the induced emf, e = N(d /dt) Example: Calculate the induced emf, if the rate of change of flux is 0.05 Wb and the turns of coil is 1000. Solution: N=1000, (d/dt) = 0.05 Wb, Then, e = 1000 0.05 =50 VDr. Mannan
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Lenzs Law
When a conductor is moved through a magnetic field a voltage is induced in the conductor. If the circuit is closed, the induced voltage will cause a current flow. The magnetic filed produced by the current will always oppose the motion of conductor. This is known as Lenzs law (the current produced by the induced emf opposes the change in flux). Thus Lenzs Law can be stated that the direction of the induced emf due to electromagnetic induction is such that the current set up by it tends to oppose the change which cause the induced emf.
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Lenzs Law
In all cases of electromagnetic induction, an induced voltage will cause a current to flow in a closed circuit in such a direction that its magnetic effect will oppose the change that produces it. This relationship is really s form of stating the basic fact of the conversion of energy. It is basic to the operation of: Inductances, transformers, motors, and generators.

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The Faradays laws and Lanzs Law put together can be expressed by the following equation (1):
e = N d volt (1) dt

Example: A coil of 1000 turns is linking a flux of 0.01 Wb. The flux is reversed in an interval of 0.1 s. Calculate the value of the induced emf in the coil. Solution: N=1000, 1=0.01 Wb, 2=-0.01 Wb, dt=0.1s and e = ? d=(2-1)=-0.01-0.01=-0.02 Wb
e = 1000 0.02 = 200 V 0.1
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Voltage Induced in a Conductor

Let, B= /A = flux density, wb/m2; l = length of that part of conductor that actually cuts flux (also called effective length), m; v = speed of conductor, m/s, = angle between lines of flux and direction of motion of conductor, = flux lines, Wb; A= Area of cross-section of iron through which flux passes through, m2.
When a conductor moves in a magnetic field, the induced voltage is directly proportional to the flux density that means: E B The induced voltage is directly proportional to effective length of a conductor that means: E l The induced voltage is directly proportional to velocity of a conductor 27 that means: E v Dr. Mannan

The induced emf is directly proportional to sin that means:

E sin

Thus the expression of induced voltage can be written as E = B l v sin volts follows: When the flux and conductor are right angle (i.e. = 90o), the induced voltage E is maximum. The direction of induced voltage is obtained by using Flemings Right-hand Rule.
Example: A conductor moves as 5 m/s inside a magnetic field which area is 4 m2 and flux is 0.6 Wb. Calculate the induced emf if conductor makes right angle with the flux line and the effective length of conductor is 2 m. Solution: = 90o, l = 2 m, = 0.6 Wb, A = 4 m2 and v = 5 m/s. Thus B = 0.6 4 = 0.15 Wb/m2. E = 0.15 2 5 sin 90o = 1.5 Volt Dr. Mannan 28

Flemings Right-Hand Rule

Extend the thumb, index finger, and middle finger of the right hand so they are at right angle to each other. With the index finger pointing in the direction of the lines of flux (from north to south) and the thumb pointing in the direction of motion of the conductor, the middle finger will point in the direction of that current will flow in the conductor.

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When a conductor moves in a magnetic field, the direction (or the polarity) of the induced voltage can be obtained by using the Flemings right-hand rule. Thus, Flemings Right hand rule is used for generator to find out the direction of induced emf (or voltage). Where generating action is occurred, this rule is used to obtain the direction of current as well as the potential of induced emf.
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Force Exerted on a Conductor

When a current carrying conductor is located in a magnetic field, a force is exerted on the conductor. Let, B= /A = flux density, wb/m2; l = length of that part of conductor that actually cuts flux (also called effective length), m; I = current in conductor, A, = angle between lines of flux and direction of motion of conductor, = flux lines, Wb; A= Area of cross-section of iron through which flux passes through, m2.
When a current carrying conductor places inside a magnetic field, the developed force is directly proportional to the flux density that means:

F B
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The developed force is directly proportional to effective length of a conductor that means: F l The developed force is directly proportional to current of conductor that means: F I The developed force is directly proportional to sin that means:

F sin

Thus the expression of developed force can be written as F = B l I sin Newton 's ( N ) follows: When the flux and conductor are right angle (i.e. = 90o), the developed force F is maximum. The direction of developed force is obtained by using Flemings Right-hand Rule.
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Example: A 5 A carried current conductor is placed inside a magnetic field which area is 4 m2 and flux is 0.6 Wb. Calculate the induced emf if conductor makes right angle with the flux lie and the effective length of conductor is 2 m. Solution: = 90o, l = 2 m, = 0.6 Wb, A = 4 m2 and I = 5 A. Thus B = 0.6 4 = 0.15 Wb/m2. F = 0.15 2 5 sin90o = 1.5 N Example: A 5 A carried current conductor is placed inside a magnetic field which area is 4 m2 and flux is 0.6 Wb. Calculate the developed force if conductor makes 45o with the flux lie and the effective length of conductor is 2 m. Solution: = 45o, l = 2 m, = 0.6 Wb, A = 4 m2 and I = 5 A. Thus B = 0.6 4 = 0.15 Wb/m2. F = 0.15 2 5 sin45o = 1.061 N
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Flemings Left-Hand Rule

Extend the thumb, index finger, and middle finger of the left hand so they are at right angle to each other. The index finger is used to indicate the direction of flux from the north pole to south pole. The middle finger points in the direction of the current, and the thumb points in the direction of force on the conductor.

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When a current carrying conductor moves in a magnetic field, the direction (or the polarity) of the produced force can be obtained by using the Flemings left-hand rule. Thus, Flemings Right hand rule is used for Motor to find out the direction of developed or exerted force to a current carrying conductor.

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