Sector Overview 1.

1 Global Energy Demand The global average per capita consumption of energy is currently at about 2,500 kWh. It is said that the basic minimum need of energy for a decent quality of life is about 4,500 to 5,000 kWh per capita1. Further, global population is expected to rise from about 6.8 billion currently to about 9 billion by 2050 and then stabilize2. Therefore, no matter which way one looks at energy demand viz. either to just provide a basic quality of life to the existing population or to take care of the needs of another 2.2 billion people, the world will need more energy.While the rate of growth in energy consumption is expected to be very high in growing economies like China, India, Africa, South America, etc., the growth in energy consumption in absolute terms is projected to be the highest in China followed by North America, India, Middle East, etc. For the power sector, growth in absolute energy consumption is more relevant than just percentage change in energy consumption. Further, it is also seen that the ability to pay in markets that have high energy growth rates is weaker as compared to the developed markets. In absolute terms, the United States of America (USA) is by far the largest consumer of energy followed by China and Western Europe. Japan, South Korea, the Middle East and Russia are the other big consumers. In comparison, Indias energy consumption today is much lower but is expected to be around the current levels of Japan, South Korea, and others by 20303. With evolving consumer needs and technology, energy and electricity are getting more fungible. Electricity, however, is the most convenient form of energy and, hence, it is expected that its share of delivered energy will rise from the current 17% to 20% by 2030. The key factors that will shape the energy / electricity markets will be climate change and energy security. The key drivers for the power sector will be based on: World moving towards the optimal energy mix based on low carbon & low cost Focus on increasingthe overall system efficiency through technology breakthroughs New delivery models like decentralised generation. 1.2 Global Energy Supply The World has fossil fuel reserves that are projected to last for 91 years based on current consumption levels and around 45 years based on increasing consumption trends (See Chart 1). Russia has sizeable energy consumption and also one of the largest reserves. Saudi Arabia, South Africa and Australia are other regions of large reserves with a far lower domestic consumption and, hence, can play a major role in the global trade of energy. Oil is the most widely traded commodity primarily because of its ease of handling and usage. However, oil exports are largely controlled by countries of the Middle East, Russia and Nigeria. The major oil importers are the USA, Western Europe, China, India and Japan. Increasing cost of oil production, falling reserves and increasing demand are likely to push oil prices upwards. Volume of gas as a traded commodity is fast increasing, facilitated by improving Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) infrastructure. The major gas consumers are the USA, Western Europe and Japan, whereas the main suppliers are Russia and countries in the Middle East. The

discovery of shale gas in North America could, however, dramatically change the gas supply scenario, leading to drop in demand and stranded LNG capacity, resulting in lower gas prices in the near term. Sea-borne coal trade, especially thermal coal, accounts for only about 15% of the total coal consumption. The main importers of coal are the USA, China, India, Western Europe, Korea and Japan. The main suppliers are Russia, Indonesia, Australia, South Africa and Colombia. The USA has the largest reserves of coal but is currently not exploiting them. Growing demand for energy in China and bottlenecks in internal supply in India are expected to drive global demand for coal in the near term. At a macro level, this implies limited fossil fuel supply and that many people might in their lifetime see fossil fuel availability taper off. Hence, prices of fossil fuels are expected to rise. This would also lead to an increase in electricity prices. Since major consuming economies like Western Europe, Japan, South Korea and China do not have sufficient domestic resources, nuclear power and renewable sources would be more important to fulfil their energy requirements. 1.3 Market Structure While primary energy sources like coal, gas and oil are global commodities, electricity has traditionally been a more local / regional commodity. However, with international grids getting connected, the picture hereunder might change. Globally, a structure seems to be evolving where electricity generation and retail will be open to competition and the wires will be a natural monopoly and available to all. The power generated will be sold to a common pool on the basis of Least marginal cost of supply wherefrom all retailers will buy their supply needs. The markets will permit direct hedging contracts between the retailers and generators to manage price volatility in the common pool. India has different models of power sale ranging from an integrated utility (the old State Electricity Board [SEB] structure), to a single buyer (MoU based / regulated generation), to wholesale competition (Ultra Mega Power Projects [UMPPs], Case 1) and retail competition (Mumbai). Migration to developed market structure is expected to occur as soon as the gap between demand and supply is narrowed. While the electricity market structure is subject to a high degree of regulation, the basic input to electricity i.e. fuel, remains free of all control and can provide opportunities for a deregulated play over a longer term (in India fuel is not yet free of all control coal mines are still allocated and oil and gas prices are still administered). An analysis of the value chain from fuel to electricity generation to transmission to distribution and finally to retail suggests that the maximum value lies on the fuel side followed by generation. The volatility of returns in fuel, however, is higher as compared to that in generation. 1.4 India Scenario Current per capita consumption of electricity in India is about 733 kWh9 which would have to grow 7-8 fold to provide a decent quality of life. At a GDP growth rate of 59%, the demand is expected to grow to about 2 times the current demand by 201710. It is expected that with the 12th five year plan (2017), India might have sufficient base load capacity. However, with economic growth, there will still be a

need to add 115 GW to 190 GW of base load capacity between 2020 and 2030 i.e. about 12,000 MW to 19,000 MW every year. Hence, there would be a need to continue adding base load capacity in the 13th and 14th five year plans as well. The expected growth would mean that about 40,000 MW will be under construction every year. About 75,000 to 80,000 new skilled workers would be required only for construction and operations in the power sector. However, the power sector faces competition from both infrastructure sectors and other industries such as Information Technology (IT) for skilled manpower. Further, at an average cost of ` 6 crores per MW covering all forms of generation, India will need ` 240,000 crores to ` 300,000 crores as capital, with an dditional requirement of about ` 60,000 crores to ` 80,000 crores per year. Hence, people development and funding are critical to cater to the growing demand. The major fuel source for base load capacity addition is expected to be coal. However, availability of domestic coal is a challenge on account of various bottlenecks such as capacity expansion of Coal India Limited, coal block allocation, tribal land acquisition, environmental and forest clearances, etc. This is further compounded by issues around land acquisition for the power plant, water availability and ash disposal for domestic coal-based plants. As per the annual report of FY11 released by the Ministry of Coal, the projected coal demand in FY12 is 713 Million Tonnes (MT) (including both coking and non-coking coal), while the likely supply is expected to be 592 MT. This would leave a deficit of about 120 MT which would need to be made up by imported coal or blended coal as per plant design. This would lead to increased demand for imported coal, resulting in a rise in fuel cost for generating companies. In view of the inherent risks and challenges in developing and executing new projects and rising fuel costs, the cost of generation is likely to increase. However, the political will to pass on these costs to consumers has been rather weak, thereby forcing Governments to increase subsidy bills. It is ironic that while the consumers are willing to pay for diesel generation sets and invertors, from which the cost of power is very high, they are unwilling to pay for power from the utilities.People need to be educated and prepared for price increases and Governments need to address this communication challenge. Unless the challenge of an increasing subsidy bill is addressed urgently, it could become another serious bottleneck in capacity addition. Currently, the power sector relies excessively on coal-based generation. When the climate change movement gathers momentum, India will need to move away from coal to other power generation sources such as hydro and nuclear. Even without the challenge of climate change, just the sheer need for more energy and the need for self-reliance will drive the Indian power sector towards energy efficiency, conservation and cleaner power. Towards this end, the Company has enunciated a path for sustainability to address the fallouts and opportunities. It has undertaken various initiatives in areas such as Environment, Architecture, Community Development, Advocacy, Renewables, New Technology, Green Buildings, New Models of Development, etc. It has established the Tata Power Energy Club for creating mass awareness on energy conservation

across the country and established renewable energy generation as part of the approach. Nuclear power is considered to be another option for India, given the shortage of adequate existing energy sources. The three stage process adopted by India that uses reprocessed spent fuel in fast breeder reactors, eventually moving to a Thorium-based cycle, would offer the long term solution, provided concerns arising out of safety issues including the recent incident at Fukushima in Japan get addressed appropriately. 1.5 Industry Standards
TATA POWER: The Companys strategy has long established as Indias largest integrated private power player with presence across the power value chain. From Fuel and Logistics to Generation and Transmission to Distribution and Trading to even exploring renewable sources of energy, it now has a strong international presence. The urgency in meeting the power requirement and its crucial role in ensuring the energy security of India has led the company to catapult our growth. We are achieving it with our out-of-the-box thinking, pioneering operational procedures and a motivated team with a penchant for trendsetting.While we have ambitious growth plans, we are committed to responsible growth. Tata Power is the only fully integrated player in the power sector. It is present across the value chain - generation, transmission, distribution, trading and fuel. Tata Powers JV with Power Grid Corporation, owns and operates the Tala transmission network. The company distributes power in Mumbai, and in Delhi through its wholly-owned subsidiary - North Delhi Power Ltd (NDPL). Besides these, Tata Power Trading Company Ltd (TPTCL) is currently the third-largest trading company with 9.26 per cent market share. Further, in 2007-08, Tata Power acquired 30 per cent stake in two Indonesian coal mines. The acquisitions will secure the companys fuel requirement for the Mundra Project. The agreement entitles Tata Power to purchase 10.1 (+/- 20 per cent) million tonnes of coal per annum. On July 8, 2008, the Supreme Court set aside the orders of MERC and ATE and upheld Tata Powers right to supply electricity in retail directly to all consumers, thus enabling the company to expand its distribution business. Consumers are now free to choose their supplier between R Infra and Tata Power. The total Consumer base of the company stood at 58,500 as of March end 2010 as compared to 26,005 in the previous year. The Company had an installed capacity of 2887 MW based on various fuel sources: thermal (coal, gas, oil), hydroelectric power, renewable energy (wind, solar PV and waste gases).The Company registered sales of 16,060 MUs of power in FY11 as against 15,574 MUs in FY10, a growth of 3%. During the year, Companys Operations showed a steady performance. The Company generated 15,325 MUs of power from all its power plants. KEY RISKS : Volatility in coal prices. Changes in government regulations. Project execution risk.

HIGHLIGHTS: Leading private wind generator with an installed capacity of 273MW Early adopter of hydro electric power First 150 MW thermal unit. First 500 MW thermal unit First 220 and 110 KV gas insulated switch gear. Computerised grid control and energy system. 220 KV Cable Transmission Network. 220 KV Transmission lines in four circuit towers. Flue Gas De-sulphurisation plant using sea water First pump storage unit in the country of 150 MW capacity Bringing first 800 MW super critical thermal unit.

Financial Results : Consolidated Revenue stood at Rs. 19450.76 crores Consolidated Net profit up by 5% at Rs.2059.60 crores Annual Sales at 16060 Million Units (MUs) Consumer Base in Mumbai increased and crossed 150000 New 120 MW uniot commissioned at Jojobera Thermal Power Staion in Eastern India Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) signed and construction underway for the 25 MW Solar Project in Gujarat

Existing Business :

As of 31st March, 2011, the Company had an installed generation capacity of 2,887 MW based on various fuel sources: thermal (coal, gas, oil), hydroelectric power, renewable energy (wind and solar photovoltaic) and waste heat recovery. The details of the installed capacity are given below :

Fuel Source
Thermal Coal/ Oil/ Gas Thermal Waste Heat Recovery Hydro

Location

State

Installed Capacity (MW)

Category Total (MW)

Trombay Jojobera Belgaum Haldia Bhira Bhivpuri Khopoli Wind Farms

Maharashtra Jharkhand Karnataka West Bengal Maharashtra Maharashtra Maharashtra Maharshtra Gujarat Karnataka TOTAL

120 447

Renewables

231

2887

2887

BUSINESS MODEL REVENUE MODEL COST STRUCTURE