Constitutional Law II Syllabus of Atty.

Michael Vernon Guerrero Mendiola

Constitutional Law II
v1.1, as of 15 July 2012 I. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS A. B. C. D. E. Concept of the Bill of Rights General characteristics of rights under the Bill of Rights Purpose of the Bill of Rights Threats against rights and liberties Classification 1. Civil Rights 2. Political Rights 3. Social and Economic Rights F. Doctrine of Preferred Freedom (Hierarchy of Rights)
A001 Philippine Blooming Mills Employment Organization, et al. vs. Philippine Blooming Mills Co. Inc., GR L31195, 5 June 1973; En Banc, Makasiar [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1973/jun1973/gr_31195_1973.html

1. Human rights over property rights 2. Tests a. Balancing of Interests. b. Dangerous Tendency. c. Clear and Present Danger. G. History of the Bill of Rights 1. Origin of the Bill of Rights a. England (1) Charter of Liberties (2) Magna Carta (1215) (3) Petition of Rights (1628) and the Bill of Rights (1689) b. United States (1) United States Constitution (1789) (2) Amendments to the United States Constitution 2. Introduction of the Bill of Rights in the Philippines a. McKinley's Instructions (1900) b. Philippine Bill of 1902 c. Philippine Autonomy Act of 1916 d. 1935 Philippine Constitution e. 1973 Philippine Constitution f. 1987 Philippine Constitution FUNDAMENTAL POWERS OF THE STATE II. POLICE POWER A. Definition, Scope and Basis 1. Rights affected (human and property rights) B. Exercising Authority 1. National government 2. Administrative Agencies 3. Local governments a. General welfare clause b. Ordinances and Resolutions pursuant General welfare clause c. Other basis C. Determination of the validity in the exercise of Police Power 1. Presumption of validity and burden of proof to invalidate a. Presumption disputable 2. Tests for validity a. In general (1) Rational relations test viz New Equal Protection Approach (2) Void on its face b. Local governments (1) Requisites of valid ordinances 3. Limitations a. In general (1) Constitutional (a) Against due process and equal protection (b) As against non-impairment of contracts (2) Reasonableness
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(a) Definitive studies not required (b) Need not be the best means, as long as not whimsical (3) Reasonable relation of purpose and means b. Local governments (1) Not contrary to Constitution and statutes (2) Regulation viz Prohibition, Regulation viz Confiscation (a) Regulatory ordinance (b) Zoning ordinance (3) Must establish a rule for impartial enforcement D. Purposes 1. Public health 2. Public welfare a. Right of the people to a balanced and healthful ecology b. Theaters, theatrical performances, cinematographs, public exhibitions and all other performances and places of amusements (1) If regulation of ticket pricing allowed under Charter (2) Right of proprietor to fix ticket prices (3) Theaters not public utilities 3. Public morals a. Motels, nightclubs, massage parlors, etc. b. Gambling E. Illustrations 1. Public health
B001 Lorenzo vs. Director of Health, GR 27484, 1 September 1927; En Banc, Malcolm [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1927/sep1927/gr_27484_1927.html B002 Tablarin vs. Gutierrez, GR 78164, 31 July 1987; En Banc, Feliciano [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1987/jul1987/gr_78164_1987.html B003 Del Rosario vs. Bengzon, GR 88265, 21 December 1989; En Banc, Grio-Aquino [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1989/dec1989/gr_88265_1989.html

2. Public safety a. Vehicles

B004 Taxicab Operators of Metro Manila vs. Board of Transportation, GR L-59234, 30 September 1982; En Banc, Melencio-Herrera [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1982/sep1982/gr_l_59234_1982.html B005 Bautista vs. Juinio, GR L-50908, 31 January 1984; En Banc, Fernando [CJ] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1984/jan1984/gr_l50908_1984.html B006 Mirasol vs. Department of Public Works and Highways, GR 158793, 8 June 2006 See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2006/jun2006/gr_158793_2006.html

b. Peace and order, protection of citizens

B007 Chavez vs. Romulo, GR 157036, 9 June 2004; En Banc, Sandoval-Gutierrez [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2004/jun2004/gr_157036_2004.html

3. Public welfare a. Commercial instruments

B008 Lozano vs. Martinez, GR L-63419, 18 December 1986; En Banc, Yap [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1986/dec1986/gr_63419_1986.html

b. Stevedoring services
B009 Anglo-Fil Trading Corporation vs. Lazaro, GR L-54958, 2 September 1983; En Banc, Gutierrez Jr. [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1983/sep1983/gr_l-54958_1983.html xxxx Philippine Ports Authority vs. Cipres Stevedoring and Arrastre Inc., GR 145742, 14 July 2005; Second Division, Chico-Nazario [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2005/jul2005/gr_145742_2005.html

c. Right of the people to a balanced and healthful ecology

B010 Tano v. Socrates, GR 110249, 21 August 1997; En Banc, Davide Jr. [J] See http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1997/aug1997/gr_110249_1997.html

d. Theaters, theatrical performances, cinematographs, public exhibitions and all other performances and places of amusements
B011 Balacuit vs. Court of First Instance of Agusan del Norte and Butuan City, GR L-38429, 30 June 1988; En Banc, Gancayco [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1988/jun1988/gr_l_38429_1988.html

4. Public morals a. Motels, nightclubs, massage parlors, etc.

B012 Ermita-Malate Hotel and Motel Operators Association Inc., vs. City Mayor of Manila, GR L-24693, 31 July 1967; En Banc, Fernando [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1967/jul1967/gr_l-24693_1967.html B013 Velasco vs. Villegas, GR L-24153, 14 February 1983; En Banc, Fernando [CJ] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1983/feb1983/gr_l_24153_1983.html B014 De La Cruz vs. Paras, GRs L-42571-72, 25 July 1983; En Banc, Fernando [CJ] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1983/jul1983/gr_l_42571_72_1983.html B015 City of Manila v. Judge Laguio, GR 118127, 12 April 2005; En Banc, Tinga [J]

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b. Gambling
B016 Magtajas vs. Pryce Properties, GR 111097, 20 July 1994; En Banc, Cruz [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1994/jul1994/gr_111097_1994.html

III.POWER OF EMINENT DOMAIN A. Definition and Nature 1. Power of the government 2. Power not absolute 3. Power of eminent domain as against Procedure of expropriation 4. The general power to exercise the right of eminent domain and the right to exercise eminent domain
B101 City of Manila vs. Chinese Community of Manila, GR 14355, 31 October 1919; First Division, Johnson [J]1 See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1919/oct1919/gr_l-14355_1919.html

5. Power of eminent domain different from police power

B102 City Government of Quezon City vs. Ericta, GR L-34915, 24 June 1983; First Division, Gutierrez Jr. [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1983/jun1983/gr_l_34915_1983.html

6. Intermingling of police power and power of eminent domain; Determination

B103 Association of Small Landowners in the Philippines, Inc. vs. Secretary of Agrarian Reform, GR 78742, 14 July 1989; En Banc, Cruz [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1989/jul1989/gr_78742_1989.html

B. Limitations 1. In general a. Constitutional (1) Article III, Section 9, 1987 Constitution (2) Due Process and equal protection clauses (Article III, Section 1, 1987 Constitution) (a) Due Process [1] Specific to eminent domain [a] the government may not capriciously or arbitrarily choose what private property should be taken [b] Just compensation when private property taken for public use [2] In general (b) Equal protection clause (3) In relation to Non-impairment clause b. Not merely for public convenience c. Prohibition does not lie against expropriation
B104 Yusay vs. Court of Appeals, GR 156684, 6 April 2011; Third Division Resolution, Bersamin [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2011/apr2011/gr_156684_2011.html

d. Eminent Domain Not Barred by Res Judicata

B105 Republic of the Philippines vs. de Knecht, GR 87335, 12 February 1990; First Division, Gancayco [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1990/feb1990/gr_87335_1990.html

2. Local government C. Construction and Burden of proof 1. Construction 2. Burden of proof D. Stages for expropriation
B106 Municipality of Bian vs. Garcia, GR 69260, 22 December 1989; First Division, Narvasa [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1989/dec1989/gr_69260_1989.html xxxx Republic of the Philippines [University of the Philippines] vs. Legaspi, GR 177611, 18 April 2012; Second Division, Perez [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2012/apr2012/gr_177611_2012.html

E. Judicial process 1. Role of court 2. Nature of proceedings 3. Jurisdiction

B107 Barangay San Roque v. Heirs of Pastor, GR 138896, 20 June 2000 ; Third Division, Panganiban [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2000/jun2000/gr_138896_2000.html

4. Rule applicable a. Ordinary cases (Rule 67, Rules of Court) b. National Government Infrastructure Projects (RA 8974) 5. Procedure F. Authority to expropriate 1. National government 2. Local government a. In general (Local Government Code) b. Charters
B108 Philippine Columbian Association vs. Panis, GR 106528, 21 December 1993; First Division, Quiason [J]
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3. Others a. President/Chief Executive

B109 Visayan Refining Company vs. Camus, GR l-15870, 3 December 1919; En Banc, Street [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1919/dec1919/gr_l-15870_1919.html

(1) American regime (a) Conferred on the Government of the Philippine Islands, Delegated to the Governor-General (b) Expropriation proceedings maintained upon the exclusive initiative of the Governor-General (2) Marcos era: President had legislative powers b. Government Owned and Controlled Corporation (1) Basis of power (samples, e.g. NHA, PEZA) (2) Proof of Authority c. Others G. Requisites, local government
B110 Moday vs. Court of Appeals, GR 107916, 20 February 1997; Second Division, Romero [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1997/feb1997/gr_107916_1997.html B111 Municipality of Paraaque vs. VM Realty Corporation, GR 127820, 20 July 1998; First Division, Panganiban [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1998/jul1998/gr_127820_1998.html B112 Heirs of Suguitan vs. City of Mandaluyong, GR 135087, 14 March 2000; Third Division, Gonzaga-Reyes [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2000/mar2000/gr_135087_2000.html

1. Ordinance a. Distinction between RA 7160 and BP 337 (1) Review of ordinance/resolution under then BP 337 b. Inconsistencies of IRR with the Code 2. Public purpose 3. Just compensation 4. Valid and definite offer
B113 Jesus is Lord Christian School Foundation Inc. vs. Municipality [now City] of Pasig, Metro Manila , GR 152230, 9 August 2005; Second Division, Callejo Sr. [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2005/aug2005/gr_152230_2005.html

H. Requisites, in general
B701 Manapat vs. Court of Appeals, GR 100478, 15 October 2007; Third Division, Nachura [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2007/oct2007/gr_110478_2007.html

1. Private property a. Whether tangible or intangible (1) Tangible: Land (a) Size of land [1] Land, not confined to landed estates
B114 JM Tuason vs. Land Tenure Administration, GR L-21064, 18 February 1970; En Banc, Fernando [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1970/feb1970/gr_21064_1970.html

[2] Urban land reform (b) Easement

B115 National Power Corporation vs. Tiangco, GR 170846, 6 February 2007; First Division, Garcia [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2007/feb2007/gr_170846_2007.html

(c) Soil and subsoil [1] Excavated soil not separate from land [2] Landowner's rights does not extend to sub-soil (2) Intangibles: Interconnection
B116 Republic of the Philippines vs. Philippine Long Distance Telephone Company, GR L-18841, 27 January 1969; En Banc, Reyes JBL [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1969/jan1969/gr_l-18841_1969.html

b. Other property (1) Cemetery (2) National infrastructure projects (3) Paraphernal property
B117 City of Baguio vs. National Waterworks and Sewerage Authority, GR L-12032, 31 August 1959; En Banc, Bautista Angelo [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1959/aug1959/gr_l-12032_1959.html

(a) Determination whether property is paraphernal or public property of LGU

B118 Province of Zamboanga del Norte vs. City of Zamboanga, GR L-24440, 28 March 1968; En Banc, Bengzon JP [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1968/mar1968/gr_l-24440_1968.html

2. Genuine Necessity to take private property

B119 De Knecht vs. Bautista, GR L-51078, 30 October 1980; First Division, Fernandez [J] 9 See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1980/oct1980/gr_51078_1980.html B120 Municipality of Meycauayan, Bulacan vs. Intermediate Appellate Court, GR L-72126, 29 January 1988; Third Division, Gutierrez [J] 10
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Constitutional Law II Syllabus of Atty. Michael Vernon Guerrero Mendiola See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1988/jan1988/gr_72126_1988.html B121 Masikip vs. City of Pasig, GR 136349, 23 January 2006; Second Division, Sandoval-Gutierrez [J] 11 See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2006/jan2006/gr_136349_2006.html

a. Standard of genuine necessity 3. Taking for public use

B122 Republic of the Philippines vs. Vda. de Castellvi, GR L-20620, 15 August 1974; En Banc, Zaldivar [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1974/aug1974/gr_l_20620_1974.html

a. Taking (1) Requisites (2) Deprivation of use

B123 People vs. Fajardo , GR L-12172, 29 August 1958; En Banc, Reyes JBL [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1958/aug1958/gr_l-12172_1958.html B124 National Power Corporation vs. Gutierrez, GR L-60077, 18 January 1991; Third Division, Bidin [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1991/jan1991/gr_60077_1991.html B125 Philippine Press Institute v. Commission on Elections, GR L-119694, 22 May 1995; En Banc, Feliciano [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1995/may1995/gr_l_11994_1995.html B126 U.S. v. Causby, 328 U.S. 256 (1946)

(a) Plaza view (b) Easement of right-of-way (c) Newspaper space (3) Time of taking (a) Ordinary circumstances (b) Hacienda Luisita
xxxx Hacienda Luisita Inc. vs. Presidential Agrarian Reform Council, GR 171101, 22 November 2011; En Banc Resolution, Velasco Jr. [J] See http://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2011/nov2011/gr_171101_2011.html B127 Hacienda Luisita Inc. vs. Presidential Agrarian Reform Council, GR 171101, 24 April 2012; En Banc Resolution, Velasco Jr. [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2012/apr2012/gr_171101_2012.html

b. Public use
B128 Heirs of Ardona vs. Reyes, GR L-60549, 26 October 1983; En Banc, Gutierrez Jr. [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1983/oct1983/gr_l_60549_1983.html B129 Sumulong vs. Guerrero, GR L-48685, 30 September 1987; En Banc, Cortez [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1987/sep1987/gr_l_48685_1987.html B130 Province of Camarines Sur vs. Court of Appeals, GR 103125, 17 May 1993; First Division, Quiason [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1993/may1993/gr_103125_1993.html B131 Manosca vs. Court of Appeals, GR 106440, 29 January 1996; First Division, Vitug [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1996/jan1996/gr_106440_1996.html B132 Estate of Jimenez vs. Philippine Export Processing Zone, GR 137285, 16 January 2001; Second Division, De Leon Jr. [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2001/jan2001/gr_137285_2001.html

(1) Tourism (2) Irrigation (3) Pilot farm for non-food and non-traditional agricultural crops and a housing project for provincial government employees (4) Land reform (a) Urban land reform [1] Constitutional recognition [2] Legal history [3] Socialized housing [4] Priority under RA 7279
B133 Filstream International Incorporated vs. Court Appeals, GR 125218, 23 January 1998; Third Division, Francisco [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1998/jan1998/gr_125218_1998.html B134 City of Mandaluyong vs. Aguilar, GR 137152, 29 January 2001; First Division, Puno [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2001/jan2001/gr_137152_2001.html B135 Lagcao vs. Labra, GR 155746, 13 October 2004; En Banc, Corona [J] See http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2004/oct2004/gr_155746_2004.html

[a] Purpose of the requirements under RA 7279 [b] Small landowners exempted under RA 7279 [c] Partition by co-owners [d] Republic Act 7279 does not apply to expropriation cases before its enactment [e] Observation on the squatter problem (b) Agrarian land reform [1] Legal history [2] Inclusion of private landholdings in the CARP 4. Just compensation
B136 Export Processing Zone Authority vs. Dulay, GR L-59603, 29 April 1987; En Banc, Gutierrez [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1987/apr1987/gr_l_59603_1987.html
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a. Definition b. Deposit upon taking? c. Amount for the issuance of writ of possession (1) Ordinary cases
xxxx National Power Corporation vs. Jocson, GRs 94193-99, 25 February 1992; En Banc, Davide Jr. [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1992/feb1992/gr_94193_1992.html B137 Robern Development Corporation vs. Quitain, GR 135042, 23 September 1999; En Banc, Panganiban [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1999/sep1999/gr_135042_1999.html

(2) National infrastructure projects d. Full amount of "just compensation"

B138 Republic of the Philippines vs. Intermediate Appellate Court, GR 71176, May 21, 1990 ; Third Division, Fernan [CJ] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1990/may1990/gr_71176_!990.html B139 Ansaldo vs. Tantuico, GR L-50147, 3 August 1990; First Division, Narvasa [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1990/aug1990/gr_l_50147_1990.html B140 Eslaban v. De Onorio, GR 146062, 28 June 2001 ; Second Division, Mendoza [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2001/jun2001/gr_146062_2001.html B141 National Power Corporation v. San Pedro, GR 170945, 26 September 2006 ; First Division, Callejo Sr. [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2006/sep2006/gr_170945_2006.html B142 Republic of the Philippines [National Irrigation Administration] vs. Rural Bank of Kabacan Inc. , GR 185124, 25 January 2012; Second Division, Sereno [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2012/jan2012/gr_185124_2012.html

(1) Judicial determination (a) Ordinary cases and National infrastructure projects [1] In general [a] Trial by commissioners
B143 Manila Electric Company vs. Pineda, GR L-59791, 13 February 1992; First Division, Medialdea [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1992/feb1992/gr_59791_1992.html B144 Leca Realty Corporation vs. Republic of the Philippines, GR 155605, 27 September 2006; First Division, Panganiban [CJ] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2006/sep2006/gr_155605_2006.html

[b] Commissioners' report

B145 National Power Corporation vs. dela Cruz, GR 156093, 2 February 2007; Second Division, Velasco Jr. [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2007/feb2007/gr_156093_2007.html

[2] National infrastructure projects [a] Appointment of commissioners (b) Agrarian Reform (2) Reckoning period (a) From time of taking or time of filing of complaint, whichever comes first. (b) Actual taking or time of the judgment of the court, whichever is first unconstitutional (3) Basis of amount for just compensation (a) Classification of property during time of taking
B146 National Power Corporation vs. Henson, GR 129998, 29 December 1998; Third Division, Pardo [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1998/dec1998/gr_129998_1998.html

(b) Value [1] Ordinary cases [a] Not necessarily zonal value [b] Not set by judicial notice [c] Various considerations; Market value [2] National Government Infrastructure Projects (RA 8974) (4) Estoppel, as to amount of just compensation
B147 City of Cebu vs. Dedamo, GR 142971, 7 May 2002; First Division, Davide Jr. [CJ] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2002/may2002/gr_142971_2002.html

(a) On the part of the landowner(s) (b) On the part of the government (5) Reasonable time to pay (a) Ordinary cases (b) National Government Infrastructure Projects (RA 8974) (6) Manner of payment
supra. Association of Small Landowners in the Philippines, Inc. vs. Secretary of Agrarian Reform, GR 78742, 14 July 1989; En Banc, Cruz [J] B148 Land Bank of the Philippines vs. Court of Appeals, GR 118712, 6 October 1995; Second Division, Francisco R [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1995/oct1995/gr_118712_1995.html

(a) On agrarian reform

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[1] Deposit in cash and LBP bonds (7) Interest

B149 National Power Corporation vs. Angas, GRs 60225-26, 8 May 1992; Second Division, Paras [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1992/may1992/gr_60225_26_1992.html B150 Land Bank of the Philippines vs. Wycoco, GR 140160, 13 January 2004; First Division, YnaresSantiago [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2004/jan2004/gr_140160_2004.html

(a) In the form of indemnity for damages (6%) (b) In the form of forbearance of money due to delay (12%) 5. Due process I. Incidents to the expropriation process 1. Uncertain owner 2. Opposition by owner of expropriated property a. Form of opposition b. Appropriate action by Court as to defenses and objections 3. Validity of mortgage while expropriation pending 4. Order of expropriation, writ of execution, and writ of possession
B151 City of Manila vs. Serrano, GR 142304, 20 June 2001; Second Division, Mendoza [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2001/jun2001/gr_142304_2001.html B152 Republic of the Philippines vs. Gingoyon, GR 166429, 19 December 2005; En Banc, Tinga [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2005/dec2005/gr_166429_2005.html

a. Ordinary cases (1) Writ of execution and subsequent determination of other requirements for expropriation (2) Effect of order b. National Government Infrastructure Projects (RA 8974) (1) Full payment before issuance of writ of possession (2) Effect of order 5. Withdrawal of amounts a. Ordinary cases b. Agrarian reform 6. Appeal
B153 Marinduque Mining and Industrial Corporation vs. Court of Appeals, GR 161219, 6 October 2008; First Division, Carpio [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2008/oct2008/gr_161219_2008.html

a. Record of appeal b. Judicial Review 7. Claim for compensation 8. Execution a. Exception to general rule
B154 Coscuella vs. Court of Appeals, GR 77765, 15 August 1988; Third Division, Gutierrez Jr. [J] See http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1988/aug1988/gr_77765_1988.html

9. Transfer of title 10. Withdrawal by government from expropriation case

B155 National Housing Authority vs. Heirs of Guivelondo, GR 154411, 19 June 2003; First Division, YnaresSantiago [J] See http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2003/jun2003/gr_154411_2003.html

a. Dismissal of action to expropriate, when allowed b. Dismissal of action to expropriate, when not allowed (1) When landowner already prejudiced 11. Recovery
B156 Air Transportation Office vs. Gopuco, GR 158563, 30 June 2005; Second Division, Chico-Nazario [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2005/jun2005/gr_158563_2005.html

a. Recovery due to non-payment; Recovery of property and rentals

B157 Republic of the Philippines vs. Hidalgo, GR 161657, 4 October 2007; First Division, Garcia [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2007/oct2007/gr_161657_2007.html

b. When not possible (1) When order of expropriation has long become final and executory IV. POWER OF TAXATION A. Definition 1. Classification
B201 The Apostolic Prefect of the Mountain Province vs. El Tesorero de la Ciudad de Baguio , GR L47252, 18 April 1941; En Banc, Imperial [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1941/apr1941/gr_l-47252_1941.html

B. Purpose 1. Taxes
B202 Commissioner of Internal Revenue vs. Algue, GR L-28896, 17 February 1988; First Division, Cruz [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1988/feb1988/gr_l_28896_1988.html

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a. Taxation as implement of Police Power [1] License fees for regulation viz taxes for revenue [a] Amount allowed 2. Tariffs and Custom duties
B203 Commissioner of Customs vs. Makasiar, GR 79307, 29 August 1989; Third Division, Cortes [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1989/aug1989/gr_79307_1989.html

C. Exercising Authority 1. National Government 2. Local Government D. Limitations 1. Constitutional guarantees a. Equal protection 2. Double taxation
B204 Punsalan vs. Municipal Board of the City of Manila, GR L-4817, 26 May 1954; En Banc, Reyes [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1954/may1954/gr_l-4817_1954.html

E. Tax exemptions 1. Nature of use (actually, directly, and exclusively)

xxxx Herrera vs. Quezon City Board of Assessment Appeals, GR L-15270, 30 September 1961; En Banc, Concepcion [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1961/sep1961/gr_l-15270_1961.html B205 Province of Abra vs. Hernando, GR L-49336, 31 August 1981; Second Division, Fernando [CJ] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1981/aug1981/gr_49336_1981.html B206 Abra Valley College Inc. vs. Aquino, GR L-39086, 15 June 1988; Second Division, Paras [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1988/jun1988/gr_l_39086_1988.html

2. Institutions a. Under the Constitution (1) Religious

B207 Roman Catholic Bishop of Nueva Segovia vs. Provincial Board of Ilocos Norte, GR 27588, 31 December 1927; En Banc, Avancea [CJ] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1927/dec1927/gr_l-27588_1927.html

(a) License fees

B208 American Bible Society vs. City of Manila, GR L-9637, 30 April 1957; Second Division, Felix [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1957/apr1957/gr_l-9637_1957.html

(b) Assessment for gift tax

B209 Lladoc vs. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, GR L-19201, 16 June 1965; En Banc, Paredes [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1965/jun1965/gr_l-19201_1965.html

(2) Charitable
B210 Lung Center of the Philippines vs. Quezon City, GR 144104, 29 June 2004; En Banc, Callejo Sr. [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2004/jun2004/gr_144104_2004.html

(a) Hospitals (b) Donations for charitable institutions

xxxx Commissioner of Internal Revenue vs. Bishop of the Missionary District of the Philippine Islands for the Protestant Episcopal Church in the USA, GR L-19445, 31 August 1965; En Banc, Regala [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1965/aug1965/gr_l-19445_1965.html

[1] Non-essential goods as donation (3) Educational (4) Combination

B211 Young Men's Christian Association of Manila vs. Collector of Internal Revenue, GR L-7988, 19 January 1916; En Banc, Moreland [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1916/jan1916/gr_l-7988_1916.html

(a) Caveat on American jurisprudence F. Construction and Burden of Proof 1. Tax Exemptions a. Special assessments 2. Tax Deductions BILL OF RIGHTS PROPER DUE PROCESS, EQUAL PROTECTION, AND NON-IMPAIRMENT V. DUE PROCESS A. Definition, Nature and Scope B. Purpose C. Life, Liberty and Property 1. Life 2. Liberty
C001 Rubi vs. Provincial Board of Mindoro, GR L-14078, 7 March 1919; En Banc, Malcolm [J]
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Constitutional Law II Syllabus of Atty. Michael Vernon Guerrero Mendiola See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1919/mar1919/gr_l-14078_1919.html

3. Property D. Primary consideration in due process claims E. Types/Components of Due Process 1. Substantive Due Process a. Law should not be vague nor too broad
xxxx Villegas vs. Hiu Chiong Tsai Pao Ho, GR L-29646, 10 November 1978; En Banc, Fernandez [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1978/nov1978/gr_29646_1978.html C002 Estrada vs. Sandiganbayan [Third Division], GR 148560, 19 November 2001; En Banc, Bellosillo [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2001/nov2001/gr_148560_2001.html xxxx Ong vs. Sandiganbayan, GR 126858, 16 September 2005; Second Division, Tinga [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2005/sep2005/gr_126858_2005.html xxxx David vs. Macapagal-Arroyo, GR 171396, 3 May 2006; En Banc, Sandoval-Gutierrez [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2006/may2006/gr_171396_2006.html

(1) Facial challenge (a) Overbreadth doctrine (b) Void-for-vagueness doctrine [1] Standards need to be set [2] Ambiguity cannot be created [3] Resort to plain meaning of words when not defined in law [4] Definitional predicament 2. Procedural Due Process a. Essence b. Publication requirement
C003 Tanada vs. Tuvera, GR L-63815, 29 December 1986; En Banc, Cruz [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1986/dec1986/gr_63915_1986.html xxxx Philippine International Trading Corporation vs. Angeles, GR 108461, 21 October 1996; Second Division, Torres Jr. [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1996/oct1996/gr_108461_1996.html xxxx Republic of the Philippines vs. Express Telecommunication Co. Inc., GR 147096, 15 January 2002; First Division, Ynares-Santiago [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2002/jan2002/gr_147096_2002.html C004 Garcillano vs. House of Representatives Committes on Public Information, GR 170338, 23 December 2008; En Banc, Nachura [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2008/dec2008/gr_170338_2008.html

(1) Publication indispensible (2) Legislations/issuances required to be published (3) Content of law required to be published (4) Where required to be published (5) When required to be published c. Judicial and Administrative due process (1) Judicial due process
C005 El Banco Espanol-Filipino vs. Palanca, GR L-11390, 26 March 1918; En Banc, Street [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1918/mar1918/gr_l-11390_1918.html

(2) Administrative due process d. Choice of procedure e. Requirements, in general (1) Court having jurisdiction over subject matter, person and/or property (a) Jurisdiction [1] Irregularity as a question involving jurisdiction or involving due process of law (b) Impartial tribunal [1] Judicial
C006 People of the Philippines vs. Court of Appeals, GR 118882, 26 September 1996; Third Division, Melo [J] See lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1996/sep1996/gr_118882_1996.html C007 Tabuena vs. Sandiganbayan, GRs 103501-03, 17 February 1997; En Banc, Francisco [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1997/feb1997/gr_103501_1997.html

[2] Administrative and Quasi-judicial

xxxx Anzaldo vs. Clave, GR L-54597, 15 December 1982; Second Division, Aquino [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1982/dec1982/gr_l_54597_1982.html xxxx Tanada vs. Philippine Atomic Energy Commission, GR 70632, 11 February 1986; En Banc Resolution, Plana [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1986/feb1986/gr_68474_1986.html C008 Javier vs. Commission on Elections, GRs L-68379-81, 22 September 1986; En Banc, Cruz [J] See http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1986/sep1986/gr_68379_81_1986.html C009 Tejano vs. Ombudsman, GR 159190, 30 June 2005; Second Division, Chico-Nazario [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2005/jun2005/gr_159190_2005.html

(c) Prejudicial publicity

xxxx Re: Live TV and Radio Coverage of the Hearing of President Corazon C. Aquinos Libel Case (En Banc Resolution of 22 October 1991)
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Constitutional Law II Syllabus of Atty. Michael Vernon Guerrero Mendiola See www.lawphil.net/courts/supreme/reso/reso_oct_1991.html Webb vs. de Leon, GR 121234, 23 August 1995; Second Division, Puno [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1995/aug1995/gr_121234_1995.html xxxx People vs. Teehankee, GRs 111206-08, 6 October 1995; Second Division, Puno [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1995/oct1995/gr_111206_08_1995.html xxxx Larranaga vs. Court of Appeals, GR 130644, 13 March 1998; Second Division Resolution, Puno [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1998/mar1998/gr_130644_1998.html C010 Estrada vs. Desierto, GRs 146710-15, 2 March 2001; En Banc, Puno [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2001/mar2001/gr_146710_2001.html xxxx Re: Request Radio-TV Coverage of the Trial in the Sandiganbayan of the Plunder Cases Against the Former President Joseph E. Estrada, AM 01-4-03-SC, 29 June 2001; En Banc, Vitug [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2001/jun2001/am_01_4_03_sc_2001.html xxxx People vs. Sanchez, GRs 121039-45, 18 October 2001; Special First Division Resolution, Melo [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2001/oct2001/gr_121039_2001.html C011 In RE Petition for Radio and Television Coverage of the Multiple Murder Cases against Maguindanao Governor Zaldy Ampatuan, AM 10-11-5-SC, 14 June 2011; En Banc Resolution, Carpio Morales [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2011/jun2011/am_10-11-5-sc_2011.html xxxx

[1] Rights involved in media coverage in courtroom [2] No records in the Constitution as to media coverage in courtroom [3] Schools of thought on unrestrained publicity [4] Approaches of the Court RE media coverage [a] In general [b] During trial inside the courtroom [5] Totality of circumstances test [6] Open and public trial [7] Remedies available for accused [8] Guidelines for Ampatuan trial; Application pro hac vice (2) Opportunity to be heard (Notice and Hearing) (a) Preliminary investigation and/or Reinvestigation
xxxx Roxas vs. Vasquez, GR 114944, 19 June 2001; First Division, Ynares-Santiago [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2001/jun2001/gr_114944_2001.html C012 Budiongan vs. de la Cruz, GR 170288, 22 September 2006; First Division, Ynares-Santiago [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2006/sep2006/gr_170288_2006.html

[1] Personal notice [a] Notice to nonresident (b) Information and Arraignment [1] Proper notification of charges
C013 Summary Dismissal Board vs. Torcita, GR 130442, 6 April 2000; Third Division, GonzagaReyes [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2000/apr2000/gr_130442_2000.html

[2] Sanity
C014 People vs. Estrada, GR 130487, 19 June 2000; En Banc, Puno [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2000/jun2000/gr_130487_2000.html

[a] Competence to stand trial, and Suspension of arraignment [b] Determination of sanity [c] Mental examination [d] Deprivation of mental examination a violation of due process [3] Extradition
xxxx Secretary of Justice vs. Lantion, GR 139465, 18 January 2000; En Banc, Melo [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2000/jan2000/gr_139465_2000.html C015 Secretary of Justice vs. Lantion, GR 139465, 17 October 2000; En Banc Resolution, Puno [J]

(c) Hearing proper [1] Notice for ocular inspection (d) Exceptions to notice and hearing [1] Judicial [a] Preliminary injunction
C016 Marohombsar v. Judge Adiong, A.M. RTJ-02-1674, January 22, 2004 See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2004/jan2004/am_rtj-02-1674_2004.html

[2] Administrative proceedings

C017 De Bisschop vs. Galang, GR L-18365, 31 May 1963; En Banc, Reyes JBL [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1963/may1963/gr_l-18365_1963.html xxxx Var-Orient Shipping Co. Inc. vs. Achacoso, GR 81805, 31 May 1988; First Division, GrinoAquino [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1988/may1988/gr_81805_1988.html

[a] Cancellation of passport when facing criminal charge

C018 Suntay vs. People of the Philippines, GR L-9430, 29 June 1957; En Banc, Padilla [J]
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Constitutional Law II Syllabus of Atty. Michael Vernon Guerrero Mendiola See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1957/jun1957/gr_l-9430_1957.html

[b] Exercise of quasi-legislative functions

C019 Philippine Communications Satellite Corporation vs. Alcuaz, GR 84818, 18 December 1989; En Banc, Regalado [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1989/dec1989/gr_84818_1989.html

(3) Decisions after hearing (a) Basis expressed f. Requirements: Administrative

C020 Ang Tibay vs. Court of Industrial Relations, GR L-46496, 27 February 1940; En Banc, Laurel [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1940/feb1940/gr_l-46496_1940.html xxxx Manila Electric Company vs. Public Service Commission, GR L-13638-40, 30 June 1964; En Banc, Paredes [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1964/jun1964/gr_l-13638-40_1964.html

(1) Academic due process

C021 Montemayor vs. Araneta University Foundation, GR L-44251, 31 May 1977; Second Division, Fernando [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1977/may1977/gr_44251_1977.html xxxx Ateneo de Manila University vs. Court of Appeals, GR L-56180, 16 October 1986; Second Division, Gutierrez Jr. [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1986/oct1986/gr_56180_1986.html C022 Alcuaz vs. Philippine School of Business Administration, GR 76353, 2 May 1988; Second Division, Paras [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1988/may1988/gr_76353_1988.html C023 Non vs. Dames, GR 89317, 20 May 1990; En Banc, Cortes [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1990/may1990/gr_89317_1990.html

VI.EQUAL PROTECTION A. Nature B. Scope C. Classification

C101 Central Bank Employees Association Inc. vs. Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas, GR 148208, 15 December 2004; En Banc, Puno [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2004/dec2004/gr_148208_2004.html

1. Roles of legislature and judiciary in classification 2. Class legislation

xxxx Chavez vs. Presidential Commission on Good Government [PCGG], GR 130716, 9 December 1998; First Division, Panganiban [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1998/dec1998/gr_130716_1998.html

3. Sample cases a. Gender discrimination

C102 Philippine Association of Service Exporters Inc. vs. Drilon, GR 81958, 30 June 1988; En Banc, Sarmiento [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1988/jun1988/gr_81958_1988.html

b. Administration of Justice
C103 People vs. Isnain, GR L-2857, 28 February 1950; En Banc, Bengzon [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1950/feb1950/gr_l-2857_1950.html C104 Nunez vs. Sandiganbayan, GRs L-50581-50616, 30 January 1982; En Banc, Fernando [CJ] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1982/jan1982/gr_l_50581_50617_1982.html C105 Gallardo vs. People of the Philippines, GR 142030, 21 April 2005; Second Division, Chico-Nazario [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2005/apr2005/gr_142030_2005.html

c. Public policy
xxxx United Democratic Opposition [UNIDO] vs. Commission on Elections, GR 56515, 3 April 1981; En Banc, Barredo [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1981/apr1981/gr_56515_1981.html

(1) Academic standards

supra. Tablarin vs. Gutierrez, GR 78164, 31 July 1987; En Banc, Feliciano [J]

(2) Commercial endeavors

C106 Beltran vs. Secretary of Health, GR 133640, 25 November 2005; En Banc, Azcuna [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2005/nov2005/gr_133640_2005.html

(3) Cooperatives
C107 Philippine Rural Electric Cooperatives Association Inc. [PHILRECA] vs. Secretary of Department of Interior and Local Government, GR 143076, 10 June 2003; En Banc, Puno [J]

(4) Employment
International School Alliance of Educators [ISAE] vs. Quisumbing, GR 128845, 1 June 2000; First Division, Kapunan [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2000/jun2000/gr_128845_2000.html xxxx Philippine National Bank vs. Palma, GR 157279, 9 August 2005; Third Division, Panganiban [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2005/aug2005/gr_157279_2005.html supra. Central Bank Employees Association Inc. vs. Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas, GR 148208, 15 December 2004; En Banc, Puno [J] xxxx

(5) Franking privilege

C108 Philippine Judges Association vs. Prado, GR 105371, 11 November 1993; En Banc, Cruz [J]
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Constitutional Law II Syllabus of Atty. Michael Vernon Guerrero Mendiola See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1993/nov1993/gr_105371_1993.html

(6) Investment zones

C109 Tiu vs. Court of Appeals, GR 127410, 20 January 1999; En Banc, Panganiban [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1999/jan1999/gr_127410_1999.html C110 Coconut Oil Refiners Association Inc. vs. Torres, GR 132527, 29 July 2005; En Banc, Azcuna [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2005/jul2005/gr_132527_2005.html

(7) Permits
xxxx Olivares vs. Sandiganbayan, GR 118533, 4 October 1995; Second Division, Regalado [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1995/oct1995/gr_118533_1995.html

(8) Transportation
supra. Mirasol vs. Department of Public Works and Highways, GR 158793, 8 June 2006; En Banc, Carpio [J]

D. Applicability of equal protection in relative constitutionality E. Tests 1. Equal protection in the United States 2. Equal protection in Europe 3. Equality in International Law E. Provisions VII. NON-IMPAIRMENT OF CONTRACTS A. Nature, Purpose and Limitations B. Retroactive effect of legislation pursuant to police power against existing contracts
C201 Caleon vs. Agus Development Corporation, GR 77365, 7 April 1992; Third Division, Bidin [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1992/apr1992/gr_77365_1992.html C202 Ortigas & Co. Ltd. vs. Court of Appeals, GR 126102, 4 December 2000; Second Division, Quisumbing [J]

C. Determination whether there is impairment 1. No impairment as there are no contracts a. Checks

supra. Lozano vs. Martinez, GR L-63419, 18 December 1986; En Banc, Yap [J]

b. Medical Prescriptions
supra. Del Rosario vs. Bengzon, GR 88265, 21 December 1989; En Banc, Grio-Aquino [J]

c. Franchise
C203 Manila Electric Company vs. Province of Laguna, GR 131359, 5 May 1999; Third Division, Vitug [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1999/may1999/gr_131359_1999.html

d. Outside of commerce of man

supra. Villanueva vs. Castaneda, GR L-61311, 21 September 1987; First Division, Cruz [J]

(1) Plazas and sidewalks not subject to contracts 2. When police power does not affect contracts between parties
C204 Tiro vs. Hostanosas, GR L-32312, 25 November 1983; Second Division, Abad Santos [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1983/nov1983/gr_l_32312_1983.html

3. Extended moratorium laws

C205 Rutter vs. Esteban, GR L-3708, 18 May 1953; En Banc, Bautista Angelo [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1953/may1953/gr_l-3708_1953.html

FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION, PRESS, ASSEMBLY, AND ASSOCIATION VIII-A. FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION OR SPEECH A. Free Speech as a fundamental postulate in Philippine Constitutional system
D001 In RE Constitutionality of RA 4880. Gonzales vs. Commission on Elections, GR L-27833, 18 April 1969; En Banc, Fernando [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1969/apr1969/gr_l-27833_1969.html D002 ABS-CBN Broadcasting Corporation vs. Commission on Elections, GR 133486, 28 January 2000; En Banc, Panganiban [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2000/jan2000/gr_133486_2000.html

1. In academic institutions
D003 Miriam College Foundation Inc. vs. Court of Appeals, GR 127930, 15 December 2000; First Division, Kapunan [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2000/dec2000/gr_127930_2000.html

B. History of Freedom of Speech in the Philippines C. Limitations / Test(s)

D004 Zaldivar vs. Gonzales, GRs 79690-707, 1 February 1989; En Banc Resolution, Per Curiam See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1989/feb1989/gr_79690_707_1989.html D005 Social Weather Stations Inc. vs. Commission on Elections, GR 147571, 5 May 2001; Second Division, Mendoza [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2001/may2001/gr_147571_2001.html

1. Clear and Present Danger Rule, and Dangerous Tendency Rule 2. Clear and Present Danger Test, and Balancing of Interest Test 3. O'Brien Test

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Constitutional Law II Syllabus of Atty. Michael Vernon Guerrero Mendiola

D. Legislation and prior restraint 1. Opinions during plebiscites

D006 Sanidad vs. Commission on Elections, GR 90878, 29 January 1990; En Banc, Medialdea [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1990/jan1990/gr_90878_1990.html

2. Exit polls 3. Invitations to attend a hearing and answer some questions

D007 Babst vs. National Intelligence Board, GR L-62992, 28 September 1984; En Banc Resolution, Plana [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1984/sep1984/gr_l62992_1984.html

E. Unprotected Speech 1. Defamation or Libel

D008 United States vs. Bustos, GR L-12592, 8 March 1918; En Banc, Malcolm [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1918/mar1918/gr_l-12592_1918.html D009 Borjal vs. Court of Appeals, GR 126466, 14 January 1999; Second Division, Bellosillo [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1999/jan1999/gr_126466_1999.html D010 Philippine Journalists Inc. [People's Journal] vs. Thoenen, GR 143372, 13 December 2005; Second Division, Chico-Nazario [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2005/dec2005/gr_143372_2005.html

a. Libel (1) Doctrine of privileged communications (a) Absolute privileged communications [1] Congressional Speech and debate (b) Qualified privileged communications [1] Private communications [a] Imputations in pleadings [2] Fair and true report without any comments or remarks
D011 Elizalde vs. Gutierrez, GR L-33615, 22 April 1977; Second Division, Fernando [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1977/apr1977/gr_33615_1977.html

[a] Fair comments [b] Allegedly inaccurate reports, and News title [c] No Constitutional Protection for Deliberately False or Recklessly Inaccurate Reports {1} No chilling effect [d] Hoaxes
D012 Lopez vs. Court of Appeals, GR L-26549, 31 July 1970; En Banc, Fernando [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1970/jul1970/gr_26549_1970.html

(2) Identity
D013 Baguio Midland Courier vs. Court of Appeals, GR 107566, 25 November 2004; Second Division, Chico-Nazario [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2004/nov2004/gr_107566_2004.html

(a) Public figure [1] Political candidate, not yet a public official [2] Activities inbued with public interest (3) Malice (4) Forum where constitutionality questioned (a) Effect of violation of right b. Seditious libel
D014 Espuelas vs. People of the Philippines, GR L-2990, 17 December 1951; En Banc, Bengzon [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1951/dec1951/gr_l-2990_1951.html

c. Contemptuous imputations / publication

D015 People of the Philippines vs. Alarcon, GR 46551, 12 December 1939; En Banc, Laurel [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1939/dec1939/gr_l-46551_1939.html D016 Cabansag vs. Fernandez, GR L-8974, 18 October 1957; En Banc, Bautista Angelo [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1957/oct1957/gr_l-8974_1957.html xxxx People of the Philippines vs. Castelo, GR L-11816, 23 April 1962; En Banc, Bautista Angelo [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1962/apr1962/gr_l-11816_1962.html D017 Nestle Philippines Inc. vs. Sanchez, GR 75209, 30 September 1987; En Banc Resolution, Per Curiam See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1987/sep1987/gr_75209_1987.html D018 Column of Mr. Ramon Tulfo in the Philippine Daily Inquirer Issues of 13 and 16 October 1989; En Banc Resolution D019 In RE Emil P. Jurado, AM 93-2-037 SC, 6 April 1995; En Banc Resolution, Narvasa [CJ] D020 Re: Letter of the UP Law Faculty, AM 10-10-4-SC, 8 March 2011; En Banc, Leonardo-de Castro [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2011/mar2011/am_10-10-4-sc_2011.html

(1) Free press and Administration of justice (2) Akin to libel (3) Intent to impede, obstruct, embarrass, or influence the Courts in administering justice in a pending case (4) Preservation of the authority of the Court (5) Where facts not confidential (a) Investigations should not be open and public to avoid embarrassment 2. Obscenity
D021 Gonzales vs. Kalaw Katigbak, GR L-69500, 22 July 1985; En Banc, Fernando [CJ] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1985/jul1985/gr_l69500_1985.html

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Constitutional Law II Syllabus of Atty. Michael Vernon Guerrero Mendiola D022 Movie and Television Review and Classification Board [MTRCB] vs. ABS-CBN Broadcasting Corporation, GR 155282, 17 January 2005; Third Division, Sandoval-Gutierrez [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2005/jan2005/gr_155282_2005.html D023 Fernando vs. Court of Appeals, GR 159751, 6 December 2006; Third Division, Quisumbing [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2006/dec2006/gr_159751_2006.html

3. Against Privacy
xxxx Lagunzad vs. Soto vda. de Gonzales, GR L-32066, 6 August 1979; First Division, Melencio-Herrera [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1979/aug1979/gr_l_32066_1979.html D024 Ayer Productions Pty. Ltd. vs. Capulong, GR 82380, 29 April 1988; En Banc, Feliciano [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1988/apr1988/gr_82380_1988.html

VIII-B. FREEDOM OF THE PRESS A. Not unbridled B. Norms

supra. In RE Emil P. Jurado, AM 93-2-037 SC, 6 April 1995; En Banc Resolution, Narvasa [CJ]

1. Constitutional Law Norms 2. Civil Law Norms 3. Philippine Journalist's Code of Ethics C. Sources 1. RA 53 confers no immunity from liability for false or defamatory publications 2. Group libel 3. Substantiation of news report not inconsistent with RA 53 4. Need for guidelines D. Acts deemed violative 1. Search and seizure; Closure by government
D101 Burgos vs. Chief of Staff, Armed Forces of the Philippines, GR L-64261, 26 December 1984; En Banc, Escolin [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1984/dec1984/gr_l64261_1984.html D102 Eastern Broadcasting Corporation [DYRE] vs. Dans, GR L-59329, 189 July 1985; En Banc Resolution, Gutierrez Jr. [J] See www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1985/jul1985/gr_l59329_1985.html

2. Prevention of lawful activity

supra. ABS-CBN Broadcasting Corporation vs. Commission on Elections, GR 133486, 28 January 2000; En Banc, Panganiban [J]

a. Exit polls [to be continued]

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