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    Functional Groups: Organic Chemistry Essentials

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    Jeremiah Paul Gotia Humiwat
    The document defines 10 common functional groups in organic chemistry: alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, ethers, esters, and amines. It provides the structural definition for each functional group including examples of how they can be represented textually. Key characteristics are noted such as susceptibility to reactions, ability to be oxidized or reduced, and how they can be distinguished from similar functional groups.

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    Functional Groups: Organic Chemistry Essentials

    Uploaded by

    Jeremiah Paul Gotia Humiwat
    44 views8 pages
    The document defines 10 common functional groups in organic chemistry: alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, ethers, esters, and amines. It provides the structural definition for each functional group including examples of how they can be represented textually. Key characteristics are noted such as susceptibility to reactions, ability to be oxidized or reduced, and how they can be distinguished from similar functional groups.

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    The document defines 10 common functional groups in organic chemistry: alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, ethers, esters, and amines. It provides the structural definition for each functional group including examples of how they can be represented textually. Key characteristics are noted such as susceptibility to reactions, ability to be oxidized or reduced, and how they can be distinguished from similar functional groups.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    44 views8 pages

    Functional Groups: Organic Chemistry Essentials

    Uploaded by

    Jeremiah Paul Gotia Humiwat
    The document defines 10 common functional groups in organic chemistry: alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, ethers, esters, and amines. It provides the structural definition for each functional group including examples of how they can be represented textually. Key characteristics are noted such as susceptibility to reactions, ability to be oxidized or reduced, and how they can be distinguished from similar functional groups.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
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    Functional Groups

    Organic Chemistry Essentials

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    Terms

    Definitions

    alkane alkene alkyne alcohol aldehyde ketone carboxylic acid ether ester amine

    consists of only carbon to carbon single bonds consists of at least one carbon to carbon double bond consists of at least one carbon to carbon triple bond contains an -OH group contains a terminal O=C-H group contains an internal C=O group contains a terminal O=C-OH group contains an internal O-O group contains an internal O=C-O- group contains a terminal NH2 group

    Alkane

    Alkyl, and occasionally aryl (aromatic) functions are represented by the RMethyl: CH3 Ethyl: CH3CH2 Propyl: CH3CH2CH2 Isopropyl: (CH3)2CH Phenyl: C6H5 etc.

    Alkyl halide

    Alkyl halides [haloalkanes] consist of an alkyl group attached to a halogen: F, Cl, Br, I. Chloro, bromo and iodo alkyl halides are often susceptible to elimination and/or nucleophilic substitution reactions.

    Primary alcohol

    Primary alcohols have an -OH function attached to an R-CH2- group. Primary alcohols can be oxidised to aldehydes and on to carboxylic acids. (It can be difficult to stop the oxidation at the aldehyde stage.) Primary alcohols can be shown in text as: RCH2OH

    Secondary alcohol

    Secondary alcohols have an -OH function attached to a R2CH- group. Secondary alcohols can be oxidised to ketones.

    Secondary alcohols can be shown in text as: R2CHOH

    Tertiary alcohol

    Tertiary alcohols have an -OH function attached to a R3C- group. Tertiary alcohols are resistant to oxidation with acidified potassium dichromate(VI), K. Tertiary alcohols can be shown in text as: R3COH

    Aldehyde

    Aldehydes have a hydrogen and an alkyl (or aromatic) group attached to a carbonyl function. Aldehydes can be shown in text as: RCHO Aldehydes are easily oxidised to carboxylic acids, and they can be reduced to primary alcohols. Aldehydes can be distinguished from ketones by givin positive test results with Fehlings solution (brick red precipitate) or Tollens reagent (silver mirror). Aldehydes give red-orange precipitates with 2,4dinitrophenyl hydrazine.

    Ketone

    Ketones have a pair of alkyl or aromatic groups attached to a carbonyl function. Ketones can be shown in text as: RCOR Ketones can be distinguished from aldehydes by givin negative test results with Fehlings solution (brick red precipitate) or Tollens reagent (silver mirror). Ketones give red-orange precipitates with 2,4-

    dinitrophenyl hydrazine.

    Carboxylic acid

    Carboxylic acids have an alkyl or aromatic groups attached to a hydroxy-carbonyl function. Carboxylic acids can be shown in text as: RCOOH Carboxylic acids are weak Bronsted acids and they liberate CO2 from carbonates and hydrogen carbonates.

    Carbonyl function

    The carbonyl group is a super function because many common functional groups are based on a carbonyl, including: aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, amides, acyl (acid) chlorides, acid anhydrides

    Ester

    Esters have a pair of alkyl or aromatic groups attached to a carbonyl + linking oxygen function. Esters can be shown in text as: RCOOR or (occasionally) ROCOR. carboxylic acid + alcohol -> ester + water This is an acid catalysed equilibrium.

    Amide

    Primary amides (shown) have an alkyl or aromatic group attached to an amino-carbonyl function. Primary amides can be shown in text as: RCONH2 Secondary amides have an alkyl or aryl group attache to the nitrogen: RCONHR Tertiary amides have two alkyl or aryl group attached to the nitrogen: RCONR2

    Primary amine

    Primary amines have an alkyl or aromatic group and two hydrogens attached to a nitrogen atom. Primary amines can be shown in text as: RNH2 Primary amines are basic functions that can be protonated to the corresponding ammonium ion. Primary amines are also nucleophilic.

    Secondary amine

    Secondary amines have a pair of alkyl or aromatic groups, and a hydrogen, attached to a nitrogen atom. Secondary amines can be shown in text as: R2NH Secondary amines are basic functions that can be protonated to the corresponding ammonium ion. Secondary amines are also nucleophilic.

    Tertiary amine

    Tertiary amines have three alkyl or aromatic groups attached to a nitrogen atom. Tertiary amines can be shown in text as: R3N Tertiary amines are basic functions that can be protonated to the corresponding ammonium ion. Tertiary amines are also nucleophilic.

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