SSC Racing On Skates

Final Report of Speed Skating Canadas LTPAD
Competition and Events System Review

RACING
ON SKATES
Towards developmentally
appropriate programming
for speed skaters of all ages.
ISBN: 978-0-920444-50-4
Published by: Speed Skating Canada
All rights reserved.
No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form for commercial purposes, or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording or from any information stored in a retrieval system
without the permission of Speed Skating Canada.
We acknowledge the financial support of the Government of Canada through Sport Canada, a branch of the
Department of Canadian Heritage.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Speed Skating Canada is about the people who provide the leadership and that are the backbone of the organizations
excellence. The Competition and Event Review Team brought over 160 years of experience as skaters, parents, coaches,
boards and committee members. The team benefited from a diversity of educational and professional backgrounds and
expertise. The Team included:

David Gilday, BA, University of Western Ontario, retired Director of College and Career Development, Department of
Education North West Territories

Sean Ireland, BSc, University of Calgary, Associate Director of Sport, Calgary Olympic Oval

Steve Harris, MPE, University of New Brunswick, Sport and Recreation Consultant, New Brunswick

Dany Lemay, BSc, Concordia, Consultant - Asset Consulting Services

Jim McClements, PhD, University of Alberta, Retired Professor of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan

Nicole Slot, MA, University of Calgary, Research Assistant, Alberta Cancer Board

Most of the Team have participated as athletes, coaches and officials at every level from school speed skating to club races, to
Masters competitions and to the Olympics Games. They have a diverse and strong educations. Moreover, their careers
represent a diverse mix of sport, government, education and business. The Team worked hard to understand the factual
foundation of the LTPAD, deliberated issues in light of this wealth of experience and expertise. The result is recommendations
that are compatible with the theory and their collective experience.

The Review Team was established by the Long Term Participant and Athlete Development Model Implementation Working
Group. For the work that the Review Team has completed, it operated under Terms of Reference that were established by the
LTPAD Implementation Working Group. Throughout the process the Working Group provided and will continue to provide, as
we move forward, leadership, support and direction and it is to the Working Group that the Review Team reported. The
Working Group consisted of Dennis Duggan, Co-Chair, Jim McClements, Co-Chair, Nancy Goplen, Yves Hamelin, and Robert
Dubreuil.

Integral to the work of both the Working Group and the Review Team was the leadership, support and aid of two SSC
professional staff, Brian Rahill and Douglas Duncan. They were full participants in the process. Their contribution to the work
of the Review Team and the completion of the Review Team Report was invaluable. They both deserve our thanks.

The Review Team was also very fortunate to have the support of two of the worlds leading experts in LTPAD: Istvan Bayli and
Richard Way. In addition, to being sources of knowledge and inspiration, they played two other important roles. When the
Review Team struggled with issues Istvan and Richard helped the Team to find solutions that acknowledged both the LTPAD
Model and the unique aspects of speed skating. Finally, when needed, they reinforced the creativity and boldness of the
Review Team. Others to whom we owe a debt of gratitude for their advice, guidance and thoughts are: Tom Overend, Bruce
Craven, Robert Tremblay, Paula McConvey and David Morrison.

Finally, the Review Team were clearly supported by the President Marie-Claire Rouleau and the entire SSC Board of Directors,
Jean R Dupr, Director General, SSCs Standing Committees, SSCs staff, its coaches and others who provided information and
reviewed materials. This support came in the form of encouragement and direct financial support. It is clear that SSC is
committed to developmentally appropriate programming. Without this support the Review Team could not have completed
this Review in a timely fashion.
3
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Process
Speed Skating Canada (SSC) published Find Your Edge as a
commitment to adopting the Long Term Participant Athlete
Development Model (LTPAD).
A natural consequence of this commitment is the Competition and
Event System Review and implies SSC fosters Developmentally
Appropriate Programs.
The major challenge for every sport group will be to link programming
to the best available growth and development information and
requires reconsideration of all SSC programming aspects in light of
the research information. While speed skating or racing on skates
has a rich tradition in Canada, the challenge is to use established
knowledge rather than tradition to make program decisions.
Developmentally Appropriate Program includes competition but as
a good servant not a poor master.
Guiding Principles for Competition Review were developed based on SSC values, respect for individuals and the LTPAD model to be an
objective foundation for event/competition recommendations.
Developmental Constructs summarize the research in specific domains and link speed skating to science. The constructs are primarily based
on the LTPAD model but were reorganized into specific domains: physical/anatomical, physiological, neurological, cognitive, psychological,
social affiliation and play. Periodization, age issues, facilities and equipment were also organized into developmental constructs while non-
developmental factors such as social issues and trends (volunteers, family structure and sustainability) were also considered. While the
Competition Principles are the foundation of program, the Developmental Constructs are the primary program pillars.
Developmental Recommendations integrated the domain specific Developmental Construct continuums into the multi-domain sport program
issues. The challenge of linking program to the LTPAD evidence requires consideration of specific program factors as developmental continuums.
Program factors considered were activities and distances, age categories, nature of feature events and competitions (including national
championships and international events), long track and short track issues, equipment and facilities and social issues. To emphasize the
importance of the Active for Life stage of development it was addressed as a separate section. The Developmental Recommendations became
the second set of pillars for program review.
Program Recommendations integrate the Developmental Recommendation program factor continuums into stage specific programs matrices.
These program factors were stage, preparation and event objectives; how results are used; event formats; windows of trainability; educational
considerations; competition format; as well as equipment and preparation guidelines. The Program Recommendations are like floor plan for
specific LTPAD stages built on the foundation of Competition Principles and supported by the Developmental Construct and Developmental
Recommendation pillars.
The Competition Principles, Developmental Constructs and Developmental Recommendations are all based on LTPAD research. The commitment
to the LTPAD means they should direct and guide SSC until the research provides better information. The Program Recommendations are
innovative and creative ideas based on the science based LTAPD model. They serve as the best advice the Review Team can provide to SSC for
Developmentally Appropriate Programming. The status quo and other options to the Program Recommendations can also be considered but only
if they are supported by the LTPAD model and other research data.
While speed skating or racing on skates
has a rich tradition in Canada, the challenge
is to use established knowledge rather
than tradition to make program decisions.
Developmentally Appropriate Program
includes competition but as a good servant
not a poor master.
4
Racing on Skates and Developmentally Appropriate Programming
Key Recommendations
Following is a summary of the recommendations for developmentally appropriate SSC programs painted in broad strokes. To briefly describe the
overall picture, the dynamic and innovative recommendations are presented in developmental continuums. This summary is an overview and
the reader is encouraged to read the report for specific details.
Distances and Activities:
1. The emphasis was physical literacy
and learning to speed skate rather
than racing and elite performance for
younger developmental stages. This
approach considers developmentally
appropriate program for the stage
objectives. Early or entry stages include
skill testing and dynamic racing formats
such as clockwise racing.
2. Activities and distances should follow
a continuum from learning to skate to
international racing.
3. The distances raced were reviewed
and major changes recommended for
skaters until they have finished growing.
Up to and including puberty these
must be compatible with windows
of trainability. Most recommended
distances are shorter or longer than
traditional distances.
4. Post puberty skaters race International
Skating Union (ISU) distances.
5. The Active for Life participants race
international distances as well as longer
events such as marathons.
Age Categories:
1. Ability Meet formats are recommended
for younger children with boys and
girls competing together to ensure
developmentally appropriate events
dictated by windows of trainability. The
primary grouping would be by distance
then by performance within the distance
groups.
2. Gender-specific one year age categories
are recommended during puberty to
account for growth variability during
puberty.
3. Post puberty skaters compete in ISU
age categories.
4. Two new senior age categories are
recommended (Neo Senior 1, 19 to
20 years old and Neo Senior 2, 21 to
23 years old). SSC is very successful
internationally and elite skaters have
longer and productive careers, which
makes it difficult for graduating juniors
to have meaningful competitions. These
age categories will allow new seniors to
be recognized.
5. Active for Life participants would
race in age appropriate internationally
defined ages classes.
Nature of Feature Events
and Competitions:
1. The appropriate level and type of
competition as well as the progression
from one level to another is critical to
each athletes long-term development.
2. Competition must be meaningful to
each competitor. Meaningful implies
a chance to succeed and even win but
to be successful in a meaningful way
requires uncertainty and excitement.
3. Formal SSC regional events
are recommended to facilitate
developmentally appropriate
participation during puberty.
These events would replace national
championships for certain ages.
In addition to being developmentally
appropriate, other important reasons
such as increasing participation
opportunities and the real costs
of participating were considered.
Regional competitions would fit into
a continuum of opportunities from
club events, to provincial, to national
events to international competitions and
extending to the lifelong participation.
4. Junior skater age participation
in international events must be
developmentally appropriate.
5. Participation in multisport events such
as the Olympic Games and Canada
Winter Games must be developmentally
appropriate.
5
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
With the exception of Active for Life the above summary has deliberately not used the specific stage labels in describing these recommendations.
The goal was to emphasize the developmental continuums. However the program recommendations in the report integrate and organize all the
developmental recommendations in a stage by stage format.
What Next?
The above report will be submitted to SSC at the 2009 AGM with appropriate resolutions.
The resolutions and report will then become the property of the SSC Board and the appropriate SSC committees, who will be tasked with making
formal program recommendations for the 2010/11 season.
The SSC Board and the appropriate SSC committees will then prepare the formal program changes to be considered by the membership at the
2010 AGM for the 2010/11 season.
What advice would you give to young speed skaters: Dont get too caught up in winning medals and getting good results, but focus on
learning good technique, training hard and developing a good work ethic. I wasnt very good or fast when I was young but I really loved to skate
and learned to work hard and be patient. Listen to your coach, always, always, always respect your competitors, be gracious in victory and in
defeat and never stop getting better. Kristina Groves
Active For Life:
1. SSC must consider creative and
proactive strategies to support the
Active for Life stage of development
to realize the potential for SSC strategic
plan pillars of holistic development,
podium performance and growth.
2. Lifelong activity and participation
including traditional racing, health and
fitness activities, coaching, officiating
and other forms of participation were
considered for the Active for Life stage.
This is complex and was addressed in
an independent section.
3. Regular competitions are recommended
for this stage, but new initiatives with
more health based events and other
forms of participation should also be
considered.
Equipment and Facilities:
1. Specific skate types are recommended
for specific developmental stages.
For the early stages of development,
hockey skates are recommended. For
succeeding stages the type of speed
skate recommendations are based on
skill development and competency.
2. Smaller track sizes are recommended
for younger skaters. There are three
primary reasons: ability of organizations
to host regional championships, safety
and specificity of learning principles.
3. Appropriate uniforms for stages of
development are recommended.
Factors considered included
accessibility (cost) and self concept
issues. Track suit types of uniforms are
recommended for the earlier stages.
Social Factors:
1. SSC support and promote innovative
half day sport festivals. Where
feasible, SSC should collaborate with
other sports in these festivals. These
events could focus on more specific
populations and include as much or
more activity for each participant in a
shorter time window than the current
two day competitions.
2. SSC consider a proactive approach
to recruiting, rewarding and utilizing
volunteer time. SSC is a volunteer
based organization and trends in
volunteering are changing rapidly.
3. Issues such as carbon footprint, travel
costs and other environmental issues
should be considered by SSC.
7
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SPEED SKATING CANADA COMPETITION AND EVENT REVIEW REPORT
1. GLOSSARY OF TERMS
1.1 Speed Skating Terms 9
1.2 Growth and Development Terms 11
2. INTRODUCTION
2.1 Why Review SSC Competition Structure? 14
2.2 What is the Long Term Participant and Athlete Development Model (LTPAD) Model? 14
2.3 How does the Competition and Event Review relate to the Speed Skating Canada Vision? 16
2.4 What is Speed Skating? 16
2.5 Competition and Event Review: Challenge and Opportunity? 17
2.6 What is a Meaningful Competition? 17
2.7 Do we define SSC by competition or do we use competition to achieve SSC core purpose,
vision, values and strategic objectives? 17
3. BACKGROUND 18
4. TERMS OF REFERENCE 19
5. LOGIC STRUCTURE 20
6. GOVERNANCE 21
7. GUIDING PRINCIPLES FOR COMPETITION AND EVENTS 22
8. DEVELOPMENTAL CONSTRUCTS 23
9. DEVELOPMENTAL RECOMMENDATIONS 28
10. STAGE by STAGE DEVELOPMENTALLY APPROPRIATE PROGRAMMING RECOMMENDATIONS 33
10.1 FUNdamentals 34
10.2 Learning to Train 36
10.3 Training to Train (Pre-PHV/PHV) 38
10.4 Training to Train (PHV/Post-PHV) 40
10.5 Learning to Compete 42
10.6 Training to Compete 44
10.7 Learning and Training to Win (Long Track) 46
10.8 Learning and Training to Win (Short Track) 48
10.9 Active for Life 50
10.10 Officiating 53
10.11 Coaching 54
APPENDIX 1 PRINCIPLES FOR COMPETITION 56
APPENDIX 2 DEVELOPMENTAL CONSTRUCTS 62
APPENDIX 3 DEVELOPMENTAL RECOMMENDATIONS 81
APPENDIX 4 IDEAS FOR ACTIVE FOR LIFE 140
APPENDIX 5 TABLES OF SUPPORTING EVIDENCE 143
This Table of Content is interactive.
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8
9
Glossary of Speed Skating Terms
1.1 GLOSSARY OF SPEED SKATING TERMS
These definitions are for the most part operational definitions. Early in the Review Teams discussion it became evident that team members
agreed on a concept but used different words to describe the idea. For clarity and to improve communication these terms were defined for this
report. In other instances commonly used terms were too general to describe the concept or idea that the team wished to communicate. In
these instances adjectives were added and a specific description of the term coined.
Because these words are often used differently by individuals they are grouped to help the reader consider the meaning used in this report.
Common Speed Skating Terms
Events are planned and organized occasion (e.g. races and/or skill tests and/or fun activities)
Competitions are events in which a number of races are contested.
Races are contests between two or more people seeking to do the same thing, or to finish first.
Skill Test is an opportunity to demonstrate how much you know or how well you are able to do a skill.
FUNdamentals competition/events are events that focus on skill development but will include some traditional racing.
Ability Meets are competitions and events closer to traditional racing but grouped by skill/performance rather than age or gender.
Age Class Meets are traditional age class championships grouped by chronological age and gender.
Open Meets are higher level competitions such as national championships, national team trials, international events, world championships
and multi-sport events (ei, Olympic and Canada Games).
Competition
Competition is a . . . sanctioned, scheduled competition which contributes to standings or ranking or qualification and / or leads
to a championship. This would not include exhibition games or competitions which do not affect ranking, standings or qualifying.
(Competition is a Good Servant but a Poor Master)
1
Meaningful Competition implies a chance to succeed and even win but to be successful requires some uncertainty and excitement. Races
where skaters are so spread out that they are essentially racing on their own do not have the necessary uncertainty and are neither fun
nor worthwhile, providing limited challenge and minimal learning. Excitement is based on meeting and challenging uncertainty. (Rowing
Canadas LTAD Competition Review p6)
2
Performance Competition is allied to summative evaluation where the outcome is the focus. This would include all competitions that
lead to selection to a team, funding, ranking and major championships. These competitions would be important points, perhaps even the
goal, in an athletes periodization plan.
Developmental Competitions are allied with formative evaluation which focuses on the process, physical development and learning.
These could be the competition objectives when an athlete participates in a competition but the results are used to analyse the skaters
development. Specific objectives could be to test fitness, execute skill in competition, try out racing strategies etc.

Simulation Competition would be done in controlled situations within training and practice or in situations such as club handicap racing
or informal Saturday morning racing. These would not be sanctioned in any way and for the most part managed by coaches. These would
also focus on the process of developing and therefore be formative.
1 Way, R and Balyi, I. Competition is a Good Servant but a Poor Master, Canadian Sport Centers)
2 Rowing Canadas LTAD Competition Review, Rowing Canada.
10
Critical Date(s) for SSC Ages is the date at which the athletes age for a competition is formally defined. As of June 2009 Speed
Skating Canada uses July 1
st
as the critical age. For age class competitions the relative age of the skater could provide skaters with an early
birthday (e.g. July) with an advantage over younger skaters in the age class (e.g. June birthday). For skaters born as little as one day apart
the older skater would always have an almost full year age advantage (see also critical age in Glossary of Growth and Development Terms).
Evaluation
Summative evaluation is a method of judging the worth of a program at the end of the program activities. The focus is on the outcome.
(http://www.sjsu.edu/depts/it/itcdpdf/evaluation.pdf)
Formative evaluation is a method of judging the worth of a program while the program activities are forming or happening. Formative
evaluation focuses on the process. (http://www.sjsu.edu/depts/it/itcdpdf/evaluation.pdf)
ISU refers to the International Skating Union which governs both Long and Short Track Speed Skating. (Find Your Edge, p3)
Klap Skate refers to the blade and mechanism, which is attached to the long track boot. This equipment gets its name Klap Skate from
the sound it makes when the blade opens and closes on the boot as the skater pushes. This opening action of the blade on a LT skater is
because it is only secured by a single pivot point on the boot. This differs from ST as the blade is secured at both the front and back of the
boot. (Find Your Edge, p3)
Racing Styles
Long Track (LT) Speed Skating is done on an outdoor oval and there are several events including:
Mass Start: 4 to 8 skaters race distances between 50 and 3000m with Short Track Racing Rules. Mass start is primarily
a developmental event raced by skaters 16 and under. Mass start racing is a race in a pack and usually done with younger
skaters. Time is recorded, but it is head to head competition with the winner being the first skater across the line. Distances are
determined by Canadian age classes. (Parents Guide to Speed Skating, p11 and Find Your Edge, p3)

Olympic style racing, which is raced in pairs against the clock. Both skaters compete using both inner and outer lanes on the
400m Oval. Elite distances include (Find Your Edge, p3)
Team Pursuit is the newest event where skaters compete in teams of 3 with all laps skated on the inner track of the Oval. Men
complete 8 laps and women perform 6 laps with the clock determining the winner. (Find Your Edge, p3)
Marathon, which is a pack style skating over very long distances. This can be done on Ovals, as well as on outdoor lakes and
cannels. (Find Your Edge, p3)

Short Track (ST) Speed Skating is done in an arena and is raced mass start. Several skaters will race together on a 111m oval where
the first person across the line wins. Short Track events at the elite leve include individual pursuit races, individual races and relays.
(Find Your Edge, p4)
ISU World ST Team Competition: One example is the ISU World Team Championship where a fixed number of skaters skate for one
team over a variety of distances. They are ranked by their coach into specific events where they race once for points. The event
finishes with a relay competition. The team with the most points wins the competition. There are no individual awards. (synopsis of
ISU Rule 283)
11
Glossary of Growth and Development Terms
1.2 GLOSSARY OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT TERMS
ABCs of Athleticism
Agility: The ability of a participant to rapidly and voluntarily displace their body in all directions or to maintain their body in a stable
position while displacing their base of support. (Parents Guide to Speed Skating, p7)
1
Balance: The capacity of a participant to maintain their centre of gravity in a stable position, or travelling in a continuous line with
assistance of small muscle contractions. (Parents Guide to Speed Skating, p7)
Coordination: The capacity of a participant to voluntarily perform rapid movements which are synchronized or de-synchronized. (Parents
Guide to Speed Skating, p7)
Speed: The time required to cover a specific distance. In reference to speed as a fundamental skill we are referring to both the frequency
of movement and reaction time. (Parents Guide to Speed Skating, p7)
Suppleness: (Flexibility) The optimal window of trainability for suppleness in both girls and boys occurs between age of 6 and 10 years
old. Special attention should be paid to suppleness during PHV. (Parents Guide to Speed Skating, p23)
Adaptation refers to a response to a stimulus or a series of stimuli that induces functional and/or morphological changes in the organism.
Naturally, the level or degree of adaptation is dependent upon the genetical endowment of an individual. However, the general trends or
patterns of adaptation are identified by physiological research, and guidelines are clearly delineated of the various adaptation processes, such
as adaptation to muscular endurance or maximum strength. (Canadian Sport for Life, p4)
2
Adolescence is a difficult period to define in terms of the time of its onset and termination. During this period, most bodily systems become
adult both structurally and functionally. Structurally, adolescence begins with an acceleration in the rate of growth in stature, which marks the
onset of the adolescent growth spurt. The rate of statural growth reaches a peak, begins a slower or decelerative phase, and finally terminates
with the attainment of adult stature. Functionally, adolescence is usually viewed in terms of sexual maturation, which begins with changes
in the neuroendocrine system prior to overt physical changes and terminates with the attainment of mature reproductive function. (Canadian
Sport for Life, p4)
Age
Chronological age refers to the number of years and days elapsed since birth. Children of the same chronological age can differ by several
years in their level of biological maturation. (Role of Monitoring Growth in Long-Term Athlete Development, p3)
3
Developmental age refers to the degree of physical, mental, cognitive, and emotional maturity. Physical developmental age can be
determined by skeletal maturity or bone age after which mental, cognitive, and emotional maturity is incorporated. (Role of Monitoring
Growth in Long-Term Athlete Development, p3)
General training age refers to the number of years in training, sampling different sports. (Role of Monitoring Growth in Long-Term Athlete
Development, p3)
Relative age refers to differences in age among children born in the same calendar year. (Role of Monitoring Growth in Long-Term Athlete
Development, p3)
Skeletal age refers to the maturity of the skeleton determined by the degree of ossification of the bone structure. It is a measure of age
that takes into consideration how far given bones have progressed toward maturity, not in size, but with respect to shape and position to
one another. Role of Monitoring Growth in Long-Term Athlete Development, p3)
Sport-specific training age refers to the number of years since an athlete decided to specialize in one particular sport. (Role of Monitoring
Growth in Long-Term Athlete Development, p3)
1 Parents Guide to Speed Skating: A Speed Skating Canada LTAD Initiative, Speed Skating Canada.
2 Canadian Sport for Life Long Term Athlete Development Resource Paper, Canadian Sport Centers.
3 Bayli, I & Way, R. The Role of Monitoring Growth in Long Term Athlete Development, A Supplement to: Canadian Sport for Life (2009), Canadian Sport Centers.
12
Childhood ordinarily spans the end of infancy the first birthday to the start of adolescence and is characterized by relatively steady
progress in growth and maturation and rapid progress in neuromuscular or motor development. It is often divided into early childhood, which
includes preschool children aged 1 to 5 years, and late childhood, which includes elementary school-age children, aged 6 through to the onset
of adolescence. (Canadian Sport for Life, p4)
Critical periods of development refers to a point in the development of a specific behaviour when experience or training has an
optimal effect on development. The same experience, introduced at an earlier or later time, has no effect on or retards later skill acquisition.
(Canadian Sport for Life, p4)
Development refers to the interrelationship between growth and maturation in relation to the passage of time. The concept of
development also includes the social, emotional, intellectual, and motor realms of the child. (Canadian Sport for Life, p4)
Long-Term Athlete Development
Growth refers to observable, step-by-step, measurable changes in body size such as height, weight, and percentage of body fat. (Canadian
Sport for Life, p5)
Kaisen or the concept of continuous improvement or Kaizen underlies the progression of races. Kaisen or continuous improvement is drawn
from the respected Japanese industrial philosophy. (Canadian Sport for Life, p34)
Maturation refers to qualitative system changes, both structural and functional in nature, in the organisms progress toward maturity; for
example, the change of cartilage to bone in the skeleton. (Canadian Sport for Life, p5)
Peak height velocity (PHV) is the maximum rate of growth in stature during growth spurt. The age of maximum velocity of growth is
called the age at PHV. (Canadian Sport for Life, p4-5)
Peak weight velocity (PWV) is the maximum rate of increase in weight during growth spurt. The age of maximum increase in weight is
called the age at PWV. (Canadian Sport for Life, p5)
Periodization sequences the training components into weeks, days and sessions. Periodization is situation specific depending on the
priorities and time available to bring about the required training and competition improvement. Periodization organizes and manipulates the
aspects of modality, volume, intensity and frequency of training through long term (multi-year and short term (annual) training, competition,
and recovery programs to achieve peak performances when required. A critical aspect of periodization is planning a competition calendar.
Physical Literacy is the development of fundamental movements, skills and fundamental sport skills that permit a child to move
confidently and with control in a wide range of physical activity, rhythmic (dance) and sport situations. Physical literacy also includes the
ability to read what is going on around them in an activity setting and react appropriately to those events. (Developing Physical Literacy, p5)
Puberty refers to the point at which an individual is sexually mature and able to reproduce. (Canadian Sport for Life, p5)
Readiness refers to the childs level of growth, maturity, and development that enables him/her to perform tasks and meet demands through
training and competition. Readiness and critical periods of trainability during growth and development of young athletes are also referred to
as the correct time for the programming of certain stimuli to achieve optimum adaptation with regard to motor skills, muscular and/or aerobic
power. (Canadian Sport for Life, p5)
13
Glossary of Growth and Development Terms
Self-Esteem is all about how much people value themselves, the pride they feel in themselves, and how worthwhile they feel. Self-esteem
is important because feeling good about yourself can affect how you act. A person who has high self-esteem will make friends more easily,
is more in control of his or her behaviour, and will enjoy life more. Body image show is how a person feels about his or her appearance. For
many people, especially people in their early teens, body image can be linked to self-esteem. Thats because as kids develop into teens, they
care more about how others see them.(http://kidshealth.org/teen/your mind/body image/body image.html)
Skill The ABCs of athleticism and the development of FUNdamental movement skills play a significant role in the development of sport skills
prior to the onset of PHV. The window of optimal trainability for sport specific skill training for boys takes place between the ages of 9 and
12 and between the ages of 8 and 11 for girls. It should be noted that participants for whom the onset of PHV occurs later will benefit from a
prolonged window of trainability for sport specific skills. (Parents Guide to Speed Skating, p23)
Fundamentals are locomotion and body skills, sending skills and receiving skills. (Developing Physical Literacy
1
, p9-13)
Movement Skills are basic locomotion and body skills, sending skills and receiving skills. (Developing Physical Literacy, p9-13)
Sport Skills are the fundamental movement skills as they apply to a specific sport and other skills such as making good decisions in sport
situations. (Developing Physical Literacy, p9-13)
Stamina (Endurance) The optimal window of trainability occurs at the onset of PHV. Aerobic capacity training is recommended before
skaters reach PHV. Prior to this period stamina is generally developed through games and skill development activities and not through targeted
training sessions. Aerobic power should be introduced progressively as the growth rate decelerates. (Parents Guide to Speed Skating, p23)
Strength The optimal window of trainability for girls is immediately after PHV or at the onset of menarche (menstruation), while for boys it is
12 to 18 months after PHV. (Parents Guide to Speed Skating, p23)
Speed For boys, the first speed training window occurs between the ages of 7 and 9 years and the second window occurs between the ages
of 13 to 16. For girls, the first speed training window occurs between the ages of 6 and 8 years and the second window occurs between the
ages of 11 and 13 years. During the first window of trainability the focus should be on speed activities of 5 seconds or less, primarily focused
on reaction time and improving synchronisation in rapid movements. The second window of trainability seeks to develop a more sport specific
speed quality with intervals lasting up to 20 seconds. (Parents Guide to Speed Skating, p23)
Trainability refers to the genetic endowment of athletes as they respond individually to specific stimuli and adapt to it accordingly.
(Canadian Sport for Life, p5)
Windows of Trainability refers to a point in the development of a specific behavior when experience or training has an optimal effect
on development. The same experience, introduced at an earlier or later time, has no effect on or retards later skill acquisition. (Find Your Edge,
p12)
Window of Opportunity for Skill refers to a point i the development when experience has the optimal effect on acquiring motor skills.
1 Developing Physical Literacy: A Guide for Parents of Children Ages 0 to 12, Canadian Sport Centers.
14
2. INTRODUCTION
2.1 Why Review SSC Competition Structure?
Speed Skating Canada (SSC) leads one of the most successful
elite speed skating programs in the world and speed skating is
one of Canadas elite sports. Why is it necessary to review SSCs
competition structure?
In sport, if you are standing still, you soon fall behind. The status quo is not an option.
There is a new movement in Canadian Sport that is challenging every sport to review their programs. This movement uses the Canadian Sport
for Life Long Term / Athlete Development (LTAD) Model
1
as a bench mark for programming.
2.2 What is the Long Term Participant and Athlete Development Model (LTPAD) Model?
SSC was an early Canadian sport development leader by producing Find Your Edge
2
, a document developed to provide an overview or big
picture of the LTPAD plan and framework to guide SSC and its members programs
3
. Find Your Edge and the LTPAD Model are Speed Skating
Canadas commitment that every participant has the opportunity to reach his/her full potential in speed skating.
The LTPAD Model defines the best learning and participation environment, at each stage of development, by taking into account participant
physical, mental, cognitive and emotional factors. The LTPAD model:
Is based on the sport participants developmental age and not their chronological age and recognizes that children are not miniature
adults and do not all develop at the same speed.
Acknowledges everyone progresses through stages of development and training objectives at their own rhythm.
Is athlete centered, coach driven and supported by administrators, officials and financial partners.
Is based on the Canadian Sport for Life model, a multi-sport model developed for all Canadians in all sports,
Is intended to assist athletes, parents, coaches, officials and sport administrators to make informed decisions about athlete
development.
Allows for everyone to participate to the full extent of their abilities.
Recognizes competitions must be adapted to the stage of development of the participants.
4
1
The model considers participants across developmental stages. The stages are summarized by the objectives for each (see Table 1).
Table 1 includes objectives identified in two documents: Speed Skating Canadas Find Your Edge and the Canadian Sport Centres
Canadian Sport for Life.
1 Canadian Sport for Life Long Term Athlete Development Resource Paper. <www.canadiansportforlife.ca>
2 Speed Skating Canadas Find Your Edge Speed Skating Canadas Long-Term Athlete Development Plan.
3 Page ? Speed Skating Canadas Find Your Edge Speed Skating Canadas Long-Term Athlete Development Plan
4 http://www.speedskating.ca/LTAD.cfm
In sport, if you are standing still, you soon
fall behind. The status quo is not an option.
15
INTRODUCTION
Stage of Development Objectives
1
Table 1
Active Start
2
(0 to 6yrs)
- Learn fundamental movements and llnk them together lnto play (Sport for Life)
FUNdamentals (males 6 to 9 yrs and females 6 to 8 years)
- 8aslc movement skllls (Plnd our Ldge)
- Learn all fundamental movement skllls and bulld overall motor skllls (Sport for Life)
Training to Train (males 12 yrs - 16 yrs and females 11 yrs - 15 yrs (age ranges are PHV dependent))
8uilding the engine and sport specific skills (Find Your Edge)
8uild and aerobic base, develop speed and strength towards the end of the stage and further develop and consolidate sport
specific skills (Sport for Life)
Learning to Train (Males 9 yrs - 12 yrs and females 8 yrs - 11 yrs)
Pundamental sports skills including speed skating skills (Find Your Edge)
Learn over all sport skills (Sport for Life)
Learning to Compete
3
(males 16 yrs - 18 yrs and females 15 yrs - 17 yrs)
- Optlmlzlng the englne, speed skatlng speclc skllls and tness (Find Your Edge)
Training to Compete (males 18 yrs - 21 yrs and females 17 yrs - 21 yrs)
- Purther optlmlzlng the englne, speed skatlng speclc skllls and tness (Find Your Edge)
- Optlmlzlng the englne and learn to compete (Sport for Life)
Learning to Win (ST males 2l yrs - 23 yrs & ST females 2l - 23) (LT males 2l - 25 & LT females 2l - 25)
- Maxlmlzlng the englne and speed skatlng speclc skllls and tness (Find Your Edge)
Training to Win (ST males 23+ yrs and ST females 23+ yrs) (LT males 25+ yrs and females 25+ yrs))
- Purther maxlmlzlng the englne, speed skatlng speclc skllls and tness (Find Your Edge)
- Podlum performances (Sport for Life)
Active for Life
4
(This may occur at any age)
Smooth transition from an athlete's competitive career to lifelong physical activity and participation in
sport. (Sport for Life)
l Prom Canadlan Sport for Llfe Long-Term Athlete Development Pesource Paper. <www.canadlansportforllfe.ca>and Speed Skatlng Canada's Plnd our Ldge Speed Skatlng Canada's Long-Term
Athlete Development Plan.
2 The Sport for Llfe document has an Actlve Start stage and an Actlve for Llfe stage, whlch are not ln the SSC Plnd our Ldge document.
3 |t ls noted that the SSC Plnd our Ldge document has a 'Learnlng to Compete' stage and a 'Learnlng to wln' stage whlch ls not ln the Sport for Llfe documents.
4 Note the revlew team felt that whlle thls stage was not lncluded ln Plnd our Ldge thls stage ls a crltlcal part of speed skatlng. The team ldentled dlnerent roles whlch lnclude volunteerlng,
coachlng, omclatlng recreatlonal and health skatlng and competltlve raclng.
16
2.3 How does the Competition and Event Review relate to the Speed Skating Canada Vision?
In the SSC 2007-08 Strategic Plan three pillars of the vision were identified:
Podium Results: Canadian speed skaters are consistent medalists at the Olympic Games and world championships. The Canadian flag
flies at many medal presentations. Canadian skaters are recognized frequently by the speed skating community and the Canadian media
and public.
Growth: There is growth of speed skating throughout the country at all levels and in all categories of membership and the speed
skating community continues to expand. Skaters continue to be involved after their speed skating careers.
Holistic Athlete Development: Physical, psychological, social, cultural, emotional, educational and career development needs are
integral to the skill development, training, coaching, competitions and training environments. This holistic approach enables to skaters
to reach their personal potential. Speed skaters become goal-oriented and positive, responsible citizens who contribute to sport and the
wider community.
1
The Review and the LTPAD model:
Is a manifestation of the third vision statement - holistic athlete development. To
fulfill the holistic development recommendations SSC must provide developmentally
appropriate program to be consistent with the LTPAD model.
Is directly related to the second vision statement, as a competition/events system
based on the LTPAD provides optimal programming and therefore facilitates athlete
growth. The Review also has carefully considered the Active for Life stage which
addresses the post competition participation.
Recognizes that developmentally appropriate programming will allow participants to
acquire the necessary attributes and skill sets to be elite performers and therefore
influence podium results.
The Competition and Event Review and the timely focus on the LTPAD model can only help SSC achieve the stated vision and in particular
help SSC develop plans to achieve the Long-Term Strategic Imperatives and Strategic Goals in the SSC 2007-08 Strategic Plan: Design and
implement an integrated domestic competition structure that is consistent with the development and performance needs through all levels of
skaters.
2

SSC must foster developmentally appropriate programs to realize the organizations strategic plan vision. Developmentally appropriate
programs will facilitate holistic development of all participants, are the most appropriate strategy to develop elite athletes and by addressing
all the domains will help the sport grow.
2.4 What is Speed Skating?
Speed skating is simply racing on skates. Both in Canada and internationally, skaters race on sophisticated equipment, use adult-sized
tracks and, based on tradition, always turn left. This model defines competition, but:
Developmentally, is this most appropriate for Canadian children?
What additional racing on skates opportunities might allow participants to experience the thrill of speed on ice while gaining
developmental value?
What role can speed skating play in the holistic development of all participants who choose to participate in Speed Skating Canadas
programs?
1 Speed Skating Canada Strategic Plan (Board 2007-08)
2 Speed Skating Canada Strategic Plan (Board 2007-08)
The Competition and Event
Review and the timely
focus on the LTPAD model
can only help SSC achieve
the stated vision...
17
INTRODUCTION
2.5 Competition and Event Review: Challenge and Opportunity?
By using the LTPAD model to reconsider the SSC basic competitive structure, there is an opportunity to rationally develop the most
appropriate programs for all of SSC participants.
Change is always a challenge. This is especially true if an organization is internationally successful. However, how successful are we?
Speed skating still has a relatively small number of skaters and the sport faces problems of both skater and leadership retention.
The people who are involved have made major efforts and commitments to speed skating as it is now. They believe in SSC and the current
programs.
If it is so successful why change? A better question may be: Could SSC offer even better, more successful programs?
The Competition and Events System Review takes a very close look at speed skating, physical literacy and growth and development. The
reviews intent is to make recommendations to ensure racing on skates is developmentally appropriate and provides the best experience for every
participant.
2.6 What is a Meaningful Competition
1
?
Meaningful implies a chance to succeed and even win but success requires some uncertainty and excitement.
Races where skaters are so spread out they are essentially racing on their own do not have the necessary uncertainty and are
neither fun nor worthwhile, providing limited challenge and minimal learning.
Excitement is based on meeting and challenging uncertainty.
To be meaningful within the LTPAD model, competition also has to have clear goals linked to participant/athlete development.
The event/competition system should be structured to allow all athletes to compete in meaningful races that support their physical,
tactical, technical, mental and social development.
The appropriate level and type of competition as well as the progression from one level to another is critical to each athletes long-
term development.
The concept of continuous improvement or Kaizen2 underlies the progression of races. Kaizen or continuous improvement is drawn
from the respected Japanese industrial philosophy.
2.7 Do we define SSC by competition or do we use competition to achieve SSC core purpose, vision, values
and strategic objectives?
It is natural that coaches, parents and athletes want therefore to win; competition often drives training, dictating the type, volume,
intensity and frequency of training.
In an individual sport winning and personal best times are the most obvious and often thought of as the benchmarks for success.
However if we are to serve the long-term interests of all participants, each stage of development objectives must be considered in defining
events/competitions and the establishment of benchmarks of success.
At the early developmental stages for long-term development, the primary objectives of developing physical literacy, basic skills and
understanding of the sport are more important than times skated and winning.
If competition is to be a good servant
3
rather than a poor master, the nature of the speed skating events and competition activities should
reflect the appropriate development stage objectives, including reinforcement of social, psychological and physical development objectives.
Speed Skating must provide events/competitions appropriate for participants/athletes at each stage of development from Fundamentals
through the Training to Win stages and meaningful competition for participants of all ages in the Active for Life stage as part of the Canadian
Sport for Life model.
Participation must be relevant and meaningful to each individual.
1 The term meaningful competition is taken from Rowing Canadas LTPAD Competition Review p6
2 From Canadian Sport for Life Long Term Athlete Development Resource Paper p 34
3 Way Richard and Balyi, Istvan Competition is a Good Servant but a Poor Master Canadian Sport for Life <http://www.canadiansportforlife.ca/default.
aspx?PageID=1076&LangID=en>
18
3. BACKGROUND
This review is driven by the principle that the SSCs program strength will
be based on compatibility between SSC programs and the LTPAD model
and related constructs.
LTPAD as defined by Canadian Sport for Life
1
is the foundation for optimal
programming for the development of Canadians in sport. Speed Skating
Canada (SSC) has endorsed Find Your Edge
2
, a sport specific Long-Term
Athlete Development Model as its fundamental guide to athlete and
participant development. Implementation of the Models principles is
crucial for SSC to achieve the organizations stated vision and strategic
objectives.
SSC established a Long-Term Athlete Development Model Implementation
Working Group. The Working Group decided a critical step to move forward was to examine SSCs competition and event system, to ensure
SSCs programs are aligned with those principles. To conduct the Review, the Working Group established a Competition and Event System
Review Team at the 2008 SSC AGM.
Current SSC programs have a strong basis in tradition and history but that tradition and history should not limit our thinking about how to
design a system that works for all participants.
The Terms of Reference, Competition and Events System Review were
developed and approved by the Team and the Working Group (see Terms
of Reference section below). The Competition Review Principles were
developed and endorsed by the Board of Directors (see Competition Review
Principles section below). The principles are guidelines for speed skating to
make the best possible decisions. The principles should be the foundation for
all program decisions.
1 Canadian Sport for Life Long Term Athlete Development Resource Paper
2 Find Your Edge Speed Skating Canadas Long Term Athlete Development Model, Speed Skating Canada
Current SSC programs have a strong
basis in tradition and history but that
tradition and history should not limit our
thinking about how to design a system
that works for all participants.
The principles should be the foundation
for all program decisions.
19
4. TERMS OF REFERENCE
1
The Competition and Events Review Teams overall mandate is to identify programs and structures that will facilitate entrenchment of the
stated values of the organization and the SSC LTPAD model and make recommendations as they deem appropriate.
This Competition and Events System Review, as important as it may be, is but one step in the process of entrenching the Model as a guide to
making decisions. While the Review is to be focused on the competition system, the LTPAD Model has implications for the work of the Club
and Membership, Officials, Competitions and Coaching Development committees. These standing committees need to be actively engaged in
LTPAD initiatives. These standing committees need to consider their educational programs with respect to the stages of development defined
in Find Your Edge. These considerations can and should be made independent of the Competition Review Teams work.
In making recommendations, the Competition and Events System Review Team was asked to consider:
What an ideal competition system might look like.
Purposes of competitions, including categories, progressions and series of competitions.
Physical, social and psychological considerations for competition at each stage of the LTPAD model.
Constraints imposed by factors beyond SSC control (such as climate, geography, social trends, academic calendar, travel costs and
the ISU
2
calendar) in implementing the LTPAD Model.
Capacity of SSC Branches and clubs to deliver and participate in programs.
Specifically:
The Review Team was requested to:
Evaluate the current system of competitions to identify if and where the competitive structure is incongruent with Speed Skating Canadas
stated values and Find Your Edge Speed Skating Canadas Long Term Athlete Development Plan.
Identify inconsistencies between the competition structure, SSC values and LTPAD Model and make
recommendations to address these identified inconsistencies.
Make other recommendations which it may deem appropriate for consideration/discussion
by the LTPAD Implementation Working Groups.
Gather normative data and other qualitative information to assist in making recommendations that are based
on research as opposed to intuition.
Make recommendations regarding the role of SSC, Branches and Clubs in supporting the different stages defined by the Model.
Make recommendations regarding: scheduling of events, competition/event duration, age categories, and types of
events within the competition structure for National, Provincial, Regional and local events.
Make recommendations regarding provincial/territorial/regional games and the Canada Games
within the athlete development pathway.
Make recommendation regarding alternate competitions and events compatible with the LTPAD model.
1 Quoted from Speed Skating Canadas web site <http://www.speedskating.ca/comp-eventreviewtor.cfm>
2 ISU International Skating Union
TERMS OF REFERENCE
20
5. LOGIC STRUCTURE
To do the review properly any and all recommendations had to be
directly linked to the material in the LTPAD model and relate to speed
skating. The Developmental Constructs were written to organize
the information in developmental domains and link these to speed
skating. If speed skating is to fully consider the LTPAD model then
two approaches had to be considered. The first was to look at critical
program aspects on a developmental continuum. Developmental
Recommendations address longitudinal programming development
within a domain. It does not facilitate all the program aspects at each
developmental stage. Program Recommendations integrates all
the material into a stage by stage series of recommendations across
developmental domains and speed skating.
The Guiding Principles, Developmental Constructs and Developmental Recommendations provide a framework for all future review and
consideration of SSC programs. The Program Recommendations are compatible with these and, if one accepts the other documents at face
value, can be the basis for current change. Alternative recommendations should be validated against these three primary documents.
The Guiding Principles for Competitions and Events will be an objective foundation for event/competition recommendations.
The Developmental Constructs are like pillars providing the foundational rationale for a holistic program at each stage in specific
developmental domains. The Developmental Constructs were reviewed by individuals with both an academic and a sport background for their
validity. Assuming they are valid they should stand until growth and development research provides better evidence.
These constructs were used to create a set of Developmental Recommendations for each stage. The Developmental Recommendations
were reviewed by the Review Team to verify if they were a logical extension of the September, 2008 Review Team meeting and the
Developmental Recommendations. The Developmental Recommendations become a second set of pillars for each developmental stage
Program Recommendations. The Developmental Recommendations should also stand the test of time until the growth and development
research provides better evidence.
The Reviews title was modified to add the word Participant to better reflect the terms of reference and the scope of SSC programs. The
model was renamed Long-Term Participant and Athlete Development Model (LTPAD).
To develop Program Recommendations the Team was divided into two squads working in concert with one another, one focusing on Long
Track program issues the other on Short Track program issues. The objectives for each stage provided the basis for a functional analysis of
what a program should achieve. Each team reviewed the material, stage by stage, and prepared a program matrix for each developmental
stage for discussion on regular conference calls.
The Review Team met the challenge of using the principles and developmental constructs to develop a program package best suited for
participants and to develop speed skating as an important part of Canadian culture. The Program Recommendation Matrices developed by
the short track group and the long track group were then cross referenced with the Developmental Recommendations as a double check on
the final report. The Program Recommendation Matrices are meant to be an ideal developmentally appropriate program model for short-term
consideration. Over time changes will be made, tested and program ideas reconsidered.
Program Recommendations integrates all
the material into a stage by stage series of
recommendations across developmental
domains and speed skating.
21
6. GOVERNANCE
The Competition Review Team reported regularly to the LTPAD Working Group concerning progress of the work it was doing.
The Working Group liaised and consulted with SSC Standing Committees and Branches when necessary with respect to the Reviews
progress.
In April the SSC Standing Committees were given a preview of the report in joint meetings in Ottawa.
The preview had three purposes:
to help the committee members understand the review process and logic.
to give the committee members a preview of the recommendations.
to help the committee members identify and develop work plans to prepare the appropriate program changes.
The Working Group, following receipt of the Competition Review Teams Final Report, presented it to the SSC Board of Directors.
The Review will be presented to the Annual General Meeting, June 2009.
GOVERNANCE
22
7. GUIDING PRINCIPLES FOR COMPETITION AND EVENTS
1
Why Guiding Principles?
A set of guiding principles based on the Sport for Lifes LTPAD model and reflecting SSCs values will be an objective foundation for event/
competition recommendations. These recommendations and their rationale will be the starting point for decisions by SSC Board, Standing
Committees, Branches and members.
To effectively review the existing event and competition system and propose new opportunities it is essential to have a clear vision of how
events/competitions service the mission, vision and values of Speed Skating Canada as well as the long-term athlete development model.
Programs must be clearly and coherently linked (training, competitions/events, coaching, officiating and membership development) through
principles that are the basis of all SSC activity. The principles apply to all levels and ages of participants but for the younger participants the
phrase children are not miniature adults must be kept in mind for all of the principles.
These guiding principles stipulate that events/competitions should:
1. Reflect Speed Skating Canadas values and True Sports principles.
2. Be a full partner in the Canadian sport delivery/youth development system.
3. Adjust to change in society.
4. Provide a pathway towards personal and sporting excellence for all participants.
5. Be meaningful for all participants (skaters, coaches, officials, parents, volunteers).
6. Be fun, safe, attractive and accessible to people of all ages, of all skill levels and from all different backgrounds.
7. Utilize the basic characteristics identified in the LTPAD and other literature to define the event/competition objectives for each
stage of development.
8. Utilize the basic characteristics identified in the LTPAD and other literature in the selection of event/competition activities and
skills for each stage of development.
9. Define and celebrate success in relation to the goals and objectives of the stage of all participants.
The rationale for these principles is presented in Appendix 1.
1 Taken directly from SSC web site <http://www.speedskating.ca/comp-eventreview.cfm>
23
8. DEVELOPMENTAL CONSTRUCTS
The material included in the Sport for Life and Find Your Edge documents covers a broad spectrum of physical, physiological, psychological
and social domains. Unfortunately these developmental continuums are difficult to interpret because they are presented in tables that blend
many developmental domains together. The documents also do not address some social issues that can be considered.
The material is based on theory: set of statements or principles devised to explain a group of facts or phenomena, especially one that has
been repeatedly tested or is widely accepted and can be used to make predictions about natural phenomena
1
. However, these statements
are constructs: an abstract or general idea inferred or derived from specific
instances
2
. A construct fits together, frames, builds or delineates
3
.
The strength of the LTPAD process is to use available developmental
constructs or information to guide decision making. However the concepts
or constructs are complex and difficult to follow as presented in the Find Your
Edge and Sport for Life documents in the stage by stage tabular form. The
documents also do not address some social issues that can and must be
considered when taking a holistic approach to participant development.
To facilitate understanding of this information the material was parsed into
specific topics. Where the data in the documents was incomplete further
research was completed. This analysis is summarized in Appendix 2 and is supported by a series of Tables included in Appendix 5.
The constructs are listed below to assist the reader to understand these through the continuum of developmental stages. These must be
considered as vertical pillars of development that support the recommendations for each stage. Like a building, the structure is only as sound
as the foundation (principles) and each floor can only be as sound as the structural pillars (concepts or constructs) that support that floor.
This section should hold true for a considerable period of time and only change as the basic knowledge about development evolves. The
developmental constructs are summarized in Table 2. The last section is based on social issues which are summarized in Table 3.
1 www.thefreedictionary.com
2 www.thefreedictionary.com
3 The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English fifth edition
The strength of the LTPAD process
is to use available developmental
constructs or information to guide
decision making.
DEVELOPMENTAL CONSTRUCTS
24
Table 2
Summary of the Developmental Constructs
Physical Anatomical Developmental Constructs
Pre-pubertystagesofdevelopmenthavenoneedtohavegenderspecificraces/events/competitions.
Pubertyisaperiodofrapidgrowthduringwhichthelengthoflimbsmaygrowrapidly,thereforeseverelychallengingskillsdevelopment.
Pubertyisatimeofmaximalindividualdifferenceswithinachronologicalage.
Duringpubertythereisaneedtominimizethechronologicalagedifferencesbetweenindividuals.
Postpubertythemajorityofthegrowthiscomplete.
Postpubertystagesofdevelopmentrequiregenderspecificraces/competitions.
FUNdamentals,LearningtoTrainandTrainingtoTrainstagesofdevelopmentshouldincludeasignificantamountofclockwiseracingin
addition to the traditional clockwise direction.
Physiological Developmental Construct
WindowsoftrainabilityshouldbeamajordeterminantofSSCcompetitionandeventactivitiesforeachdevelopmentalstage.
Neurological Developmental Constructs
Events,competitionsandactivitiesshouldfocusonphysicalliteracyaswellasspeedskatingskillsduringthelatechildhoodstage.
Theneurologicalsystemisalmostfullydevelopedwhenthechildstartspuberty.
Activitiesshouldaccountforneurologicalmaturationespeciallyagility,balance,co-ordinationandflexibilityduringthelatechildhood
developmental stages.
Precisioninskillscanbeachievedduetotherelativelyadvancedneurologicaldevelopment.
Cognitive Developmental Constructs
Cognitively,participantsarechildrenandarenotminiatureadultsduringtheFUNdamentalsandLearningtoTraindevelopmentalstages.
Childrensabilitytofocusondynamicissuesislimiteduntiltheyreachlatepuberty.
Competitionrequiresabilitytoanalyseperformance.Untilearlypuberty,competitionsshouldbemanagedsochildrenareabletoanalyse
their success and failure.
ThetransitionfromLearntoTraintoTraintoTrainincludesthechildgainingtheunderstandingonwheretheyrankcompetitivelywithina
group. They form an opinion on whether they are good or not.
Untilthelaterstageofpubertychildrenaregenerallynotcapableofhavingacompleteunderstandingofrulesandtheabilitytointerpret
them.
Self Concept and Self Esteem Developmental Constructs
Asself-conceptisdeveloping,events/competitionmustbemeaningfulandfair(i.e.eachchildmusthaveareasonablechancetosucceed).
Self-conceptshouldbewellestablished,tobeabletointerprettheobviousdirectcomparisonofwinning/losing.
Childrenstarttoself-actualizewithself-expressionbeingimportantduringlateadolescence.
Bodyimage,self-esteemandclothingareinterlinked.
25
Social Affiliation and Play Stage Developmental Constructs
Forpreschoolchildren,primaryaffiliationiswithparentsandthisgraduallychangestosignificantothersandpeersbytheteenageyears.
At10yearsofagechildrenreachastagewhereteamsportsareimportant.
At12yearsofagechildrenstarttohaveindividualizedleisurepreferences.
Sportneedstoofferastrongsocialenvironmentduringallstagesofdevelopment.
Thesocialenvironmentisespeciallyimportantduringtheearlyteenageyears.
Byearlyadulthood(15yearsandolder)theyhavethecapacityforself-actualization.
Byearlyadulthood(15yearsandolder),thereisalsoaneedtobeself-directedandindependent.
Bylateadolescenceteenagersarestartingtomakedecisionregardingschoolandcareerwhichhavetobetradedofforbalancewith
sport.
Role of Competition Developmental Constructs
Competition can be categorized into three types: Performance Competitions, Developmental Competitions and Simulation
Competitions based on the objectives for the competition and how the competition results are used.
There must clear enunciated objectives for each competition related to the relevant stage of development objectives.
The way competition results are used must be considered in an athletes long-term development plan
Periodization and Competition Developmental Constructs
Physical literacy including physical development take precedence over competition, periodization and the competition calendar for the
early stages of development (Active Start to Learning to Train).
There will be a transfer from a priority of developing physical capacities to competition for the Training to Train and Learning to Compete
stages of development.
The ability to compete becomes the focus for periodization and the competition calendar for the later stages (Training to Compete and
Training to Win).
Long and Short Track should be integrated in both training and competition until the Training to Train stage of development.
Periodization and competition calendar must be taken into consideration in the planning of feature events and competitions.
There must be an emphasis and opportunity to develop competitive strategies and skill to meet the basic objective for the Training to
Compete and Learning to Compete stages of development.
Competition Training will be a priority and periodization a critical part of the planning process for the Learning to Win and the Training to
Win stages of development.
The competition calendar must consider periodization for each stage of development.
The competition calendar must consider life style and personal development factors such as education and examination schedules.
Selection policies and championships must be compatible with each stage of development.
26
Relative, Biological and Chronological Age Developmental Constructs
Biological or maturational age is an important factor to consider in grouping athletes particularly during puberty but is not practical for
establishing age categories.
Biological or maturational age is observable and easily measured, however, it does not necessarily reflect maturity in other domains such
as social and psychological maturation, therefore decisions should include biological age but must consider the other developmental
domains.
Minimizing the effect relative age will improve the fairness of chronological age categories. The objective is to offset the relative age effect
for individuals with birthdays close to the arbitrary age category date.
Another option is a definition of chronological age being the age in years at the first day of an event/competition. This would mean almost
random changes from week to week and a championship could be defined by the date of the event/competition.
By having a single critical date of July 1
st
the ISU and SSC do not accommodate the concept of relative age. This means an athlete born in
late June will always be in an age class with an athlete almost a year older but born in early July.
Gender Differences and Age Developmental Constructs
Boys and girls should participate together in the same activities and races for the Active Start, FUNdamentals and Learning to Train
stages.
Competitions and races should be in gender specific categories for Learning to Train, Learning to Compete, Training to Compete,
Learning to Win, Training to Win and Active for Life stages of development.
Other formats such as Ability or All Points competitions could still be useful at branch or local levels for all stages of development.
ISU Ages and Distances Developmental Constructs
SSC age categories should be consistent with ISU age categories as well as the LTPAD developmental stages for Learning to Compete
stages of development and older.
SSC distances should be consistent with the relevant ISU distances and competitions for Training to Compete stages of development and
older.
Facilities and Equipment Developmental Constructs:
The skates used at each stage should be suitable for the activities the skaters are doing.
The skates should be affordable and fit properly.
The size of the tracks and ovals should reflect the size and skill of the skaters.
27
Table 3
Social Issues Conclusions
Volunteers Conclusions
Speedskatingneedstomakesurethevolunteerexperienceissatisfyingandappropriatelyrewarded.
Speedskatingneedstoconsiderwaystoofferprogramsinamoreefficientmanner.
Speedskatinghastomakethedemandsonvolunteersreasonable,equitableandfair.
Family Conclusions
Speedskatingneedstoconsiderthesocialandtimedemandsofthesport.
Morefocusedandlesstime-demandingspeedskatingeventsarelikelymoreacceptable.
Accessibility Conclusions
Speedskatingcanmakethesportmoreaccessiblebychangingequipmentandtravelnorms.
Sustainable Environment and Carbon Foot Print Conclusions
Speedskatingprogramssuitedtothedevelopmentalneedsofindividualscanalsoconsideralternativesolutionstoenvironmentalissues.
SSC Demographics Conclusions
Thereisasignificantdeclineinparticipationfromthestarttotheendofpuberty.
IsitpossibletorecruitmoregirlsattheActiveStartstageofdevelopment?
Teamactivitiesshouldbeconsideredasaproactiveapproachtodecliningparticipationtrendsespeciallyduringpuberty.
28
9. DEVELOPMENTAL RECOMMENDATIONS
The first three items in the preamble to the terms of reference were:
What an ideal competition system might look like.
Purposes of competitions, including categories, progressions and series of competitions.
Physical, social and psychological considerations for competition at each stage of the LTPAD model.
The developmental recommendations consider basic program issues in light of the competition review principles, stage objectives and
developmental constructs for the following topics:
SSC age category recommendations
Activities and distances recommendations
Nature of feature events and competition recommendations
Active for Life stage of development recommendations
Equipment and tracks recommendations
Social issues recommendations
The primary premise of the competition review is to develop programs that support the long-term development of each participant
developmentally appropriate programs. On the premise that maturation and development follow a sequential continuum, each topic is
presented in a chronological sequence. Therefore they are organized in the vertical developmental pillars similar to the constructs summarized
the previous section.
The discussion of the developmental recommendations is reported in Appendix 3. Table 4 is a summary of the topics included in the
Developmental Recommendations Appendix 3.
When the distances currently raced were reviewed with respect to windows of trainability, developmental data did not support many of the
distances younger skaters race. The windows of trainability are best defined by time frames. Table 5 provides the time basis for the distances
selected. For the younger stages these distances are generally shorter than the distances currently being raced. As the skater gets older the
distances were selected to be compatible with international distances.
Table 6 is a summary of the age classes being recommended. The major change is the developmental stages just before and after puberty.
There are two developmental effects to be considered: the large differences between individuals due to early and late maturity and the gender
differences. During these stages one year windows were recommended to reduce the individual difference effect. Two age category models
are proposed: one to reflect gender differences (the developmentally appropriate model) and the other with gender equivalent age classes. For
the later stages of development, international age categories are recommended with two new senior categories for the younger senior skaters.
Table 7 is a summary of the proposed continuum of events/competitions. For the early stages, races and ability tests are recommended in
practices and at local competitions. Through the growth spurt a new level of competition is proposed with SSC regional competitions to
replace national competitions in the Training to Train. National championships are only recommended for skaters in the Learning to Compete
developmental stage and older.
While the recommendations cover a wide variety of aspects one other basic area is the specific uniform, skate and facility recommendations.
In considering these, the Review Team considered the LTPAD model as well as information specific to speed skating. The information and
rationale are discussed in the Developmental Constructs appendix: Facilities and Equipment; as well as the Developmental Recommendations
appendix Nature of Uniforms and Facilities and Tracks.
The challenge for all of us is to be able to keep the developmental sequences in mind as we develop programs for each stage.
29
Outline of Developmental Recommendations for
the Overarching Event/Competition Structure
Table 4
1. ACTIVITIES AND DISTANCES
- Pormat
- Team Actlvltles
- Dlstances
- Stage by stage recommendatlons
2. AGE CATEGORIES
- Crltlcal Date(s) for SSC Ages and Pelatlve Age
3. NATURE OF FEATURE EVENTS AND COMPETITIONS
- Natlonal Champlonshlps, Competltlons, Perlodlzatlon and Preparatlon
Age for Natlonal Champlonshlps
Ablllty Meet Pormat
Personal 8ests and Pecords
Partlclpatlon Standards
- Multl-Sport and other |nternatlonal Lvent |ssues
Olymplc Movement
P|SU Games
Canada wlnter Games
Provlnclal Games
- 1unlor Partlclpatlon at |nternatlonal Lvents
Partlclpatlon ln Natlonal Selectlon and |nternatlonal events:
world 1unlor Champlonshlps
- 1unlor Speclallzatlon
1unlor world Cup
- Stage Speclc Peature Lvents And Competltlons
Tralnlng and Competltlon Guldellnes
- Perlodlzatlon

4. ACTIVE FOR LIFE RECREATIONAL COMPETITION, VOLUNTEER, FITNESS AND FUN PARTICIPATION
- Age Categorles
- Actlvltles And Dlstances
- Nature Of Peature Lvents And Competltlons
5. LONG TRACK AND SHORT TRACK (COMMON AND UNIQUE ISSUES)
6. EQUIPMENT and TRACKS
- Speclc Skates for Speclc Stages
- Nature of Unlforms
- Pacllltles and Tracks

7 SOCIAL ISSUES
- Competltlon Pormats
- Duratlon
- |nnovatlve Lvent Pormats
- volunteers
- Talent |dentlcatlon
- Collaboratlon wlth Other Pelated Sports
- Carbon Poot Prlnt, Travel Costs and Other Lnvlronmental |ssues
DEVELOPMENTAL RECOMMENDATIONS
30

Distances for Each Stage
Table 5
Stage of Female Male Emphasis
Development Age Age
FUNdamentals 6 to 8 6 to 9 Racing 0 to 30 seconds.
Emphasis on skills
Learning to Train 8 to 11 9 to 11 Racing 0 to 45 seconds.
Events 10 min. +
Emphasis on skills
(window opportunity skill)
Training to Train 11 to 15 12 to 16 Racing 0 to 60 seconds
(avoid 60 to 90 seconds)
Events 10 min. +
Add one distance 90 seconds +
Training to Compete 16 to 21 + 16 to 23 + ISU distances
Training to Win 18 + 19 + ISU distances
Active for Life - Would depend on objectives
of participants

Competitive: International distances
Health: longer distances
e.g. road racing and skiing
31
ActiveStartstageofdevelopmentisintentionallyleftoutbecauseoftherecommendationofnoformalcompetition.
ThedesignationL2TstandsforLearningtoTrainstageofdevelopment
ThedesignationT2TstandsforTrainingtoTrainstageofdevelopment
PreandpostPHVstandfortheperiodsbeforeandafterPeakHeightVelocity
*ThedesignationforL2TandT2Tisanagewithanaddition+U.Thelaterisaprovisiontoallowearlymaturers(physically,
psychologicallyandsocially)whohaveappropriateperformancescorestocompeteagainstolderchildren.(e.g.14+Umeans14
and under)
U15meanslessthan15yearsofageatthecriticaldate.
Activeforlifecategoriesaregroupedas+categoriessothatindividualswhochooseagainstskaterswhoareyoungerandfittermay
be recognised for their achievements within that context and promote meaningful competition.
Fortheyounger(FUNdamentalsandmostoftheLearningtoTrain)stageofdevelopmentthetablereflectsdifferentgender
categories but there is no need for gender specific events.
TrainingtoTraindevelopmentalstagecategoriesaredenotedageandunder(e.g.15+U)toallowforearlymaturers(physical,
psychological and social) who have appropriate skating performances to compete against older skaters
Allcategoriesassumeabilitygroupingwithinthecategorywhilerespectingthedesignateddistances.
TheagecategoriesarelabelledwithstageofdevelopmenttitlestofocusontheimportanceoftheLTPADmodelespeciallyon
providing developmentally appropriate activities and program.
Two Models of Age Categories
Table 6
No Gender Distinction Gender Distinction
Male Female Male Female
6 to 9 6 to 8 FUNdamentals 6 to 9 6 to 8
9 to 11 8 to 11 L2T 10 to 12 9 to 11
U12 U12 T2T pre PHV B 12 +U* 11 +U*
U13 U13 T2T pre PHV A 13 +U* 12 +U*
U14 U14 T2T post PHV B 14 +U* 13 +U*
U15 U15 T2T post PHV A 15 +U* 14 +U*
15 to 16 15 to 16 ISU Junior B 16 or (15 to 16) 15 to 16
17 to 18 17 to 18 ISU Junior A 17 to 18 17 to 18
19 to 20 19 to 20 Neo Senior B 19 to 20 19 to 20
21 to 23 21 to 23 Neo Senior A 21 to 23 21 to 23
24+ 24+ Senior 24 + 24 +
30+ 30+ Masters 30 30 + 30 +
35+ 35+ Masters 35 35 + 35 +
Etc. Etc. Etc.
Master 85 85 + 85 +
32
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33
10. STAGE BY STAGE DEVELOPMENTALLY APPROPRIATE PROGRAM RECOMMENDATIONS
The summary statements and matrices are designed to help SSC standing committees and the membership understand the recommendations
for each specific stage of development. At each stage programs must consider all the developmental constructs to achieve the stage
objectives. They are based on the vertical strength of the LTPAD developmental concepts and constructs and related recommendations and
must be compatible with the objectives for each stage.
These are organized by stages of development and lead to direct program recommendations for each stage. The Review Team has carefully
considered speed skating and the developmental model to make recommendations of an ideal program for each age. For each stage
discussion of where the matrices vary from the other documents an explanation in the summary statement that precedes that specific matrix.
In general they match but there is no need for absolute agreement.
Each stage will be presented with a set of summary statement and the matrix for the stage.

The original matrices included material related to officiating and coaching. To reduce the amount of information in each matrix these were
made into stand alone matrices. While absolutely critical to the success of any program, the role of these two groups is to deliver the best
program. However what they do does not define the competition or event.
STAGE BY STAGE DEVELOPMENTALLY
APPROPRIATE PROGRAM RECOMMENDATIONS
34
STAGE: FUNdamentals Female 6-8, Male 6-9
Preparation Objectives:
Learn to skate focusing on fun.
Learn all fundamental movement skills and build overall motor skills emphasizing general athleticism
(agility, balance, coordination, speed).
DevelopPhysicalLiteracy=FundamentalMovementSkills+FundamentalSportSkills+DecisionMaking.
Contribution of Competition to Participant Development
Provide a fun environment in which young skaters can race primarily in skills-based competition.
Reinforce the emphasis on fundamental movement skills and general athleticism during practices in the club environment.
Key Recommendations
Competitions should focus on skill-based events which emphasize the development of the ABCs (Agility, Balance, Coordination &
Speed).
Hockey style skates are recommended.
Competitions are limited to approximately 4 hours in duration (i.e. 1/2 day club or local interclub).
Traditional racing to be comprised of similar amounts of clockwise and counter-clockwise racing on a 75m oval track.
Skaters are strongly encouraged to skate in a track suit or other loose clothing. Skin suits are not necessary.
Other Comments/Implications
Recommended changes in the competitive structure will facilitate the development of all-around athletes and speed skaters.
Speed skating should be the sport through which Canadian youth learn to skate.
Speed skating should be more accessible by promoting the use of hockey-style skates and more basic clothing.
By being more agility and skills based, speed skating could become a service provider to participants in other ice sports wishing to
improve their skating skills, specifically speed for Hockey, Ringette or Figure Skating.
Speed skating clubs should seek partnerships with hockey and ringette clubs to provide combined or complementary programs in
their communities.
Introduce skaters to The Cutting Edge skills program which corresponds to the competitive events.
Reinforce progress through pins or badges with rewards achieved in training and practice.
Report cards acknowledging participation and skill development should be developed.
Emphasis at competitions should be placed upon demonstrating skills and the ABCs.
Entry point for new sport participants as volunteers, social event for parents.
35
STAGE by STAGE DEVELOPMENTALLY
APPROPRIATE PROGRAMMING RECOMMENDATIONS
FUNdamentals (FUNd) - Long Track and Short Track Age: Female 6-8 Male 6-9
Stage Objective: Learn all fundamental movement skills and build overall motor skills.
Find Your Edge Objective: Basic Movement Skills

Preparation
Objectives
Learn to skate focusing on fun
Learn all fundamental movement skills and build
overall motor skills
Develop Physical Literacy = Fundamental
movementskills+sportspecificskills+decision
making
Emphasise general athleticism (agility, balance,
coordination, speed), critical skill and skating literacy
Windows of
Trainability
1st Speed (Girls 7-9, Boys 6-8)
Suppleness
Physical Literacy
1
Education Primary School - Full days
Event Objective(s) Skill development through fun races Competition
Format
Length: 1/2 day format (4hrs max duration)
# of races/competition:12+
Groupings: Mixed Gender Ability
Block racing, participants on the field of play for
15-20 minutes, max 3 blocks/competition
Directed off ice-ice activities
Massstartracing(ST&LT)+Teamevents
Events (number
and level)
Simulations: Frequent informal racing on skates in
practice (Racing is FUN)
Developmental: 0 - 6, Club/Local Interclub
Performance: 0
Event Results Skill execution (feedback) & speed (time),
Mass start for fun (not timed)
Awards: Given to all for participation (reinforce self-
esteem), recognise Personal Bests when times are
recorded
Records: None
Skaters
Equipment
Hockey style skates
Track suits or loose clothing (Skinsuits not
necessary)
Short Track & Long Track Mass Start: helmet,
cut resistant gloves, shin guards, knee pads, neck
guard, cut resistant socks, safety glasses or full
face mask (speed skates only)
Event Format Skill e.g.. Slalom, Start/Stop, Jumping lines, etc
Duration: 0-30 sec
Direction: Equal # clockwise & Counter-clockwise
ontrack&circles+straightline
Games based events
Preparation
Guidelines
Sport participation: 3-4 additional (sport specific
seasons)
Skating season: Should not exceed 24 weeks/
year, Recommend 1-2, 8-12 week semesters per
year
Sessions/week: 1-2 on-ice (45 min sessions)
Periodization: None
Facilities Any size ice surface (ST)
Outdoor ice - smaller is better (LT)
For traditional racing
o ST - 75m oval
o LT - Small tracks inner radius 200m-400m
1 Physical literacy is the development of fundamental movement skills and fundamental sport skills that permit a child to move confidently and with control, in a wide range of
physical activity, rhythmic (dance) and sport situations. Physical literacy also includes the ability to read what is going on around them in an activity setting and react ap-
propriately to those events as defined in Developing Physical Literacy. A Guide For Parents of Children Ages 0 to 12, A Supplement to: Canadian Sport for Life (Canadian Sport
Centres, 2008) p. 5.
36
STAGE: Learning to Train Female 8-11, Male 9-12
Ensure the development of fundamental sport skills and speed skating-specific skills. Skill Development window of opportunity.
Emphasize the development of physical literacy.
Reinforce the development of physical literacy, critical skill and self-esteem through participation in fun races.
Provide meaning to the training environment by offering an opportunity to showcase skills acquired and measure improvements.
Critical stage in the competition continuum, participants begin to identify with one or two primary sports.

Key Recommendations
Emphasis on speed skating-specific skills (technical development).
Speed skates are recommended once skaters can execute FUNdamental skating skills on hockey skates. However, until skaters
achieve this competency hockey skates are recommended.
Minimise the amount of travel time and resources required to participate in competitions (e.g. no national championships).
Time duration in races should be less than 45 seconds to emphasize speed or more than 10 minutes to emphasize stamina.
For the shorter time frame individual distances would be selected that normally finish in 45 seconds or in relays.
A new event is proposed to help ensure appropriate effort for the aerobic-based longer time; a specific length of time race (e.g. 10
minutes) in which performance is measured by the distance an individual skates in the fixed time. The aerobic effect can also be
achieved in individual or team events such as a team pursuit.
Team events should be introduced during this stage as featured events in the middle of the competitive program. These events are
not an option for cancelation due to time limitations.
Long-blade skating is to be restricted to fixed-blade skates.
Current 111.12m Oval Track for Short Track be replaced with 100m Oval Track when skaters participate in traditional racing.
A place in competition for racing on hockey style skates is to be maintained.
Increase the number of competition opportunities to 4 to 8 per season. The events should be comprised of a variety of Club and
Interclub Competitions with limited province/territory wide competition.
Skaters are strongly encouraged to skate in track suits or other loose clothing. Skin suits are not necessary.
New competitions formats should provide participants with an opportunity to complete more races in less time.
Competitions should provide opportunities off the field of play for unstructured play.
Continue The Cutting Edge skills program. Reinforce progress through pins or badges with rewards achieved in practice.
Emphasis at competitions should be placed upon personal bests, challenging oneself and having fun.
Distances must be kept short enough to respect the physiological development of participants.
Skating Festivals are encouraged.
Expose skaters to short track and long track.
The L2T and T2T are the most important stages of athletic preparation. During these stages, we make or break skaters.
37
Learning to Train (L2T) - Long Track and Short Track Age: Female 8-11 Male 9-12
Stage Objective: Learn overall sports skills
Find Your Edge Objective: Fundamental sports skills including speed skating skills

Preparation
Objectives
Ensure the development of fundamental sport skills
and speed skating specific skills. This is the window
of opportunity for skill development
Emphasize the development of physical literacy
Windows of
Trainability
Skill
Supleness until chronological age 10
Physical Literacy
1
Education Primary School - Full days
Entry into middle school
Event Objective(s) Skill and speed demonstration and development
through fun races
Competition
Format
Length: 3 - 6 hour duration (travel time
dependent)
# of races/competition:12+
Groupings: Mixed Gender Ability
Block racing, Participants on the field of play for
15-20 minutes
Team events featured in middle of competition
Events (number
and level)
Simulations: Frequent informal racing on skates in
practice (Racing is FUN)
Develpmental: 4 - 8, Club/Interclub
Performance: 0
Event Results Skill Progress Report Card (to individual)
Head to head mass start races (not generally timed,
except some events for the purpose of recognizing
Personal Bests)
Awards: Given to all for participation (reinforce self-
esteem), recognise Personal Bests when times are
recorded
TeamResult:Combinedrelay+individualresults
Records: None
Skaters
Equipment
Fixed blades only (No Clap skates for long track)
Track suits or loose clothing (Skinsuits not
necessary)
Short Track & Long Track Mass Start: Helmet,
guard, cut resistant socks, safety glasses or full
face mask (speed skates only)
Event Format Skill events e.g.. Slalom, Start/Stop, Jumping lines,
etc..
Duration: 0 - 45 sec & 10 min continuous skating
(relay or team event)
Direction: Equal number of clockwise &
counter-clockwise
Progression: Skill based events to regular timed
towards end of stage
Preparation
Guidelines
Sport participation: 2-3 additional (sport specific
seasons)
Skating season: 22-29 weeks/year
Sessions/week: 2-3 on-ice (60-75 min sessions)
Periodization: Introduce Single towards end of
stage
Facilities Any size ice surface (ST)
Small Track or utilise warm-up lane (LT)
For traditional racing
o ST - 100m oval
o LT - Small tracks inner radius (warm-up lane)
200m-400m
1 Physical literacy is the development of fundamental movement skills and fundamental sport skills that permit a child to move confidently and with control, in a wide range of
physical activity, rhythmic (dance) and sport situations. Physical literacy also includes the ability to read what is going on around them in an activity setting and react ap-
propriately to those events as defined in Developing Physical Literacy. A Guide For Parents of Children Ages 0 to 12, A Supplement to: Canadian Sport for Life (Canadian Sport
Centres, 2008) p. 5.
2 Find Your Edge, Speed Skating Canadas Long Term Athlete Development Plan, 2006, p. 16
38
STAGE: Training to Train (Pre-PHV/PHV) Female 11-13, Male 12-14
Build the engine and sport specific skills: aerobic base, speed and further consolidate sport specific skills.
Major fitness development stage, critical attention should be paid to individual growth, development and maturation.
Fun experience allowing participants to demonstrate the benefits of practice and hard work.
Races need to be meaningful, fun and provide a high degree of challenge.
Each event should be exciting and provide motivation and purpose to athletes.
Provide the long-term foundation for how athletes approach training, competition and life.
Serve as a learning ground for how to overcome adversity both in sport and in life.
Participants are introduced to mental and physical challenges which will prepare them for racing in later stages.
Key Recommendations
Minimize the amount of travel time and resources required to participate in competitions.
National Age Class Championships are to be replaced with Canadian Regional Championships.
Speed skates are recommended with no restriction on type of skate or blade , all equipment restrictions from previous
stages are removed.
1 year age categories with 2 critical dates for competition January 1
st
and July 1
st
.
Time duration in races should be less than 60 seconds to emphasize speed or more than 10 minutes to emphasize stamina.
For the shorter time frame individual distances races which normally finish in 45 seconds or less should be selected.
A new event is proposed to help ensure appropriate effort for the aerobic-based longer time; a specific length of time race (e.g. 10
minutes) in which performance is measured by the distance an individual skates in the fixed time. The aerobic effect can also be
achieved in individual or team events such as a team pursuit.
Team events are featured events in the middle of competitions.
100m oval track in short track, 200m-400m tracks in long track.
1 3 performance competitions/season. One performance competition prior to Christmas, others at end of season (February/
March).
Performance competitions are preceded by developmental competitions.
An athletes competitive season should total 5 8 competitions (developmental & performance).
Race simulations are recommended for athlete preparation.
End of the continuum of introducing participants to racing.
Transition into traditional speed skating racing during this stage.
Skill competitions will be progressively phased out as the window of trainability for skill closes and emphasis shifts towards speed
and aerobic development.
Competition may be a significant source of motivation for participants. However, participation in competitions must be carefully
managed by coaches and parents to ensure sufficient time is allocated to training and the consolidation of skills.
It may be necessary for coaches, parents and participants to manage performance expectations for a period of time while
participants progress through their growth spurt (PHV period).
Distances must be kept either short enough to focus on speed development or long enough for aerobic development.
Social interaction is an important reason for participation in sport and needs to be facilitated through competition.
Regional championships are restricted events.
The L2T and T2T are the most important stages of athletic preparation. During these stages, we make or break skaters.
39
Training to Train (T2T), Pre-PHV/PHV - Long Track and Short Track Age: Female 11-13 Male 12-14
Overall Objective: Build an aerobic base, develop speed and strength towards the end of the stage,
and further develop and consolidate sport specific skills
Find Your Edge Objective: Build the engine and sport specific skills

Preparation
Objectives
Build the engine and sport specific skills: aerobic
base, speed and further consolidate sport specific
skills
Major fitness development stage, critical attention
should be paid to individual growth, development
and maturation
Windows of
Trainability
Skill until onset of PHV
Aerobic capacity with onset of PHV
Speed (0-20sec)
Education Entry into middle school and high school
Event Objective(s) Learning competition basics
Emphasis placed on team events
Reinforce training priorities of speed & stamina
Skaters race to win each race while emphasising
personal bests
Competition
Format
Length: Local (1 day), Prov & Regional Champs
(2 day)
# of races/competition: 7-10
Groupings: Mixed Gender Ability, skaters must
race stage appropriate distances or Age Class
Age Classes: 1 year, 2 critical dates (July 1, Jan 1)
Specification for Long Track: Mass start &
Olympic Style combined in single competition (1
Olympic Style, 2 Mass Start, 1 Team event per
day)
Events (number
and level)
Simulations: Fun races & simulations in training
Developmental: 3 - 5, Interclub/Provincial
Performance: 1 pre-Christmas, 1-2 end of season
Regional Canadian Champs (Dec & Feb/March)
Event Results Awards: Recognise Personal Bests; Overall & Single
Distance
Team awards: Combined result individual events &
relay
Records: None
Results are posted
Skaters
Equipment
All skate/blade restrictions removed
Club track suit or skinsuit
Mass Start (ST + LT): Helmet, cut resistant
gloves, shin guards, knee pads, neck guard, cut
resistant socks, safety glasses
Long Track Olympic Style: Cut resistant socks
Event Format Timed skills events & traditional racing
Long Track
Mass Start: 200m, 500m, 2400m
Olympic Style: 100m, 300m
Team: Relay - 100m or 200m exchanges, Team
Pursuit, Point Competition
Short Track
10 min race (relay or team race)
100m individual pursuit
300m, 500m,
Team: Relay (2000m, teams of 5, 100m
exchanges), Team Pursuit, Points Competition
Preparation
Guidelines
Sport participation:LT&ST+1-2additional
sports
Skating season: 22-29 weeks/year
Sessions/week: 2-4 on-ice, 4-6 total
Periodization: Single or Double
Important to accommodate athletes participating
in other sports, encourage participation in 1-2
other sports per year
Facilities Long Track
200m - 400m tracks - Mass Start on inner lane
Short Track
100m oval
85x200 or 100x200 Rinks
40
STAGE: Training to Train (PHV/Post-PHV) Female 14-15, Male 15-16
Physical Development (Building the engine).
Major fitness development stage (skill, speed, strength, suppleness).
Consolidation of sport specific skills.
Make aerobic training a priority.
First stage where significant emphasis is placed on traditional racing.
Source of motivation for participants.
Offer a fun social environment in which participants will learn important life and competition skills.
Key Recommendations
Continue to manage the amount of travel time and resources required to participate in competitions.
National Age Class Championships are replaced with Canadian Regional Championships.
1 year age categories with 2 critical dates for competition January 1
st
and July 1
st
.
Eventdurationsof060secand2.5min+toemphasizedevelopmentofspeedandaerobicpower.
Inshorttrackforthe2.5+minuteaerobicpowerevent,tohelpinsureappropriateeffortthefixedtimeformatnotedaboveis
recommended. This could also be achieved as an individual event or as part of a team event such as the team pursuit.
Implementation of 25 lap marathon with team and individual results and awards in long track.
Team events are featured events in the middle of competitions.
100m oval track in short track and racing on tight radiuses (20-22m) in long track where possible.
1 3 performance competitions per season, one performance competition prior to Christmas, others at the end of season.
Performance competitions are preceded by developmental competitions.
An athletes competitive season should total 6 9 competitions (developmental & performance).
Race simulations are recommended for athlete preparation.
Introduction to year-round training and periodized training and competition.
Introduction to selection events.
Competitive events must be reflective of the windows of trainability and should serve as a good indicator of the impact of training.
Significant differences will begin to appear between athletes who train year round versus those who to train seasonally.
It is important that coaches carefully monitor competition volume to ensure sufficient training and recovery time.
Athletes may need to manage their performance expectations through PHV as they adapt to the increased length of limbs.
Athletes may encounter decreased performance during this phase.
Distances must be short enough to focus on speed development or long enough for aerobic development.
Social interaction is an important motivational factor and needs to be facilitated through competition.
Exposure to the mental and physical challenges of racing (develop mental preparation).
Regional championships are restricted events.
Introductionofracesemphasizingaerobicpower(VO2max)2.5minduration+.
Complementary sports should emphasize aerobic development.
The L2T and T2T are the most important stages of athletic preparation. During these stages, we make or break a skater!
Over-competition and under-training result in a lack of basic skill and fitness.
41
Training to Train (T2T), PHV/Post-PHV - Long Track and Short Track Age: Female 14-15 Male 15-16
Overall Objective: Develop speed and strength, further develop and consolidate sport specific skills
Find Your Edge Objective: Build the engine and sport specific skills

Preparation
Objectives
Physical Development (Building the engine)
Major fitness development stage (skill, speed, strength,
suppleness)
Consolidation of sport specific skills
Emphasize aerobic training
Windows of
Trainability
Aerobic power progressively as PHV decelerated
End of second window for speed (0-20sec)
Females: Strength as PHV decelerates
Males: Strength, 12-18 months after PHV begins to
decelerate
Education High school, post-secondary admission requirements
start to become a factor.
Selection of College or CEGEP
Event Objective(s) Learn to cope with the physical and mental challenges of
competition
Emphasis placed on team events
Reinforce training priorities of speed & stamina
Skaters race to win each race while emphasising
personal bests
Transition from mass start to Olympic style in Long Track
Competition
Format
Length: Local (1 day), Prov & Regional Champs
(2 day)
# of races/competition: 7-10
Groupings: Mixed Gender Ability, skaters must race
stage appropriate distances or Age Class
Age Classes: 1 year, 2 critical dates (July 1, Jan 1)
Additional Specifications for Long Track
2 day events
2 individual events/day
Team pursuit - Day 1, Marathon - Day 2
Events (number
and level)
Simulations: Fun races & simulations in training
Developmental: 4 - 6, Interclub/Provincial
Performance: 1 pre-Christmas, 1-2 end of season
Regional Cdn. Champs (Dec & Feb/March)
Event Results Awards: For team and individual performance
Team Result:LTCombinedpointsTP+Marathon
ST-Totaldistance(allskaters10minrace)+relay
Records: None
Rankings: Introduction of provincial rankings, concept of
relative importance
Selection: Competitions for selection purposes are
introduced
Skaters
Equipment
Mass Start (LT + ST) : Helmet, cut resistant gloves,
shin guards, knee pads, neck guard, cut resistant
socks, safety glasses
Event Format Long Track
25 lap marathon - Individual & Team Points
Mass Start: 300m
Olympic Style: 100m, 500m, 2000m
Team Pursuit
Short Track
10 min race 100m individual pursuit
300m, 500m, 1500m
Team: Relay (3000m, teams of 4)
Preparation
Guidelines
Sport participation:LT&ST+1-2additionalsports
Training season: Year round (40 weeks) with 2-3
periods of active rest, 22-29 week skating season/
year
Sessions/week: 6-9 sport specific. 3-5 on-ice and
3-4 off-ice.
Periodization: Double, 1 per sport (ST/LT or summer)
Important to accommodate athletes participating in
other sports,
Encourage participation in 1-2 other sports per year
Simulate competitive situations in training through
practice races or competitive games/drills
200m - 400m tracks - Mass Start on inner lane
Short Track
100m oval 85x200 or 100x200 Rinks
42
STAGE: Learning to Compete Female 15-17, Male 16-18
Optimize the engine (Physical Capacity).
Speed skating specific skills (Technique & Racing) and fitness.
The first stage of development where athletes are introduced to national level competitions, providing a new level of performance to
strive for.
The primary purpose of competition during this stage should be to expose athletes to a large variety of competitive experience in
order to develop specific race preparation techniques and execute a variety of race strategies.
Selection to teams may start to become a priority.
Develop confidence in taking risks while racing.
Learning in the competitive environment.
Key Recommendations
To define the competition calendar utilise a periodization model based on the best athlete development scientific data available.
An emphasis to be placed on developmental competitions (5-7/year) vs. performance competitions (2-4 /year).
National Championships and records introduced.
International skating is restricted to ISU JR A.
111m track in Short Track Introduced and requires International Ice.
All ISU distances are raced.
100m Long Track and 111m Individual Pursuit in Short Track are emphasized to promote the development of speed.
A separate stream for athletes who are in the Active for life stage needs to be developed.
ISU Junior Age athletes not permitted to participate in Fall World Cups or related selection events.
Addition of a 3000m points race in short track to promote aerobic development.
To create effective learning opportunities athletes must have the opportunity to participate in competitions which are meaningful but
do not have an impact on team selection or the financial support which they receive.
The competition calendar should be based on optimal periodization. Adjusting the competitive calendar to match optimal
periodization will facilitate the task of the coach by providing an easy template to work from and increase the amount of time which
can be spent developing skills, physical and mental capacities.
SSC should target a wide pool of developing athletes in this stage and invest in late-entry and development camps. This could occur
internally as well as externally.
Social interaction is an important factor in the reasons for participation and needs to be facilitated through competition.
Introduction to middle distance racing.
Quality of ice in both training and competition should be emphasized for safety and development.
43
Learning to Compete (L2C) - Long Track and Short Track Age: Female 15-17 Male 16-18
Overall Objective: Optimize the engine and learn to compete
Find Your Edge Objective: Optimize the Engine, Speed Skating Specific Skills and Fitness

Preparation
Objectives
Optimizing the engine(Physical Capacity), speed
skating specific skills (Technique & Racing) and
fitness;
Objectives of Train to Train stage should be attained
before entering Learn to Compete
Windows of
Trainability
Stamina, introduce aerobic power (2-10 min)
post-PHV
All systems trainable as PHV ends
Males: Speed (0-20sec) ends early in the stage.
Strength, 12-18 months after PHV begins to
decelerate
Females: Strength as PHV decelerates
Education End of High School, CEGEP & Colleges
Preparing for Post-secondary Admissions
Event Objective(s) Improve sport specific endurance
Introduce variety of racing experiences
Develop race strategies
Performance starts to become a factor
Continued competitive development
Competition
Format
Length: 2 - 3 days
Age Class and Open Format meets
Age Classes:ISUJR-A+B
Short Track: 4-6 races/day
2 day events
2 individual events/day
Team pursuit - Day 1, Marathon - Day 2
Events (number
and level)
Simulations: Frequent
Developmental: 5 - 6, Provincial & Regional
Performance: 2 - 4, national and regional
Introduction of National Championships
Some National Events including Canada Games
World Junior Champ. for ISU JR - A (17-18)
Event Results Awards: Team & Individual Results
Team Results: Combined relay & individual results
Records: CDN records introduced
Rankings: Provincial & National
Selection: Provincial Teams, National JR, Talent
Squad & Development Teams
Skaters
Equipment
Short Track & Long Track Mass Start: Helmet,
guard, cut resistant socks, safety glasses
Event Format Regional events use T2T distances & format
Long Track
Mass Start: 25 laps marathon
ISU Distances: 100m, 500m, 1000m, 1500m,
3000m, 5000m, 10 000m
Team pursuits
Short Track
ISU Distances : 500m, 1000m, 1500m
3000m points race 111m Individual Pursuits
Relays 3000m/5000m
Preparation
Guidelines
Sport participation:1-2sports+crosstraining
ST/LT
Training Season: Year round (3-6 week
transition), 22-29 week skating season
Sessions/week: 6-9/week (4-6 ice, 3-5 off-ice)
Periodization: Double
Teach skaters to perform sport specific skills
under a variety of competitive conditions in
training
400m tracks
Short Track
111.12m oval 100x200 Rinks
44
STAGE: Training to Compete Female 17-21, Male 18-21
Further Optimizing the Engine, Speed Skating Specific Skills and Fitness.
Shift in emphasis towards competitive development.
Reflects the ISU age groupings, competition system and distances to be skated in the major competitions.
Provides athletes the opportunity to practice skills necessary for international success.
Key Recommendations
To define the competition calendar utilise a periodization model based on the best athlete development scientific data available.
Schedule competitions to account for intensive periods in post secondary education calendars.
ISU Junior Age athletes not be permitted to participate in Fall World Cups or related selection events.
Only indoor tracks used for world team selections in long track to eliminate the need for back-up selection events.
A boardless mat system required to host World Team Selection Events to minimize the risk of injury in an environment where many
athletes are racing in a high stakes situation for the first time.
Addition of a 3000m points race in short track to promote aerobic development.
Participation in World Cups should be compatible with long-term athlete development and educational plans.
Junior athletes who qualify for World Cups only compete in World Cups after the Junior World Championships.
Exposure to the mental and physical challenges of racing.
Specialisation in Short Track and Long Track, cross-over training recommended.
Schedule Performance competitions to allow for blocks of training for development. (Optimal Periodization).
Seek to develop strong domestic competitive opportunities.
45
Training to Compete (T2C) - Long Track and Short Track Age: Female 17-21 Male 18-21
Overall Objective: Optimize the engine and train to compete
Find Your Edge Objective: Further Optimizing the Engine, Speed Skating Specific Skills and Fitness

Preparation
Objectives
Further optimizing the engine, speed skating specific
skills and fitness;
Shift in emphasis towards competitive development
Windows of
Trainability
All systems fully trainable
High emphasis on aerobic power development
Education Entry into post-secondary education
Event Objective(s) Experience variety of racing conditions
Develop race strategies
Performance becomes a more significant factor
Competition
Format
Length: 2 - 3 days
Age Class and Open Format meets
Age Classes: ISU JR - A, Neo Senior - 1, Neo
Senior - 2, Senior
Short Track: 4-6 races/day
2-3 individual events/day
Team pursuit
Events (number
and level)
Simulations: As per indv. Plan
Developmental: As per indv. Plan
Performance: As per indv. Plan
8 - 10 competitions/season
Regional/National Events & Championships
FISU & Canada Games
ISU Junior & Senior Events
Event Results Awards: Team & Individual Results
Team Results: Combined relay & individual results
Records: CDN & World
Rankings: Provincial & National
Selection: Provincial & National Teams, Specific
Events
Skaters
Equipment
Short Track: Helmet, cut resistant gloves, shin
guards, knee pads, neck guard, cut resistant
3000m, 5000m, 10 000m
Team pursuits
Short Track
ISU Distances : 500m, 1000m, 1500m
3000m points race
Relays 3000m/5000m
Preparation
Guidelines
Sport participation:1+crosstrainingST/LT
Training Season: Year round (3-6 week
transition), 36-38 week skating season
Sessions/week: 6-9/week (4-6 ice, 3-5 off-ice)
Periodization: Individualized
Refine sport specific skills under a variety of
competitive conditions in training
400m tracks
Indoor tracks for World Championship Team
Selection Events
Short Track
111.12m oval
100x200 Rinks
Boardless system for World Championship Team
Selection Events

46
STAGE: Learning and Training to Win (Long Track) Female & Male 21+
Maximizing the engine and speed skating specific skills and fitness.
Refine technique and racing skills so athletes are as fast as they can be.
Learn to optimize physical and mental recovery, optimize equipment and lifestyle habits for maximal performance.
Ultimate demonstration of mastery of speed skating in specific events and discipline.
Defines the training which each competitor must use to complete.
Major events define the program; other events serve as preparation events and learning experiences for major events.
Source of national and sporting pride for participants in all other stages.
Key Recommendations
Scheduling of events to accommodate key international competitions such as World Cups, World Championships and Olympics.
Scheduling of events to provide appropriate equivalent experience for skaters not selected for key international competitions.
National calendar should be set to promote optimal preparation for international events.
Promote events to the ISU which favour SSC athletes or potential athletes (i.e. 100m LT).
Indoor track used for (senior) long track championships and world championship selection events.
SSC should work to positively influence the international calendar to facilitate optimal preparation.
Be meaningful for all participants (spectators, coaches, officials, volunteers, and support staff).
Recognize volunteerism and the contributions that volunteers make to enable events to take place.
Competition emphasis based upon individualized plan.
Re-setting goals for transition to active for life participation.
Domestic event scheduling should promote opportunities to simulate major events (e.g. Olympics, and World Championships) with
regards to time of day of races and time between races.
Training and competing in this stage is very demanding, therefore at this level skating requires a full time commitment.
47
Learning to Win (L2W) and Training to Win (T2W) - Long Track Age: Female & Male 21+
Overall Objective: Podium Performance
Find Your Edge Objective: Further Maximizing the Engine and Speed Skating Specific Skills and Fitness

Preparation
Objectives
Maximizing the engine and speed skating specific
skills and fitness
Refine technique and racing skills so athletes are as
fast as they can be
Learn to optimize physical and mental recovery,
optimize equipment & lifestyle habits for maximal
performance
Windows of
Opportunity
Education Post-secondary
School course load adjusted based on competitive
cycle
Event Objective(s) Achieving podium performances
Performance on demand
Competition
Format
Length: 2 - 4 days
Age class and open format
Age Classes: Neo Senior - 2; Senior
1 - 2 individual events/days
Team pursuit
Events (number
and level)
8 - 10 competitions per season
Performance, development and simulations
determined by individulised plans
National and International
FISU Games
Olympic Winter Games
Event Results Awards: Team & Individual, Single Event & Season
i.e. Circuit Champions
Rankings: National & International
Skaters
Equipment
Cut resistant socks
Readiness for new technologies
Event Format Long Track Events
3000m, 5000m, 10 000m
Team pursuit (Time Trial or Elimination)
Preparation
Guidelines
Sport participation: 1+crosstraininginST
Training season: Individualised
Sessions/week: Individualised
Periodization: Individualised
Facilities 400m tracks
Indoor tracks for World Championship Team
Selection Events
48
STAGE: Learning and Training to Win (Short Track) Female & Male 21+
Maximizing the engine and speed skating specific skills and fitness.
Refine technique and racing skills so athletes are as fast as they can be.
Learn to optimize physical and mental recovery, optimize equipment and lifestyle habits for maximal performance.
Ultimate demonstration of mastery of speed skating in specific events and discipline.
Defines the training which each competitor must use to complete.
Major events define the program; other events serve as preparation events and learning experiences for major events.
Source of national and sporting pride for participants in all other stages.
Key Recommendations
Scheduling of events to accommodate key international competitions such as World Cups, World Championships and Olympics.
Scheduling of events to provide appropriate equivalent experience for skaters not selected for key international competitions.
National calendar should be set to promote optimal preparation for international events.
Short track championships and world championship selection events use only boardless mat protection systems.
Promote events to the ISU which favour SSC athletes or potential athletes.
SSC should work to positively influence the international calendar to facilitate optimal preparation.
Be meaningful for all participants (skaters, spectators, coaches, officials, volunteers, and support staff).
Recognize volunteerism and the contributions that volunteers make to enable events to take place.
Competition emphasis based upon individualized plan.
Re-setting goals for transition to active for life participation.
Domestic event scheduling should promote opportunities to simulate major events (e.g. Olympics, and World Championships) with
regards to time of day of races and time between races.
Training and competing in this stage is very demanding, therefore at this level skating requires a full time commitment.
49
Learning to Win (L2W) and Training to Win (T2W) - Short Track Age: Female & Male 21+
Overall Objective: Podium Performance
Find Your Edge Objective: Further Maximizing the Engine and Speed Skating Specific Skills and Fitness

Preparation
Objectives
Maximizing the engine and speed skating specific
skills and fitness
Refine technique and racing skills so athletes are as
fast as they can be
Learn to optimize physical and mental recovery,
optimize equipment & lifestyle habits for maximal
performance
Windows of
Opportunity
Education Post-secondary
School course load adjusted based on competitive
cycle
Event Objective(s) Achieving podium performances
Performance on demand
Competition
Format
Length: 2 - 3 days
Age class and open format
Age Classes: Neo Senior - 2; Senior
1 - 2 individual events/days (3-4 rounds/event)
Relays (2-3 rounds/competition)
Events (number
and level)
8 - 10 competitions per season
Performance, Development and Simulations
determined by individualised plans
National and International
FISU Games
Olympic Winter Games
Event Results Awards: Team & Individual, Single Event & Season
i.e. Circuit Champions
Rankings: National & International
Skaters
Equipment
Helmet, cut resistant gloves, shin guards, knee
pads, neck guard, cut resistant socks, safety
glasses
Readiness for new technologies
Event Format Long Track Events
ISU Distances: 500m, 1000m, 1500m, 3000m
(WC only)
3000/5000m Relays)
Preparation
Guidelines
Sport participation: 1+crosstraininginLT
Training season: Individualised
Sessions/week: Individualised
Periodization: Individualised
Facilities 111.12m oval
100x200 Rinks
Boardless system for World Championship Team
Selection Events
50
STAGE: Active for Life Female 14+ Male 15+
The Review Team has not gathered normative data from which to make its recommendation but has instead used common sense,
intuition and general knowledge of the participation rates and pent up demand for programs for A4L participants This section
summarises the reflections of the Review Team. Other ideas generated by discussion have been included in Appendix 4 to assist Speed
Skating Canada in further defining the program offerings in the Active for Life stage.
Strive for personal excellence.
FUN.
Health and recreation.
On-going contribution to the development of the sport.
Broaden sport experience (multi-sport).
Source of motivation to train and remain physically active.
Test ones achievement with the support of other competitors.
Opportunity to demonstrate excellence in: Skating ability, Coaching, Officiating, Event Management etc.
Opportunity for social interaction with people who share common interests.
Key Recommendations
Develop a variety of opportunities which promote on-going participation in skating for health and recreation.
Adopt age categories that allow Masters skaters to skate and be recognized for performances against younger Masters.
Facilitate the organisation of events which promote community and provide a source of motivation to train and be physically active
(i.e. Fun skates).
Offer events which have a long duration, emphasizing the development/maintenance of the aerobic system.
Active for Life is a healthy life choice based on health, recreation and contribution to sport.
Create opportunities to transition to the Active for Life stage through Adolescence and Early Adulthood.
Provide opportunities for meaningful competition for adolescents and young adults not pursuing high performance sport.
Active for Life athletes should not be looked upon as different from younger skaters and should be treated with equal respect.
Active for Life athletes are leaders in the sport community and should be encouraged to lead.
Develop accelerated coaching and officiating pathways for athletes of significant experience.
Include the Active for Life stage in competition programs.
While Active for Life athletes are often equally interested in winning as their younger counter-parts, they understand that the victory
or loss, as the case may be, is not as important as the process and the whole training outcome.
They are aware of the necessity of respectful relationships built through training and competition.
Active for Life represents a positive role model for younger athletes and leadership for healthy lifestyle participation.
Social activities and/or an integral part of events.
Inclusion in Regional and/or National Age Class Championships.
Explore the possibility of using events such as fundraisers/benefits activities for charities outside of speed skating.
51
Active for Life - Long Track and Short Track Age: Female 14+, Male 15+
Overall Objective: Learn all fundamental movement skills and build overall motor skills.

Preparation
Objectives
Health and recreation
Keeping the Engine Running
FUN
Contribute to sport
Broaden sport experience (multi-sport)optimize
equipment & lifestyle habits for maximal
performance
Windows of
Trainability
As per stage of development if under 18,
otherwise all system trainable
Event Objective(s) Personal Improvement & Challenge
Thrill of racing. Promote physical fitness
Social interaction
Competition
Format
Ability & Age Class meets
Integrated into normal competition & A4L only
Length: 0.5 - 3 days
Age Classes: ISU JR A, B, C, Neo Senior 1 & 2,
Senior,Masters30+,35+etc
Long Track
Marathon Mass Start, emphasise long distances
ISU Olympic Style Racing
Short Track
Allow combining of categories
Events (number
and level)
As per participants interest
Local, Regional, Provincial, National & International
Event Results Awards: For team and individual performance &
Participation (I finished)
Team Result: Combinedrelay+individualresults
Records: By Age Class
Skaters
Equipment
Long Blade racing, Clapskates permitted in LT
Skin suits
Short Track: Helmet, cut resistant gloves, shin
guards, knee pads, neck guard, cut resistant
3000m, 5000m
Marathon, Fun Skates etc (5km, 10km,
25km, 50km)
Short Track
500m, 777m, 1000m, 1500m
3000m points race
Relays 3000m/5000m)
Preparation
Guidelines
As per personal interest
Evaluate participant fitness before developing
programs
Based on yearly training plans adapted to skater
interest.
333m and 400m tracks
Natural Ice Tracks of all sizes
Canal and Lake Skating
Short Track
111.12m oval
52
Speed Skating Canadas (SSC) program is described as athlete centered, coach driven
and supported by administrators, officials and financial partners. Coaches and officials
have the responsibility of direct delivery of programs and events. In the original matrices
these two roles were included at each stage of development. The vast majority of
coaches and officials are expert volunteers. Each has their own accreditation and
education programs. A limited number of coaches are paid professionals. Both coaches
and officials are supported by SSC standing committees.
The developmental constructs relating to social issues and trends identified a dramatic
decline in volunteerism in Canada. In the Active for Life section it was emphasized
that expert volunteers are participants who seek training and are certified and assessed
as competent for specific roles. The bottom line is that SSC program is dependent on these expert volunteers. To have sustainable
and developmentally appropriate programming SSC must carefully consider its coach and official educational programs and recognition
strategies. These programs also must follow the developmental constructs and developmentally appropriate program continuums identified
in the developmental recommendations. For these reasons these two roles are represented by their own matrices.
Traditionally (nationally and internationally) these roles have been defined in linear hierarchical models. In this model Level 1 has focused
on entry/instructional roles and Level 5 has been international championship roles. Every individual begins at Level 1 and gains the
knowledge and experience to be promoted to the next level with time, training and experience.Those reaching the international level are
at a very high standard of competency. This of course assumes progression through developmental stages which is a linear hierarchical
model.
SSC has the opportunity to consider both the coaching and officiating programs cognisant of long term development but should not limit
itself to the linear hierarchical model. It raises questions:
Howdothecoachingandofficiatingprogramsrecognizepriorlearningexperience,theexperiencemanypotential
coaches and officials carry with them?
HowdoesSSCrecognizetheexperiencethatformerinternationalskatersbringtocoachingorofficiating?
IsitnecessarilygoodtohaveformerinternationalskatersstartattheFUNdamentalsstageofdevelopment?
Ifapersonisverygoodworkingwiththeearlierstagesofdevelopment,canSSCrecognizethemasexpertsatthislevel?
Howdoesallofthisimpactonprofessionalcoachesandshouldeliteofficialsbepaid?
Arethereopportunitiesforcertaintrainingandassessmentsactivitiestobeshared?
Doespriorlearningassessmentandsharedtrainingneedtobeextendedtoothervolunteers?
While the following matrices do not address these questions they do lay out the appropriate roles, skills and training/certification
requirements that relate to the different stages. On the assumption that SSC will be making significant program changes based on the
recommendations of the review it is an opportune time to carefully consider both the models and roles of direct program providers: coaches
and officials. The matrices should provide a starting point for the Coaching and Officials Development Committees to consider their roles in
developmentally appropriate programming and the related training and certification models.
Coaches and Officials as Expert Volunteers and Professionals

Coaches and officials
have the responsibility
of direct delivery of
programs and events.
53
Officials

Role and skills Qualifications Additional Comments
AS No formal officiating
FUNd Formative evaluation of skills during races (Coaches)
Directed by the principles of fair play and not the
formal rules of speed skating (judgement as to what
is reasonable).
Important educational role with skaters
& coaches
Off-ice duties - time races
Clerk to coordinate ice access
L2T Primary entry point for new officials
Teaching participants fair-play
Recruiting officials from amongst older skaters and
parents and officials from other sports seeking a
change of environment
Introducing Coaches, Parents, Skaters, Volunteers to
racing rules & meet procedures
T2T :
Pre-PHV/
PHV
Introducing Coaches, Parents, Skaters, Volunteers to
racing rules & meet procedures
Level II Officials
T2T :
PHV/
Post-PHV
Officials learning to run a competition
Continuing to educate Coaches, Parents, Skaters,
Volunteers to racing rules & meet procedures
Level II Officials Introducing skaters to officiating
with skaters in earlier stages.
Assume a role of Participant
Leaders in the FUNdamentals
Stage.
L2C Teaching skaters and coaches re: Intl rules
Monitoring doping control
Collaborate with coaches to ensure a positive
competitive environment
Level 3A officials
ISU International for
Selection Events
T2C Maintaining a fair competitive environment
Mentoring of developing officials
Collaborating with coaches to ensure a positive
competitive environment
ISU International List
Officials (Chief)
National and
International Level
L2W Maintaining a fair competitive environment
Officials (Chief)
National and
International Level
T2W Maintaining a fair competitive environment
Officials (Chief)
National and
International Level
A4L Maintaining a fair competitive environment
Ensuring a safe competitive environment
Regular Competition
Officials
54
Coaching
The following table summarises the coaching context to support both the practice and competitive environments. Training and certification
recommendations are based on Speed Skating Canadas Coaching Development Model and utilise the terminology of the new NCCP.
Role and skills Training/Certification* Additional Comments
AS Act as lead instructor with assistants
Teaches participants how to skate
Create Fun, positive learning environment
FUNdamentals Coach
FUNdamentals Leader
Entry point for T2T and L2C
skaters to coach require
leadership training and
mentorship
FUNd Act as lead instructor with assistants
On-ice during events, serve as on-ice officials
Leads skaters off-ice activities
Informs parents about nature of competition
Ability to teach and demonstrate fundamental skating skills in
practice
FUNdamentals Coach
Fundamentals Leader
mentorship
Important to develop and
recognise expert skills instructors
L2T Leading warm-ups
Informing parents about nature of competition
Collaborating with official to ensure a positive competitive
environment
Ability to teach and demonstrate speed skating skills in practice
Introduction to
Competition
FUNdamentals Coach
mentorship
Important to develop and
recognise expert skills instructors
T2T :
Pre-PHV/
PHV
Showing skaters their competition responsibilities eg. Warm-up,
monitoring race schedules, etc
Educating parents
Collaborating with official to ensure a positive competitive
environment
Introduction to
Competition
Competition
Development
(in-training)
T2T :
PHV/
Post-PHV
Showing skaters their competition responsibilities eg. Warm-up,
monitoring race schedules, etc
Educating parents
Utilizing knowledge of annual planning & periodization to adapt
programs to growth and development of individual athletes
Teaching Race Tactics & management
Providing direct feedback after races for continuous
improvements of skaters and adjustment during the competition
Collaborating with officials to ensure a positive competitive
environment
Mentoring developing coaches
Collaborating with more experienced coaches (either National or
Provincial)
Introduction to
Competition
Competition
Development
Skaters in this stage begin
coaching (FUNd & L2T skaters)
Require training for mentors
L2C Implementing planning and periodization of training and
competition to match individual objectives
Teaching race management and tactics
Collaborate with officials to ensure a positive competitive
environment
Managing a team
Mentoring developing coaches
Collaborating with more experienced coaches (either National,
Regional or Provincial)
Competition
Development
55
Role and skills Training/Certification* Additional Comments
T2C Implementing planning and periodization of training and
competition to match individual objectives and achieve major
peaks
Managing a Team
Guide the refinement of technical and competitive skills
Supported by Integrated Support Team (IST)
environment
Mentoring of developing coaches
Collaborating with more experienced coaches (either National,
Regional or Provincial)
Competition
Development
Competition High
Performance
Generally employed full-time
as a coach
L2W Implementing planning and periodization of training and
peaks
Supported by IST Team
Work in a team environment
environment
Leaders for the long term development of speed skating programs
Competition High
Performance
Succession planning required
as a coach
Coach or IST member
prepares athletes for post high
performance athlete life
T2W Implementing planning and periodization of training and
peaks
Work in a team environment
Supported by IST Team
environment
Leaders for the long term development of speed skating programs
Competition High
Performance
Succession planning required
as a coach
Coach or IST member
prepares athletes for post high
performance athlete life
A4L Understanding of adult athletes
Teach fundamental skating skills as well as prepare experienced
skaters for competition
Positive role model and motivator
Active participants
Introduction to
Competition
Competition
Development
* ThiscolumndenotestheNCCPCertification(s)whichcorrespondtothestageofdevelopmentasidentifiedbySSCsCoachingDevelopmentModel.Coachesmayalso
be completing the training to obtain this level of certification when coaching athletes in this context. It is strongly recommended that on-going mentorship programs be
established to support developing coaches.
56
APPENDIX 1
SPEED SKATING CANADAS GUIDING PRINCIPLES FOR COMPETITIONS AND EVENTS
Racing on Skates
Speed Skating is racing on skates. Internationally skaters race on sophisticated equipment, on adult size tracks and based on a tradition of
always turning left. These rules define competition in Canada but:
Developmentally is this most appropriate for Canadian children?
What additional racing on skates opportunities might allow participants to experience the thrill of speed on ice while gaining
developmental value?
What role can speed skating play in the wholistic development of all participants, who choose to participate in Speed Skating
Canadas programs?
Competition is central to the speed skating experience, enabling participants to race on skates, at all stages of development. Event/competition
experiences offer members many things: for athletes, an opportunity to measure the impact of practice, improvement of skills, and a battle of
wits as each uses different tactics; for coaches, an opportunity to evaluate program effectiveness; for volunteers, officials and event organizers,
an opportunity to provide a sense of pride and accomplishment, develop personal skills and hone team organisational skills. For all, competition
provides an opportunity for social interaction, an incentive to work for further improvement, and an opportunity to gauge ones improvement
against ones self and others.
Long Term Athlete Development.
Canadian Sport for Life through Long Term Athlete Development
1
(LTPAD) is a national program developed to be the basis of planning for sport
excellence and the well being of Canadians. The LTPAD is a recent model based on current scientific information available on children and adults.
Speed Skating Canada (SSC) and other sports use the LTPAD model to provide appropriate developmental-stage programs. Fundamental to the
long-term development of individuals is an event/competition system compatible with and reinforces the objectives and outcomes of each LTPAD
developmental stage.
Competition: Servant or Master.
It is natural that coaches, parents and athletes want to win; competition often drives training, dictating the type, volume, intensity and frequency
of training. In an individual sport winning and personal best times are the most obvious and often thought of as important benchmarks for
success. However, the objectives of each stage of development must also be considered in defining events/competitions and the establishment
of benchmarks of success.
The primary objectives of physical and sport literacy
2
, critically important for younger participants and the basic skills and knowledge which form
the foundation for long term success, must be considered at least as important as winning. At the early developmental stages, physical and
sport literacy goals are more appropriate than winning for long-term development as both a person and as an athlete. If competition is to be a
good servant
3
rather than a poor master, the nature of the activities in speed skating events and competitions should reflect the appropriate
goals for each developmental stage, including reinforcement of social, psychological and physical development objectives. Speed Skating must
provide events/competitions appropriate for athletes in each stage of development from the Learning to Train through the Training to Win
stages of development as part of Canadian Sport for Life, for lifelong participation in skating from the local to international levels.
1 Canadian Sport for Life Long Term Athlete Development Resource Paper, CanadianSport for Life
2 Physical literacy is the development of fundamental movement skills and fundamental sport skills that permit a child to move confidently and with control, in a wide range
of physical activity, rhythmic (dance) and sport situations. Physical literacy also includes the ability to read what is going on around them in an activity setting and react
appropriately to those events.
3 Way Richard and Balyi, Istvan Competition is a Good Servant but a Poor Master Canadian Sport for Life http://www.canadiansportforlife.ca/default.
aspx?PageID=1076&LangID=en
57
APPENDIX 1 SPEED SKATING CANADAS GUIDING
PRINCIPLES FOR COMPETITIONS AND EVENTS
Meaningful Competition
1
implies a chance to succeed and even win but to be successful requires some uncertainty and excitement. Races
where skaters are so spread out that they are essentially racing on their own do not have the necessary uncertainty and are neither fun nor
worthwhile, providing limited challenge and minimal learning. Excitement is based on meeting and challenging uncertainty.
To be meaningful within the LTPAD model a competition also has to have clear goals linked to the athletes development. The event/competition
system should be structured to allow all athletes to compete in meaningful races that support their physical, tactical, technical, mental
and social development. The appropriate level and type of competition as well as the progression from one level to another is critical to each
athletes long-term development. The concept of continuous improvement or Kaizen
2
underlies the progression of races. Kaisen or continuous
improvement is drawn from the respected Japanese industrial philosophy.
Where Are We Now?
For many National Sport Organizations, the competition structure has evolved over many years with structure and annual scheduling of most
competitions based more on tradition than on sport science or an understanding of athlete development. Although 90% of Canadians believe
that sport has a positive influence on youth they also believe that sport is overly-focused on competition to the detriment of promoting key
values such as respect, accessibility, fairness, integrity and trust
3
. Speed Skating Canadas competition structure has evolved in parallel
to SSCs international success and in response to international competitive structures. The success is based on the tremendous efforts of
dedicated volunteers working within this international framework and international competition calendar. This may or may not be aligned with
the objectives of the stages of development defined in LTPAD.
Where Do We Want To Be?
To achieve the LTPAD stages of development objectives, SSC must continually question what it does. By reviewing speed skating objectively
it is possible to retain the best parts of what we do, consider alternatives, and generate new ideas. The LTPAD project has provided National
Sport Organisations with a well-documented model to study their sport systems and re-align all aspects of competition into coherent systems
supporting the long-term development of all participants athletes, coaches, officials, administrators and volunteers. By reviewing and, if
necessary, adjusting the event/competition system so that it supports principles of LTPAD, speed skating can ensure that skaters will be prepared
to perform well in life and in competition, whether at regional, provincial, national or international level, while administrators and volunteers gain
heightened satisfaction from participation.
1 The term meaningful competition is taken from Rowing Canadas LTAD Competition Review , Rowing Canada, p6
2 Canadian Sport for Life Long-Term Athlete Development Resource Paper Canadian Sport for Life p 34
3 People and Sport, SMG, January 2006, p.3
58
How Do We Get There?
This document is the first step of a process to help Speed Skating Canada not only review its events/competitions but more importantly set a
framework for making longer term program decisions. It is intended as a foundational document establishing the principles for determining the
potential scope of skating. Once adopted in principle it will be utilized as a framework for reviewing Speed Skating Canadas events/competitions
within the stages of development defined by Canadian Sport for Life
1
. The Review Team will make recommendations, including potential
implications, which will then be forwarded:
to the LTPAD Working Group for consideration, then 1.
to the appropriate standing committees of Speed Skating Canada to consider recommendations for change, then 2.
for consideration by the membership at the AGM. 3.
Why Guiding Principles?
A set of guiding principles based on the Sport for Lifes LTPAD model and reflecting SSCs values will be an objective foundation for event/
competition recommendations. These recommendations and their rationale will be the starting point for decisions by SSC Board, Standing
Committees, Branches and members.
Speed Skate Canada Guiding Principles for Competition
To effectively review the existing event/competition system and propose new opportunities it is essential to have a clear vision of how events/
competitions service the mission, vision and values of Speed Skating Canada as well as the long-term athlete development model. Programs
must be clearly and coherently linked (training, competition/event, coaching, officiating and membership development) through principles
that are the basis of all SSC activity. The principles apply to all levels and ages of participants but for the younger participants the phrase
children are not miniature adults must be kept in mind for all of the principles.
1 Canadian Sport for Life Long Term Athlete Development Resource Paper Canadian Sport for Life
59
These guiding principles stipulate that events/competitions should:
1. Reflect Speed Skating Canadas values and True Sports principles
The purpose of Speed Skating Canada is to organize and coordinate the sport in Canada for the betterment of sport and its members. It is
guided by six core values: Sport is an Apprenticeship for Life, Respect for Others, Integrity, Excellence of Effort, Safe, Healthy environment and
Voluntarism.
1

Speed Skating Canada is also committed to True Sport which is ... a national Movement of communities and groups across Canada working
to ensure a positive, meaningful and enriching experience for all who participate in sport. The True Sport Movement is based on the belief that
good sport can help build lasting strengths in individuals, as well as healthy, vibrant communities and a more socially connected Canada. At the
heart of True Sport there are four core values: fairness, excellence, inclusion and fun.
2

This principle is included to ensure that the competition and event review stays aligned with the overarching goals of Speed Skating Canada and
current Canadian sport trends, in addition to goals identified in the LTPAD model and other related literature.
2. Be a full partner in the Canadian sport delivery/youth development system
Speed skating is only one activity in the mosaic of youth opportunity, all adding value to Canadian society. With its partner organizations, speed
skating emphasizes fun and healthy living. Partner organizations include many non-sport activities such as the arts and various clubs, all working
for positive youth development. Speed skating coaches, officials and administrators are not just technicians providing skating programs, but role
models projecting and promoting positive human values. Through speed skating they promote sport and life skills transferable to other sports
and life activities.
Factors that could be considered include learning to skate programs, length of season, unstructured play, other sports, and multi sport activities.
This list does not define this principle but illustrates some of the issues for speed skating to consider in this partnership.
3. Adjust to change in society
For the sport to succeed, grow, and achieve Speed Skating Canadas stated purposes and values it must adjust to changes in society. Traditionally
these changes have been reactive but a review of the structure of events and competition is an opportunity to be proactive. Examples of these
factors include social changes such as family, human resources including the roles of volunteers and professional staff, the development of
virtual communities (social networking), travel costs, carbon footprint and issues such as the preference for certain ages to participate in team
events.
1 From Speed Skating Canada Web page< www.speedskating.ca >
2 From True Sport web page < www.truesportpur.ca>
60
4. Provide a pathway towards personal and sporting excellence for all participants
The pursuit of excellence, most often defined as winning or medalling, has to be considered in the holistic context of having fun and meeting
the objectives related to each stage of development. Today, competition is the very core of speed skating and events/competitions are often a
primary means of attracting participants. Consideration of alternative events or types of competition is critical to expanding the attractiveness
of the sport and pathways to excellence.
Because of Speed Skate Canadas Olympic success, speed skating is an elite sport in Canada and should continue to provide athletes with the
opportunity to become the very best that they can be. The event/competition review must consider the relationship between the LTPAD stages
of development to the related age-appropriate events and other public displays of speed skating excellence such as national championships,
team trials and international events. Optimal development and elite competition are not mutually exclusive but are intertwined and essential for
Speed Skating Canada to meet its purpose and satisfy organization values.
5. Be meaningful for all participants (skaters, coaches, officials, parents, volunteers)
The event/competition system should be structured to allow all athletes to compete in meaningful
1
races that support physical, tactical,
technical, mental and social development. Each competitor must have a reasonable chance of succeeding either by winning or by or meeting
other challenges. Competition structures have evolved over many years. The structure and timing of many competitions are based more on
tradition than on sport science and an understanding of athlete development. Traditionally speed skating events, especially championships, have
been structured into chronological age categories. Meaningful events/competitions also must consider ideal ages and categories for learning to
skate, competition age categories for males and females and season length.
The LTPAD model has provided National Sport Organisations with an opportunity to reconsider their sports basic framework. This review
is intended to consider what event/competition does to support participant long-term development athletes, coaches, officials, event
administrators, administrators and volunteers. Potentially, adjustments to the event/competition system so it supports principles of LTPAD, may
well produce more skaters better prepared to perform well in life and in competition, whether at club, branch, regional, national or international
levels.
The definition of meaningful will likely be different for stages of development, regions and even individuals. To be meaningful a competition
must have defined purpose with stated goals.
6. Be fun, safe, attractive and accessible to people of all ages, of all skill levels and from all different
backgrounds
Every person who wants to race on skates should have the opportunity to do so in a safe and affordable manner. The issue of physical safety is
one of Speed Skating Canadas values. But safety also implies free from harassment or interference with the individual. Fun, while covered under
other principles, is the root of speed skatings success. Enhanced by its elite classification, speed skating can take positive strides to enhance
accessibility. Developing Physical Literacy
2
for every child identifies several underrepresented groups including: aboriginal youth, youth with
a disability, girls (especially those from ethnic groups that have not traditionally valued physical activity), and disadvantaged inner-city youth.
There are a great many issues regarding accessibility and many of these factors are outside Speed Skating Canadas control but others can be
addressed. Some within speed skatings control include economics, personal and social perceptions, type of skates and uniforms. These are
included as examples of issues that can be considered to make speed skating as accessible as possible. The concept of attractive relates to how
the speed skating and the events and competitions are perceived by Canadians. If they are perceived as attractive the sport will grow.
The basic premise is that the more accessible the events and competitions are the more skaters will participate.
1 The term meaningful competition is taken from Rowing Canadas LTAD Competition Review, Rowing Canada,p6. It is described on page 57.
2 Developing Physical Literacy, A Guide For Parents Of Children Ages 0 to 12 Canadian Sport Centre, 2008 p28
61
7. Utilize the basic characteristics identified in the LTPAD and other literature to define the event/
competition objectives for each stage of development
Acceptance of the LTPAD model implies the objectives for each stage
1
with the data in three domains, physical, psychological and motor skill,
defining the program. The question is: Does the program define the events/competitions or do the events/competitions define the program?
The LTPAD is relatively new initiative and while programs likely adhere to many of the principles they may not have had time to adapt to others.
Program and events/competitions are naturally intertwined. Therefore the review has to make recommendations based on this principle. Issues
to be considered include program objectives such as fundamental movement skills, physical literacy, as well as the physical, psychological and
motor domains.

8. Utilize the basic characteristics identified in the LTPAD and other literature in the selection of event/
competition activities and skills for each stage of development
An overriding principle in event activity selection should be the relationship between program objectives and the types of activities offered to
the participants of each stage. The activities and skills included in events/competitions selected should highlight the goals and objectives of
the stage. The most obvious reason is to focus attention on the developmental stage objectives. Having events related to the stage objectives
should help parents to directly see the benefits of the programs, help teacher/coaches to maintain focus on these goals and finally and perhaps
most importantly it should provide both motivation and direct reinforcement to the participants. Once the overarching goals of a program and
the developmentally appropriate tasks are identified, events, including competitions for each stage of development, must be developmentally
appropriate.
An example of another factor is that many sports have made adjustments to scale equipment to the physical size of children (children are not
little adults). Balls were made smaller and lighter, rackets smaller, distance between bases adjusted, fields and goals smaller, children play
hockey on half rather than full ice surfaces. The rationale for changing was to make the field of play and equipment more specific to the size of
the children so they would have relatively similar tasks and the similar probability for success as adults. If the size of the track was adjusted to
the size of the athlete would the skater have the same number of stride rate and patterns similar to adults?
High performance programs require larger international ice surfaces but are these surfaces necessary at youth level? Are there other alternatives
to improve existing rink safety and reduce the need for large ice surfaces at younger ages? Does speed skating eliminate smaller facilities
because of high performance requirements? Is the challenge not to find safe means to allow every Canadian access to this opportunity anywhere
there is ice?
9. Success defined and celebrated in relation to the goals and objectives of the stage of all participants.
Skater preparation for events should be related to stage of development, including elements such as skills, agility, tactics, etc. Coaches and
parents need to understand that speed skating is more than winning or the times achieved. The reward system must consider all participants
and reward the implementation principles
But we need to be careful not to leave behind what our sport is all about: racing on skates. With that in mind, this review acknowledges that
the sport is about both racing to win and measuring individual improvement and being rewarded for personal achievement while keeping young
skaters in touch with older club and national and international skater. Success should not be achieved at the expense of participation.
1 Defined in Canadian Sport for Life, p 37-44 and Speed Skating Canadas Find Your Edge Speed Skating Canadas Long-Term Athlete Development Plan. P17-40
62
APPENDIX 2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Introduction 63
2. Overview of the Developmental Constructs 64
3. Physical Anatomical 65
4. Physiological 66
4.1 Window of Trainability 67
5. Neurological 67
6. Cognitive 68
6.1 Rules Comprehension
7. Psychological 69
7.1 Self-Concept and Self-Esteem
8. Social Affiliation and Play Stages 70
9. Periodization and Competition Calendar 71
9.1 The Role of Competition
10. Age Issues 74
10.1 Relative, Biological and Chronological Age 74
10.2 Gender Differences and Age 76
10.3 ISU Ages and Distances 76
11. Facilities and Equipment 77
11.1 Skates 77
11.2 Ice Surfaces and Track Sizes 77
12. Social Issues and Trends 79
12.1 Volunteers 79
12.2 Family 79
12.3 Accessibility 80
12.4 Sustainable Environment and Carbon Foot Print 80
12.5 SSC Demographics 80
63
APPENDIX 2 DEVELOPMENTAL CONSTRUCTS
Introduction 1.
To effectively review the existing event/competition system and propose new opportunities it is essential to have a clear vision of how events and
competitions
1
service the mission, vision and values of Speed Skating Canada (SSC) as well as the long-term athlete, participant development
model (LTPAD). The LTPAD is a model developed by Canadian growth and development experts. The conceptual base for the model is summarized
in appendices in Find Your Edge and Canadian Sport for Life Resource Paper. To facilitate the interpretation of this material the information has
been partitioned into the following Constructs:
Physical/Anatomical
Physiological
Neurological
Cognitive
Psychological (self-concept and self-esteem)
Social Affiliation and Play Stages
Periodization and Competition Calendar
Age Issues
Facilities and Equipment
Social Issues and Trends
The Constructs are pillars providing the foundational rational for a holistic program at every stage. They are primarily based on developmental
growth literature and theory. The Constructs were reviewed by individuals with both an academic and a sport background for validity.
Assuming validity, they should stand until growth and development research
provides better evidence. The last topic (Social Issues and Trends) is not based
on growth and development material but addresses critical issues to keep in mind
when considering the structure of speed skating in Canada. The vast majority
of this document is based on LTPAD published material
2
but where necessary
additional research was completed and referenced.
It is important to benchmark the objectives for each LTPAD developmental stage.
These are slightly different in the Canadian Sport for Life Resource Paper and Find
Your Edge documents. By including both the stages are better defined, therefore
both sets of objectives are included in Table A. Table B links these stages of
development to the 2008 SSC age categories.
Table C is a summary of the number of SSC active competitors in three general stages: FUNdamentals, Training and Competition known as
the 70 20 10 demographics. 70% of SSC competitors are in the pre-puberty age classes (FUNdamentals) while 20 % are in junior and juvenile
ages (Training Stages) and only 10% are in older ages (Competition Stages) with 1% on SSC national and development teams. While the
elite programs are important, the developmental and demographic perspectives were emphasized for stages up to Learning to Compete. The
LTPAD will help Speed Skating Canada continue to offer the very best programs for the development of all the members.
1 It is necessary to develop definitions of terms that have been used interchangeably in society. The following are operational definitions used in this document:
Event is a planned and organized occasion (e.g. races and/or skill tests and/or fun activities)
Competition is an event in which a number of races are contested.
Race is a contest between two or more people seeking to do the same thing, or to finish first.
Skill test is an opportunity to demonstrate how much you know or how well you are able to do a skill.
2 From both the Canadian Sport Centres Canadian Sport for Life Long-Term Athlete Development Resource Paper V2 and Speed Skating Canadas Find Your Edge Speed Skating
Canadas Long-Term Athlete Development Plan.
The Constructs are pillars providing
the foundational rational for a holistic
program at every stage. They are
primarily based on developmental
growth literature and theory.
APPENDIX 2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Introduction 63
2. Overview of the Developmental Constructs 64
3. Physical Anatomical 65
4. Physiological 66
4.1 Window of Trainability 67
5. Neurological 67
6. Cognitive 68
6.1 Rules Comprehension
7. Psychological 69
7.1 Self-Concept and Self-Esteem
8. Social Affiliation and Play Stages 70
9. Periodization and Competition Calendar 71
10. Age Issues 74
10.1 Relative, Biological and Chronological Age 74
10.2 Gender Differences and Age 76
10.3 ISU Ages and Distances 76
11. Facilities and Equipment 77
11.1 Skates 77
11.2 Ice Surfaces and Track Sizes 77
12. Social Issues and Trends 79
12.1 Volunteers 79
12.2 Family 79
12.3 Accessibility 80
12.4 Sustainable Environment and Carbon Foot Print 80
12.5 SSC Demographics 80
64
2. Overview of The Developmental Constructs
People mature at different rates in different domains. For each domain, there are general trends or stages which are experienced in sequential
order. Within an individual, rate of growth/development/maturation differs between domains. The person who experiences an early growth
spurt may be a late developer in psychological or social domains. There are also large individual differences within each domain. For example,
the growth spurt can start at a very early or a very late chronological age. Even the length of the growth spurt can vary between individuals.
There are of course other reasons for individual differences such as genetic endowment and opportunity.
The goal of this section is to paint trends within specific domains but with a broad brush. It is important to note that these are generalizations
related to chronological age. There are children who have certain capacities at a much earlier or much later age however the chronological age
is a benchmark linking the majority of children to the stage of development. The diagram below illustrates the general developmental trends over
three domains, general growth, genital maturation and neural maturity. Early and late maturers are the exceptions and not the basis to define a
general program. The reader will be referred to tables which are abridged synopsis of other sources referenced in the footnotes. The general
picture will lead to Constructs or summary statements. The Constructs summarize the trends in each domain. These trends can guide SSC
in selecting events/competition structures that support the LTPAD model.
These trends apply to the majority of the athletes at each age therefore are useful to identify the types of activities, races and distances for
each chronological age. However for optimal individual development a more individualized approach is recommended for training programs.
For example the physiological windows of trainability (see below) are specifically linked to puberty and are best benchmarked to peak height
velocity (PHV). Therefore PHV provides important guidance for developing physical training programs but cannot be the sole determinant of the
best program for an individual. Other domains or constructs must be considered in a holistic approach to program development
2
.
The primary source of material for this section is Appendix 1
of Canadian Sport For Life. The Appendix is titled Physical
Mental and Cognitive, and Emotional Developmental
Characteristics and is described: The following
Moving Scale provides a guideline on how to utilize the
Physical, Mental, Cognitive and Emotional Development
Characteristics tables pointing, out the over laps at various
stages of LTAD. While the table is a good source of
information there are two concerns.
The first concern is by grouping so many developmental
characteristic into one category the developmental
continuum within a characteristic is difficult to trace. To
address this Tables (D, E, L, M, N, O and P) were developed
that essentially focus on specific characteristics. Where
the trends were incomplete other data was accessed and
reported in other tables (N, Q and R).
The second issue with the appendix is the wide range and
overlap of age ranges (for males late childhood to 6 to
14, early puberty 9 to 16, late puberty 14 to 18 and early
adulthood 16 to 22. The overlap is similar for females. This
reflects the real issue of individual rate of development in every domain. We are familiar with this regarding physical growth where the
development can be benchmarked against peak height velocity. The later is relatively easy to measure and even predict. The mental, cognitive
and emotional characteristics also have wide individual differences and these are not as readily measured. The tables and the resulting
constructs were used to paint a developmental picture across all the characteristics. The issue of individualized rates of development for
each characteristic is real and must be considered. The reader and SSC must be cautious in interpreting this information and make sure every
developmental domain is must be considered not just the more obvious physical growth.
1 Figure Extracted From: Bayli & Way, The Role of Monitoring Growth in Long Term Athlete Development, A Supplement to: Canadian Sport for Life (2009)
2 For a complete discussion of this please see: Bayli & Way, The Role of Monitoring Growth in Long Term Athlete Development, A Supplement to: Canadian Sport for Life (2009)
100
80
60
40
20
0
d
e
n
i
a
t
t
a

e
z
i
S
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Age (years)
Different patterns of system growth during childhood
Age (years)
h
t
w
o
r
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l
a
t
a
n
t
s
o
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f
o

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s
a

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e
n
i
a
t
t
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e
z
i
S
Neural
Genit al
General
65
3. Physical Anatomical
Growth is relatively orderly and consistent during the late childhood stage of development (Table D). Pre-
puberty children have only modest gender differences. However at the start of puberty, most children
have a very significant growth spurt, which leads to obvious physical changes. These are usually
accompanied by changes in secondary sexual characteristics. Individual differences are dramatic,
because some children start this growth spurt at an early age (early maturers) and others much later
(late maturers). Post puberty the growth stabilizes and within each gender individual differences are not
as dramatic as during the growth spurt. Post-puberty adolescents have significant difference between
males and female with males being larger and stronger.
In speed skating the tradition has been to race counter clockwise, therefore most of the preparation and
almost all of the racing has been turning left. No one is sure why this direction, but it has always been
done that way. Turning only one direction contradicts the concept of physical literacy. There is also an
anatomical risk of muscular imbalance. With respect to speed skating skill there is anecdotal evidence
that skaters have a much more difficult time learning to get on the outside edge on a straightaway. Based
on the principle that practice and training are heavily influenced by the types of events, it is important that
at least during the FUNdamentals, Learning to Train and Training to Train stages of development there
be a significant amount of clockwise racing in events and competitions. Such racing will require attention
to safety factors such as the padding system.
Physical Anatomical Developmental Constructs
Pre-puberty stages of development have no need to have gender specific races/events/competitions.
Puberty is a period of rapid growth during which the length of limbs may grow rapidly, therefore severely challenging skills development.
Puberty is a time of maximal individual differences within a chronological age.
During puberty there is a need to minimize the chronological age differences between individuals.
Post puberty the majority of the growth is complete.
Post puberty stages of development require gender specific races/competitions.
FUNdamentals, Learning to Train and Training to Train stages of development should include a significant amount of clockwise racing in
addition to the traditional clockwise direction.
In speed skating
the tradition has
been to race
counter clockwise,
therefore most of
the preparation and
almost all of the
racing has been
turning left.
66
4. Physiological
4.1 Windows of Trainability: Specific physiological systems mature differently and at different ages (Table E). Different systems adapt to specific
training at different ages. These are labelled windows of trainability. These windows are illustrated below and listed in Tables F and G.
Trainability refers to faster adaptation to stimuli and the genetic endowment of skaters as they respond individually to specific stimuli and adapt to it accordingly.
Trainability has been defined as the responsiveness of developing individuals to the training stimulus at different stages of growth and maturation.
A Window of Trainability refers to the point in the development of a specific capacity when training has an optimal effect. Other factors are readiness and critical
periods of trainability during growth and development of young skaters, where the stimulus must be timed to achieve optimal adaptation with regard to motor
skills, muscular, and/or aerobic power. Attention to Windows of Trainability will be a significant factor in the continued success of Speed Skating Canada.
1

The next figure illustrates the Windows of Trainability
2
SSC Competition Review Principle 8 states:Utilize the basic
characteristics identified in the LTAD and other literature in the
selection of event/competition activities and skills for each stage
of development. While principle 9 states Success defined and
celebrated in relation to the goals and objectives of the stage of
all participants. For SSC events and specifically distances to be
LTPAD appropriate they must consider these principles. Tables
H, I, J and K used Tables F and G to develop a tables to provide
guidance regarding appropriate distance/skill test time periods
for each age. It is possible that a case could be made for other
distances based on other developmental data.
In these tables the term emphasize means that because it is
a window of trainability the time periods/distances for that age
should be included in competitions and skill tests while the term
avoid means that from a physiological perspective these times
frames/distances should not be raced. These designations are to
provide guidance for competitive racing which assume maximum
effort for the time period. It is assumed that the distances selected
will influence training programs. Many of the avoid categories
were based on the time period being inappropriate at maximal
effort. These time periods may be appropriate in training, but at
sub-maximal effort.
In order to assist the team and the membership translate these
times and windows into age appropriate distances, Canadian
records and distances raced in each age category were included in the tables. The time periods to emphasize were identified by green, those to
avoid in red and others left in white. These tables alone justify the reconsideration of distances raced at each stage/age class. It is important to
reiterate that these are based almost exclusively on physiological considerations and therefore these are labelled as guidelines. It is important
to be clear that the essence of speed skating and other developmental domains must also be considered as well as the windows of trainability
when selecting appropriate distances (specific stage time period/distances will be discussed in the developmental recommendations section
of the report).
Physiological Developmental Construct
Windows of trainability should be a major determinant of SSC competition and event activities for each developmental stage .
1 Find Your Edge Speed Skating Canadas Long Term Athlete Development Plan, Speed Skating Canada, p12.
2 Find Your Edge Speed Skating Canadas Long Term Athlete Development Plan, Speed Skating Canada, p12.
All Systems Are Always Trainable!
Skills Speed 1
Chronological
Age
Stamina
Skills
Speed 1 Speed 2
Strength
Males
Stamina
Strength 1 & 2
Speed 2
Physical, Mental - Cognitive, Emotional Development
Females
under

Developmental Age
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20+
PHV
Rate of Growth
Rate of Growth
PHV

Suppleness
Suppleness
Figure 8 PacificSport - Optimal Windows of Trainability (Balyi and Way, 2005)
67
5. Neurological
The neurological system is almost fully developed by the start of puberty. In late childhood muscular strength is a function of neurological
maturation (Table L). This affects systems such as muscles where large muscle groups are neurologically mature before smaller muscle groups.
By early puberty the nervous system is essentially mature. This has implications for agility, balance, co-ordination and flexibility which develop
rapidly at the end of the late childhood stage and are fully trainable during early puberty. This
neurological maturation is also reflected in the windows of trainability (Tables F and G).
The issues of readiness and physical literacy are also related to neurological maturation. Sport
for Life has published a special supplement on physical literacy
1
. That document defines physical
literacy as
. . . the development of fundamental movements skills and fundamental sport skills that permit a child to
move confidently and with control in a wide range of physical activity, rhythmic (dance) and sport situations.
Physical literacy also includes the ability to read what is going on around them in an activity setting and react
appropriately to those events.
2

To address physical literacy events, races and activities should emphasise general sport skills as well as speed skating skills.
Neurological Developmental Constructs
Events, competitions and activities should focus on physical literacy as well as speed skating skills during the late childhood stage.
The neurological system is almost fully developed when the child starts puberty.
Activities should account for neurological maturation especially agility, balance, co-ordination and flexibility during the late childhood
Precision in skills can be achieved due to the relatively advanced neurological development
1 Developing Physical Literacy: A Guide for Parents of Children Ages 0 to 12, Canadian Sport Centers, 2008.
2 Developing Physical Literacy: A Guide for Parents of Children Ages 0 to 12, Canadian Sport Centers, 2008, p5.
The issues of readiness
and physical literacy
are also related to
neurological maturation.
68
6. Cognitive
Attention span, language skills and reasoning ability develop during late childhood (Tables M
and N). During early puberty children have increased reasoning. They are capable and willing
to take on more responsibility for their own learning. Because participants are developing their
self-concept at this age, they need positive feedback and reinforcement. As participants get
older they assume more responsibility for their learning.
Piaget
1
identified four cognitive developmental stages: sensorimotor (birth to 2 years,
preoperational (2 to 7 years), concrete operations (7 to 11 years) and formal operations (11 years
and older). During the preoperational stage the child is likely to centre on only one dimension of
an event and ignore other important details, at the concrete operational stage the child cognitive
is only capable of focusing on two characteristics at a time and it is during the formal operations
stage they can handle many possibilities for a given situation.
Cognitive Developmental Constructs
Cognitively participants are children and are not miniature adults during the FUNdamentals and Learning to Train developmental stages.
Childrens ability to focus on dynamic issues is limited until they reach late puberty
Competition requires ability to analyse performance. Until early puberty, competitions should be managed so children are able to analyse
The transition from Learning to Train to Training to Train includes the child gaining the understanding on where they rank competitively
within a group. They form an opinion on whether they are good or not
6.1 Rules Comprehension:
Understanding rules and interpreting rules requires both knowledge and reasoning (Tables M and N). During late childhood children have limited
reasoning ability. Children at this age have a strong sense of right and wrong and in this stage of development children tend to see things
as black and white. In the 9 to 12 ages children tend to see actions and motives objectively with a growing understanding of the principles
behind rules. However they are ego-centric and rigidly apply the rules.
It is only during late puberty that there is a complete understanding and
acceptance of the rules, regulations and structures. Even at this age,
rules are seen in simplistic terms and must be clear and well defined.
During late puberty children start to completely understand and accept
rules regulations and structure. While the age boundaries are slightly
different Piaget
2
defined this as Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years)
and Formal Operational Stage (11 years and beyond).
Cognitive Developmental Construct (rules comprehension)
Until the later stage of puberty children are generally not capable of having a complete understanding of rules and the ability to interpret
them.
1 From online Encyclopaedia of Educational Technology from <http://coe.sdsu.edu/eet/Articles/piaget/imdex.htm>
2 From online Encyclopaedia of Educational Technology from <http://coe.sdsu.edu/eet/Articles/piaget/imdex.htm>
During the
preoperational stage the
child is likely to centre
on only one dimension
of an event and ignore
other important details
It is only during late puberty that there is a
complete understanding and acceptance of
the rules, regulations and structures.
69
7. Psychological
7.1 Self-Concept and Self-Esteem:
Self-Esteem is all about how much people value themselves, the pride they feel in themselves,
and how worthwhile they feel. Self-esteem is important because feeling good about yourself
can affect how you act. A person who has high self-esteem will make friends more easily, is
more in control of his or her behaviour, and will enjoy life more. Body image show is how a
person feels about his or her appearance. For many people, especially people in their early
teens, body image can be linked to self-esteem. Thats because as kids develop into teens, they
care more about how others see them
1
.
As an extension of the body, clothing can effect body image perception and functions to
strengthen or weaken the body-image boundary. Clothing acts as a second skin in establishing
the physical boundaries of self.
2
Children are developing their self-esteem during late childhood (Tables N and O).
During early puberty with all the physical bodily changes young people are concerned about body image and clothes as part of their development
of self-esteem. They are involved in a new form of ego-centric thought. It is only during late adolescence that children start to self-actualize
with self-expression being important.
Self Concept and Self Esteem Developmental Constructs
As self-concept is developing, events/competition must be meaningful and fair (i.e. each child must have a reasonable chance to succeed).
Self-concept should be well established, to be able to interpret the obvious direct comparison of winning/losing.
Children start to self-actualize with self-expression being important during late adolescence.
Body image, self-esteem and clothing are interlinked.
1 From <http://kidshealth.org/teen/your mind/body image/body image.html>
2 Using Clothing Choices and Body Image to Enhance Self-Esteem, Journal of Extension, 32-2, 1994
During early puberty with all the
physical bodily changes young
people are concerned about body
image and clothes as part of their
development of self-esteem.
70
8. Social Affiliation and Play Stages
Pre-school childrens primary affiliation is with their parents and immediate family (Tables N, O, P and Q). When children start school they begin
to develop some independence from family and start to affiliate with other adults such as coaches and teachers as well as their friends. This
is the beginning of the process of developing independence from family. By ages 9 to 11 the independence from family is stronger. Peers are
much more important and healthy friendships become part of each childs social development. At this age social interaction between boys
and girls starts to become important. By the teenage years they tend to make
their own choices about friends, sports and school, however peer pressure often
leads to conflicting loyalties. At this age tensions often arise between adults and
adolescents. They become more independent, developing their own personalities
and interests. At this age social interaction between males and female is quite
important. By early adulthood (15 years and older) they have the capacity for
self-actualization and there is a need to be self-directed and independent (Table P).
During the teenage years individuals start to make choices about school and other
longer term issues such as careers that have to be balanced with sport.
As children physically grow and mature, they go through social play developmental
levels. The levels are parallel play, associative play, cooperative play to low
organized games. It is not until they are 8 years old that they are socially ready to
participate in individual and dual sports, relays and lead up games. At the age of
10 they move on to team sports (Table R).
By puberty much more happening than the obvious physical growth. There are social affiliation issues as children are influenced by peers as
much or more than adults. In a study of UK Athletics
1
(track and field) it was concluded that as the childs affiliations mature from parents and
adults to peers, young people are often more comfortable with the team rather than the individual sporting environment.
Social Affiliation and Play Stage Developmental Constructs
For preschool children, primary affiliation is with parents and this gradually changes to significant others and peers
by the teenage years.
At 10 years of age children reach a stage where team sports are important.
At 12 years of age children start to have individualized leisure preferences.
Sport needs to offer a strong social environment during all stages of development.
The social environment is especially important during the early teenage years.
By early adulthood (15 years and older) they have the capacity for self-actualization.
By early adulthood (15 years and older), there is also a need to be self-directed and independent.
By late adolescence teenagers are starting to make decision regarding school and career which have to be
traded off or balance with sport.
1 Changing Athletics Competition, UK: Athletics,
When children start school
they begin to develop some
independence from family and
start to affiliate with other adults
such as coaches and teachers as
well as their friends.
71
9. Periodization and Competition Calendar
Competition has been the primary focus and the very strength of speed skating in Canada. It is the raison dtre for speed skating. SSC has
developed one of the most successful international speed skating programs in the world and our national teams have made speed skating a
premier Canadian winter sport. When SSC considers the implications of the LTPAD for the holistic development of the members, the role of
competition must be considered at each stage of development to make sure that competition meets the objectives for that stage of development.
Implied in this statement is that competition, while of value in and of itself, can have a variety of positive and negative effects on an individuals
development. However as SSC considers the holistic development of each member the role of competition has to also consider other factors
such as education and other lifestyle factors. While the focus of this section is on periodization and the competition calendar, the role of speed
skating competition must be considered as a baseline for these recommendations.
If competition is a test or a form of evaluation then terms used in educational evaluation theory may be useful in considering the role of
competition in long term athlete development: Summative evaluation is a method of judging the worth of a program at the end of the program activities.
The focus is on the outcome. and Formative evaluation is a method of judging the worth of a program while the program activities are forming or happening.
Formative evaluation focuses on the process.
1
Formative evaluation is similar to Competition Training when competition is used as a part of training
process. Results would only be used within the context of a program and never for ranking or selection. This is not true for many of the SSC
competitions (e.g. in Long Track - six ranking competitions and two team trials). In Actual Competition the results are summative for selection
or to declare champions. This applies to national team rankings, team national team selection and many branch selection policies.
If one accepts the formative/summative distinction as two potential roles of competition, the issue of how the results are interpreted and used
becomes a critical consideration. For example times such as personal bests could have a formative and reinforcing value. However, if times are
used for selection to a national championship, or to set records the times have a summative function. If the objective of a stage is to develop
physical literacy and speed skating skills, these factors should be the primary basis for recognition. In speed skating performance as measured
by time is important but only within the context of the stage of development objectives.
To facilitate planning, three definitions of competition are proposed: performance competitions, developmental competitions and simulation
competitions.
Performance Competition is allied to summative evaluation where the outcome is the focus. This would include all competitions that lead to
selection to a team, funding, ranking and major championships. These competitions would be important points, perhaps even the goal, in an
athletes periodization plan.
Developmental Competition is allied with formative evaluation which focuses on the process, physical development and learning. These could
be the competition objectives when an athlete participates in a formal competition but the results are used to analyse the skaters development.
Specific objectives could be to test fitness, execute skill in competition, try out racing strategies etc.
Simulation Competition would be done in controlled situations within training and practice or in situations such as club handicap racing or
informal Saturday morning racing. These would not be sanctioned in any way and for the most part managed by coaches. These would also
focus on the process of developing and therefore be formative.
Each stage of development has clearly enunciated objectives (Table A) and the role of competition, amount of competition and the priority of
competition must match the objectives which are clearly enunciated for each stage (Table A).
The way competition results are used must be considered in an athletes long term development plan
1 http://www.sjsu.edu/depts/it/itcdpdf/evaluation.pdf
72
9.2 Periodization
Competitions are part of the periodization process and is usually the focal point for an annual plan.
Periodization sequences the training components into weeks, days and sessions. Periodization is situation specific depending on the priorities and time
available to bring about the required training and competition improvement. Periodization organizes and manipulates the aspects of modality, volume, intensity
and frequency of training through long term (multi-year and short term (annual) training, competition, and recovery programs to achieve peak performances when
required. A critical aspect of periodization is planning a competition calendar. During the early stages of development (Active Start to Learning to Compete)
developing physical capacities take precedence over competition. Throughout the later stages (Training to Compete Training to Win) the ability to compete
becomes the focus.
1
The document goes on to make several statements:
Optimal sport specific competition ratios are required for all stages of LTAD. i.
Level and length of the competitive season should be aligned with the changing needs of the developmental skater progressing through LTAD. ii.
Over-competition and under-training at the Learning to Training and Training to Train stages result in a lack of basic skills and fitness. iii.
The appropriate level of competition is critical to the technical, tactical, and mental development at all stages. iv.
Specific strategies will need to be analyzed and implemented by the provinces and regions across the country, as strengths and weaknesses will v.
vary considerably.
The current system of competition is based on tradition. It should be planned to enhance optimal training, performance and development of the skater vi.
depending upon their LTAD stage.
Competitions in Canada must be created and scheduled considering strategic planning and with due regard for the optimal performance of an athlete vii.
and the tapering and peaking requirements.
While international and national calendars are usually well integrated, a systematic competition and training review needs to be undertaken, with viii.
regard to our club and provincial level skaters.
Specifically, we need to look at the integration of both Long and Short Track training and competition. ix.
The amount of racing at each stage is a crucial issue. The SSC Find Your Edge document states: Over-competition and under-training at the
Learning to Training and Training to Train stages result in a lack of basic skills and fitness. This statement is based on team sport data and not
an individual sport like speed skating. The question of how much racing should be targeted for each stage of development has to be addressed
by speed skating. It also related to the previous section regarding What is the purpose of racing at each stage. The amount of competition
and the competition/training ratio must be considered in light of the developmental stage objectives.
The Canadian Sport for Life Resource Paper and the Find Your Edge documents have specific information on periodization, training/competition
ratios, and number of competitions per year which is summarized in Table S. Percentage competition includes competition specific training
which makes it very difficult to interpret this ratio. To address this issue three categories are proposed: Developmental Training, Competition
Training and Competition. Table T is an attempt to operationally define these as percentages for each stage. The Competition, Competition
Training and the Developmental Training are based on calculations using the data available in the Canadian Sport for Life Resource Paper
and the Find Your Edge documents. These numbers are guidelines to help the team and SSC members determine the appropriate amount of
competition at each stage of development.
A distinction is made between long-term or Developmental Training and Competition Training. Racing can be a planned part of Competition
Training. There can be traditional training the day of competition with race(s) as part of that training. Races can be part of the training for
competition as tests of strategies and mental preparation (including rest for optimal performance).
At the Learning and Training to Win stages of development the ratio would be very individual. For example, in an Olympic year athletes goals are
likely for the current year and short term (making the Olympic Team, winning or an Olympic medal). Longer term development is likely secondary.
However, in the same year for other athletes long term development for the next Olympic cycle might be the goal. These are full time athletes
and SSC has paid professionals who are responsible for these plans.
1 Find Your Edge Speed Skating Canadas Long-term Athlete Development Plan, Speed Skating Canada, p14-15
73
At the Learning and Training to Compete stages of development there are similar issues.
In the last two years as a junior, World Juniors might be the primary goal or perhaps
Canada Games. The issue of concern here is the how ranking and selection competitions
and international competitions fit with longer term development. The challenge will be to
distinguish between competition training and competition.
Skating season length, competition calendar and periodization planning must consider
education (school calendars), school sports, complementary sports, etc. in setting the
framework for development of the whole individual, not simply physiological training
dimensions. The relative importance of these will depend on the athletes stage of
development and experience but is particularly important at the Learning and Training to
Compete and the Learning to Win stages. Active rest and recovery are as important as
the amount of training, frequency of training and competitions schedule.
For these issues the questions are much more important than the answers.
Whatopportunityisspeedskatingtryingtosupportinthelongtermdevelopmentofeachathlete?
Whatisthepurposeofthecompetition?Howaretheresultsinterpreted?
Whataretheotherimportantfactorsintheindividualathleteslives?
These are much more important than the number of competitions.
Periodization and Competition Developmental Constructs
Developing physical literacy and physical capacities take precedence over competition, periodization and the competition calendar for the
Training to Win).
The issue of concern here is
the how ranking and selection
competitions and international
competitions fit with longer term
development.
74
10. Age Issues
10.1 Relative, Biological and Chronological Age: Chronological Age is based on the time between an individuals birth and a specific date.
Biological or maturational age is defined by actual growth and is often benchmarked by peak height velocity (PHV).
1
The concept of Relative Age is related to the competitors actual chronological age in years and days as compared to other athletes in the
same age category. There is data in many sports the critical date for defining age creates significant bias for and against individuals simply
based on their birthday date within the competitive year. For example in 2007 more than 13% of hockey player who played major junior hockey
were born in January, and only 4% were born in December
2
. This data and data from other sports establish a strong relationship between date
of birth and success. Using an arbitrary age definition means the
older athletes tend to be bigger, stronger and more skilled than the
younger participants. The age advantage increases the probability
that an older athlete has more opportunity to develop through
selection, streaming and differentiated opportunity. This becomes
a self-fulfilling prophecy of doing well leading to more opportunity
to develop and therefore widen the gap.
3
The data from speed
skating is not clear regarding this effect. However a child born
June 30
th
will always be the youngest in the SSC defined age class
with a child born 364 days earlier (born on July 1
st
) always in the
same SSC age category but chronologically a year older.
While not directly related to event and competition age categories the concept of linking the training programs to maturational age requires
comment. The following is a quote from Volume 1: Biathlon Canada LTAD Model Planning For the Sporting Excellence and Well-being of
Canadians:
Biological groupings: A possible alternative to chronological
age groups is grouping by biological age. Childrens growth rates
accelerate at the onset of puberty, reaching a peak growth rate,
Peak Height Velocity (PHV), near the middle. The PHV can be used to
decide which individuals are in what stage of development, and sports
medicine tells us which physiological systems optimize during which
of the three phase: Pre-PHV, PHV, and Post-PHV.
However, PHV-based pubertal phases are of significantly different
lengths for different children. Measurement of PHV involves
measurements of a childs sitting and standing heights every month
before acceleration starts and weekly until deceleration sets in. Although this is categorized as a non-invasive procedure by sport medicine experts, it is a
significant invasion of personal space by North American standards. It is also a significant administrative workload for sports organizations.
To make this concrete, a fast transition child could go through all three phases in 1.5 years, necessitating as many as three category transitions in one December
through March competition season. In effect, moving from childrens competitions to young-adult competitions in one chronological year. A slow transition athlete
will gradually progress through three categories in 3-4 years, receiving significantly more training and competition experience before facing up to young adult
competition.
Because of the variability in onset and transition speed, together with the necessity of close and exact monitoring and reporting by local officials, competition
classes based on the three pubertal transition phases, Pre-PHV, PHV, and Post-PHV, would be very difficult to organize and administer. Significant negative social
and psychological outcomes would accrue to early, fast transit athletes as well as late start, slow transit athletes separated from their chronological peer groups
by the sport system.
Puberty is the time when children begin to produce the hormones that transform their bodies and minds into their adult forms. This change has profound
physiological implications and therefore is of profound importance to sport performance. This change is signalled by an increase in growth rate. This pubertal
growth spurt is characterized by a Peak Height Velocity, PHV the point of fastest growth. The PHV can be used as a marker to determine the hormonal state
of teenagers. After puberty, growth rate drops steadily towards zero.
1 The reader is directed to the section A New Approach? in Developing Physical Literacy: A Guide for Parents of Children Ages 0 to 12, Canadian Sport Centers, 2008, p23 to
25.
2 For a discussion of relative age see the Matthew Effect p15 34 in Malcolm Gladwell, Outliers The Story of Success, 2008.
3 See Developing Physical Literacy; A Guide for Parents of Children Ages 0 to 12. Canadian Sport Centres p 25
The concept of Relative Age is related to the
competitors actual chronological age in years
and days as compared to other athletes in the
same age category.
There is data in many sports the critical date
for defining age creates significant bias for and
against individuals simply based on their birthday
date within the competitive year.
75
PHV is the obvious external marker for the pubertal transformation.
The PHV marker is very important in the LTAD context. Different individuals start into puberty at different chronological ages. Some individuals go through puberty
very quickly, some very slowly. Statistically there seems to be three patterns: fast, average and slow. A fast transition can be as little as eighteen months. A slow
transition can take up to five years. This combination of early and late starters with fast to slow
transitions breaks up the statistical uniformity of the late childhood population. Suddenly, a group
of children of the same chronological age exhibit a huge range of physiological ages.
Children aged 11 15, show large variations in size, growth rate and physiological development
within age groups due to the asynchronous onset and progression of puberty.
Children transiting through puberty, aged 11 15 show correspondingly large differences in sport
performance within age groups.
Biological Age is a critical bench mark for determining individualized developmentally
sound programming. This requires identifying each individuals onset of the growth spurt
and peak height velocity (PHV). Three phases need to be identified Pre-PHV, PHV, and
Post-PHV. Some methods such as wrist x-rays are perceived as invasive. Measurement
protocols (arm span, sitting height and standing height) have to be administratively cost
effective. Recent work suggests that these three measurements every three months is
effective, efficient and optimal. A paper monitoring growth is available on the Canadian
Sport for Life web site
1
. The paper includes a measurement poster and report tables to
assist coaches and parents to monitor growth to facilitate appropriate programming.
This concept should be useful in assessing appropriate training programs for early
and late developing athletes as well as part of rationale for early maturers training and
competing with chronologically older athletes.
One caution maturational or biological age is only one of many developmental
constructs. While development in these is related, developing quickly in one domain does not necessarily mean developing in the other
domains.
Relative, Biological and Chronological Age Developmental Constructs
Biological or maturational age does not necessarily mean the same development in other domains therefore decisions should include
biological age but must consider the other developmental domains.
st
One caution maturational
or biological age is only
one of many developmental
constructs. While
development in these is
related, developing quickly
in one domain does not
necessarily mean developing
in the other domains.
76
10.2 Gender Differences and Age: Developing Physical Literacy a Guide for Parents of Young Children
1
makes no mention of gender differences
and the age boundaries for the Active Start, FUNdamentals and Learning to Train stages of development. During these stages of development
the genders are similar with the exception the girls start their growth spurt a year earlier than the boys. However by the Training to Train stage
the boys are generally taller, heavier and stronger. Table U examines the gender differences in 100m times for each SSC age class. For the
short track there is essentially no difference between boys and girls for Pee Wee and Bantam age classes. For long track there is no difference
for Midgets. While the speed skating data is not perfect, there are reasons to combine genders at these ages. The Canadian and International
records published on the SSC Web Site support the concept that post puberty males are significantly faster than females.
The major growth landmark that distinguishes between males and
females is the period of change known as the growth spurt. During
this period male and female bodies develop the secondary sexual
characteristics and related biological changes. The benchmark for
this is peak height velocity which refers to the maximum rate of
growth in stature during the growth spurt. There are significant
gender differences at the end of this period (males are generally
taller, have greater body mass and are stronger) that make it
necessary to have separate gender competition categories. The
age of onset has two characteristics. The first is it starts more than
one year earlier in girls than boys and there are individual differences of up to four years within each gender. The difference between a late
maturing female and early maturing female can be even much greater. The late maturing skaters will eventually catch up to their genetic potential
if they continue to have the opportunity to participate in skating when they experience their growth spurt
2
Gender Differences and Age Developmental Constructs
Boys and girls should participate together in the same activities and races for the Active Start, FUNdamentals and Learning to Train.
Competitions and races should be in gender specific categories for Learning to Train, Learning to Compete, Training to Compete,
Learning to Win, Training to Win and Active for Life stages of development.
Other formats such as Ability or All Points competitions could still be useful at branch or local is for all stages of development.
10.3 ISU Ages and Distances: The ISU ages for juniors are defined in Rule 108 of the ISU Constitution and General Regulations. The ISU
distances for long track are defined by the ISU Special Regulations and Technical Rules for Speed Skating and Short Track Speed Skating rules
200, 201 and 281.
ISU Ages and Distances Developmental Constructs
SSC distances should be consistent with the relevant ISU distances and competitions for Training to Compete stages
of development and older.
2 Based on Find Your Edge Speed Skating Canadas Long-Term Development Plan , Speed Skating Canada p10-11.
The major growth landmark that distinguishes
between males and females is the period of
change known as the growth spurt.
77
11. Facilities and Equipment
11.1 Skates
Developing Physical Literacy, A Guide for Parents of Children Ages 0 to 12 states
Using equipment that is the right size, and that fits well makes learning activities
much more enjoyable and also safer.
1
While children often grow at rates requiring
more than one pair of skates per season, it is common that they use just one pair, an
accommodation of the foot to the skate not the skate to the foot. Do they start the
year with oversized skates or end the year with skates too small to make the learning
experience enjoyable and safe? Either way is not an ideal situation and does not
encourage skill development and love of skating. Economic alternatives to multiple
skate purchases need to be considered in order to ensure proper fitting skates are
affordable to all people and not just those with disposable financial resources. Club
rental programs (with both speed skates and hockey skates) are a well recognized
model to overcome skate cost issues.
At the Active Start,
FUNdamentals and
Learning to Train stages
of development the LTPAD information directs speed skating to emphasize physical
literacy. With a focus on the ABCs; agility, balance, and coordination, in addition to
the fundamental speed skating skills; basic position, direction of the push, arm swing,
and crossing over to the left, it is important to ensure skaters have the equipment
appropriate to the challenge.
Considering equipment cost and versatility, it is noted that hockey skates are
accessible most everywhere, can be inexpensive relative to speed skates, and are
designed for more dynamic use allowing for jumping, falling, and carving activities.
Hockey skates are also easy to maintain commercially without parents having to
invest in hand sharpening equipment and learn the appropriate skills for hand
sharpening skates.
Hockey skates have the added benefit that they encourage multi-sport and recreational activity during the developmental stages whereas speed
skates are sport specific. With the high numbers of hockey skates in homes across the country, early speed skating programs based on hockey
skates might become the program of choice for learning and developing skating skills.
11.2 Ice Surfaces and Track Sizes
Sport venues for adults are often inappropriate for children. In other sports,
balls for kids are smaller, base distances shorter, and fields and goals are
smaller. If size appropriate adjustments are made to equipment and venues
in other sports, why do the youngest and smallest speed skaters skate on
adult size tracks appropriate for adult stride and speed? If the track radius is
appropriate for the adult leg to crossover, how appropriate is it for the child
leg? If the size of the track was appropriate for the size of the athlete would
the skater have stride rates and patterns similar to adults? There is a motor
learning concept that would suggest smaller tracks would provide more
specificity of practice thus improve skill development.
1 Developing Physical Literacy: A Guide for Parents of Children Ages 0 to 12, Canadian Centres for Sport, p15.
Economic alternatives to
multiple skate purchases need
to be considered in order to
ensure proper fitting skates
are affordable to all people and
not just those with disposable
financial resources.
With the high numbers of hockey
skates in homes across the country,
early speed skating programs based
on hockey skates might become the
program of choice for learning and
developing skating skills.
If the size of the track was
appropriate for the size of the athlete
would the skater have stride rates and
patterns similar to adults?
78
For short track clearly the larger track is appropriate for adult skaters on large ice surfaces. But most communities in Canada do not have larger
international ice surfaces. The 111.12m (8m radius) track crowds the perimeter of the ice surface and compromises safety in the smaller rinks
resulting in speed skating programs not being offered in those venues. But in those rinks, for use by younger skaters, smaller tracks would
provide a safe skating environment facilitating speed skating in more communities across the country.
The primary indicator of size is standing height. Table V is a recent Statistics
Canada data on height at each age and extended to proportion of adult
height at each chronological age. Proportionality should address specificity
issues such as number of strides per straight away and corner. The 100m
(7m radius) track is exactly 90% of a 111.12 track. Based on this and
proportionality data in Table V the 100m track is better suited to many of
the ages.

The 100m track with a 7m radius would make both straightaway one meter
wider and the apex of both turns about 2.4 meters further away from the
rink boards than a 111.12m track. The 100m track would allow even the
smallest rinks (85X185) to have as much distance from the track to the
boards as the 111m track has on an international ice hockey surface. The
safety argument that competitions must be conducted in large ice surfaces
would not be relevant. It should be noted that safety in Training venues is
equally important.
For skaters in the Training to Train stage of development the change in the radius would approximate the centrifugal force values of older skaters
who skate at higher speeds (therefore simulate the lean on the corners) and the straight away adjusted length would lead to similar stride
patterns as older skaters. (see Table W regarding angle of inclination) The ratio of straightaway to corners is approximately the same for both
of these tracks. Depending on the size of the ice surface the 100m track would be close to the ISU rules for width of the straightaway (7m) and
distance from the apex of the blocks to the barrier (4m)
1
. For even younger skaters a 5 or 6 m radius would be appropriate.
The same concepts apply to long track ovals. The size of the oval should be appropriate for the majority of the skaters training at the facility. For
younger children ovals as small as 200m may be more appropriate than the larger ovals. The smaller oval should have shorter straightaway to
allow the skaters a reasonable number of straightaway strides and the radius reduced to allow corner cross-over strides. It has the additional
advantages of shorter straightaway into a wind and is closer for coaches to help the young athletes learn. A smaller track should be much more
economical to build and maintain and has obvious sustainability advantages such as a smaller footprint, require much less water and is more
economical from regarding fuel used for maintenance. If built and maintained by volunteers the smaller track would require dramatically less
volunteer time. Where there is an established 400m oval, options such as young children training and racing on warm-up lanes and a cutting
through the middle could shorten the straightaway and address the appropriate radius issues.
Facilities and Equipment Developmental Constructs:
The size of the tracks and ovals should reflect the size and skill of the skaters .
1 International Skating Union, Special Regulations Short Track Speed Skating Rule 280.
A smaller track should be much more
economical to build and maintain
and has obvious sustainability
advantages such as a smaller footprint,
require much less water and is more
economical from regarding fuel used for
maintenance.
79
12. Social Issues and Trends:
This final section is not based on developmental theory but other social issues that would be useful to consider at the same time SSC reviews
events and competitions.
12.1 Volunteers: Sport and recreation accounts for the largest area of volunteerism in Canada (28% of all volunteer positions)
1
. The following
are the summary statements from this document:
Between 1997 and 2000, the overall rate of volunteering in Canada declined from 31% to 27%, and the average hours per volunteer increased from 149 i.
to 162. This means fewer volunteers are working harder; 25% of volunteers responsible for 73% of hours, and a growing number of volunteers preferred
to give money than time.
26% of sport organizations reported a loss of volunteers between 2000 and 2003. This was the highest rate of volunteer loss amongst all not-for-profits. ii.
65% of sport organizations report difficulty recruiting the kind of volunteers they need. iii.
58% say they have trouble retaining volunteers; 58% report difficulty planning for the future. iv.
Speed skating is a human resource intensive activity at the administrative level, the event organization and running stages. The sport is heavily
dependent on volunteers and society is changing.
Volunteers Conclusions
Speed skating needs to make sure the volunteer experience is satisfying and appropriately rewarded.
Speed skating needs to consider ways to offer programs in a more efficient manner.
Speed skating has to make the demands on volunteers reasonable, equitable and fair.
12.2 Family: In the last three or four generations Canadian society has developed from a single income family with a stay at home parent to
a dual income family. A generation ago 47% of the families had two wage earners; today its 64%
2
. These are very busy families. There are at least
two issues to consider. The first is the decline in the willingness to volunteer. Families are very busy maintaining their standard of living, need
time on weekends to catch up and do the day to day activities of daily and family living (such as shopping or laundry, etc.). They may not have
time to spend two long days at a rink, even to watch their children. The second is based on anecdotal evidence suggesting these parents often
prefer to buy services rather than contribute their time and effort. However they may not have the money to do this: After they pay their basic
expenses todays two income family has less cash left over than their one-income parents had a generation ago.
3
The above addresses the dual income
families and does not even consider the more complex demands of single parent families.
Speed skating has a social environment at events and competitions that makes being at the rink good. Many skating families have bought in,
but speed skating needs to be concerned about those who have not and may have opted out of speed skating or never participated.
Family Conclusions
Speed skating needs to consider the social and time demands of the sport.
More focused and less time-demanding speed skating events are likely more acceptable.
1 Sport, The Voluntary Sector and Canadian Identity. Learning from the Voluntary Sector Awareness Project
2 Rob Gerlsbeck, Squeezed, Money Sense, December and January 2009 p 50 56
3 Rob Gerlsbeck, Squeezed, Money Sense, December and January 2009 p 50 56.
80
12.3 Accessibility: cuts across a number of groups including minorities, persons with impairments and socio-economic issues. One issue
affects almost all of these is the participation costs. Factors regarding equipment such as skates (see previous section regarding suitable
skates), other costs such as skin suits, ice time and travel (see above regarding dual income families) effect cost. While it has become the norm
to have parents or clubs purchase quality speed skates, but is it necessary? Specialized equipment has become a social norm, is it a necessity?
Changing the rules (norms) could make the sport fairer and more accessible. Other factors such as travel can also be adjusted through social
norms such as restricted distance rules.
Accessibility Conclusions
Speed skating can make the sport more accessible by changing equipment and travel norms.
12.4 Sustainable Environment and Carbon Foot Print: One of the dominant social issues of todays society is global warming and sustainability.
There are many issues involved here escalating costs of travel, amount of paper used at an event/competition, to the amount of water required
to make a 400m oval (500,000 gallons). Recently SSC has struck a committee to address sustainability issues.
Sustainable Environment and Carbon Foot Print Conclusions
Speed skating programs suited to the developmental needs of individuals can also consider alternative solutions to environmental issues.
12.5 SSC Demographics: Tables X and Y provide a summary of the participation rates for 2007/2008. The decline starts after Pee Wee (6 to
7 years old) and drop out accelerates between Midget (10 to 11 years old) and Juvenile (12 to 13 years old). The loss between Bantam (8 to 9
years old) and Juvenile (12 to 13 years old) is almost 40% and the loss from Midget (10 to 11 years old) to Junior (14 to 15 years old) is 50%.
The reader is cautioned this has been done with cross sectional data rather than longitudinal data but there is no reason to doubt the trend or
the critical ages.
Sport participation declined for Canadian youth between 1992 and 2005
1
. In 1992 57% of boys and girls between 5 and 14 regularly participated
in organized sports, this dropped to 51% by 2005. While the boys had higher participation rates in both 1992 and 2005 (56% to 46%), boys
had a much greater decline from 1992 (10% to 4%). It is also important to note for the 11 to 14 age range, both boys and girls had a greater
participation rate (64% and 55%) than during the 5 to 10 ages (53% and 47%). There is reason for concern based on the overall children sport
participation data. The good news is that speed skating has been growing during the same time period. However, speed skating growth is still
accompanied by significant attrition during puberty.
An interesting comparison is the SSC participation patterns between boys and the girls (Table X). Overall boys make up 62% of the skaters.
However the trends are similar for boys and girls. There are anomalies such as the relatively low number of cradle girls. While this data is very
inconclusive it does beg the question of why there are relatively only 2/3 the girls starting in cradle as boys? If one was to assume the same
intake for girls as boys at the cradle age would the gender balance close in older age categories? This is only speculation based on this data.
The second anomaly is, for the boys, the rate of declining participation appears to start just after Bantam and continues until at least Intermediate
(Tables X and Y). The trend for girls is similar except that the decline starts post Midget. Sociological and psychological theory and ideas would
attribute this to puberty and the different social expectations for females and males. It is raised at a descriptive level to ask the question Is there
anything SSC can do to make speed skating more attractive to both these age groups? For the boys, the decline does take place at an age
when peers and significant others play a more dominant role in the individuals choices. This could be attributed to boys wanting to be involved
in team activities especially school sports. It is impossible to say this is the reason but it does provide for some rationale for speed skating to
include more team activities in the regular practice of the sport.
SSC Demographics Conclusions
There is a significant decline in participation from the start to the end of puberty.
Is it possible to recruit more girls at the Active Start stage of development?
Team activities should be considered as a proactive approach to declining participation trends especially during puberty.
1 Warren Clark, Kids sports Component of Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 11-008-X Canadian Social Trends
81
APPENDIX 3 DEVELOPMENTAL RECOMMENDATIONS
APPENDIX 3
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Introduction 82
2. Activities and Distances 84
2.1 Format 85
2.2 Team Activities 86
2.3 Distances 87
2.4 Stage Specific Activities and Distances 88
3. Age Categories 94
3.1 Stage Specific Age Categories 95
3.2 Critical Date(s) for SSC Ages and Relative Age 98
3.3 Seasons 99
3.4 Summary Age Categories 101
4. Nature of Feature Events and Competitions 103
4.1 National Championships, Competitions, Periodization and Preparation 104
4.2 Multi-Sport and other International Event Issues 106
4.3 Junior Participation at International Events 109
4.4 Junior Specialization 110
4.5 Stage Specific Feature Events and Competitions 111
5. Active For Life Recreational Competition, Volunteer, Fitness and Fun Participation 121
5.1 General 121
5.2 Age Categories 123
5.3 Activities and Distances 124
5.4 Nature of Feature Events and Competitions 125
6. Long Track and Short Track (Common and Unique Issues) 126
7. Equipment and Tracks 127
7.1 Specific Skates for Specific Stages 127
7.2 Nature of Uniforms 130
7.3 Facilities and Tracks 131
8. Social Issues 132
8.1 Competition Formats 133
8.2 Volunteers 135
8.3 Talent Identification 137
8.4 Collaboration with Other Related Sports 138
8.5 Carbon Foot Print, Travel Costs and Other Environmental Issues 139
82
Introduction 1.
SSCs Long Term Participant/Athlete Development Model (LTPAD) is
SSCs commitment to ensure that every participant has an optimal learning
environment at every stage of development. Ideally this will provide each
participant the necessary tools to achieve his or her full speed skating potential.
The LTPAD Model defines the best learning participation environment at each
stage of development by taking into account physical, mental, cognitive and
emotional factors (see Table A for each stage objectives)
1
. The LTPAD Model
provides research based information to facilitate principle based developmental
recommendations. There are two primary documents where most of the
rationale is found: Canadian Sport for Life document
2
and the Find Your Edge
document
3
. The later document was written very early in the LTPAD process and
was very creative. The Review Team has used this document extensively but a
few aspects were expanded and where appropriate conclusions revised.
To effectively review the existing event/competition system and propose new
opportunities it is essential to have a clear vision of how events/competitions
service the mission, vision and values of Speed Skating Canada as well as the
long-term athlete development model. A set of guiding principles based on the
Sport for Lifes LTAD model and reflecting SSCs values were developed by the Review Team to be an objective foundation for event/competition
review (see Appendix Guiding Principles for the rationale and list of the nine principles). These principles were endorsed by SSC Board of
Directors (October, 2009).
All nine of the SSC Principles for Competition Review apply to almost every developmental recommendation, but some are very specific to
the developmental recommendations (see section Guiding Principles for a list of the principles). The more specific ones will be noted in each
subsection.
This section is a synopsis of an ideal overarching event and competition structure being recommended for SSC (SSC) events and programs. The
developmental recommendations are based on four sets of data:
specific distances raced at each age are cornerstones of defining event and competition activities (these should be defined not by tradition
rather by the available developmental data)
windows of training and developmental data must be used to identify the types of activities children should be engaged in and should be
reflected in the event and competition activities
age categories must reflect meaningful participation as guided by principles of growth and development
social considerations must also be considered and there is evidence that young people want to be involved in team activities particularly
during the Early and Late Puberty stages of development
4
The previous section summarizes the basic developmental constructs used in making the developmental recommendations. For each
developmental recommendation the appropriate developmental constructs are noted. The reader is directed to the Canadian Sport for Life
document
5
for detailed information on these statements.
1 It is very important to note that in much of the text of the document and in the objectives there is a strong bias to anatomical and physiological domains. This is more
apparent at the older domains. The irony is anecdotally athletes report high level success is more mental than physical. At a recreational level this is likely even more
important. Therefore this document will try to extend these to more of the social and psychological aspects.
2 Canadian Sport for Life Long Term Development Resource Paper, Canadian Sport Centres.
3 Find Your Edge SSCs Long Term Athlete Development Model , Speed Skating Canada
4 Athletics Changing Athletics Competition, Analysis and Principles, UK Athletics
5 Canadian Sport for Life Long Term Development Resource Paper , Canadian Sport Centres
To effectively review the existing
event/competition system and
propose new opportunities it is
essential to have a clear vision of
how events/competitions service the
mission, vision and values of Speed
Skating Canada as well as the long-
term athlete development model.
83
The current SSC competition structure is based on two year age categories with gender
equivalent age categories and relatively equivalent distances. The basic determinant of
the SSC competition structure has been chronological age. Many provincial/territorial
branches have adapted their competitive structures to use an Ability format which
groups skaters based on speed, though the distances raced remain based on SSC age
categories. The LTPAD uses developmental stages to define appropriate program and
training. Therefore the first question to address is the issue of which activities and
distances are appropriate for each stage of development. Once the activities have
been decided, then the age categories can be considered. Finally the very nature
and levels of the competition can be considered in light of the developmental stages.
This relates to many issues such as appropriate age for national championships, a
continuum of levels of competition from club to local to branch to regional to national
to international.
These are not new SSC issues, in fact there is hardly an Annual General Meeting when one or more of these are not discussed. What is new is
that a model is now in place which provides scientific evidence on which to base this decision making process. It is hoped that the review of
these issues will lead to resolutions based on the LTPAD. In addition to the LTPAD, these have to be considered in light of SSC participation tends,
geographical location of clubs and social trends influencing all of sport and society. The resolutions are overarching and should be considered
by SSC as one step in the change process.
These developmental recommendations are
linked directly to the LTPAD evidence. In and of
themselves they do not necessarily mean program
changes. The developmental recommendations and
the rationale will be the starting point for decisions
by SSC Board, Standing Committees, Branches and
members to make decisions and implement program
changes. In so doing, programs must be clearly
and coherently linked (training, competition/event,
coaching, officiating and membership development)
through principles basic to participation in all speed
skating activity.

What is new is that a model is
now in place which provides
scientific evidence on which
to base this decision making
process.
The developmental recommendations and the rationale
will be the starting point for decisions by SSC Board,
Standing Committees, Branches and members to make
decisions and implement program changes.
84
Activities and Distances 2.
The growth and development data summarized in the LTPAD conclude that there are optimal
Windows of Trainability. Tables F, G H and I summarize the Windows of Trainability as well
as stages to avoid specific training. At some stages there is strong evidence that specific
systems are ready to benefit from specific training. At some stages there is at best a minimal
benefit from specific types of training and some potential for long term damage. The five
Ss: Stamina, Strength, Speed, Skill and Suppleness (flexibility) are the basis of training and
performance. It is natural that training programs will focus events such as competition
therefore the distances raced and skill tests should reflect these Windows of Trainability.
The rationale for the distances raced reflecting the Windows of Trainability, is simply that
what one races dramatically influences the preparation. Racing distances and activities are
the carrot for training. Coaches will coach towards activities and distances to be raced to
reflect the LTPAD model.
The reader is referred to Tables H and I for the 2008 Short and Long Track Mass Start Records
as a reflection of age related times. One way to consider appropriate distances is by the time
of the race (as reflected by the record). Then compare these times to the appropriate and
contraindicated windows. This brings into question most distances raced. Based on this
SSC has to reconsider the distances skaters race.
The primary Speed Skating Canada Guiding Principles for Competition are:
7. Utilize the basic characteristics identified in the LTAD and other literature in the selection of event/competition activities and skills for each
The following are developmental constructs related to the activities and distances section:
Windows of Trainability should be a major determinant of SSC competition and event activities for each developmental stage.
The rationale for the
distances raced reflecting
the Windows of Trainability,
is simply that what one
races dramatically influences
the preparation. Racing
distances and activities are
the carrot for training.
85
2.1 Format
While speed skating has been innovative in many ways tradition has been to only
have counter clockwise timed races. At the stages of development emphasizing
physical literacy there are other options. The skill activities should be related to
the SSCs Cutting Edge Pin Program. The Review Team noted that modifications
to the Cutting Edge Pin Program may be required to fully support the development
of physical literacy. An event could include some of traditional races along with
skill tests and clockwise races. These events also could include a number of
relays including the Short Track relays but also include team pursuit races, shuttle
relays and even a team competition patterned after the ISU World Short Track
Team competition.
The following are developmental constructs related to the activities and distances section:
FUNdamentals, Learning to Train and Training to Train stages of development should include a significant amount of clockwise racing.
Developmental recommendations event format:
a) At the entry level speed skating events/competitions should include activities that support the development of physical literacy.
b) At the entry level speed skating events/competitions should include equal amounts of clockwise and counter-clockwise racing.
While speed skating has been
innovative in many ways tradition
has been to only have counter
clockwise timed races.
86
2.2 Team Activities
As a child grows older they want to be affiliated with their peers and there is also a strong tendency
to be involved on teams. The popularity of team sports is evident by the huge numbers of children
involved in hockey, soccer, basketball, baseball and volleyball the most popular organized youth
sports in Canada. While speed skating traditionally has been an individual sport, in Short Track
the relay is a highlight of major competitions and team world championships are very popular.
In regional and local competitions relays are often raced at the end of a two day competition if
there is time and involve teams of skaters placed together based on performance at that meet
and not allegiance to a club or friendship. Part of being on a team is working together to prepare
for the team activity. Long Track speed skating has recently added team pursuit as World Cup
and Olympic competitions. SSC teams have been very successful in this event in part because of
their specific preparation for the races. These trends and social development information provide
reason for speed skating to consider innovative team activities.
The following are developmental constructs related to the team activity section:
For preschool children, primary affiliation is with parents and this gradually changes to significant others and peers by the teenage years.
At 10 years of age children reach a stage where affiliation to a team becomes more important.
By Early Adulthood (15 years and older) they have the capacity for self-actualization.
By Early Adulthood (15 years and older), there is also a need to be self-directed and independent.
There are a number of ways to increase team opportunities. One would be to have competitions that feature relays and team pursuits as integral
parts of a competition. Another would be to modify the World Team Championship format to age class championships. A third possibility would
be team skill competitions perhaps even related to the SSC Cutting Edge Pin Program. Finally speed skating could adopt other formats such
as shuttle and other relays into their events and competitions. These could be adopted at all stages but are likely more important at the ages
just before and while children are seeking to be more affiliated with peers. This starts at 11 or 12 years of age, which is the same age SSCs
demographics indicate rapid drop off.
While provincially/territorial branches would be the primary facilitators of delivery at this age, at older ages, team events could even become
national championships either as part of the traditional championships or stand alone events. In particular team activities should be introduced
prior to puberty. SSC should also develop guidelines and resources to help organize and facilitate innovative formats.
Developmental recommendations team activities:
a) At all stages of development, speed skating offer more team activities including team specific events and/or competitions.
b) SSC facilitate innovative events formats.
c) In the Learning to Train stage of development team activities should be introduced.
d) In the Training to Train stage of development team activities should be emphasized.
As a child grows older
they want to be affiliated
with their peers and there
is also a strong tendency
to be involved on teams.
87
2.3 Distances
The issue of appropriate distances for each stage of development must consider one important
developmental construct:
Windows of Trainability should be a major determinant of SSC competition and event
activities for each developmental stage.
These Windows of Trainability are summarized in Tables F and G for each stage. These windows
indicate in general what time frames specific systems should be emphasized and which time
frames are of little value. The tradition in speed skating is to consider distances but the energy
systems are much better defined by time windows, reflecting the duration of a maximal effort. Table
H is a summary of these time windows, ages, Short Track and Long Track distances SSC races at
each age and the related records. Time frames labelled of little value because of minimal training
benefit and/or even potential for long term health risks to the participants.
It is clear from Table H that most distances raced at every stage are not well supported by developmental theory. If the Windows of Trainability
were used in isolation to decide on the time frames raced the essence of speed skating - racing - would be threatened. It would be difficult to
have events where speed skating racing skills could be developed. Using this without consideration of racing simply does not make good sense.
The Review Team considered the windows of opportunity, skill development and racing to propose the following guidelines:
Stage of Development
Female
age
Male
Age
Emphasis
FUNdamentals 6 to 8 6 to 9
Racing 0 to 30 seconds.
Emphasis on skills
Learning to Train 8 to 11 9 to 11
Racing 0 to 45 seconds.
Events10min.+
Emphasis on skills (window opportunity skill)
Training to Train 11 to 15 12 to 16
Racing 0 to 60 seconds (avoid 60 to 90 seconds)
Events10min.+
Addonedistance90seconds+
Training to Compete 16to21+ 16to23+ ISU distances
Training to Win 18+ 19+ ISU distances
Active for Life
Would depend on objectives of participants
Competitive: International distances
Health: longer distances e.g. road racing and skiing
There is a trade off with respect to Windows of Trainability and the essence of speed skating that is used to select the time frame (distances).
While this trade off is necessary it should not interfere with the training programs for each age. For training programs the LTPAD must dominate
the types of training. It is also critical to recognize the need to allow for the maturity differences related to gender differences (girls mature
earlier) and early and late maturers.
There is a challenge to include longer distances in a meaningful and motivational format to get an aerobic training effect related to the individuals
effort. The above guidelines recommend a 10 minute race. This would be a new event and would have the skater skate as far as they can in
10 minutes (their score would be the distance skated).
Windows of Trainability
should be a major
determinant of SSC
competition and event
activities for each
developmental stage.
88
2.4 Stage Specific Activities and Distances
Active Start (0 to 6yrs)
The stage of development is about very basic motor skills which includes skating.
The LTPAD Objective for the Active Start stage of development is:
Learn fundamental movements and link them together into play ( Sport for Life).
The following are developmental constructs related to this stage of development:
Events, competitions and activities should focus on physical literacy as well as speed skating skill during
the late childhood stage.
Active Start stage of development should include a significant amount of clockwise racing.
Cognitively participants are children and are not miniature adults during the FUNdamentals and Learning to
Train developmental stages.
FUNdamentals, Learning to Train and Training to Train stages of development should include a significant
amount of clockwise racing.
Physical literacy including physical development take precedence over competition, periodization and the competition calendar for the
Developmental recommendations in the Active Start stage of development:
a) Activities should be related to the gross motor skills identified in Developing Physical Literacy, A Guide For Parent Of Children Ages 0 to 12.
b) Equal amounts of clockwise and counter-clockwise skating, straight line races, shuttles, weaves and racing on a variety of track sizes.
c) Racing should be in the practice setting and just for fun.
d) Will be the start of a continuum of introduction to racing.
e) Fun should be a primary consideration.
89
Fundamentals (males 6 to 9 yrs and females 6 to 8 yrs)
This stage of development emphasizes basic skating skills with an introduction to speed skating.
The LTPAD Objectives for the Fundamentals stage of development are:
Basic movement skills ( Find Your Edge).
Learn all fundamental movement skills and build overall motor skills ( Sport for Life).
Fundamentals stage of development should include a significant amount of clockwise racing.
Precision in skills can be achieved due to the relatively advanced neurological development.
For preschool children, primary affiliation is with parents and this gradually changes to significant others and peers by the teenage years.
Cognitively participants are children and are not miniature adults during the FUNdamentals developmental stage.
Physical literacy including physical development take precedence over competition, periodization and the competition calendar for the early
stages of development (Active Start to Learning to Train).
Developmental recommendations in the Fundamentals stage of development:
f) Activities in event/competitions should focus primarily on physical literacy and speed.
g) Races/activities during competitions and events should emphasise the development of abilities as they relate to the Windows of Trainability
for Speed.
h) Equal amounts of clockwise and counter-clockwise skating, straight line races, shuttles, weaves and racing on a variety of track sizes.
i) Mid-point a continuum of introduction to racing, children would race but physical literacy would be first priority.
j) Fun should be a primary consideration.

90
Learning to Train (Males 9 to 12 yrs and females 8 to 11 yrs)
This developmental stage continues physical literacy objectives, but emphasizes speed skating skills.
The LTPAD Objectives for the Learning to Train stage of development are:
Fundamental sports skills including speed skating skills ( Find Your Edge).
Learn over all sport skills ( Sport for Life).
The following are the developmental constructs related to this stage of development:
The Learning to Train stage of development should include a significant amount of clockwise racing.
At the start of puberty precision in skills can be achieved due to the relatively advanced neurological development.
The transition from Learn to Train to Train to Train includes the child gaining the understanding on where they rank competitively within a
group. They form an opinion on whether they are good or not.
Learning to Train stage of development should include a significant amount of clockwise racing.
At 10 years of age children reach a stage where affiliation to a team becomes more important.
Physical literacy including physical development take precedence over competition, periodization and the competition calendar for the early
Developmental recommendations in the Learning to Train stage of development:
k) Activities in event/competitions should continue to address physical literacy.
l) Skating skills should be emphasized (Window of Trainability for Skill).
m) Clockwise and counter-clockwise skating and on a variety of tracks.
n) Races/activities during competitions and events should emphasise the development of abilities as they relate to the Window of Trainability
for Skill.
o) Races/activities during competitions and events should reinforce the development of abilities as they relate to the end of the Window of
Trainability for Speed.
p) Activities/events should now include traditional speed skating races.
q) More emphasis on racing as the end of the continuum of introduction to racing.
r) Participation should be fun.
91
Training to Train (males 12 to 16 yrs and females 11 to 15 yrs (age ranges are PHV dependent))
The period of the most rapid growth and development occurs during the Training to Train ages. The effect of early and late maturity over a two
year age window means very large individual differences. This is also the period where SSC registration declines and individuals become more
independent. While selecting to appropriate distances is important in all stages selection at this age must be meaningful to the individual.
The LTPAD Objectives for the Training to Train stages of development are:
Building the engine and sport specific skills ( Find Your Edge).
Build and aerobic base, develop speed and strength towards the end of the stage and further develop and consolidate sport specific skills
(Sport for Life).
The Training to Train stage of development should include some clockwise racing.
within a group. They form an opinion on whether they are good or not.
There will be a transfer from a priority of developing physical capacities to competition for the Training to Train stage of development.
developmental stages. At 10 years of age children reach a stage where team sports are important.
There will be a transfer from a priority of developing physical capacities to competition for the Training to Train stage of development.
Developmental recommendations in the Training to Train stage of development:
s) Races/activities during competitions and events should continue to emphasise the development of abilities as they relate to the end of the
Window of Opportunity for Skill.
t) Races/activities during competitions and events should emphasise the development of abilities as they relate to the Window of Trainability
for Stamina and Speed.
u) Emphasize races that reflect the stage objectives as well as speed and passing (key components of speed skating).
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Learning to Compete (males 16 to 18 yrs and females 15 to17 yrs)
The stage is the stage where athletes enter the continuum of development towards achieving international excellence and recommendations
are based on creating categories which will guide athletes along this pathway. It is during this stage that the pathways towards international
excellence and active for life become more apparent and speed skating must ensure that competitive opportunities are provided for both.
The LTPAD Objectives for the Learning to Compete stage of development are:
Optimizing the engine, speed skating specific skills and fitness ( Find Your Edge).
There will be a transfer from a priority of developing physical capacities to competition for the Learning to Compete stage of development.
older.
Developmental recommendations in the Learning to Compete stages of development and older:
v) SSC distances will be influenced by ISU and other International regulations.
w) Races/activities during competitions and events should continue to emphasise the development of abilities as they relate to the end of
the Window of Trainability for Speed.
x) Races/activities during competitions and events should emphasise the development of abilities as they relate to the Window of
Trainability for Stamina.
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Training to Compete and older: (males18+,females17+)
While skaters are still developing optimal physical capacity and technical skill the focus is on preparing for competition and competing.
The LTPAD Objectives for the older stages of development are:
Training to Compete stage of development (males 18 to 21 yrs and females 17 to 21 yrs)
Further optimizing the engine, speed skating specific skills and fitness ( Find Your Edge).
Optimizing the engine and learn to compete ( Sport for Life).
Learning to Win stage of development (ST males 21 to 23 yrs and ST females 21 to 23 yrs) (LT males 21 to 25 yrs and LT females 21 to 25 yrs)
Maximizing the engine and speed skating specific skills and fitness ( Find Your Edge).
Training to Train stage of development (STmales23+andSTfemales23+)(LTmales25+andfemales25+)
Further maximizing the engine, speed skating specific skills and fitness ( Find Your Edge).
Podium performances ( Sport for Life).
There will be a transfer from a priority of developing physical capacities to competition in the Learning to Compete stage of development.
older.
Developmental recommendations in the Learning to Compete stages of development and older:
y) SSC distances will be influenced by ISU and other International regulations.
z) Races/activities during competitions and events should continue to emphasise the development of abilities as they relate to the end of
the Windows of Trainability for Speed.
aa) Races/activities during competitions and events should continue to emphasise the development of abilities as they relate to the end of
the Windows of Trainability for Stamina.
Please note the Active for Life stage merits specific focus are included in the recommendations are in their own section below.
94
Age Categories 3.
Current SSC age categories are cradles (under 6) then two year windows until senior (over 17) and then in 5 year windows for Masters (starting
at 30) (see Table B). These age windows are not compatible with the LTPAD stages of development and do not take into consideration the
Windows of Trainability.
With respect to gender Table U presents the median of the male and female times for 100m in both Short Track and Long Track. For the Short
Track there is essentially no difference between the boys and the girls for Pee Wee and Bantam age classes and for the Long Track there is no
difference for midgets. While the data is not perfect there are reasons to combine the genders at these ages. However it is clear from Table U
that at older ages and stages males are significantly faster than females.
The primary principles that must be considered in these decisions are:
8. Utilize the basic characteristics identified in the LTAD and other literature to define the event/competition objectives for each stage of
development.
The following are the developmental constructs related to the age categories section:
For the purpose of comparison, skaters should be measured against their age group peers and same gender for Learning to Train, Learning
to Compete, Training to Compete, Learning to Win, Training to Win and Active for Life stages of development.
95
3.1 Stage Specific Age Categories
Active Start, Fundamentals Stage and Learning to Train (boys under 13 yrs and girls under 12 yrs).
These developmental stages focus on physical literacy and as the child maturers basic skating and then speed skating skills.
The LTPAD Objectives for these stages of development are:
Fundamentals (males 6 to 9 yrs and females 6 to 8 years)
Learning to Train (Males 9 to 12 and females 8 to 11)
The following are the developmental constructs related to these stages of development:
Competition requires ability to analyse performance. Until Early Puberty, competitions should be managed so children are able to analyse
Developmental recommendations in the Active Start, Fundamentals and Learning to Train stages of development:
a) No need for SSC events or competitions in these age categories.
b) Provide a continuum of introduction to racing based on physiological development and that competitions such as ability formats are likely
more appropriate than age defined championships.
c) No formal age categories are recommended.
d) No records to be recognize or kept.
96
Training to Train (males 12 to 16 and females 11 to 15 (age ranges are PHV dependent)
The period of the most rapid growth and development occurs during the Training to Train ages.
The effect of early and late maturity over a two year age window means very large between
individual differences even at the same chronological age. Individual differences can be reduced
with narrower age categories. Speed skating has a long and rich tradition of two year age
categories but at a stage of rapid change a narrower range would reduce the impact of individual
maturity differences.
The Review Team considered a number of solutions proposed to minimize the impact of variable
growth during this stage. One solution is the concept of relative age which would mean
participating in an age category would be defined by a skaters actual chronological age on the
first day of competition. The best theoretical solution would be to use a formula based on Peak
Height Velocity (PHV) but this is too complicated; would be vulnerable to misunderstanding and
perhaps even misuse; and would not take into consideration social, psychological and emotional
development of participants. A practical compromise is to reduce age categories to single years
for the Training to Train stage and to establish an age cut off date for before the New Year and
an alternate date for after the New Year. The later would mean that a skater is not always the
youngest in his or her age category.
The primary principles that must be considered in these decisions are:
7. Utilize the basic characteristics identified in the LTPAD and other literature to define the event/competition objectives for each stage of
development.
8. Utilize the basic characteristics identified in the LTPAD and other literature in the selection of event/competition activities and skills for each
Build and aerobic base, develop speed and strength towards the end of the stage and further develop and consolidate
sport specific skills (Sport for Life).
Puberty is a period of rapid growth during which the length of limbs may grow rapidly, therefore severely challenging skills development.
Puberty is a time of maximal individual differences within a chronological age.
Competitions and races should be in gender specific categories for the Training to Train stage of development.
The effect of early and
late maturity over a two
year age window means
very large between
individual differences
even at the same
chronological age.
97
While not directly related to event and competition age categories the concept of linking the
training programs to maturational age requires comment. There is a relatively easy method
for tracking growth with three simple measurements of standing height, sitting height and
arm span that could easily be done by coaches or parents
1
. By collecting this data coaches
should be able to determine the optimal training programs for each individual to ensure that
participants are benefiting from the programs designed to take advantage of the windows of
training for each individual.
Training to Train is a stage of development with considerable range in skill related to Peak
Height Velocity (PHV). One concern raised regarding the one year age windows proposed
below is that the talented early maturers may not have much competition within the one year
window. One possibility is to allow that individual to compete in an older age category at least
in local if not regional competitions. The SSC Policies and Regulations do permit this with one
exception.
2
Developmental recommendations in the Training to Train stage of development:
e) SSC age categories be one year.
f) If early maturity based on biological age can be documented and with appropriate performance skaters be encouraged to skate in an older
age class. Markers indicating psychological, social and emotional readiness should also be provided.
g) SSC championship categories should be gender specific.
h) In local events where racing is part of the competition gender specific categories may or may not apply (e.g. ability format competitions).
i) Coach education materials
3
should assist coaches to develop individualized training programs.
1 Bayli, Istvan and Way, Richard, The Role of Monitoring Growth in Long-Term Athlete Development, Canadian Sport Centers, 2009.
2 K3-103: In any Canadian or North American Age Class Championship, a skater is limited to the events of any one age class. If a skater competes in a particular age class in
one Canadian or North American Championship he/she cannot return to a lower age class for future championships. This last point does not apply to Masters events. Long
Track and Short Track will be considered separate disciplines so that movement in one discipline shall not affect the other. Juvenile, Junior and Intermediate skaters may
skate in any sanctioned Olympic Style competition and return to the lower age class without penalty.
Any skater, regardless of age, may compete in any Short Track Open Class event, and return to skating in the appropriate age class at a Canadian or North American Age
Class Championship without penalty.
3 Coach education programs should be reviewed to ensure the concept of biological age is fully explained and resources are available to in developing individualized training
program based on the biological age for participants.
One concern raised
regarding the one year age
windows proposed below
is that the talented early
maturers may not have
much competition within
the one year window.
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3.2 Critical Date(s) for SSC Ages and Relative Age
For age class competitions the relative age of the skater could provide skaters with an early birthday (e.g. July) with an advantage over younger
skaters in the age class (e.g. June birthday). For skaters born as little as one day apart the older skater would always have an almost full year
age advantage.
This could affect the Fundamentals, Learning to Train and Training to Train stages of development but if the developmental recommendations
regarding national age class championships and regional championship are endorsed the greatest impact would be on the Training to Train
stage of development where regional competitions are proposed. In these stages factors such as early/late maturers and the growth spurt
dramatically impact on individual differences.

For older age categories where elite athletes are starting to compete internationally there is a need for consistence with the ISU age classification
system.
The following are the developmental constructs related to the relative age section:
During puberty there is a need to minimize the chronological age differences between individuals.
Biological or maturational age does not necessarily mean the same development in other domains therefore decisions should include
biological age but must consider the other developmental domains.
st
Developmental recommendations critical date and relative age:
a) To reduce the single critical date effect in the Training to Train stage of development (and younger), two critical dates are proposed:
the age of each skater for SSC competitions be defined as their age as of July 1
st
for age class competitions held between July 1
st
and
January 1
st

and January 1
st
for age class competitions held between January 1
st
and July 1
st
.
b) In the Learning to Compete stage of development and older, ISU criteria for age categories (July 1
st
) be used for SSC age categories.
99
3.3 Seasons
The concept of dual critical age dates implies two seasons; one before and one after Christmas. Given most natural ice Long Track facilities are
only available in early December these before Christmas events would likely be Short Track events. The second season would be after Christmas.
Both of these seasons would include Developmental Competitions and Simulation Competitions with one Performance Competition
1
. In the
post January 1
st
season, where possible, one of the Performance Competitions would be Long Track.
Developmental recommendation seasons:
a) In the Training to Train stage of development with two critical dates for defining an age category there would be two competition seasons.
One ending December 31
st
and another ending June 30
th
.
Learning to Compete (males 16 to 18 yrs and females 15 to 17 yrs)
The Learning to Compete stage is the stage where athletes enter the continuum of development towards achieving international excellence
and recommendations are based on creating categories which will guide athletes along this pathway. It is during this stage that the pathways
towards international excellence and active for life may diverge and speed skating must ensure that competitive opportunities are provided for
both.
The LTPAD Objective for the Learning to Compete stage of development is:
Post puberty stages of development require gender specific races/competitions.
Competitions and races should be in gender specific categories for Learning to Compete stage of development.
Developmental recommendations in the Learning to Compete stage of development:
b) SSC age categories will be gender specific.
c) In local events where racing is part of the competition gender specific categories may or may not apply (e.g. ability format competitions).
d) SSC age categories will be influenced by ISU and other International regulations.
e) Different age categories for national championships for males and females, to account for the females earlier growth spurt and related post
grow spurt maturity.
1 Performance Competition is allied to summative evaluation where the outcome is the focus. This would include all competitions that lead to selection to a team, funding,
ranking and major championships. These competitions would be important points, perhaps even the goal, in an athletes periodization plan.
Developmental Competition is allied with formative evaluation which focuses on the process, physical development and learning. These could be the competition
objectives when an athlete participates in a competition but the results are used to analyse the skaters development. Specific objectives could be to test fitness, execute
skill in competition, try out racing strategies etc.
Simulation Competition would be done in controlled situations within training and practice or in situations such as club handicap racing or informal Saturday morning
racing. These would not be sanctioned in any way and for the most part managed by coaches. These would also focus on the process of developing and therefore be
formative.
100
Training to Compete, Learning and Training to Win
Athletes at the Training to Compete stage of development are generally regarded as senior athletes (SSC seniors are 18 and over and ISU 19 and
over as of July 1). Athletes who have been very successful as junior athletes may encounter less success at the senior level. These entry level
senior athletes are now competing with athletes who are much older and have had more time to develop. These older senior athletes may also
have had considerable experience at the international level. Athletes at the Learning and Training to Win stages of development are generally
regarded as senior athletes. To allow entry level senior athletes to have meaningful competition there should be appropriate age categories.
The LTPAD Objectives for the Learning and Training to Win stages of development are:
Training to Compete (males 18 to 21 yrs and females 17 to 21 yrs)
Learning to Win (ST males 21 to 23 yrs and ST females 21 to 23 yrs) (LT males 21 to 25 yrs and LT females 21 to 25 yrs)
Training to Win (STmales23yrs+andSTfemales23yrs+)(LTmales25yrs+andfemales25yrs+)
Podium performances ( Sport for Life).

Competitions and races should be in gender specific categories for Learning to Win stage of development.
Developmental recommendations in the Learning to Win stage of development:
f) SSC age categories will be gender specific categories,
g) SSC age categories will be influenced by ISU and other International regulations.
h) SSC have two new age categories Neo Senior B (19 and 20) and Neo Senior A (21, 22 and 23).
101
3.4 Summary of Age Categories
The LTPAD model and related constructs are clear about girls maturing earlier than boys. The difference in the maturation is much more than
physical size. There are pubertal hormonal changes that have effects on Windows of Trainability, which are as important as physical size. There
are social and psychological differences as well. If the age categories reflect these differences there is the obvious issue of having different
age categories for boys and girls. It was decided to propose two age category systems one
recommending identical gender age categories and the other recommending age categories that
reflect the gender differences. For skaters 15 years and older the ISU age categories were used in
both proposals.
A secondary problem of using the gender specific age categories is the overlap for the males at the
endoftheTrainingtoTrainingstageofdevelopmentofthesingleagecategories(15+U)andthe
twoyearISUJuniorB(15+16).Thiscouldeasilybeaddressedbyaregulationstatingtheskater
has an option of which category to participate.
The LTPAD is clear on the maturational differences between genders therefore from a theoretical perspective it is the superior proposal. For
practical reasons SSC may choose the age consistent categories. The Review Team discussed age categories in light of the LTPAD model and
recommend the gender different model as designated on the right hand side of the table below:
The difference in the
maturation is much more
than physical size.
102
As self-concept is developing, events/
competition must be meaningful and fair.
Two Models of Age Categories
No Gender Distinction Gender Distinction

Male Female Male Female
6 to 9 6 to 8 FUNdamentals 6 to 9 6 to 8
9 to 11 8 to 11 L2T 10 to 12 9 to 11
U12 U12 T2T pre PHV B 12+U* 11+U*
U13 U13 T2T pre PHV A 13+U* 12+U*
U14 U14 T2T post PHV B 14+U* 13+U*
U15 U15 T2T post PHV A 15+U* 14+U*
15 to 16 15 to 16 ISU Junior B 16 or (15 to 16) 15 to 16
17 to 18 17 to 18 ISU Junior A 17 to 18 17 to 18
19 to 20 19 to 20 Neo Senior B 19 to 20 19 to 20
21 to 23 21 to 23 Neo Senior A 21 to 23 21 to 23
24+ 24+ Senior 24+ 24+
30+ 30+ Masters 30 30+ 30+
35+ 35+ Masters 35 35+ 35+
Etc. Etc. Etc.
Master 85 85+ 85+
ActiveStartstageofdevelopmentisintentionallyleftoutbecauseoftherecommendationofnoformalcompetition.
ThedesignationL2TstandsforLearningtoTrainstageofdevelopment
ThedesignationT2TstandsforTrainingtoTrainstageofdevelopment
PreandpostPHVstandfortheperiodsbeforeandafterPeakHeightVelocity
*ThedesignationforL2TandT2Tisanagewithanaddition+U.Thelaterisaprovisiontoallowearlymaturers(physically,
psychologicallyandsocially)whohaveappropriateperformancescorestocompeteagainstolderchildren.(e.g.14+Umeans14
and under)
U15meanslessthan15yearsofageatthecriticaldate.
Activeforlifecategoriesaregroupedas+categoriessothatindividualswhochooseagainstskaterswhoareyoungerandfittermay
be recognised for their achievements within that context and promote meaningful competition.
Fortheyounger(FUNdamentalsandmostoftheLearningtoTrain)stageofdevelopmentthetablereflectsdifferentgender
categories but there is no need for gender specific events.
TrainingtoTraindevelopmentalstagecategoriesaredenotedageandunder(e.g.15+U)toallowforearlymaturers(physical,
psychological and social) who have appropriate skating performances to compete against older skaters
Allcategoriesassumeabilitygroupingwithinthecategorywhilerespectingthedesignateddistances.
TheagecategoriesarelabelledwithstageofdevelopmenttitlestofocusontheimportanceoftheLTPADmodelespeciallyon
providing developmentally appropriate activities and program.
103
Nature of Feature Events and Competitions 4.
SSCs current competition structure for Long Track and Short Track is based primarily on an age class system with two year windows. National
championships start at midget (age 10 to 11) and continuing in two year age windows until senior (over 17). For elite athletes there is also
the opportunity to compete in ISU junior (18 and under as of July 1
st
) and
senior competitions (over 18). There is a period of overlap with both SSC
age categories and ISU age categories. Finally there are national master
championships with five year windows starting at age 30.
1
In addition to
these national championship age categories SSC has three age classes cradle
(under 6), pee wee (ages 6 to 7 and bantam (ages 8 to 9). SSC recognizes
national records for all age classes except cradle. At regional levels many
competitions are based on an ability meet format which groups skaters into
groups of 10 to 15 based on their performance level. Other feature events are evolving such as a skill format that includes events linked to skill
development and testing, relay only competitions and the ISU has a formal team competition.
The primary Speed Skate Canada Guiding Principles for Competition considered are:
Be meaningful for all participants (skaters, coaches, officials, parents, volunteers). 1.
7. Utilize the basic characteristics identified in the LTAD and other literature to define the event/competition objectives for each stage of
development.
Utilize the basic characteristics identified in the LTAD and other literature in the selection of event/competition activities and skills for each 8.
Success defined and celebrated in relation to the goals and objectives of the stage of all participants. 9.
The following are developmental constructs related to the events and competitions section:
The way competition results are used must be considered in an athletes long term development plan.
Periodization and the competition calendar must be taken into consideration in the planning of feature events and competitions.
Other formats such as Ability or All Points competitions could still be useful at branch or local levels for all stages of development.
1 For a detailed description of the national championships see Speed Skating Canada, Procedures and Regulations section K p 24 to 44.
As self-concept is developing, events/
competition must be meaningful and fair.
104
4.1 National Championships, Competitions, Periodization and Preparation
Age for National Championships:
One of the most controversial issues SSC has addressed over
the years at Annual General Meetings is the appropriate age
for national championships. The challenge of this section is
to identify the appropriate events and championships based
on the data and conclusions from the LTPAD and related
developmental material. The Review Team considered the
objectives for each stage (see Table 1) and the developmental
constructs include anatomical, physiological, cognitive and
social constructs in making the following recommendations:
Developmental recommendations age for national championships:
a) SSC to support and promote a continuum of competition including new SSC Regional Competitions focused on the Training to Train age
categories (males 12 16 and females 11 15).
b) The Learning to Compete stage of development (males 16 and females 15 years) be the initial SSC National Championships.
c) Participation in International events must be based on developmental principles.
Ability Meet Format:
The ability meet format is recognized as a very suitable format
for athlete development. The current model groups solely by
performance (usually seed times in specific distances). Based
on the construct that athletes at each stage of development
should be racing specific distances (as defined by time windows)
it is important that athletes race developmentally appropriate
distances in ability competitions. To adhere to the LTPAD model
grouping by performance without considering the developmentally
suitable distances would be inappropriate.
Developmental recommendation ability meet format:
d) For ability format the primary grouping should be based on the developmentally appropriate distances for each stage of development
(seeding by performance in each appropriate distance).
One of the most controversial issues SSC has
addressed over the years at Annual General
Meetings is the appropriate age for national
championships.
To adhere to the LTPAD model grouping
by performance without considering the
developmentally suitable distances would be
inappropriate.
105
Personal Bests and Records:

While performance time is an essential element of speed skating especially ISU Long Track, it is not the only measure of performance. For the
early developmental stages the objectives are focused on physical literacy and skill development. It is only during the Training to Train stage of
development that fitness becomes the primary priority.
Personal bests and records have been an integral part of speed skating. If one accepts the formative/summative distinction
1
, the issue of
how the results are interpreted and used becomes a critical consideration. For example, times such as season best or personal bests could
have a formative and reinforcing value. However, if times are used for selection to a national championship, or to set records the times have
a summative function. If the objective of a stage is to develop
physical literacy and speed skating skills, these factors should be
the primary basis for recognition. In speed skating performance
as measured by time is important but only within the context of
the stage of development.
Records, seasonal bests and personal bests are acknowledged as
good motivational tools but records affect only a very small group
of individuals and require considerable administrative time to
collect and manage. Records are also biased by weather and ice
conditions. Slow/fast ice often depends on altitude, the arena, sun, temperature and wind as well as the level of competition. Further, records at
these early stages are normally established by excellent skaters who are likely early maturing individuals. At the early stages (FUNdamentals,
Learning to Train and Training to Train) basic skating bio-mechanics, strategy and tactics are more important than records. Given this, the
value of records during these early stages is questionable. Personal bests and seasonal bests are a useful motivational tool but primarily for
personal improvement and not to rank individuals.
SSCs qualification criteria for Long Track Mass Start national championships allow for the quota per branch to be raised from four to six based on
times.
2
Many branches base their own selection policy on seasonal best times. These standards have been selected because they are perceived
as objective but the comments on the quality of competitors, quality of ice and weather are valid reasons reason to question the assumption of
objectivity.
Based on the LTPAD and the above arguments, the Review Team concluded records were meaningful at the Learning to Compete stage of
development and older. However, given the focus on the long term development of the skater, stage objectives and the time and effort required
to maintain records, it is concluded that the LTPAD does not support keepings records at younger ages.
Developmental recommendations personal bests and records:
e) The Learning to Compete and older developmental stages SSC recognize records.
f) In the Training to Train developmental stages and younger SSC should not recognize records.
g) Personal bests and seasonal bests are good motivational tools but primarily for personal improvement and not for ranking until the Learning
to Compete stage of development.
1 If competition is a test or a form of evaluation then terms used in educational evaluation theory may be useful in considering the role of competition in long term athlete
development: Summative evaluation is a method of judging the worth of a program at the end of the program activities. The focus is on the outcome. and Formative
evaluation is a method of judging the worth of a program while the program activities are forming or happening. Formative evaluation focuses on the process. Formative
evaluation is similar to Competition Training when competition is used as a part of training process (Competition Training). Results would only be used within the context
of a program and never for ranking or selection. This is not true for many of the SSC competitions (e.g. in LT- six ranking competitions and two team trials). In Actual
Competition the results are summative for selection or to declare champions. This applies to national team rankings, team national team selection and many branch
selection policies. (from Role of Competition section of Developmental Constructs section).
2 Speed Skating Canada, Procedures and Regulations K2-101 b)
At the early stages basic skating bio-
mechanics, strategy and tactics are more
important than records.
106
Participation Standards:
It is recognized that there likely is a need to regulate the number and quality of skaters at regional and national championships through participation
standards. SSC current regulations use number of skaters per branch in Short and Long Track Mass Start competitions with a Long Track clause
that allows more skaters based on percentage of national records for long track
1
. Based on the above discussion regarding times and stages
of development an alternate method is proposed. Branch quotas provide both incentive and an opportunity for all the branches to participate
and this should be maintained. But it is also important to recognize excellence. The ISU qualification systems for World Cups and World
Championships are based on a minimum number from each member federation plus extra skaters based on last year performance
2
. The later
approach is recommended.
Developmental recommendation participation standards:
a) For entry to regional and national championships a quota based on a minimum number of skaters per branch plus others based on performance
at last years relevant event.
For example, provincial success in an age category one year, could qualify additional skaters for the category the following year.
4.2 Multi-Sport and other International Event Issues
There is opportunity for skaters (Training to Compete and older) to participate in
international competitions and multisport games. There are a number of multisport
events including Olympic Games, FISU Games, Canada Winter Games, Arctic Winter
Games and provincial/territorial Games with Youth Olympics also being discussed.
There are also all the ISU World Championships. Internationally the ISU supports the
World Cups and has introduced a Long Track Junior World Cup. SSC also participates
in North American events.
As a sport organization driven by international success and the holistic development of
athletes participation in these events has to be rationalized with respect to how they
contribute to the athletes long term development. These events are also important
for the socio-cultural benefits attributed to sport festivals that young skaters should
experience. All these opportunities will be a challenge for SSC to make good LTPAD
developmentally appropriate decisions with respect to deciding who to send and even
which events to support.
A rationalization and logic consideration of how these serve long term athlete
development is necessary. This should allow participation in appropriate formats. The
benchmark of the LTPAD should be used to make decisions.
1 Speed Skating Canada, Procedures and Regulations K2-101 b)
2 International Skating Union, Special Regulations and Technical Rules Speed Skating and Short Track Speed Skating 208 and 281 and International Skating Union
Communications: 1501, 1517, 1518, 1527 and 1539.
As a sport organization driven
by international success and the
holistic development of athletes
participation in these events has to
be rationalized with respect to how
they contribute to the athletes long
term development.
107
The LTPAD Objectives for the stages of development are:
Learning to Train (Males 9 to 12 and females 8 to 11)
Training to Train (males 12 to 16 and females 11 to 15 (age ranges are PHV dependent)
Build and aerobic base, develop speed and strength towards the end of f the stage and further develop and consolidate sport
specific skills (Sport for Life).
Learning to Compete (males 16 to 18 and females 15 to17)
Training to Compete (males 18 to 21 and females 17 to 21)
Learning to Win (ST males 21 to 23 and ST females 21 to 23) (LT males 21 to 25 and LT females 21 to 25)
Training to Win (STmales23+andSTfemales23+)(LTmales25+andfemales25+)
Further maximizing the engine, speed skating specific skills and fitness (Find Your Edge).
Podium performances (Sport for Life).
Olympic Movement:
At the Olympics Games elite international athletes should compete.
Participation is appropriate for athletes in the Learning/Training to
Win stages of development. While a high profile elite event, these
games also have a major socio-cultural aspect. Because of the high
profile of these events they also are a primary basis of the Canadian
perception of speed skating. Some younger athletes may qualify
and should compete.
Developmental recommendation Olympics:
a) Participation in the Olympic Games is appropriate for the Learning/Training to Win stages of development.
While a high profile elite event, these games
also have a major socio-cultural aspect.
108
FISU Games:

These games are well positioned in the athlete development pathway and a good stepping stone for athlete and social cultural development.
The Review Team recommends SSC participate for development reasons and to signal the importance of higher education. However the FISU
education requirements are minimal. To signal the importance of education the Review Team recommends SSC have educational requirements
that are more stringent than the FISU Games requirements.
Developmental recommendation FISU Games:
b) SSC have educational requirements that are more stringent than the FISU Games educational requirements.
Canada Winter Games:
The level of competition at the Canada Winter Games is appropriate for the Learning/Training to Compete stages. The Canada Winter Games
provide experience in a multi-sport games environment to a large number of participants and also provides social/cultural development
opportunities. Like the Olympic Games they often play a major role in the perception of speed skating in a branch. These games provide
the recognition and reward of making a provincial/territorial team at a nationally recognized event, and if used wisely, can be a catalyst for
the development of the sport at the provincia/territorial level. Due to the quadrennial nature of the Games, skaters are either favoured or
discriminated against based on their birthdates. To some extent, the event is a birthday lottery. Given this, the quality of events in the SSC
domestic calendar and the four year cycle, there is only a limited benefit from the racing in the event itself.
The minimum age based on the LTPAD model would be the ages for Learning to Compete. It also must be compatible with the ages for national
championships. Therefore the ages recommended are the ISU Junior A and B ages.
1
It was agreed that skaters who have represented Canada
in ISU senior events should not participate in the Canada Winter Games.
The Review Team considered the eligibility of SSC athletes who have represented Canada at World Junior Championships for Canada Winter
Games. It was agreed that they should be eligible to attend. The Review Team suggests that this should be considered by national coaches,
personal coaches as part of each individual athletes long term development plan.
Developmental recommendations Canada Winter Games:
c) For Canada Winter Games the ages recommended are the ISU Junior A and B ages.
2

d) Skaters who have represented Canada in ISU senior events not be permitted in Canada Winter Games.
e) Skaters who have represented Canada in ISU Junior events should be permitted in Canada Winter Games.
Provincial/Territorial Games:
Provincial/Territorial Games allow significant numbers of athletes to participate in multi-sport events. They have socio-cultural value and often
provide opportunity for athletes who otherwise would never experience the games environment and perhaps even the reward of making a team.
In some provinces these occur every two years so the problem of accessibility due to birth date is not as great.
Developmental recommendation Provincial Games:
f) Participation in Provincial/Territorial Games is appropriate for the Training to Train or Training to Compete stage of development.
1 The ISU Junior age categories are B (15 and 16) and A (17 through 19) as of July 1 st preceding the competition (ISU Rule108).
2 The ISU Junior age categories are B (15 and 16) and A (17 through 19) as of July 1 st preceding the competition (ISU Rule108).
109
4.3 Junior Participation at International Events
Participation in National Selection and International events:
The LTPAD model creates an opportunity for SSC to review younger developing athletes participation in international events with goal supporting
the athletes long term development both as a skater and a person. One challenge is to insure programs maintain focus on long term development
of physical attributes, sport skills and education. The demands of
international competition can compromise these with tapering for
early trials, travelling and competing every week as is imposed
by the international schedule. Focusing on development should
help athlete long term development and prevent premature
athlete burnout.

For junior athletes participation in senior international events
must consider effects on their long term development, meaningful
competitions experience, life style and personal factors such as
education. Limiting participation in early team trials will reinforce
the value of fall domestic competitions. It also should enable young athletes to focus on their first years of post secondary education by not
imposing a competition schedule which prohibits them from taking at least a minimum of a part-time course load.
Developmental recommendation participation in national selection and international events:
a) ISU junior age skaters not be permitted to participate in Fall World Cups or related selection events.
World Junior Championships:
Participation at an event like World Juniors requires maturity and experience to ensure it is both a good experience and meaningful competition.
During the Learning to Compete stage of development athletes are introduced to national level competition. This stage emphasises learning to
compete Optimal development requires some progression in level of competition. The travel and competition experience gained in the Learning
to Compete stage should provide the minimum experience to prepare the athlete for competition. The next stage of development is Training to
Compete stage of development, which is essentially the same age as the ISU Junior A category.
Historically the most skaters who qualify for World Junior Championships are from the Training to Compete stage of development. In this stage
of development the majority of athletes (95%) will have completed their period of critical growth and development. They also will have had some
experience competing at the national level. Participation in World Junior Championships by younger athletes is not critical to later success.
To ensure that these experiences best serve the developmental needs of skaters; based on their maturity and position in the LTPAD model; it is
recommended that SSC only send Junior A athletes to World Juniors.
Developmental recommendation ISU World Junior Championships:
b) SSC only send Junior A athletes to ISU World Junior Championships.
One challenge is to insure programs maintain
focus on long term development of physical
attributes, sport skills and education
110
4.4 Junior Specialization:
In 2009 the ISU added a single distance format for the ISU Junior
World Championships
1
. The objectives for the Learning/Training
to Compete stages of development are to optimize the engine,
speed skating specific skills and fitness while the objective for the
Learning/Training to Win stage is podium performance. The trade
off is between long term development and event specific preparation.
Early specialization (and implied podium emphasis) has potential to
detract from each athletes overall long term development. It is noted
that many of SSC senior athletes have changed their focus from sprint
distances to all round and visa versa later in their careers. At this
stage long term development is more important than specialization;
therefore it is recommended that SSC selection for World Junior
Championships be based on all-round performance.
It should be noted that for Short Track SSC selection is in an all-round format.
Developmental recommendations junior specialization:
a) SSC Long Track selection for ISU World Junior Championships be based on all-round performance.
b) SSC Short Track maintains the all-round selection format.
Junior World Cup:
This is a new Long Track event and SSC did not participate in the initial year. Participation would have to be justified within the LTA/PD model.
See Junior Specializations section above.
Developmental recommendation junior World Cup:
c) Participation in ISU Junior World Cups would have to be justified within the LTPAD model.
1 International Skating Union, Special Regulations and Technical Rules Speed Skating and Short Track Speed Skating, 283.
The objectives for the Learning/Training
to Compete stages of development are to
optimize the engine, speed skating specific
skills and fitness while the objective for the
Learning/Training to Win stage is podium
performance
111
4.5 Stage Specific Feature Events and Competitions
Training and Competition Guidelines:
The Find Your Edge and Sport for Life documents
1
include specific
recommendations on the number of competitions, season length
and amount of training. The role of competition at each stage was
discussed in the Developmental Constructs section. The amount
of competition at each stage of development and the concepts of
periodization, tapering and peaking at stage must be a continuum
supported by the objectives and developmental data for that stage.
See Tables S, T, and Z for specific concepts regarding training/
competition ratios and number of competitions per year for each
stage of development. Specific recommendations will be made for
each stage of development
Competition can be categorized into three types: Performance Competitions, Developmental Competitions and Simulation Competitions
based on the objectives for the competition and how the competition results are used.
The way competition results are used must be considered in an athletes long term development plan.
Periodization:
The Find Your Edge and Sport for Life documents
1
include specific periodization recommendations for each stage.
With SSC short season (October to March). Only a single periodization is possible. However it is possible to have at least two tapered peaks in
that season. A peak implies preparing for specific important competition both mentally and physically tapering then returning to more general
training. The more general training would focus on long term development.

1 Canadian Sport for Life Long-Term Athlete Development Resource Paper V2, Canadian Sport Centres ands Find Your Edge SSCs Long-Term Athlete Development Plan ,Speed
Skating Canada.
The amount of competition at each stage of
development and the concepts of periodization,
tapering and peaking at stage must be a
continuum supported by the objectives and
developmental data for that stage.
112
Active Start (0 to 6 yrs)
The focus at this stage is physical literacy and not competition.
The LTPAD Objectives for the Active Start stage of development is:
Childrens ability to focus on dynamic issues is limited until they reach late puberty.
them.
Developing physical literacy and physical capacity take precedence over competition, periodization and the competition calendar for the early
All activity to be Fun based with no recommendations for training/competition ratios, periodization or number of competitions per year.
Developmental recommendations in the Active Start stage of development:
There would be no formal competition.
a) Racing should occur at practice and be in games and relays for fun.
b) If Active Start (cradle) races are included at a local competitions every skater should receive the same reward and rewards such as tile
champion, ribbons and medals are not appropriate.
113
For the Fundamentals stage of development, speed skating (not practice, training or work outs but simply speed skating) develops physical
literacy and at the same time promotes skating as an attractive and good life time activity.
them.
For the Fundamentals stage of development, all activity to be Fun based with no periodization and 0 to 6 competitions per year.
Developmental recommendations in the Fundamentals stage of development:
c) Events should be primarily local.
d) Activities should focus on physical literacy with limited traditional racing.
e) Events should be in a skill (competition) format and should include some traditional speed skating races (age appropriate distances).
f) Games and relays should be a featured and significant component of events.
g) Season would be 22 to 24 weeks with two 8 to 12 week sessions.
h) All activity to be fun based with no periodization with 0 to 6 competitions per year.
114
The Learning to Train stage of development represents the primary Window of Opportunity for skill. In this stage of development competition
starts to become a priority. Skater participation rates begin to rapidly drop off towards the end of this stage for males and immediately following
the stage for females. It is important that the primary emphasis focus on skill development and that the social environment be as positive as
possible.
their success and failure. Long and Short Track should be integrated in both training and competition until the Training to Train stage of
development.
them.
At 10 years of age children reach a stage where team sports are important.
Developmental recommendations in the Learning to Train stage of development:
i) Events and competitions should be in an ability format.
j) Events and competitions should be geographically close, primarily within their branch or neighbouring branches.
k) Events and competitions at least 50% of the races should be in traditional counter clockwise racing format. Other activities would include
clockwise and straight line racing.
l) Formal relays and other team competitions should be featured and significant components of events.
m) Season would be 22 to 29 weeks.
n) 70% training and 30% competition (competition includes competition specific training
1
).
o) Single periodization and 4 to 8 developmental competitions per year with no performance competitions
2
.
1 Competition specific training includes all race specific training. This would include practice races and all competition specific simulations.
2 These are defined in the constructs paper
115
Training to Train (males 12 to 16 yrs and females 11 to 15 yrs (age ranges are PHV dependent)
The Training to Train stage of development is the period of rapid growth. There are very large individual differences in physical size, secondary
sexual characteristics and physiological maturity, especially between early and late maturers. In general females mature earlier than males. It
is also a critical psychological developmental period as independence, self concept and social issues play an important role in each individuals
development.
In the Critical Date(s) for SSC Ages and Relative Age section for the Training to Train stage of development two seasons per year were
recommended with different critical dates to determine age for each season.
Build and aerobic base, develop speed and strength towards the end of the stage and further develop and consolidate sport specific skills
(Sport for Life).
them.
By late adolescence teenagers are starting to make decision regarding school and career which have to be traded off or balance with
sport.
There is a significant decline in participation from the start to the end of puberty
Team activities should be considered as a proactive approach to declining participation trends, especially during puberty.
116
Developmental recommendations in the Training to Train developmental stage:
p) Wherever possible Mass Start (Long Track and Short Track) and ISU time based races be included.
q) Wherever possible skaters should participate in both Short Track and Long Track events.
r) Featured events/competitions should be at formal SSC Regional Competition (two or three regions).
s) Branches should seek to develop comparable meaningful events/competitions for participants who do not qualify for SSC Regional
Competitions in this stage.
t) Competition season would be 22 to 29 weeks as part of a 40 week training season.
u) 60% training and 40% competition (competition includes competition specific training
1
).
v) Single periodization with two tapered peaks.
w) Three to six competitions per year with one to two performance competitions each year.
117
Learning to Compete (males 16 to 18 yrs and females 15 to17 yrs)
By this stage of development the majority of the individuals have realized at least 90% of their growth and development. It is also a stage where
athletes start to make life decisions with respect to school, careers and social environment. For those who aspire to be elite athletes preparation
and appropriate competition have to be priorities if they are to achieve their potential.
The LTPAD Objective for the Learning to Compete stage of development is:
sport.
There will be a transfer from a priority of developing physical capacities to learning through competition from the Training to Train and
Learning to Compete stages of development.
Developmental recommendations in the Learning to Compete stage of development:
x) Major events/competitions are SSC national competitions and trials for SSC Junior Teams.
y) Participation in training camps and international events must take into consideration the individuals annual and multi-year training programs
and other factors such as school.
z) Competition season would be 22 to 29 weeks as part of a year round training plan.
aa) 40% training and 60% competition (competition includes competition specific training
1
).
ab) Single periodization with two to three tapered peaks.
ac) Five to Eight developmental competitions per year and two to four performance competitions each year.
ad) The SSC National Calendar of events
2
must carefully consider the Long term development of the athletes especially periodization.

2 Includes national championships, team trials and training camps, national team selection, carding and others such as Canada Cup competitions (also includes equivalent
junior events).
118
Training to Compete (males 18 to 21 yrs and females 17 to 21 yrs)
Athletes at this stage of development start competing as senior athletes (SSC over 17 old and ISU over 18 years old). Some have been very
successful as junior athletes and at the senior level success is much more difficult to achieve because elite senior athletes are often older and
have had more time to develop. Further, skaters are no longer grouped in a two year age band, but compete against athletes who may be ten
years or more years older than themselves. Many of these older senior athletes have had considerable experience at the international level.
Because of the principle of diminishing returns even personal bests are more difficult to achieve and are less dramatic. The net result is all
extrinsic reward and perhaps even rewards are more difficult to achieve. New age classes at the start of the senior career would focus attention
on how well each skater is performing compared to athletes at the same stage of their careers.
The LTPAD Objectives for the Training to Compete stage of development are:
sport.
Training to Win).
Developmental recommendations in the Training to Compete stage of development:
ae) Featured SSC events/competitions include national team selections as well as ISU competitions.
af) Participation in training camps and international competitions must consider the individuals annual and multi-year training programs and
other factors such as school and career preparation.
ag) Competition season would be 36 to 38 weeks as part of a year round training season.
ah) 40% training and 60% competition (competition includes competition specific training
1
).
ai) Single periodization with an individualized plan for tapered peaks.
aj) Number of competitions based on individualized plan.
ak) The SSC National Calendar of events
2
must carefully consider the Long term athlete development especially periodization.
junior events).
119
Learning to Win and Training to Win
These older senior athletes may also have had considerable experience at the international level. Athletes at the Win stages of development
are generally regarded as senior athletes.
The LTPAD Objectives for the Learning to Win stage of development is:
The LTPAD Objectives for the Training to Win stage of development are:
Podium performances (Sport for Life).
By late adolescence teenagers are starting to make decision regarding school and career which have to be traded off or balanced with
sport.
Developmental recommendations in the Learning to Win and Training to Win stage of development:
al) Featured SSC events/competitions relate to national team trials and selection competitions as well as ISU competitions.
am) Participation in international competitions must take into consideration the individuals annual and multi-year training programs and other
factors such as school and career preparation.
an) Competition season would be 36 to 38 weeks as part of a year round training season.
ao) 25% training and 75% competition (competition includes competition specific training
1
).
ap) Single periodization with an individualized plan for tapered peaks.
aq) Number of competitions based on individualized plan.
ar) The SSC National Calendar of events
2
must carefully consider the long term development of the athletes especially periodization.
junior events).
120
Summary Table Periodization, Peaking and Number of Competitions
Stage
Periodization
(Matrices)
CS4L
Periodization
(Find Your
Edge)*
Competitive
Peaks
Number of Competitions (From Matrices)
Simulation
Competitions
Developmental
Competitions
Performance
Competitions
AS None None N/A None No recommendation
FUN None None None None
Frequent
FUN races in
Practice
0 6 0
L2T
Introduce
Single,
end of stage
Introduce
Single,
unique cases
Double
Single 1
Frequent FUN
races
in Practice
4 8 0
T2T (Pre-
PHV)
Single or
Double
Single or
Double
Single 2
In training,
no number
recommended
3 5
1 pre XMAS,
1-2 end of
season
T2T (Post
PHV)
Double 1/
sport
or ST/LT
Single 2
In training,
no number
recommended
4 6
1 pre XMAS,
1-2 end of
season
L2C
Double 1/
sport
or ST/LT
Single,
Double of
Triple
Double
(multiple peaks)
2 3
Simulations
as per
individualized
plans
5 8 2 4
T2C
Individualised
Double
(multiple peaks)
As per
individual
plans
8 10 (performance vs. individual
determined by
individualized plans)
L2W ST
Single,
Double, Triple
or multiple
for optimal
performance
Double
(multiple peaks)
L2W LT
Double
(multiple peaks)
A4L N/A N/A
Note: Condensed competitive season in speed skating makes it very difficult to provide a minimum of 2 weeks recovery and 8 12 weeks for general and specific preparation to
achieve double periodization during the on-ice season without significant adjustments to the competitive calendar complicated by availability of ice and timing of major competitive
events on the competitive calendar.
121
Active for Life Recreational Competition, Volunteer, Fitness and Fun Participation 5.
5.1 Introduction
The Active for Life stage of development is not defined by developmental age. It is not addressed in the SSC Find Your Edge document and
while included in the Canadian Sort for Life paper resource only one cursory page is provided. These documents provide no developmental data
on aging and physical activity to provide guidance. SSC with 70% membership under the age of twelve years old and two world renowned elite
programs (ST and LT) has a rich tradition of success. Emphasis on recreational competition has primarily been at the grass roots (club) level.
There are master level age categories and competitions but they are shaped and patterned on the elite models.
The Review Team noted that while this stage was not included in Find Your Edge but is a critical part of speed skating and has great potential
for growth. The team identified different roles which include volunteering, coaching, officiating, recreation and health skating and competitive
racing. With respect to the health and fitness aspects there could be different opportunities such as the ones found in running (road racing and
marathons). These running events attract large numbers of participants across age categories and
have lead to very socially conscious links to charities as fund raising event.
While the trend across stages of development has been from very general local events to highly
specialized international competitions this stage has to be much more eclectic. While SSC has a role
in appropriate national events and even international competitions real success will come from much
more local and regional opportunities. SSC can play a facilitation role by developing education and
resource material for innovative initiatives.
Six of the nine principles apply to this stage of development. Almost all the committees (with exception
of the Short Track and Long Track High Performance Committees) have responsibility for this part of
the program but they have larger overarching responsibilities. SSC has is no readily identifiable point
of sale for this stage of development.
Examples of other sports may provide some guidance. Team sports such as slow pitch softball, old
timer hockey and adult soccer are very popular. In track in the 1970s road racing became very popular
but the road runners started an independent organization to meet a competitive demand for events for
recreational runners and joggers. They have been very successful with races such as 10K runs, half
marathons and marathons and have also linked these events to charities and sponsors. Other sports,
such as rowing and cross country skiing, have incorporated Active for Life participants in their formal
programs. While road runners have longer distances the master rowers race half the distance of senior
rowers. Cross country skiing which has longer races has had success with Active for Life racers.
There is no clear trend of how to proceed.
The choice SSC can make is to be proactive or reactive. These are adults therefore SSC could be reactive by responding to demand and lobbying.
On the other hand if Active for Life is viewed as an opportunity to grow and better serve society SSC can take a proactive stance. The recent
growth in popularity of Marathon Skating and Masters Championships provides an opportunity to move forward.
If SSC were to choose a proactive stance there are endless ideas of how to proceed. To emphasize fitness (jogging on skates), one obvious
model would be the road runners races adjust distances to times. Ten kilometre road races take about 35-45 minutes and skating at 50 seconds
per lap would be a race of 16-21 kilometres. The speed skating marathon is 100 laps so a half marathon would be 50 laps or 20 kilometres.
Short Track has ice quality problems so maybe 5 kilometres would work. Mass Start races would be good. Team events could be developed
patterned on the team pursuit and even cross country running.
The fitness, health and jogging solution does not address the fun and social value of recreational racing. What distances should be included is
an open question. One final point is that if SSC wants to promote this it needs to consider program options. For example running stores offer
jogging and walking clubs where introductory courses and social club type opportunities provide a social environment for training and some
assistance with training programs and technique.
While the trend across
stages of development
has been from very
general local events
to highly specialized
international
competitions this
stage has to be much
more eclectic.
122
1. Reflect SSCs values and True Sports principles Reflect Speed Skating.
9. Define and celebrate success in relation to each stage goals and objectives for all participants.
The LTPAD Objectives for the Active for Life stage of development is:
Smooth transition from an athletes competitive career to lifelong physical activity and participation in sport. ( Sport for Life).
The following are constructs/conclusions related to the active for life stage of development:
1
The competition calendar must consider life style and personal development factors.

Developmental recommendations Active for Life options:
a) SSC must decide if SSC wants to invest in Active for Life programs.
b) Assuming SSC adopts the previous recommendation then SSC assign primary responsibility to a standing committee or strike a new
standing committee for recreational skating, health and fitness for the Active for Life stage of development.
1 A number of the constructs which were focused on specific stages must also be considered at this stage. The stages were simply eliminated from the text.
123
5.2 Age Categories
In the other stages of development age effects generally make the athlete bigger and stronger. This is not the case as one matures in fact at
older ages the opposite is likely to occur. These athletes also have significant life commitments that limit their opportunity to train and compete.
In the Active for Life stage the issue is to make the age categories meaningful and fair.
The following are developmental constructs related to age categories:
Competitions and races should be in gender specific categories for the Active for Life stage of development.
SSC age categories should be consistent with ISU age categories and other international age categories.
Developmental recommendations in the Active for Life stage of development age categories:
a) Gender specific categories
b) Ages categories will be the same for both genders.
c) SSC age categories will be influenced by international masters regulations.
124
5.3 Activities and Distances
The Review Team identified different roles which include volunteering, coaching, officiating recreational and health skating and competitive
racing. With respect to the health and fitness aspects there could be different opportunities such as the ones found in running road racing and
marathons. These events attract large numbers of participants across age categories.
The following are developmental constructs related to the activities and distances:
Windows of Trainability should be a major determinant of SSC competition and event activities for each developmental stage.
Long and Short Track should be integrated in both training and competition.
Competitions Other formats such as Ability or All Points competitions could still be useful at branch or local is for all stages of
development.
older.
Developmental recommendations in the Active for Life stage of development distances:
a) Competitive distances will be influenced by International masters regulations.
b) SSC consider enhancing the marathon program for competitive, health and fitness opportunities.
c) SSC consider more cardiovascular events time linked to cross-country ski events as well as road racing events like 10K races and half
marathons.
125
5.4 Nature of Feature Events and Competitions
Events in the Active for Life stage of development must consider the wide variety of speed skating participation roles including competing,
health and fitness as well as coaching, officiating and volunteering.
The following are developmental constructs related to the nature of feature events and competition:
Competition can be categorized into three types: Performance Competitions, Developmental Competitions and Simulation Competitions
based on the objectives for the competition and how the competition results are used.
The way competition results are used must be considered in an athletes long term development plan .
Competitions and races should be in gender specific categories for the Active for Life stage of development.
Developmental recommendations in the Active for Life stage of development events and comeptitions:
a) Training to competition ratio, periodization and number of competitions per year must be based on each individuals desire.
b) SSC sanctioned, supported and recognized competitions in a variety of formats such as Mass Start, ISU two lane and marathons.
c) SSC work with the branches to develop health and fitness types of events similar to fun runs.
d) SSC be proactive in developing volunteering, coaching and officiating roles and considering them to be participants.
126
Long Track and Short Track (Common and Unique Issues) 6.
Speed Skating Canada has worked hard to become one of the best speed skating nations and a top sport
in Canada. It is successful in both Long Track and Short Track speed skating and SSC should strive to
maintain this. Many skaters have participated in both disciplines during earlier developmental stages
which is good. The decision about when to specialize will cut across a number of LTPAD stages therefore
the Objectives for the each stage will have to be considered. The Review Team has concluded that there
is little difference in the programs at the Active Start, Fundamentals and even Learning to Train stages
of development between Short Track and Long Track. There are a number of factors to consider not
the least of which is climate and opportunity issues specifically the availability of Long Track facilities.
Nevertheless at some stage of development most athletes will have to choose to specialize. However
up to that point the program should allow athletes to participate in both disciplines.
The following are developmental constructs related to Long Track and Short Track:
Developmental recommendations Long Track and Short Track:
a) Up to and including the Learning to Compete stage of development, the SSC Competition Calendar should facilitate participation in both
Short Track and Long Track.
b) While individuals can select Long Track or Short Track at any stage most skaters will likely have selected by the Training to Compete stage of
development. SSC planning and programs will only focus on one discipline at the Training to Compete and older stages of development.
Many skaters have
participated in both
disciplines during
earlier developmental
stages which is good.
127
Equipment and Tracks 7.
Every person who wants to race on skates should have the opportunity to do so in a safe and affordable manner. These issues are shared by
the True Sport movement. The issue of physical safety is one of SSC core values, but safety also implies free from harassment or interference
with the individual. Fun, while covered under other principles, is the root of SSCs success. Enhanced by its elite classification, speed skating
can take positive strides to enhance accessibility.
Developing Physical Literacy
1
identifies several underrepresented groups including: aboriginal youth,
youth with a disability, girls (especially those from ethnic groups that have not traditionally valued
physical activity), and disadvantaged inner-city youth. There are a great many issues regarding
accessibility and many of these factors are outside SSC control but others can be addressed. Some
within SSC control include economics, personal and social perceptions, type of skates and uniforms.
These are included as examples of issues that can be considered to make speed skating as attractive
and accessible as possible.
The concept of attractive relates to how the speed skating and the events and competitions are perceived
by Canadians. If speed skating is perceived as affordable and attractive the sport will grow.
7.1 Specific Skates for Specific Stages
For introductory skating three issues should be considered in identifying appropriate skates. The first is to insure skates are appropriate for
the skills the individuals are learning at the skaters stage of development. The next issue is cost, which in itself is a real issue, but is also an
accessibility issue. The third issue is the skates should fit the participant.
The four stages of development: Active Start, Fundamentals, Learning to Train and Training to Train are primarily the responsibility of the
clubs and branches SSC has an obligation to make recommendations based on the appropriate principles.
The primary Speed Skate Canada Guiding Principles for Competition considered:
The following are developmental constructs related to types of skates:
1 Developing Physical Literacy, A Guide For Parents Of Children Ages 0 - 12, Canadian Sport Centres , p28
Enhanced by its elite
classification, speed
skating can take
positive strides to
enhance accessibility.
128
Active Start (0 to 6 yrs)
This stage of development is about very basic motor skills which includes skating.
Developmental recommendations in the Active Start stage of development - skates:
a) Hockey skates should be used.
This stage of development emphasizes basic skating skills with an introduction to speed skating.
Basic movement skills (Find Your Edge).
Developmental recommendation in the Fundamentals stage of development - skates:
b) Skaters are strongly encouraged to wear hockey-style skates for the safety of the protected blade, suitability for basic physical literacy skills
accessibility and ease of maintenance.
Direction of push is not easily taught on clap skates. The lack of strength among developing skaters with the desire to hear the sound produced
by the clap skate results in a backwards direction push. A fixed blade speed skate forces skaters to push to the side in a proper biomechanical
pattern. This is very important with the Learning to Train phase being critical for developing sport specific skills. The cost of clap skates is
substantially higher with a clap skate than a fixed blade skate. During this stage of development, there are often kids with clap skates and those
without. This would eliminate the haves and have nots of the sport. Skates have to be properly set up for skaters learn skating skills. Clap
skates also require more maintenance, tuning and adjustment than conventional fixed blade skates.
Developmental recommendations in the Learning to Train stage of development - skates:
c) Long blade skates only introduced once skaters have acquired fundamental skating skills.
d) Skates restricted to fixed blade speed skates.
129
Training to Train (males 12 to 16 yrs and females 11 to 15 yrs (age ranges are PHV dependent)
This is a stage of development with rapid growth and maximal individual differences.
Build and aerobic base, develop speed and strength towards the end of f the stage and further develop and consolidate sport specific skills
(Sport for Life).
Developmental recommendations in the Training to Train stage of development - skates:
e) Clap Skates be introduced once skaters have acquired the necessary strength and technical proficiency.
f) In the Training to Train stage of development and older, clap skates are acceptable.
130
7.2 Nature of Uniforms
Bob Bowman, coach of U.S. swim star Michael Phelps, deplores the idea of young, developing swimmers wearing speed suits, but he encouraged
boys to wear a modified version tight fitting, thigh length Shorts known as jammers simply because they discourage self consciousness.
Bowman and others blame the traditional tiny swim trunks for nothing Short of driving young boys out of the sport. I honestly think they were a
barrier for getting boys into the sport on the entry level, Bowman said. Jammers have really helped boys with self esteem and body issues
1
Two members of the Review Team with young boys in speed skating raised similar concerns about their own children. In Find Your Edge p 43
under emotional development it states that during late childhood (FUNdamentals through the Training to Train Stage: Children are developing
their self concept. It is impossible to know the effect of the norm of skin suits for this age on self esteem and body image and if there is an effect
on recruitment and retention but it certainly is possible. The retention data suggest the end of the Training to Train stage is where participation
rates decline rapidly.
The competition uniform for speed skating is a very aerodynamic close fitting skin suit.
These make it quite clear to everyone ones body type and stage of development. While they
clearly reveal secondary sexual characteristic they also clearly reveal one`s musculature
and body composition.
In general speed skatings social environment and competition structure make very positive
contributions to self esteem. The skin suits are one aspect that may have a detrimental
effect. The Review Team doubts that many skaters wear their skin suits to school or in any
other public place. Some skaters wear t-shirts over their skin suits and it is likely to cover-
up. At the same time speed skating has an obligation to make races fair and if some children
are reluctant to display their body shape in public and choose not to wear a skin suit they
will be at a competitive disadvantage. Finally skin suits are expensive and have little other
use except to be traded or sold when they no longer fit. Further, a skin suit adds to the cost
of skating and is therefore a financial barrier to accessibility.
1. Reflect SSCs values and True Sports principles.
The following are developmental constructs related to the nature of uniforms:
Body image, self-esteem and clothing are interlinked.
Developmental recommendation nature of uniforms:
a) For developmental stages up to and including Learning to Train, SSC consider regulations and alternate uniforms regarding the clothing in
which children practice and compete.
1 Saskatoon Star Phoenix Nov 1
st
In general speed skatings
social environment and
competition structure make
very positive contributions
to self esteem. The skin suits
are one aspect that may have
a detrimental effect.
131
7.3 Facilities and Tracks
In the Developmental Constructs section rational for smaller tracks was presented based on three sets of data. The first reason was to scale
the tracks so they fit into smaller arenas. This is based on two ideas the first safety and the second the ability of organizations to host major
championships in their community. The third idea is from a motor learning perspective on specificity of
learning. Tracks that are scaled to the size of the athletes allow them to have similar stride patterns to
adults on the ISU larger track. The most reliable measure of size is height. Data was also presented on
angle of lean which clearly illustrated that on smaller tracks the angle of lean approximates the angle
of adult skaters on international tracks.
While these arguments were based on Short Track data the same principles should apply to Long Track
ovals. The issue of feasibility must also be considered for Long Track ovals where the human resource
demands, costs and environmental sustainability must also be considered. Reducing the size of the
oval will dramatically reduce the installation and operating costs (including volunteer time). Weather
also plays a role with the harsh climate in many Canadian centres smaller ovals would mean shorter
straight aways and tighter corners which makes training in high winds easier. Assuming the athletes
train the same volume there would also be more corners with more corner entries and exits on smaller
tracks. Finally coaches would always be closer to the athletes. Smaller tracks are recommended for
safety , ability to host, specificity of learning and feasibility.
The following are developmental constructs related to facilities and tracks:
The size of the tracks and ovals should reflect the size and skill of the skaters.
Developmental recommendations facilities and tracks:
a) Fundamentals stage of development, ST ovals be 75 meters.
b) Learning to Train and Training to Train stages of development, ST ovals are 100 meters.
c) Learning to Compete stage of development and older, the Short Track and Long Track ovals meet ISU standards.
d) SSC provide survey diagrams and sanction 200, 250 and 300m long track ovals.
Smaller tracks are
recommended for
safety, ability to host,
specificity of learning
and feasibility.
132
Social Issues 8.
For the sport to succeed, grow, and achieve SSC
stated purposes and values it must adjust to changes
in society. Traditionally most changes have been
reactive but a review of the structure of events
and competition is an opportunity to be proactive.
Examples of these factors include social changes
such as family, human resources including the roles of
volunteers and professional staff, virtual communities
(social networking), travel costs, carbon footprint
and issues such as the preference for certain ages to
participate in team events.
The following are developmental constructs related to social issues:
For the sport to succeed, grow, and achieve SSC
stated purposes and values it must adjust to changes
in society. Traditionally most changes have been
reactive but a review of the structure of events and
competition is an opportunity to be proactive.
133
8.1 Competition Formats
Speed Skating, especially the branches, has been innovative with regards competition formats. The all points formats, relay competitions and ability
meets are good examples. The trends in society with respect to dual income families, volunteerism and the
economics of travel provide incentive for speed skating to be even more innovative.
Duration:
Anecdotal information suggests many families are not interested or willing to spend two long days at an
event/competition. One of the redeeming factors is many find these days a social event. However for
families starting, the duration is more likely a deterrent. Anecdotal evidence is some simply do not come
back the next year. Having the young skaters at a rink for two whole days also makes it difficult for them
to be involved in other sport and activities. To shorten the time a skater is at the rink the events would
have to be focused on a limited band of developmental stages. These events could be focused on specific
developmental stages or combined with other stages but at different times in the day or even separate
venues.
An argument against this model is it has to be worthwhile to travel or commit to an event. The issue should not be the length of time the participant is at
the rink but how much they participate and how good the experience is for them and their families. At a traditional competition most skaters race in four
distances often with heats and finals totalling about eight races and a relay for a weekend. However in a more focused competition the beginning skater
could participate in the same number of events in much less time. Recent revisions of the competitive structure in some jurisdictions have achieved this
with skaters participating in 5-7 events in a 6 or 7 hour time period. If SSC is creative it might be possible to participate even more in less time.
One final argument that has been heard against this is that families would have children in more than one age window and would have to be at the
rink all day to accommodate both developmental stages anyway. While this argument is a concern the contrary argument of why should the family
participating in only one developmental stage be required to be at the rink all day both days? must be considered.
This will be a difficult decision as most of the speed skating families are very used to the all day competitions and perhaps even like the family and social
environment. Issues that will have to be considered include the questions: What about those who have chosen not to have their children involved?
and What about the upcoming generations of families?
Reflect SSCs values and True Sports principles. 1.
The following are developmental constructs related duration of competition:
Developmental recommendations duration of competitions:
a) Entry level speed skating events/competitions should be limited to one day per weekend and the duration limited to 4 hours per day.
b) Entry level speed skating events/competitions should be in blocks of time to keep them active and to keep families engaged.
c) Events could be in the form of skating festival and could readily be adapted to include children who are not formally engaged in speed skating
programs.
...many families are not
interested or willing to
spend two long days at
an event/competition.
134
Innovative Event Formats: (e.g. Skating Festivals with or without other sports).
Speed skating has focused primarily on a traditional format of competitions with individual races and
perhaps relays if there is time. These competitions for the most part have been limited to paid
members. At one time local rinks and communities had winter carnivals where anyone could enter fun
races and there were whole range of performances opportunities and activities. More important was
the opportunity to race on skates.
The LTPAD objectives for the first three stages are well suited to other formats (especially skill events).
Participation in multiple sports is also recommended during these developmental stages. Creative
formats with other sports or run by speed skating could have many advantages with respect to simply
having fun but also could promote the sport and even serve as a recruiting tool.
The following are developmental constructs related to innovative event formats:
Developmental recommendation innovative event formats:
d) SSC consider creative formats for events/competitions such as festivals with or without other sports.
Speed skating has
focused primarily on
a traditional format
of competitions with
individual races and
perhaps relays if there
is time.
135
8.2 Volunteers
Volunteering is on the decline with fewer people volunteering and more time being required. At the elite level officials and volunteer coaches
are participating in more and more competitions being held on weekdays. At the local level finding club and branch executives is becoming
more of a challenge. There is anecdotal evidence that more parents
would rather pay a fee to opt out of volunteering. This is particularly
evident for clubs located in large cities.
Speed skating needs to be proactive to assure the sport remains
viable and is sustainable. There are a number of solutions including
reconsidering the sport as a business
1
, paying for services,
restructuring the sport to reduce volunteer demands, etc. While
these should be considered, the later must be considered. Speed
skating events/competitions are human resource intensive.
Volunteers are very important resource and the roles of and demands should be studied on the basis of cost effectiveness.
Times and Timing an example:
One suggestion is to consider the cost of timing skaters in every race. The rationale for the number of timers is based on spring driven
sweep stop watch technology for records. The reading of watches and recording of times also slows a competition down meaning fewer races
per hour.
The ISU rules only require three timers per pair but the SSC tradition is to have three per skater. The ISU require manual times to be a back up
for electronic times and especially for records. But in competitions where times are used for personal bests and records is this cost effective,
particularly where electronic timing is available? In track and field competitions often use only electronic times stopping the race if the timing
malfunctions. Many electronic timing systems also allow for a manual stop which can be triggered by the same operator as the electronic
system.
Many Short and Long Track Mass Start competitions use times to advance from heats or semi finals to the next level. However there are other
models with placements used to advance skaters. One could argue in Short Track that the use of times to qualify to the next level of even national
championships is a detriment to learning Mass Start skating strategies.
Having seven to thirteen timers at competitions does provide better manual times, but is it cost effective? If minimum wage was paid the
costs would dramatically change the entry fees. Coaches time skaters, could we not accept their timers for personal bests? Could we rely on
electronic timing? (An aside running electronic timing systems requires a very specific set of skills and perhaps this should be a paid position).
Finally as electronic timing becomes more prevalent we are adding to the volunteer time cost of a competition. Ironically technology is adding
to the volunteer time demands instead of reducing the demands.
Times and timing is only one example asking the question of how we
use volunteer time. Many sports such as gymnastics, figure skating and
swimming follow a business model where the clubs are either private for
profit businesses or not for profit clubs have hired profession a staff to deal
with much of the business of running the sport. As society changes the
sports that are pro-active are more likely to be effective in the future.
1 The Business of Sport Business Practices Manual Changing the Culture of Sport in Canada, True Sport Club Excellence.
Speed skating needs to be proactive to
assure the sport remains viable and is
sustainable.
As society changes the sports that are
pro-active are more likely to be effective
in the future.
136
The following are developmental constructs related volunteers:
Developmental recommendation volunteers:
a) At all stage of development, SSC consider effective use of volunteer time.
b) When electronic timing is appropriate and readily available, SSC consider relying solely on electronic times.
c) At the entry stages of development, SSC consider either not recording manual times or a much more cost effective method of timing.
137
8.3 Talent Identification
There are two aspects of talent identification speed skating can consider. One being identifying and supporting skaters with talent while the
other is to provide athletes from other sports with the opportunity to try speed skating (such as Own the Podium). Recent performances by
late entry athletes such as Cindy Klassen
1
and Chad Hedrick
2
have demonstrated the acquisition of fundamental skills and fitness through other
sports can be transferred to speed skating and efforts should be made to allow athletes to make this transition. Promoting late entry would also
have significant benefits to growing the Active for Life component of speed skating. As speed skating is a late developing sport, there is little
evidence to support the identification of talent until after the onset of PHV.
Developmental recommendation talent identification:
a) SSC should promote opportunities for late entry into the sport.
1 Winner of 6 Olympic medals and winner of multiple World Cup and World Championships, began speed skating at age 17 but had acquired skills in other sports including ice
hockey
2 Winner of 3 Olympic medals and multiple World Cups and World Championships, began ice speed skating at age 25 after having dominated in-line skating for nearly a
decade
138
8.4 Collaboration with Other Related Sports
At the FUNdamentals and Active Start stages of development, participation in three sports is recommended. While there are examples of
sports working together, they are likely the exception. In any sports learn to programs have the dual purposes of recruitment and making money.
There is almost a capture the participant mentality.
Working in concert or cooperatively with other sports has potential.
The Developing Physical Literacy resource paper identifies four key
areas which form the basis for developing physical literacy: On the
ground, In the water, On snow and ice and In the air
1
. As the
Canadian Sport for Life philosophy takes hold, sports which a pro-
active about working collaboratively to offer ignition programs which
introduce these fundamental skills across multiple sport will have a
distinct competitive advantage. Learn to programs are certainly a good place to orient participants and their parents to speed skating while
providing a valuable service to the community. They also can be a source of funds. In some programs speed skating clubs pay athletes to
teach and lead. These could be part time employment or offset higher level fees and costs. If done right it could be an ideal place for leadership
development with appropriate mentoring, supports, review and education. One example is the US Figure Skating program includes six speed
skating units as part of a fifty-eight unit basic skills program
2
.
The following are developmental constructs related to collaboration with other sports:
Developmental recommendation collaboration with other sports:
a) Clubs, Branches and SSC consider collaborating with other sports especially at the introductory level.
1 Developing Physical Literacy, A Guide For Parents of Children Ages 0 to 12, Canadian Sports Centres, 2008, p. 5.
2 US Figure Skating, Basic Skill Program
If done right it could be an ideal place for
leadership development with appropriate
mentoring, supports, review and education.
139
8.5 Carbon Foot Print, Travel Costs and Other Environmental Issues
There are a number of environmental issues SSC can consider. For example is the amount of paper at an event. Another example is the
competition protocol or results sheet which can easily be posted on line in accessible formats. Even at the venue it is possible to display the
schedule, the next round of racing and
results on monitors. Projectors could be
used for large sized display. The paper
issue is only an example of one way to
address environmental concerns.
Another environment issue is the
amount and type of travel. Travelling
long distances in personal cars may be
convenient but not ecologically efficient. Scheduling more compact events might allow
for same day travel. Recent sport related car and van fatal accidents suggest it might be
safer as well to use professionally driven buses. In the summer and fall of 2008 travel cost
escalated with high gasoline prices and fuel surcharges on air line travel. These have been
reduced but should stimulate speed skating to consider the costs of travel. This is of course
an accessibility issue.
Adjust to change in society. 2.
Be fun, safe, attractive and accessible to people of all ages, of all skill levels and from all different backgrounds. 6.
The following are developmental constructs related to the nature of uniforms:
Developmental recommendation carbon footprint and other environmental issues:
a) SSC consider measures to address environmental concerns.
b) SSC can make the sport more accessible by encouraging more local and regional competitions.
c) Regional Championships could be an advantage with respect to travel costs.
Another environment issue
is the amount and type
of travel. Travelling long
distances in personal cars
may be convenient but not
ecologically efficient.
The paper issue is only an
example of one way to address
environmental concerns.
140
APPENDIX 4
IDEAS FOR ACTIVE FOR LIFE
The Competition and Events System Review identified that there was significant potential for speed skating to provide value added to participants,
be they skaters, coaches, officials, volunteers or the general public by developing a vibrant programs within the active for life stage. While
the formal recommendation of this review team is that SSC must make a formal commitment to this stage and subsequently strike an ad hoc
committee to develop specific strategies, many ideas were discussed by the review team.
Recognising the diversity of participant interest and needs of participants in the Active for Life stage, these ideas have been described within four
primary themes. Many ideas within a themes overlap and could effectively be combined into a single event like a skating festival.

Activities which are built on the foundation of traditional racing and competition and intended primarily for
participants who engage in specific training for participation.

These types of activities would be similar to competitive skating activities, but would target the population
at large, allowing for groups or individuals to come measure their speed on skates be it through a corporate
challenge, a 10km fun skate or a skate-a-thon which could be linked to a local charity.

These types of events would focus on the health and well being of Canadians at large. They would seek
to engage people in the activity of skating as a means to stay fit and enjoy time with family and friends,
while they may tie into Competitive skating or Racing on skates their would be no expectation that these
types of events seek to offer races, but rather emphasise the pure joy of skating.

Speed skating has been long known as a family sport, and many people actively participate in the
sport without ever going to the start line, or even lacing up a pair of skates. These people include club
administrators, officials, coaches, skate techs, rink side volunteers and the countless other people who
give their time to support the operation of clubs and the hosting of events. There is an opportunity to
develop significant skill and expertise in executing these tasks. Many people choose to participate in speed
skating through these activities and it is important that activities for these individuals be integrated into
everyday programming to make involvement with speed skating a leisure activity of choice for many.
The ideas presented are primarily derived from three brain-storming sessions. Two of the sessions were held by the Competition and Event
System Review Team during their face to face meetings and one was held during the Atlantic Canada Development Strategy Meeting in April
of 2008.
Competitive Skating
Racing on Skates
Health
Expert Participants/
Volunteers
141
APPENDIX 4 IDEAS FOR ACTIVE FOR LIFE
Competitive Skating
Develop opportunities to compete for skaters no longer
pursuing national or international performance objectives
Emphasise long events over sprint events for adult
competitors
Need teenage/young adult and adult active for life
activities, these may not be the same
Marathon skating
Dualthon, triathlon events as individual or team
Mixed gender racing
Racing against comparable ability, mixed gender
Provide opportunities for recognition achieving personal
bests, event records
ISU distances World, Cdn. Masters events
Social activities need to be part of the program
Accommodate other roles during competition
Proper racing groups
Need appropriate medical and safety guidelines adapted to
the type of participant (personnel, equipment, training)
Racing on Skates
Partner with other sports for multisport events
Provide opportunities to experience racing on skates, try long blades
Opportunities to race on skates within public skates
Linkage to other programs scouts, girl guides, school programs etc.
FUN skates, marathon distances (eg. 5km, 10km, 25km, 50km)
Corporate challenges
Child/parent races
Long blade skate vs. hockey skate races
Friday night racing regularly accessible events
Health
Fun skates
Innovative locations, lake tracks, Rideau Canal, etc,
Opportunity to train for the fun of training
Cross-training for other sports
Use of times as a measure of improvement
Recreational skate clubs (masters clubs, Marathon Clubs)
Charity events and skate-a-thons
Family days/events
Connection with youth
Provincial health and recreation programs
Wider vision of clubs (cradle to grave)
Opportunity for former skaters to maintain a connection to the
sport
Partner with other sports for multisport events
Evening skates for spectators and volunteers after the events
when the mats are left on
Opportunities to physically active organised group activities
Consider running model of fun races, fundraising for activities
partnering with other parts of our society
Linkage with in-line skating
142
Expert Participants/Volunteers
Develop promotional material to involve individuals
Cost-benefit analysis needs to be done different approaches, day officials clubs recruitment and retention
Need to clearly communicate what is needed
How we retain and get people involved?
DeveloptheregistryofskillsetsWeneedtobesuretoask
Developmentalpathwaysofvolunteers,coachesandofficialsneedtobeconsidered
Value added
Maintain connection to the sport
Recognize importance in each role, develop pride in role
Opportunity to be affiliated with the sport
Old-timers get-togethers (officials, coaches, skaters etc)
Community alliances eg. Lions Club, Legion
Alumni lists
Psychological health opportunity
Provide opportunities for leadership training
Linking to sponsors
Social interaction and events
Full recognition as active participants
Celebration of contributions made, people like to contribute
Create opportunities for spectators
Develop more small roles vs. large daunting tasks
Celebrate success
Engage media in the contribution of volunteers to the sport and the community.
Provide opportunities for involvement at higher levels (development pathway)
Provide flexibility to be involved
Maintain contact with former volunteers
Provide letters of recognition/recommendation for contributions
Opportunities to mentor and be mentored
Provide opportunity for parents to remain involved, even when kids leave the sport
Ensure that peoples time is used effectively, participants should leave with a sense of accomplishment
143
APPENDIX 5 TABLES OF SUPPORTING EVIDENCE
APPENDIX 5
TABLES OF SUPPORTING EVIDENCE
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE
A Objectives for the Stages of the LTPAD Model 145
B LTPAD Stages of Development and SSC Age Categories 2008/2009 146
C Participation in SSC Age Categories by Global LTPAD Stages 147
D Physical Development Anatomical Characteristics 148
E Physical Development Anatomical Characteristics 149
F Summary Training Recommendations Based On Activity Duration - Males 150
G Summary Training Recommendations Based On Activity Duration - Females 152
H Distance Selection Guidelines: FUNdamentals Stage of Development 154
I Distance Selection Guidelines: Learn to Train Stage of Development 155
J Distance Selection Guidelines: Training to Train Stage of Development 156
K Distance Selection Guidelines Compete Stages of Development 157
L Neurological Development Characteristics 158
M Mental and Cognitive Development Characteristics 159
N Mental, Emotional and Social Child Development by Age 160
O Emotional Development Characteristics 161
P Affiliation Development Characteristics 162
Q Developmental Milestones 163
R Levels of Social Play Development 164
S Periodization, Training/Competition Ratios and Number of Competition per Year 165
T Training/Competition Ratios Developmental Training, Competition Training and Competition 166
U Median Time Difference per 100 between Females and Males In SSC Age Categories 167
V Proportion of Adult Height 168
W Angle of Inclination 169
X Percentage Decline in Registrations in Adjacent Age Categories 170
Y Percentage Decline in Registrations in Two Apart Age Categories 170
Z Periodization, Training/Competition Ratios and Number of Competition per Year 171
144
145
Objectives for the Stages of the LTPAD Model
Table A
The following is a list of the objectives identied in two documents (Find Your Edge
1
and Canadian Sport for Life
2

(CS4L). Both were included for consistency. It is noted that the SSC Find Your Edge document has Learning to
Compete and Learning to Win developmental stages which are not in the Canadian Sport for Life documents.
Canadian Sport for Life includes the document has Active Start and Active for Life developmental stages which
are not in the Find Your Edge document. Where available both objectives were included to provide a richer
description of the stage objectives.
- Learn fundamental movements and llnk them together lnto play (CS4L)
FUNdamentals (males 6 to 9 yrs and females 6 to 8 years)
- 8aslc movement skllls (Find Your Edge)
- Learn all fundamental movement skllls and bulld overall motor skllls (CS4L)
Training to Train (males 12 yrs - 16 yrs and females 11 yrs - 15 yrs (age ranges are PHV dependent))
8uilding the engine and sport specific skills (Find Your Edge)
8uild and aerobic base, develop speed and strength towards the end of f the stage and further develop and
consolidate sport specific skills (CS4L)
Learning to Train (Males 9 yrs - 12 yrs and females 8 yrs - 11 yrs)
Pundamental sports skills including speed skating skills (Find Your Edge)
Learn over all sport skills (CS4L)
Learning to Compete

(males 16 yrs - 18 yrs and females 15 yrs - 17 yrs)
- Optlmlzlng the englne, speed skatlng speclc skllls and tness (Plnd our Ldge)
Training to Compete (males 18 yrs - 21 yrs and females 17 yrs - 21 yrs)
- Purther optlmlzlng the englne, speed skatlng speclc skllls and tness (Find Your Edge)
- Optlmlzlng the englne and learn to compete (CS4L)
Learning to Win (ST males 2l yrs - 23 yrs & ST females 2l - 23) (LT males 2l - 25 & LT females 2l - 25)
- Maxlmlzlng the englne and speed skatlng speclc skllls and tness (Find Your Edge)
Training to Win (ST males 23+ yrs and ST females 23+ yrs) (LT males 25+ yrs and females 25+ yrs))
- Purther maxlmlzlng the englne, speed skatlng speclc skllls and tness (Find Your Edge)
- Podlum performances (CS4L
Active for Life (This may occur at any age)
Smooth transition from an athlete's competitive career to lifelong physical activity and participation in sport. (CS4L)
Note the review team felt that while this stage was not included in Pind our Ldge this stage is a critical part of speed skating. The team identified different roles
which include volunteering, coaching, officiating recreational and health skating and competitive racing.
1 Find Your Edge SSCs Long Term Athlete Development Model , Speed Skating Canada
2 Canadian Sport for Life Long Term Development Resource Paper, Canadian Sport Centres.
Return to Table of Content
146
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150
Summary Training Recommendations Based On Activity Duration - Males
Table F
Age Activity Duration Recommendation
0 10 sec Emphasise quick movement and reaction time
10 30 sec Utilise for the development of literacy (agility, speed, balance and coordination)
Efforts should be in short bursts
30 sec 2.5 min Utilise for games
Avoid continuous maximal effort
Games should allow participants to use short burst of speed then stop as they fatigue
2.5 min + Avoid due to limited long term physiological benefit and short attention span of participants
0 10 sec Window of Trainability - Emphasise quick movement and reaction time
10 30 sec Utilise for the development of literacy (agility, speed, balance and coordination).
Games should allow participants to use short burst of speed then stop as they fatigue.
10 30 sec Utilise for the development of speed skating skills at high speeds
Window of Opportunity for skill
Maximal efforts for the full duration should be avoided
30 sec 2.5 min Utilise for games and low intensity repetition of skills
Avoid maximal efforts for these duration of effort
30 sec 2.5 min Utilise for games, Games should allow participants to use short burst of
speed then stop as they fatigue
2.5 min 10 min Slow continuous repetition or games for skill development
Avoid high intensity
10 min + In moderation, ensure that activities are FUN and require sub-maximal efforts
Avoid at high intensity
Opening of Window of Trainability with the onset of PHV for early maturing athletes
6
7
9
10
11
8
This table was developed from the following sources:
Planning a practice, Coaching Association of Canada, Introduction to Competition Reference Materials Designing activities for practice and Growth and
Development Principles - Summary Tables on Page 74 - 87
|stvan 8alyi, Paradigm Shifts in Coaching, PowerPoint Presentation, 8asketball Ontario, 1anuary 2009
Canadian Sport for Life p 24-27 & Appendix l
NCCP Level |v - Course Notes - Task l - Lnergy Systems
Green highlights Window of Trainability | Red indicates time frame to avoid
151
Table F.2
Summary Training Recommendations Based On Activity Duration - Males
Window of Trainability for skill extended until the onset of PHV
30 sec 2.5 min Utilise for games, Games should allow participants to use short burst of speed then stop as
they fatigue
Avoid high intensity
10 min + Opening of Window of Trainability with the onset of PHV
0 30 sec 2
nd
Window of Trainability for speed emphasise maximal speed up to 20 sec
30 sec 2.5 min Utilise for skill development at sub-maximal efforts
Avoid training at high intensity
2.5 min 10 min Utilise for skill development at sub-maximal efforts
Good for long slow repetition
10 min + Window of Trainability for aerobic capacity with the on-set of PHV
0 30 sec 2
nd
Window of Trainabilityfor speed emphasise maximal speed up to 20 sec
2.5 min 10 min Begin to introduce aerobic power maximal intensity efforts in moderation
0 30 sec 2
nd
Begin to introduce activities in the 90 sec to 2.5 min range
Avoid 60 90 sec duration maximal lactate saturation
2.5 min 10 min Window of Trainability for aerobic power.Train through long (2min+) and ultra-short (20sec-) intervals
10 min + Window of Trainability for aerobic capacity continues until PHV begins to decelerate
0 30 sec 2
nd
Window of Trainability for speed begins to close as PHV ends
Late developers will have an extended window
As the Window of Trainability closes the system is fully trainable and regular training should continue
30 sec 2.5 min Window of Trainability for strength opens with the end of PHV, proceed with moderation at first
Emphasis should be on closing windows for speed and aerobic power
2.5 min 10 min Window of Trainabilityfor aerobic power
Train through long (2min+) and ultra-short (20sec-) intervals
10 min + Fully trainable, training should continue and
Practice speeds should increase as aerobic power increases
0 30 sec Speed is fully trainable, continue to train through all practice session
Emphasize technical and tactical execution at high speed as well as acceleration
30 sec 2.5 min Window of Trainability for strength opens with the end of PHV, proceed with moderation at first
2.5 min 10 min Aerobic power is fully trainable
Continue to train to support the efficiency of the anaerobic lactic system
10 min + Fully trainable, training should continue and
Practice speeds should increase as aerobic power increases
12
13
14
15
16
17
152
Summary Training Recommendations Based On Activity Duration - Females
Table G
30 sec 2.5 min Utilise for games, games should allow participants to use short burst of speed then stop
as they fatigue
as they fatigue
Opportunity for skil
30 sec 2.5 min Utilise for games and low intensity repetition of skills
Avoid maximal efforts for these duration of effort
as they fatigue
2.5 min+ Slow continuous repetition or games for skill development
30 sec 2.5 min Utilise for games, avoid continuous maximal effort
Opening of the Window of Trainability with the onset of PHV for early maturing athletes
0 30 sec 2
nd
30 sec 2.5 min Utilise for games, avoid continuous maximal effort
6
7
8
9
10
11
This table was developed from the following sources:
Planning a practice, Coaching Association of Canada, Introduction to Competition Reference Materials Designing activities for practice and Growth and
Development Principles - Summary Tables on Page 74 - 87
|stvan 8alyi, Paradigm Shifts in Coaching, PowerPoint Presentation, 8asketball Ontario, 1anuary 2009
Canadian Sport for Life p 24-27 & Appendix l
NCCP Level |v - Course Notes - Task l - Lnergy Systems
153
Table G.2
Summary Training Recommendations Based On Activity Duration - Females
12
13
14
15
16
17
0 30 sec 2
nd
2.5 min 10 min Utilise for skill development at sub-maximal efforts. Good for long slow
repetition.
0 30 sec 2
nd
30 sec 2.5 min Window of Trainability for strength opens as PHV begins to decelerate and with
the onset of menarche. Proceed in moderation at first
2.5 min 10 min Begin to introduce aerobic power maximal intensity efforts in moderation,
0 30 sec 2
nd
Window of Trainability for begins to close as PHV ends, late developers will have an
extended window. With the Window of Trainability closed the system is fully trainable and
regular training should continue
30 sec 2.5 min Window of Trainability for strength opens as PHV begins to decelerate and with
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2.5 min 10 min Window of Trainability for aerobic power. Train through long (2min+) and
ultra-short (20sec-) intervals
10 min + Window of Trainability for aerobic capacity continues until PHV begins to
decelerate
The window of opportunity may be extended for late developers
30 sec 2.5 min Window of Trainability for strength continues until the end of PHV
2.5 min 10 min Window of Trainability for aerobic power
Train through long (2min+) and ultra-short (20sec-) intervals
10 min + Fully trainable, training should continue and practice speeds should increase as
aerobic power increases
30 sec 2.5 min Strength is fully trainable; the Window of Trainability ends as PHV period ends
2.5 min 10 min Aerobic power is fully trainable; continue to train to support the efficiency of the
anaerobic lactic system
0 30 sec Speed is fully trainable, continue to train through all practice session, emphasize
technical and tactical execution at high speed as well as acceleration
30 sec 2.5 min Fully trainable, training should continue and practice speeds should increase as
2.5 min 10 min Aerobic power is fully trainable; continue to train to support the efficiency of the
anaerobic lactic system
154
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.
160
Mental, Emotional and Social Child Development by Age
Table N
- Attention span 3-4 mins longer
when he enjoys
- Short memory
- Actions & objects much easier
to understand than words
- Confuse real & imaginary
- Believes all you say
- Able to choose between two
possibilities
- Can follow two dierent
directions
- Extremely curious
- Ritualistic: needs order in daily
routines Repetition
- Doesnt understand teasing
- Meets frustration with crying,
kicking, biting
- Meets correction with temper
outbursts
- Completely self-centered
- Willing to conform
- With guidance, recognizes others'
rights and waits briey for own turn
- Imitates parents in worship
- Attitudes toward others, authority,
parents and God is formed in
these years
- Wants to help & please
- Nervous system sensitive to over-
stimulation by noise and confusion
- Have attention span of between
5-10 mins
- Reasoning is based on appearance,
observation powers not accurate
- No understanding of cause and eect
- Unable to consider motivation
behind action
- Fantasy is at its height
- Has a great imagination
- Learns to develop attitudes
concerning right and wrong
- Tries to sort out real from pretend
- Aware of what people think
and say about him
- Fears people laughing at him
- Enjoys obedience and thrives on
praise
- Imitates adults
- Leadership is beginning to show
and tends to be bossy
- Can learn to share with one or two
others
- Learning to understand fairness
- Have attention span of
15-20 mins
- Are concrete and literal
minded
- Have little realization of
chronological sequence
- Tells you exactly how he feels:
sick, happy, or miserable
- Thrives on praise and acceptance
- He exercises his feelings rather
than self-control
- Self-condence in ability to
know what and how things are
done
- Are concerned about group
acceptance
- Likes to assert himself. Wants to
be rst, best, biggest and to win
- Can begin to give of self. Starts
to demonstrate generosity and
kindness
- Protective attitude toward
younger children
- Have attention span of
30-45 mins
- Likes to be challenged
- Can learn abstract
concepts like sin
- Growing understanding of
principles behind rules
- Self-righteously & rigidly applies
his code of rules
- Sensitive to his own failures and
shortcomings
- Able to see own actions & motives
objectively
- Able to analyze failures & makes
plans to act change
- They want to join, to become
aliated with the beliefs and
values of the important adults in
their lives
- Can begin to sacrice
self-interest for others
- Can learn not to compare himself
with others
2-3
4-5
6-8
9-12
Emotional Social Age
Mental
161
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/
2
5

1
1
(
9
)

T
O

1
5

1
1

t
o

1
5

y
e
a
r

r
o
u
n
d

3
6

t
o

3
8

y
e
a
r

r
o
u
n
d

1
,

2

o
r

3

2

t
o

3

T
2
W

1
1

T
O

1
5

1
0

t
o

1
5

7
5
/
2
5

1
1
(
9
)

T
O

1
5

1
1

t
o

1
5

y
e
a
r

r
o
u
n
d

3
6

t
o

2
8

y
e
a
r

r
o
u
n
d

1
,

2

o
r

3

2

t
o

3

172
Speed Skating Canadas Long Term Participant and Athlete Development Model
is a framework for training, competition and recovery for skaters
of all ages in every stage of development.

SSC Racing On Skates

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SSC Racing On Skates

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Final Report of Speed Skating Canadas LTPAD

Competition and Events System Review

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