Primary Sources

Adams, Rosemary K., ed. Chicago History.Chicago: Chicago Historical Society, 1982. Print. This book helped us understand the different types of clubs in Chicago, and how they served as a pastime for Japanese Americans while they were interned. In addition, this source also talked about the Silhouettes, a group of teenage girls that worked to maintain their culture and keep Japanese American traditions alive. Aiko, Pat. Interviewed by Mary Doi.Regenerations Oral History Project: Rebuilding Japanese American Families, Communities, and Civil Rights in the Resettlement Era: Chicago Region: Volume I.Calisphere.N.P, 2011.Web. March 19, 2012. This source talked about the resettlement of Japanese Americans in Chicago, and the decisions they had to take to make a living. Such as working in jobs that provided minimum salaries, living in very racially divided neighborhoods, and political issues. Overall, it helped us learn more about the Chicago connection involving Japanese Americans. Baker, Lillian. "Chapter 2 Evacuation: Fact Versus Fallacy." American and Japanese Relocation In World War 2. Medford, Or 97501: Webb Research Group, 1990. 55-72. Print. This book is about how the internment camps started, how life was for Japanese Americans in the camps and lastly, how the internment camps ended. This book taught me how the Japanese Americans reacted and how they tried to prove their loyalty to the United States. I also learned about what and Order no. 9066 was. Brooks, Charlotte. "Dr. Brooks." Telephone interview. 13 May 2012.

In this interview we asked many questions regarding Japanese Americans in Chicago. We asked about the resettlement program which provides us with more information on the connection in Chicago. This interview helped us a lot in understanding the relocation program and the Chicago connection. Chikaraishi, Ben. Interviewed by Mary Doi.Regenerations Oral History Project: Rebuilding Japanese American Families, Communities, and Civil Rights in the Resettlement Era: Chicago Region: Volume I.Calisphere.N.P, 2011.Web. March 19, 2012. This interview helped our group understand more about the Japanese Americans in Chicago, and their experience after the internment during World War II due to Executive Order 9066. Furthermore, this source also talked about EleanorRoosevelt, and how she was a sympathizer of Japanese Americans. She believed that their rights being abolished was unconstitutional. Therefore, she never agreed to Franklin D. Roosevelts actions of incarcerating people of Japanese descendant. Clifford I. Uyeda. Suspended: Growing Up Asian in America.San Francisco: National Japanese American Historical Society, 2000. 229-230. Print. This source provided us with a lot of background information. It stated that it took more than forty years for Japanese Americans to recover from the guilt they felt. He also spoke about how our future can be altered if we dont take for a fact that our rights must be kept secured. Furthermore, this reference also talked about life after the war and the resettlement of Japanese Americans into industrial cities such as Chicago. Funai, Masaru. Interviewed by Sandra Yamate.Regenerations Oral History Project: Rebuilding Japanese American Families, Communities, and Civil Rights in the

Resettlement Era: Chicago Region: Volume I.Calisphere.N.P, 2011.Web. March 19, 2012. This interview was very helpful in the way that it provided us with background information on our topic. This source explained the difficulties Japanese American Families went through when resettling into big industrial cities like Chicago. Furthermore, the interviewee explained that the communities in the time period were very racially divided. However, to the Japanese Americans convenience they were nor black or white. Therefore, they were accepted as a minority very easily. Federal Register 41, no. 35 (February 20, 1976).This is a proclamation of the president Gerald R. Ford in 1976. It includes background info about the internment and before it. In the proclamation it states that Japanese Americans fear for the internment to repeat. Promises that theyll never do an act like this again. Iritani, Frank, and Joanne Iritani.Ten Visits.Sacramento: Brownie's Blueprint Comapany, 1993. Print. Ten Visits is a book that includes info about 10 internment camps. Also includes maps of the ten camps and info of places inside the camps. The JACL creed is printed inside and info of each camp is written in letters. It also has background info of the internment and before it. JACL Curriculum and Resource Guide, 1996. This an apology letter from the president George Bush in 1990. States that nothing can really change what they did in the past. He knows that what the past internment actions in World War II have caused to our own citizens of Japanese ancestry. It also states that they have started restitution by a sincere apology letter.

Japanese American Citizens League."Chicago Chapter History."JACL.Japanese American Citizens League, 2009.Web. 11 Apr. 2012. <http://www.jaclmdc.org/chapterschicagohistory.html>. This article talked about the resettlement plan of the Japanese Americans. It helped us understand more about how the Japanese Americans resettled in new cities. One city, in particular, Chicago, was the major city in which Nisei chose to resettle. Japanese Americans encountered many challenges along the way, but found a way to overcome them. Japanese Americans Report of the Subcommittee on Japanese War Relocation Centers to the Committee on Military Affairs. United States Senate, 78th Congress. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, May 7, 1943. 113. Print. PUBLIC LAW 503-77TH CONGRESS is an act that puts penalty for violating restrictions or order in military areas or zones. Only affects areas or zone by Executive order of the president or military commander or Secretary of War. If order 9066 were not known, person would be given a warning. If known the person would be fined $5,000 or arrested for 1 year. John Tateishi. And Justice for All: An Oral History of the Japanese American Detention Camps. New York: Random House, 1984. Print. An essay of John Tateishi about his life when he entered the military. How it was hard to decide if his brother or him entered the war first. It also talks about one of his first missions in the war. Kaneko, Hiroshi. Interviewed by Alice Murata.Regenerations Oral History Project: Rebuilding Japanese American Families, Communities, and Civil Rights in the Resettlement Era: Chicago Region: Volume I.Calisphere.N.P, 2011.Web. March 19, 2012.

This source helped us learn about the life of Japanese Americans and how they came to Chicago. It also explained the WRAs role in the Japanese Americans lives. As well as the hardship they had to go through as they resettled in their new homes. Kanemoto, Karen. Personal Interview. 16 Feb. 2012. In this interview, Karen Kanemoto informed us about Japanese American families that suffered through the incarceration. Prior to this, Ms. Kanemoto also explained with detail what Executive Order 9066 was and the reaction towards it. Kuwahara, Kay. Interviewed by Alice Murata.Regenerations Oral History Project: Rebuilding Japanese American Families, Communities, and Civil Rights in the Resettlement Era: Chicago Region: Volume I.Calisphere.N.P, 2011.Web. March 19, 2012. In this interview, we learned about Japanese American families and their resettlements. She described many of the events Japs had to go through as they tried to begin a new life. She also informed us about the specific areas Japanese American families settled in Chicago. Krieger E., Robert . Roger Danials. Concentration Camps: North America Japanese in the United States andCanada during World War II.Malabar, Fla, 1981. 208. Print. EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 9066 was the first order that lead to the internment. It gave power to the Military Commander (assigned by the Secretary of War) to intern anyone. The Secretary of War has to provide materials for the internees. They also have power on most federal and local agencies. Mayeda, Hiroshi. Interviewed by Alice Murata.Regenerations Oral History Project: Rebuilding Japanese American Families, Communities, and Civil Rights in the Resettlement Era: Chicago Region: Volume I.Calisphere.N.P, 2011.Web. March 19, 2012.

This talked about Japanese Americans in Chicago. In addition, this source talked about the hardships many families and Japanese communities encountered. Organizations, then joined the fight, and helped rebuild what they had lost, such as the JACL, JASC, and the CRC. McClelland, Joe. Granada Relocation Center.Digital image.The Amache Japanese Internment Camp.Joe McClelland, 12 Dec. 2006. Web. 19 Mar. 2012. <http://www.colorado.gov/dpa/doit/archives/wwcod/granada.htm>. This is a primary source, showing how the internment camps looked like and how many spaces are in the internment camps. This helpedour group realize how the camps looked like and how the lives of Japanese Americans in the camps, were. They went through harsh and cruel conditions. Mintz, S. America at War: World War II (Japanese-American Internment). Web. 13 March 2012. <http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/database/article_display.cfm?HHID=547>. This document gave us a summary on the Japanese-American internment in America. It helped our group learn aboutExecutive Order 9066, which was signed by President Roosevelt. Furthermore, Executive Order 9066 had many regulations that Japanese Americans had to follow. Mintz, S. America at War: World War II(Pearl Harbor). Web. 13 March 2012. <http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/database/article_display.cfm?HHID=542>. This source was talking about the bombing of Pearl Harbor, it states the time, who, and how Pearl Harbor was bombed. This helped us by giving us more details on the bombing of Pearl Harbor and how it was bombed. In addition to, how President Roosevelt reacted to this action done by Japanese. Mintz, S. America at War: World War II. Web. 13 March 2012.<http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/database/article_display.cfm?HHID=540>.

This document was talking about World War II. It talked about the people that were killed; it talked about the amount of people that joined the army. This helped our group by giving us more details on World War II. Mishima, Jean. Personal Interview. 5 March 2012. In this interview, we learned many things such as: the amendments that were violated, the location of the concentration camps, and the typical set up of the internment camps. In addition, we also learned her experience in the camps. Important documents were also provided to us during this interview. Morrow, William. "Bill Hosokawa." JACL In Quest of Justice. New York: JACL. 364-66. Print. SABURO KIDOSS ADDRESS AT THE EMERGENCY JACL MEETING is a letter for JACL members before the war. It states that they knew that most of them would be separated by the internment. They feared that prejudice in this country would ruin their lives. JACL also knew that the people that made the internment happen would be ashamed for the interning. Relocation of Japanese Americans. 1942. Photograph. Salinas, California. Digital History.By Russell Lee.Mintz, S., May 1942. Web. 29 Mar. 2012. <http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/learning_history/japanese_internment/internmen t_decision.cfm>. This is a photo of Japanese Americans boarding bus for transportation on their way to their new homes. Robinson, Greg. By Order of the President: FDR and the Internment of Japanese Americans. Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 2001. Print. This explains more in depth of how the order no. 9066 worked and how it affects the Japanese American citizens of America. It also shows how and why this order was created and

who addresses it to the people of the United States. When I read the book I learned more about this document and how lives of some American citizens changed. Shimojina, Anne. Presentation. 19 Feb. 2012. In this presentation, Anne came to our school and provided us with her familys life experience during the incarceration and provided us with her reflection upon being Japanese American during WWII. She also talked about executive Order 9066 and the Civilian Exclusion Order No. 5 and how that played an essential part in the internment of Japanese Americans. Sinnott, Susan. Our Burden of Shame: Japanese-American Internment during World War II. New York: F. Watts, 1995. Print. This book was about the story of a Japanese family during the beginning and to the end of the Internment camps. It explains how they were treated and the tragedy they endured. Reading this made me understand and learn how they lived in the camps from personal experiences. Also, I learned about the actions that the American government did to the Japanese American fathers during in World War II. Stanley, Jerry. I Am an American: A True Story of Japanese Internment. New York: Crown, 1994. Print. This book is about what life was like in the camps for Japanese Americans. Also it is about how order no. 9066 changed the lives of many American citizens in the United States that were discriminated because of their Japanese ancestry. It also shows quotes of people from the camps that say how it was like. I learned about how this person was able to communicate with her father when he was arrested from being an enemy to the country. Sue KunitomiEmbery, Arthur A. Hansen, and Betty KulbergMitson, Manzanar Martyr: An Interview with Harry Y. Ueno Fullerton, Calif.: The Oral History Program, California State University, Fullerton, 1986. 24-6, 30-1, 56-8. Print.

This talked about the Japanese internments. It made us learned more about the life in the internment camps. As well, as the conditions they were put up to. They were given little, almost no, privacy among each other. They had to share bathroom facilities and live through harsh and cruel conditions. Teraji, Thomas. Interviewed by Mary Doi.Regenerations Oral History Project: Rebuilding Japanese American Families, Communities, and Civil Rights in the Resettlement Era: Chicago Region: Volume I.Calisphere.N.P, 2011.Web. March 19, 2012. This talked about the Chicago connection to the Japanese Americans. In addition to, how Chicago served as one of the top cities in which to resettle. Life in the new city was hard, resettling was not easy, and they had to find jobs and a place to live in. Terasaki, Paul. "His Experiences in Chicago after WWII." Interview. DiscoverNikkei.org. 10 Feb. 2004. Web. 2 May 2012. <http://www.discovernikkei.org/en/interviews/clips/453/>. An interview with Paul Terasaki speaking of how Chicago was a good city to live in. It also says how there was a fair number of Japanese Americans in his school and life was neutral.

The Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians: Selected Testimonies from the Los Angeles and San Francisco Hearings in Amerasia Journal 8, 2. 1981.101-5. Print. Warren Tadashi Furutani described life before the internment. He also spoke of his background information in the beginning. In addition, he states how he began to know more of the internment as he grew up. "The Political Dr.Seuss." PBS. PBS. Web. 15 May 2012. <http://www.pbs.org/independentlens/politicaldrseuss/seuss_fla.html>.

In this website it showed us cartoons that Dr.Seuss made. It gave us information on decimation of Japanese Americans in the U.S. "To Undo a Mistake Is Always Harder Than Not to Create One Originally." An Overview of World War II Japanese American Relocation Sites. J. Burton, M. Farrell, F. Lord, and R. Lord, 2000. Web. 11 Apr. 2012. <http://cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/anthropology74/ce2.htm>. This site talked about Franklin D. Roosevelt's wife Eleanor Roosevelt. It talked about how she opposed the Executive 9066.she tried to play both sides politically, but strongly disagreed to FDRs actions towards the Japanese Americans. Wakamatsu, Shigeo. Interviewed by Sandra Yamate.Regenerations Oral History Project: Rebuilding Japanese American Families, Communities, and Civil Rights in the Resettlement Era: Chicago Region: Volume I.Calisphere.N.P, 2011.Web. March 19, 2012. This source talked about the background information of Japanese Americans. It also talked about the Chicago connection with the Japanese Americans resettlement. It explained the hardships they had to go through as they resettled.

Secondary Sources

"20th Anniversary of the Civil Liberties Act of 1988: Righting the Wrongs Against Japanese-American Internees." 20th Anniversary of the Civil Liberties Act of 1988: Righting the Wrongs Against Japanese-American Internees.Web. 14 May 2012. <http://www.adl.org/education/civil_liberties/>. Copy of the apology letter of President Bill Clinton in 1993 after the Civil Liberties Act and the $20,000 reparation checks. Attack on Pearl Harbor. 2012. The History Channel website.Web. 29 Mar 2012.<http://www.history.com/videos/attack-pearl-harbor>. This is a video of Franklin D.Roosevelt talking about the bombing of Pearl Harbor. In this video, you can see Roosevelts reaction upon the actions done by the Japanese Naval Base, on December 7, 1941. Children of the Camps: Internment History. PBS. Web. 21 Mar. 2012. <http://www.pbs.org/childofcamp/history/index.html>. This is a secondary source. This web page talks about the history about the Japanese American history and how they came to the Americas. I learned how they imprisoned them because of their Japanese ancestry.

Children Pledge.Digital image.Archives.org. U.S. Goverment.Web. 9 May 2012. <http://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/japanese-relocation/images/childrenpledge.gif>. Japanese American children singing the Pledge of Allegiance before going to the internment.

Franklin D. Roosevelt and Pearl Harbor. 2012. The History Channel website.29 Mar 2012. Web.<http://www.history.com/videos/japanese-diplomats-arrive-in-us>. This is another video of FDR talking about Pearl Harbor. This helps us learn more about the bombing of Pearl Harbor and the involvement of Japanese Americans. As well as, the 10 main internment camps in which Japanese Americans were placed, after Executive Order was established. Griffith, Chris. Integration, Not Segregation: Japanese Americans in Chicago and Cleveland, 1942-1952. 2006. Web. 11 Apr. 2012. <https://kb.osu.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/1811/24030/ChrisGriffithThesis.pdf?s equence=1>. This helped me understand more about the Chicago Shimpo. It helped me understand more about the Chicago connection. The Chicago Shimpo was a newspaper published by Japanese Americans during World War II, which informed Japanese Americans with news from home. Harden, Jacalyn D. Double Cross: Japanese Americans in Black and White Chicago. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 2003. Print. Double Cross is a book talking about the Japanese Americans racial in-betweens in Chicago. They had stronger relations to the African American community, but that is only part of the story. Japanese American soldiers could also do things African Americans couldnt do such as use white only bathrooms. Japanese American National Museum. "Miss Breed." JAPANESE AMERICAN NATIONAL MUSEUM.Web. 21 Mar. 2012. <http://www.janm.org/exhibits/breed/breed_t.htm>.

This is a secondary source. This website talked about Clara Breed and how she helped Nisei Children. She gave Japanese children books, along with support. This article teaches our group how the Japanese children were taught and encouraged by Ms. Breed. "Japanese."Encyclopedia of Chicago.Web. 21 Mar. 2012. <http://encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/664.html>. This is a secondary source. This web page talks about how the Internment camps started and how it connected to Chicago. While reading this document I learned about how Japanese Americans came to Chicago when they relocated. Japanese Internment Camps and Their Effects."ThinkQuest.Oracle Foundation.Web. 21 Mar. 2012. <http://library.thinkquest.org/TQ0312008/>. This is a secondary source. This web page talks about how the lives for the Japanese Americans changed after Executive order 9066 was issued. In addition to how families were separated when they were imprisoned. We also learned about what the rules in the camps were and how they affected their lives. Furthermore, their traditions were also taken away. Japanese Internment in America.The History Channel website.Web.29 Mar 2012. <http://www.history.com/videos/japanese-internment-in-america>. This is a video talking about life in the internment camps of Japanese Americans. This source also talked about the life in America, the hardship of Japanese Americans. This video gave us more details on the Chicago connection. Japanese-American Soldiers in WWII. 2012. The History Channel website. Web. 29 Mar2012. <http://www.history.com/videos/japanese-american-soldiers-in-wwii>. In this video, people talked about the life in the internment camps and also talked about Japanese Americans in the U.S army.

Kitazawa, Yosuke. "Azusa Street to Bronzeville: The Black History of Little Tokyo."KCET. 29 Feb. 2012. Web. 14 May 2012. <http://www.kcet.org/socal/departures/landofsunshine/portraits/azusa-street-tobronzeville.html>. Article speaking of how Little Tokyo in Los Angeles changed to Bronzeville. Various images of African Americans in Bronzeville, one specifically showing one family buying originally Japanese American property. "Muller, Free to Die for Their Country, Excerpt." Web. 21 Mar. 2012. <http://www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/548228.html>. This is a secondary source. Web page talks about how the Japanese Americans were able to join the military and prove their loyalty to the United States. I learned how the Japanese Americans were offered to join the military service and what were the differences how they were treated. Peterson, Clarissa. "20th Anniversary of the Civil Liberties Act / Japanese Internment During World War II." The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights. 18 Aug. 2008. Web. 9 May 2012. <http://www.civilrights.org/resources/features/018civil-liberties-act.html>. Basic summary of the Japanese American Internment and the Civil Liberties Act (for its 20th anniversary). It tells our governments ideals during WW II and the injustice the Japanese American community faced during the war. The article also talks about the road to reparations and the reparations that were made for the injustice done. Political Cartoon Exhibition Reveals Common Themes of American Presidential Elections."Mudd Manuscript Library. 8 Sept. 2008. Web. 15 May 2012. <http://blogs.princeton.edu/mudd/FDR%20Press%20release%20image.jpg>.

This picture shows FDR taking away Japanese Americans freedom.

The King Can Do No Wrong. Photograph by Unidentified Artist,courtesy of Mudd Manuscript Library, Political Cartoon Collection, Princeton, 1940. Web. 29 Mar. 2012.<http://www.princeton.edu/pr/pictures/l-r/political_cartoon_exhibition>. Franklin D. Roosevelt cancelling the Constitution of the United States by signing his name on the document. Trice, Dawn Turner."University Patches." Chicago Public Library, 21 Nov. 2009. Web. 21 Mar. 2012. <http://search.proquest.com.covers.chipublib.org/chicagotribune/docview/420879 017/13439DAD029129F206E/26?accountid=135622>. This source talks about a life of a Japanese American in the Internment camp. It tells about how the camps were and it helped our group by providing us more information on how the camp was like. This also helped us by providing background information on the Japanese Americans.