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    NV Tolerance

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    aqibazizkhan
    The document discusses key aspects of tolerance design including definitions, types of tolerances, analysis methods, and statistical principles. It provides overviews of common tolerance analysis methods like worst-case analysis, root sum of squares (RSS), and Taguchi tolerance design. These methods aim to determine the total tolerance of an assembly given individual part tolerances using statistical approaches. The document emphasizes tolerance design is an iterative process involving multiple disciplines.

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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    NV Tolerance

    Uploaded by

    aqibazizkhan
    208 views42 pages
    The document discusses key aspects of tolerance design including definitions, types of tolerances, analysis methods, and statistical principles. It provides overviews of common tolerance analysis methods like worst-case analysis, root sum of squares (RSS), and Taguchi tolerance design. These methods aim to determine the total tolerance of an assembly given individual part tolerances using statistical approaches. The document emphasizes tolerance design is an iterative process involving multiple disciplines.

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    Nv Tolerance

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    The document discusses key aspects of tolerance design including definitions, types of tolerances, analysis methods, and statistical principles. It provides overviews of common tolerance analysis methods like worst-case analysis, root sum of squares (RSS), and Taguchi tolerance design. These methods aim to determine the total tolerance of an assembly given individual part tolerances using statistical approaches. The document emphasizes tolerance design is an iterative process involving multiple disciplines.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    208 views42 pages

    NV Tolerance

    Uploaded by

    aqibazizkhan
    The document discusses key aspects of tolerance design including definitions, types of tolerances, analysis methods, and statistical principles. It provides overviews of common tolerance analysis methods like worst-case analysis, root sum of squares (RSS), and Taguchi tolerance design. These methods aim to determine the total tolerance of an assembly given individual part tolerances using statistical approaches. The document emphasizes tolerance design is an iterative process involving multiple disciplines.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 42

    Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Ohio State University

    Sl. #1
    GATEWAY
    Tolerance Design
    Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Ohio State University
    Sl. #2
    GATEWAY
    Design Specifications and Tolerance
    - Develop from quest for production quality and
    efficiency

    - Early tolerances support designs basic
    function

    - Mass production brought interchangeability

    - Integrate design and mfg tolerances
    Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Ohio State University
    Sl. #3
    GATEWAY
    Definition

    The total amount by which a given
    dimension may vary, or the difference
    between the limits
    - ANSI Y14.5M-1982(R1988) Standard [R1.4]
    Source: Tolerance Design, p 10
    Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Ohio State University
    Sl. #4
    GATEWAY
    Affected Areas
    Product Design Quality Control
    Manufacturing
    Engineering
    Tolerance
    Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Ohio State University
    Sl. #5
    GATEWAY
    Questions
    - Can customer tolerances be
    accommodated by product?

    - Can product tolerances be
    accommodated by the process?
    Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Ohio State University
    Sl. #6
    GATEWAY
    Tolerance vs. Manufacturing Process
    - Nominal tolerances for
    steel
    - Tighter tolerances =>
    increase cost $
    Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Ohio State University
    Sl. #7
    GATEWAY
    Geometric Dimensions
    - Accurately communicates the function of part

    - Provides uniform clarity in drawing delineation
    and interpretation

    - Provides maximum production tolerance
    Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Ohio State University
    Sl. #8
    GATEWAY
    Tolerance Types
    - Size
    - Form
    - Location
    - Orientation

    Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Ohio State University
    Sl. #9
    GATEWAY
    Size Tolerances
    Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Ohio State University
    Sl. #10
    GATEWAY
    Form Tolerances
    Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Ohio State University
    Sl. #11
    GATEWAY
    Location Tolerances
    Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Ohio State University
    Sl. #12
    GATEWAY
    Orientation Tolerances
    Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Ohio State University
    Sl. #13
    GATEWAY
    Tolerance Buildup
    Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Ohio State University
    Sl. #14
    GATEWAY
    Statistical Principles
    - Measurement of central tendency
    Mean
    Median
    mode
    - Measurement of variations
    Range
    Variance
    Standard deviation
    USL
    LSL
    tolerance
    3o
    X
    Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Ohio State University
    Sl. #15
    GATEWAY
    Probability
    - Probability
    Likelihood of occurrence

    - Capability
    Relate the mean and variability of the
    process or machine to the permissible
    range of dimensions allowed by the
    specification or tolerance.
    Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Ohio State University
    Sl. #16
    GATEWAY
    Tolerance SPC Charting
    Figure Source: Tolerance Design, p 125
    Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Ohio State University
    Sl. #17
    GATEWAY
    Tolerance Analysis Methods
    - Worst-Case analysis
    - Root Sum of Squares
    - Taguchi tolerance design
    Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Ohio State University
    Sl. #18
    GATEWAY
    Figure Source: Tolerance Design, p 93
    Initial Tolerance Design
    Initial
    Tolerance
    Design
    Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Ohio State University
    Sl. #19
    GATEWAY
    References
    - Handbook of Product Design for Manufacturing: A Practical Guide to
    Low-Cost Production, James C. Bralla, Ed. in Chief; McGraw-Hill, 1986
    - Manufacturing Processes Reference Guide, R.H. Todd, D.K. Allen & L.
    Alting; Industrial Press Inc., 1994

    - Standard tolerances for mfg processes
    Machinerys Handbook; Industrial Press
    Standard Handbook of Machine Design; McGraw-Hill
    Standard Handbook of Mechanical Engineers; McGraw-Hill
    Design of Machine Elements; Spotts, Prentic Hall
    Figure Source: Tolerance Design, p 92-93
    Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Ohio State University
    Sl. #20
    GATEWAY
    Worst-Case Methodology

    - Extreme or most liberal condition of tolerance
    buildup

    - tolerances must be assigned to the
    component parts of the mechanism in such a
    manner that the probability that a mechanism
    will not function is zero
    - Evans (1974)
    Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Ohio State University
    Sl. #21
    GATEWAY
    Worst-Case Analysis

    WC
    max
    = N
    p
    i
    + T
    p
    i
    ( )
    i=1
    m


    WC
    min
    = N
    p
    i
    T
    p
    i
    ( )
    i=1
    m

    Source: Six sigma mechanical design tolerancing, p 13-14.


    - N
    e
    + T
    e
    => Maximum assembly envelope

    - N
    e
    - T
    e
    => Minimum assembly envelope

    Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Ohio State University
    Sl. #22
    GATEWAY
    Assembly gaps

    G
    max
    = N
    e
    + T
    e
    N
    p
    i
    T
    p
    i
    ( )
    i=1
    m


    G
    min
    = N
    e
    T
    e
    N
    p
    i
    + T
    p
    i
    ( )
    i=1
    m


    G
    nom
    = N
    e
    N
    p
    i
    ( )
    i=1
    m

    Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Ohio State University


    Sl. #23
    GATEWAY
    Worst Case Scenario Example
    Source: Tolerance Design, pp 109-111
    Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Ohio State University
    Sl. #24
    GATEWAY
    Worst Case Scenario Example
    Source: Tolerance Design, pp 109-111
    Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Ohio State University
    Sl. #25
    GATEWAY
    Worst Case Scenario Example
    Source: Tolerance Design, pp 109-111
    Largest => 0.05 + 0.093 = 0.143

    Smallest => 0.05 - 0.093 = -0.043
    Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Ohio State University
    Sl. #26
    GATEWAY
    Non-Linear Tolerances

    y = f (x
    1
    , x
    2
    , x
    3
    ,...x
    n
    )

    Tol
    y
    =
    cf
    cx
    1
    tol
    1
    +
    cf
    cx
    2
    tol
    2
    +
    cf
    cx
    3
    tol
    3
    + ...+
    cf
    cx
    n
    tol
    n

    Nom
    y
    ~
    cf
    cx
    1
    x
    1
    +
    cf
    cx
    2
    x
    2
    +
    cf
    cx
    3
    x
    3
    + ...+
    cf
    cx
    n
    x
    n
    Wource: Six sigma mechanical design tolerancing, p 104
    Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Ohio State University
    Sl. #27
    GATEWAY
    Root Sum-of-Square
    - RSS
    - Assumes normal distribution behavior

    Wource: Six sigma mechanical design tolerancing, p 16

    f (x) =
    1
    o 2t
    e
    (1/ 2)[x)/o ]
    2
    Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Ohio State University
    Sl. #28
    GATEWAY
    RSS method
    - Assembly tolerance stack equation

    f (x) = T
    1
    2
    +T
    2
    2
    +T
    3
    2
    +...T
    n
    2
    Wource: Six sigma mechanical design tolerancing, p 128
    Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Ohio State University
    Sl. #29
    GATEWAY
    Pool Variance in RSS

    o
    adjusted
    =
    Tol
    3Cp

    o
    gap
    =
    T
    e
    3Cp
    |
    \

    |
    .
    |
    2
    +
    T
    pi
    3Cp
    i
    |
    \

    |
    .
    |
    i=1
    m

    2
    Wource: Six sigma mechanical design tolerancing, p 128
    Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Ohio State University
    Sl. #30
    GATEWAY
    Probability

    Z
    Q
    =
    QG
    nom
    o
    gap

    Z
    Q
    =
    Q N
    e
    N
    pi
    i=1
    m

    |
    \

    |
    .
    |
    T
    e
    3Cp
    |
    \

    |
    .
    |
    2
    +
    T
    pi
    3Cp
    i
    |
    \

    |
    .
    |
    i=1
    m

    2
    Wource: Six sigma mechanical design tolerancing, p 128
    Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Ohio State University
    Sl. #31
    GATEWAY
    Probability for Limits

    Z
    Gmax
    =
    G
    max
    G
    nom
    T
    e
    3Cp
    |
    \

    |
    .
    |
    2
    +
    T
    pi
    3Cp
    i
    |
    \

    |
    .
    |
    2
    i=1
    m


    Z
    Gmin
    =
    G
    min
    G
    nom
    T
    e
    3Cp
    |
    \

    |
    .
    |
    2
    +
    T
    pi
    3Cp
    i
    |
    \

    |
    .
    |
    2
    i=1
    m

    Wource: Six sigma mechanical design tolerancing, p 128


    Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Ohio State University
    Sl. #32
    GATEWAY
    Dynamic RSS

    Z
    Gmax
    =
    G
    max
    G
    nom
    T
    e
    3Cpk
    |
    \

    |
    .
    |
    2
    +
    T
    pi
    3Cpk
    i
    |
    \

    |
    .
    |
    2
    i=1
    m


    Z
    Gmin
    =
    G
    min
    G
    nom
    T
    e
    3Cpk
    |
    \

    |
    .
    |
    2
    +
    T
    pi
    3Cpk
    i
    |
    \

    |
    .
    |
    2
    i=1
    m

    Wource: Six sigma mechanical design tolerancing, p 128


    Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Ohio State University
    Sl. #33
    GATEWAY
    Nonlinear RSS

    Tol
    y
    =
    cf
    cx
    1
    |
    \

    |
    .
    |
    2
    tol
    1
    2
    +
    cf
    cx
    2
    |
    \

    |
    .
    |
    2
    tol
    2
    2
    +
    cf
    cx
    3
    |
    \

    |
    .
    |
    2
    tol
    3
    2
    + ... +
    cf
    cx
    n
    |
    \

    |
    .
    |
    2
    tol
    n

    o
    adjusted
    =
    Tol
    i
    3Cpk
    i
    Wource: Six sigma mechanical design tolerancing, p 128
    Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Ohio State University
    Sl. #34
    GATEWAY
    RSS Example
    Wource: Six sigma mechanical design tolerancing, p 128
    Largest => 0.05 + 0.051 = 0.101

    Smallest => 0.05 - 0.051 = -0.001
    Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Ohio State University
    Sl. #35
    GATEWAY
    Taguchi Method
    Input from the voice of the customer and QFD processes
    Select proper quality-loss function for the design
    Determine customer tolerance values for terms
    in Quality Loss Function
    Determine cost to business to adjust
    Calculate Manufacturing Tolerance
    Proceed to tolerance design
    Wource: Six sigma mechanical design tolerancing, p 21
    Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Ohio State University
    Sl. #36
    GATEWAY
    Taguchi
    - Voice of customer
    - Quality function deployment
    - Inputs from parameter design
    Optimum control-factor set points
    Tolerance estimates
    Initial material grades
    Wource: Six sigma mechanical design tolerancing, p 22
    Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Ohio State University
    Sl. #37
    GATEWAY
    Quality Loss Function
    - Identify customer costs for intolerable performance
    - Quadratic quality loss function

    Wource: Six sigma mechanical design tolerancing, p 208

    L(y) = k(y m)
    2
    =
    A
    o
    A
    o
    (y m)
    2
    Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Ohio State University
    Sl. #38
    GATEWAY
    Cost of Off Target and Sensitivity
    - Cost to business to adjust off target
    performance
    - Sensitivity, |
    Wource: Six sigma mechanical design tolerancing, p 226-227

    | =
    A
    o
    A

    A =
    A
    o
    A
    [|(x m)]
    2
    Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Ohio State University
    Sl. #39
    GATEWAY
    Manufacturing Tolerance

    A =
    A
    o
    A
    A
    o
    |
    |
    \

    |
    .
    |
    Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Ohio State University
    Sl. #40
    GATEWAY
    Summary
    - Importance of effective tolerances
    - Tolerance Design Approaches
    Worst-Case analysis
    Root Sum of Squares
    Taguchi tolerance method
    - Continual process
    - Involvement of multi-disciplines
    Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Ohio State University
    Sl. #41
    GATEWAY
    - This module is intended as a supplement to design classes in
    mechanical engineering. It was developed at The Ohio State
    University under the NSF sponsored Gateway Coalition (grant
    EEC-9109794). Contributing members include:


    - Gary Kinzel. Project supervisor
    - Phuong Pham.. ... Primary author


    Credits
    Reference:
    Six Sigma Mechanical Design Tolerancing, Harry, Mikel J. and Reigle
    Stewart, Motorola Inc. , 1988.
    Creveling, C.M., Tolerance Design, Addison-Wesley, Reading, 1997.
    Wade, Oliver R., Tolerance Control in Design and Manufacturing,
    Industrial Press Inc., New York, 1967.


    Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Ohio State University
    Sl. #42
    GATEWAY
    Disclaimer
    This information is provided as is for general educational purposes;
    it can change over time and should be interpreted with regards to this
    particular circumstance. While much effort is made to provide
    complete information, Ohio State University and Gateway do not
    guarantee the accuracy and reliability of any information contained or
    displayed in the presentation. We disclaim any warranty, expressed
    or implied, including the warranties of fitness for a particular purpose.
    We do not assume any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy,
    completeness, reliability, timeliness or usefulness of any information,
    or processes disclosed. Nor will Ohio State University or Gateway be
    held liable for any improper or incorrect use of the information
    described and/or contain herein and assumes no responsibility for
    anyones use of the information. Reference to any specific
    commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark,
    manufacture, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its
    endorsement.

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