TENSES

simple Present simple veiksmas, priskiriamas esamajam laikui, bet paprastai nevykstantis kalbos momentu.
Teigiamoji forma I ask We ask You ask You ask He (she, They ask it) asks Neigiamoji forma I do not (dont) ask You do not (dont) ask He (she, it) does not (doesnt) ask We do not (dont) ask You do not (dont) ask They do not (dont) ask Klausiamoji forma Do I ask? Do we ask? Do you ask? Do you ask? Does he Do they ask? (she, it) ask?

Vartojamas:
1) Reikti prastiems, pasikartojantiems ar nuolat vykstantiems veiksmams dabartyje (always, often, usually, regularly, daily, every day, never, seldom, rarely, sometimes): Nick always helps his comrades in their studies. We seldom meet. What time do you get up? We have our dinner at 5 oclock 2) reikti bendriems teiginiams, nesiejant j su laiku: Rockets fly faster thab airplanes. The earth goes round the sun in 24 hours. 3) Reikti veiksmams arba savybms, bdingiems veiksniui nuolat arba dabartiniu laikotarpiu: Tom speaks English well. Where do you live? His sister Mary plays the piano and sings. Janes mother works on a dairy farm. Im a schoolgirl. My little brother already goes to school. 4) Reikti veiksmams (arba bsenoms), vykstantiems kalbos momentu, jeigu jie reikiami veiksmaodiais, kurie nevartojami eigos laikais (want, like, belong, know, suppose, need, love, see, realise, mean, prefer, hate, hear, believe, understand, remember, forget, seem, sound, appear, smell, taste, wish, own, think (when the meaning is believe), have (when it is used for actions or the meaning is possess): What do you want? I dont quite understand you. 5) Reikti bsimiems (numatomiems) veiksmams arba bsenoms alutiniuose laiko ir slygos aplinkybi sakiniuose po jungtuk if, unless, till, until, when, as soon as, before (atitinkamuose lietuvikuose sakiniuose vartojamas bsimasis laikas): Ill wait till you finish your breakfast. Come next week unless you are very busy. What shall we do if it rains tomorrow? Lets wait until the rain stops. Come and see me when you are passing my way. Ill join you as soon as I can. P a s t a b a . alutiniuose papildinio sakiniuose po jungtuk if, when vartojamas Future Indefinite Tense: Ask him ih he will go with us. I dont know when he will return. 6) Reikti i anksto numatytiems veiksmams, kurie vyks artimiausioje ateityje (daugiausia su veiksmaodiais to leave, to start, to come, to return, to come back, to go, to arrive): We leave next Saturday. The train starts at 3.45 a. m

Past Indefinite veiksmas (bsena), vyks kuriuo nors laikotarpiu praeityje ir nesusijs su kalbos
momentu.
Teigiamoji forma I asked We asked You asked You asked He (she, They asked it) asked Neigiamoji forma I did not (didnt) ask You did not (didnt) ask He (she, it) did not (didnt) ask We didnt ask You didnt ask They did not (didnt) ask Klausiamoji forma Did I ask? Did we ask? Did you ask? Did you ask? Did he (she, Did they it) ask? ask?

Vartojamas:
1) Reikti atskiriems faktams (veiksmams, bsenoms), vykusiems praeityje ir nesusijusiems su dabartimi (kartais patikslinama aplinkybiniais odiais yesterday, last night, last week, last month, last year, last summer, the other day, in 1945, five minutes ago, btojo laiko rodikliu gali bti klausiamieji vardiai how ir when): I bought this book in London. Where were you yesterday? I knocked at the door, but no one answered. The great Russian poet Pushkin was bors in 1799. How did you sleep? I slept like a baby. When did you begin to study English? Im sorry I was out when you called. How did it happen? 2) Reikti kartotiniams arba prastiems veiksmams, vykusiems praeityje ir nesusijusiems su dabartimi: Last summer I often played chess. When he was ill we went to see him every other day. P a s t a b a . Reikti kartotiniams veiksmams, vykusiems praeityje, vartojama taip pat konstrukcija used + infinityvas: We used to see each other very often when I lived in Kaunas. Taip pat reikti prastiniam arba tstiniam veiksmui ar bsenai praeityje (paprastai tolimoje): I used to know her very well when she was still in her teens. 3) Reikti veiksmams ar savybms, kurios buvo bdingos veiksniui praeityje: Jack played chess very well when he was a small boy. 4) Netiesiogins kalbos alutiniuose papildinio sakiniuose, kai pagrindinio sakinio veiksmaodis vartojamas Past Indefinite laiku: He said he lived in Parko street.

Future Indefinite vienkartiniai, kartotini ar pastovs veiksmai (bsenos), vyksiantys ateityje.

Teigiamoji forma I shall/will (Ill) ask You will (youll) ask He (she, it) will ask We will (well) ask You will (youll) ask Theyll ask Neigiamoji forma I shall/will not (shant/wont) ask You will not (wont) ask He (she, it) will not (wont) ask We shall/will not (shant/wont) ask You will not (wont) ask They will not (wont) ask

Klausiamoji forma Shall I ask? Shall we ask? Will you ask? Will you ask? Will he (she, Will they ask? it) ask?

Vartojamas:
1) Vienkartiniai veiksmai, bsenos: What will you do after the lessons? Ill do my best to help you. Will you wait for me? I sahnt be long. So, youll ring me up at five, will you? Pastovs ir kartotiniai veiksmai (bsenos): Ill write to you every week. P a s t a b o s . 1. Klausiamojoje vienaskaitos 1-ojo asmens formoje veiksmaodis shall paprastai turi modalin reikm; klausiantysi teiraujasis, ko panekovas nori: Shall I go on reading? Shall I translate the sentences into Lithuania? 2. Veiksmaodis will danai turi modalin paado, ketinimo, mandagaus praymo atspalv: If youll wait a moment, Ill be back in a minute. I wont forget what youve done for me. 2) nekamojoje kalboje numatomiems bsimiems veiksmams reikti vartojamos ios konstrukcijos: To be going + infinityvas reikti ketinimui (kalbant apie asmenis) arba galimybei (kalbant apie vykius): Im going to write a letter to my mother. The task is going to be more difficult than I expected. To be sure (certain) + infinityvas reikti sitikinimui, kad bsimasis veiksmas vyks: Ann is sure to be there. Its certain to rain.

Future Indefinite in the Past veiksmas ar bsena, vykstantis, tebesitsiantis kalbos momentu arba
esamuoju laikotarpiu.
Teigiamoji forma I should/would ask You would ask He (she, it) would ask Klausiamoji forma Should/would I ask? Would you ask? Would he (she, it) ask? We would ask You would ask They would ask Should we ask? Would you ask? Would they ask? Neigiamoji forma I shouldnt ask You wouldnt ask He (she, it) wouldnt ask We shouldnt ask You wouldnt ask They wouldnt ask

Vartojamas:
1) Pasakojimuose apie praeities vykius, kai netiesiogine kalba esti atpasakojami kokio nors asmens odiai arba mintys, susij su ateitimi: He told me he would never repeat the same mistake. I was sure shed be late as usual.

CONTINUOUS Present continuous veiksmas (bsena), vykstantis, tebesitsiantis kalbos momentu arba esamuoju
laikotarpiu.
Teigiamoji forma I am (Im) asking You are (youre) asking He (she, it) is (hes) asking We are (were) asking You are asking They are (theyre) asking Neigiamoji forma I am not asking You are not (arent) asking He (she, it) is not (isnt) asking We are not asking You arent asking They are not asking

What are you doing now? Dont you see Im writing a lettrer? Reikti veiksmui (bsenai), vykstaniam esamuoju laikotarpiu, bet nebtinai kalbos momentu: Where are you staying now? They are building a lot of new buildings in our Klausiamoji forma I hope you are enjoying your vacation? district. Am I asking? Are we asking? Im reading an intresting book. Are you asking? Are you asking? 3) nekamojoje kalboje atskiriems artimiausiai ateiiai numatytiems veiksmams reikti (ypa su veiksmaodiais to come, to Is he (she, it) Are they leave, to stay, to call ir isireikimais to have guests, to give a party ir pan.): asking? asking? When are you coming to see us? We are going to the cinema this afternoon. She is giving a birthday party tomorrow. Hes calling on me tonight. 4) Nuolatiniam proiui arba polinkiui reikti (su prieveiksmiais always, constantly, all the time) ir reikia nepritarim, nekantrum: Youre Vartojamas: always coming late! Hes constantly getting into trouble. 1) Reikti veiksmui, vykstaniam kalbos momentu: 5) Veiksmaodio to go Present Continuous junginys su kito veiksmaodio infinityvu vartojamas reikti ketinimui atlikti veiksm artimiausioje ateityje: Im going to present my old toys to my little brother. 2)

Past Continuous
Teigiamoji forma I was asking You were asking He (she, it) was asking We were asking You were asking They were asking Neigiamoji forma I was not (wasnt) asking You were not (werent) asking He (she, it) was not (wasnt) asking We were not asking You were not asking They were not (werent) asking

Klausiamoji forma Was I asking? Were you asking? Was he (she, it) asking?

Were we asking? Were you asking? Were they asking?

Vartojamas:
veiksmui, vykusiam kuriuo nors praeities momentu arba laikotarpiu reikti. Veiksmo laikas paprastai nurodomas aplinkybiniais odiais arba alutiniais sakiniais: It was snowing all day yesterday. I wasnt expecting you quite so early. What were you doing when I rang you The light went out while we were having supper. up yesterday?

Future Continuous
Teigiamoji forma I shall/will be asking You will be asking He (she, it) will be asking We shall/will be asking You will be asking They will be asking Neigiamoji forma I shall/will not (shant/wont) (Ill not) be asking You will not (wont) be asking He (she, it) will not (wont) be asking We shall/will not (shant/wont) be asking You will not (wont) be asking They will not (wont) be asking

Klausiamoji forma Shall/will I be asking? Will you be asking? Will he (she, it) be asking?

Shall/will we be asking? Will you be asking? Will they be asking?

Vartojamas:
Veiksmui, vyksianiam kuriuo nors ateities momentu arba laikotarpiu ireikti. Veiksmo laik gali nurodyti aplinkybiniai odiai arba kontekstas. Ikyrus kai kuriuos nusitovjusius isireikimus su veiksmaodiais to expect, to stay, to see ir kt., is laikas vartojamas labai retai: Ill be expecting you at 4 oclock sharp. When my train arrives, my parents will be waiting on the platform. Its no use trying to see our teacher at 10. He will be giving a lesson at that time. nekamojoje kalboje Future Continuous kartais vartojamas Future Indefinite reikme: Will you be staying for dinner? Ill be seeing him this afternoon.

Future Continuous in the Past

Teigiamoji forma I should/would be asking You would be asking He (she, it) would be asking We should/would be asking You would be asking They would be asking Neigiamoji forma I should/would not be asking You would not be asking He (she, it) would not be asking We should/would not be asking You would not be asking They would not be asking

Klausiamoji forma Should/would I be asking? Would you be asking? Would he (she, it) be asking?

Should/would we be asking? Would you be asking? Would they be asking?

Vartojimas:
I didnt call on you yesterday evening because I thought youd be working at your composition. Dont trouble him now! He said hed be writing an article all day long.

PERFECT Present perfect parodo veiksmo, kuris vyko praeityje ry su dabartimi, t. y. kalbos momentu. is ryys
paprastai pasireikia tuo, kad btasis veiksmas turi kok nors reziltat dabartyje.
Teigiamoji forma I have (Ive) asked You have (youve) asked He (she, it) has (hes) asked. We have (weve) asked You have (youve) asked They have (theyve) asked Neigiamoji forma I have not (havent/Ive not) asked You have not (havent/youve not) asked He (she, it) has not (hasnt/hes not) asked We have not asked You have not sked They have not asked

Klausiamoji forma Have I asked Have we asked? Have you Have you asked? asked? Has he (she, Have they it) asked? asked?

Vartojamas:
1) Sakinuose, kuriuose nra laiko aplinkybi: Has the bell gone? Ive heard so much about it. What mark have you got for dictation? You havent changed at all. Im glad youve dropped in. Look, what nice flowers Kate has brought. 2) Sakiniuose su neapibrto laiko ar kartotinumo prieveiksmiais ar aplinkybinmis frazmis already, ever, never, yet, often, always, seldom, rarely, several times ir pan.: Have you ever been to London? Well have to wait for Tom, he hasnt yet finished his task. Youve always been lazy, Nick. Now its time for you to get down to work in earnest. Ive never seen such a wonderful film. 3) Sakiniuose su apibrto laiko aplinkibiniais odiais ir prieveiksmiais tais atvejais, kai nurodytasis laikotarpis dar nra pasibaigs kalbos momentu: today, this morning, this week, all day, just: Ive worked hard all day today. I havent seen her today. 4) Sakiniuose su laiko aplinkybmis, nurodaniomis laikotarp, kuriuo vyko ar galjo vykti veiksmas, pradedant kokiu nors praeities momentu ir iki pat esamojo momento: lately, for a long time, how long, so far, up to now, up to the present, for the past two hours (days, months, years), for three hours (days, months, years) ir kt., arba su aplinkybmis, nurodaniomis tiktai tokio laikotarpio pradi (paprastai su jungtuku since): Have you been to the theatre lately? Where have you been all this time? I havent seen you for ages. We havent met since January, have we? So much has happened since I saw you last.

Ypating funkcij Present Perfect atlieka alutiniuose laiko ir slygos aplinkybi sakiniuose po jungtuk if, when, till, untill, unless, as soon as, after, before. ia Present Perfect reikia veiksm, kuris baigsis tam tikru ateities momentu (turi Future Perfect reikm): Youll think otherwise after (when) youve seen the film yourself. You mustnt leave before youve put everything in order.

Past Perfect
Teigiamoji forma Neigiamoji forma I had asked We had asked I had not asked You had asked Klausiamoji forma You had asked You had not asked Had He (she, it) had asked I asked had asked Had we asked? not asked They He (she, it) had Had you asked? Had you asked? Had he (she, it) asked? Had they asked? We had not asked You had not asked They had not asked

Vartojimas:
Veiksmas, kuris vyko ir baigsi prie kit btj veiksm arba prie kur nors praeities moment ar laikotarp: Yesterday he told me that he had seen Mike a week before. He thanked me for what I have done for him. He did as you had told him. Jane told her friends that she had decided to become an actress. Jane had scarcely put her head on the pillow when she fell asleep. By noon the young tourists had climbed the mountain. By twelve oclock yesterday I had finished all my work.

Future Perfect
Teigiamoji forma I shall/will have asked You will have asked He (she, it) will have asked. We shall/will have asked You will have asked Theyll have asked Neigiamoji forma I shall not have asked You will not have asked He (she, it) will not have asked We shall/will not have asked You will not have asked They will not have asked

Klausiamoji forma Shall I have asked Will you have asked? Will he (she, it) have asked?

Shall we have asked? Will you have asked? Will they have asked?

Vartojamas:
Reikti veiksmui, kuris iki tam tikro momento arba veiksmo ateityje jau bus atliktas, pasibaigs: By the end of the term we shall have read two English books. Come tomorrow evening; by that time Ill have finished my work.

Future Perfect in the Past

Teigiamoji forma I should/would have asked You would have asked He (she, it) would have asked. We should/would have asked You would have asked They would have asked Neigiamoji forma I should/would not have asked You would not have asked He (she, it) would not have asked We should/would not have asked You would not have asked They would not have asked

Klausiamoji forma Should/would I have asked Would you have asked? Would he (she, it) have asked?

Should/would we have asked? Would you have asked? Would they have asked?

Vartojamas:

Tais paiais atvejais kaip ir Future Perfect, bet tik netiesioginje kalboje, po veiksmaodi say, think, tell, write, pavartot btuoju laiku: He said he would have done his task by two oclock.

PERFECT CONTINUOUS Present Perfect Continuous

Teigiamoji forma I have been asking You have been asking He (she, it) has been asking We have been asking You have been asking They have been asking Neigiamoji forma I have not been asking You have not been asking He (she, it) has not been asking We have not been asking You have not been asking They have not been asking

Klausiamoji forma Have I been asking? Have you been asking? Have he (she, it) been asking?

Have we been asking? Have you been asking? Have they been asking?

Vartojamas:
Veiksmui, bsenai, kuri rasidjo praeityje ir tssi tam tikr laikotarp iki kalbos momento ir (arba) vis dar tebesitsia kalbos momentu, arba pasibaig prie pat j: Ive been waiting for him (for) two hours. Sakiniuose su Present Perfect Continuous paprastai vartojamos laiko palinkybs, nurodanios veiksmaodio reikiamo laiko ar bsenos trukm arba pradios moment (for two hours (aweek, three months, ten years), for a long time, all day, all day long, how long; since 1950, since 8 oclock, since I came here): How long have you been studying English? Ive been living in London since 1985. Im tired, Ive been working in the garden all day Its been raining since early morning. long. What have you been doing since I saw you last? Present Perfect Continuous gali bti vartojamas ir nenurodant veiksmo trukms, jeigu i konteksto aiku, kad veiksmas prasidjo praeityje ir tssi (tsiasi) iki dabar: Please, excuse my dirty clothes, Ive been tidying the room. Veiksmaodi, kurie neturi Continuous form, Present Perfect Continuous reikme vartojamos Present Perfect formos: How long have you been here? Ive known Jack for five years.

Past Perfect Continuous

Teigiamoji forma I had been asking You had been asking He (she, it) had been asking We had been asking You had been asking They had been asking Klausiamoji forma Had I been asking? Had you been asking? Had he (she, it) been asking? Neigiamoji forma I had not been asking You had not been asking He (she, it) had not been asking We had not been asking You had not been asking They had not been asking

Had we been asking? Had you been asking? Had they been asking?

Vartojamas:
Eigos veiksmui, kuris prasidjo prie kur nors praeities moment ir tssi ligi pat to momento, reikti: I was very tired when I went to bed for I had been working hard all day. The news didnt surprise me for Id been expecting it for some time past.

Future Perfect Continuous

Teigiamoji forma I shall/will have been asking You will have been asking He (she, it) will have been asking Klausiamoji forma Shall/will I have been asking? Will you have been asking? Will he (she, it) have been asking? We shall/will have been asking You will have been asking They will have been asking Shall/will we have been asking? Will you have been asking? Will they have been asking? Neigiamoji forma I shall/will have not been asking You will nothave been asking He (she, it) will not have been asking We shall/will have not been asking You will not have been asking They will not have been asking

Vartojamas:
Reikti besitsianiam bsimajam veiksmui, kuris prasids prie kur nors ateities moment arba laikotarp ir tsis ligi pat to momento (laikotarpio): By next year we shall have been living in this town for five years. When Ann gets her diploma she will have been studying at the University for five years.

Future in the Past Perfect Continuous

Teigiamoji forma I should/would have been asking You would have been asking He (she, it) would have been asking We should/would have been asking You would have been asking They would have been asking Neigiamoji forma I should/would have not been asking You would nothave been asking He (she, it) would not have been asking We should/would have not been asking You would not have been asking They would not have been asking

Klausiamoji forma Should/would I have been asking? Would you have been asking? Would he (she, it) have been asking?

Should/would we have been asking? Would you have been asking? Would they have been asking?

Vartojamas:
Netiesioginje kalboje vietoj future Perfect Continuous, kai pagrindinio sakinio veiksmaodis-tarinys esti ireiktas btuoju laiku: He said that by next April his father would have been working at the factory for ten years.