BAHASA INGGRIS

BAB 1

TENSES
() I dont go to school everyday. (? ) Do you go to school everyday? Kalimat nominal: (+) She is hungry. () She is not hungry. (? ) Is she hungry? Fungsi: a. Untuk menunjukkan kebiasaan (ditandai dengan keterangan frekuensi: everyday, usually, every, always, never, once, twice, dll). Contoh: They visit me everyday. b. Untuk menunjukkan kebenaran umum. Contoh: The world is round. c. Untuk menunjukkan keadaan pada waktu sekarang (factual state). Contoh: I want a glass of coffee.

Tenses adalah perubahan bentuk kata kerja (verb) karena perubahan waktu dan sifat kejadian tertentu pada suatu konteks kalimat.

A. PRESENT TENSES
1. Simple Present Tense Kalimat Verbal: (+) S + V1 / Vs/es + Complement (C)/Object (O)/ Adverb (A) () S + dont/doesnt + V1 + C/O/A (? ) Do/Does + S + V1 + C/O/A? Kalimat Nominal: (+) S + be (is, am, are) + C () S + be (is, am, are) + not + C (? ) Be (is, am , are) + S + C?
Keterangan: Kalimat verbal: kalimat yang predikatnya kata kerja. Kalimat nominal: kalimat yang predikatnya bukan kata kerja. Do dipakai untuk subjek: I, you,we, they. Does dipakai untuk subjek: He, she, it. Am dipakai untuk subjek: I Is dipakai untuk subjek: He, she, it Are dipakai untuk subjek: We, They Contoh: Kalimat verbal: (+) I go to school everyday.

2.

Present Continuous Tense Kalimat Verbal: (+) S + be (is, am, are) + V-ing + C/O/A () S + be (is, am, are) + not V-ing + C/O/A (? ) Be (is, am, are) + S + V-ing + C/O/A? Kalimat Nominal: (+) S + be (is, am, are) + being + C () S + be (is, am, are) + not being + C (? ) Be (is, am, are) + S + being + C?

Contoh: Kalimat verbal: (+) I am repairing your bicycle now. () I am not repairing your bicycle now. (? ) Are you repairing my bicycle now?

Kalimat nominal: (+) She is being very sad right now. () She is not being very sad right now. (? ) Is she being very sad right now? Fungsi: a. Untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan/peristiwa yang sedang berlangsung saat ini (sedang dibicarakan). Keterangan waktu yang biasa digunakan: now, at this moment, look!, right now, at present, listen! Contoh: He is reading an English text now. b. Untuk menyatakan situasi yang berubah-ubah. Contoh: The population of the world is rising very fast.

() I have not been meeting her since 1998. (? ) Have you been waiting for two hours? Kalimat nominal: (+) She has been being in the hospital for two weeks. () She has not been being here for five minutes. (? ) Has she been being here for two hours? Fungsi: Untuk menyatakan pekerjaan yang dimulai di waktu lampau dan masih dikerjakan sampai saat ini. Keterangan waktu yang biasa digunakan: for, all this morning, since, the whole day. Contoh: He has been writing a letter for 1 hour.

3. Present Perfect Tense

Kalimat Verbal: (+) S + has/have + V3 + C/O/A () S + has/have not + V3 +C/O/A (? ) Has/have +S + V3 +C/O/A? Kalimat Nominal: (+) S + has/have + been + C () S + has/have not + been + C (? ) Has/have + S + been + C?
Contoh: Kalimat verbal: (+) I have opened the door since 7 oclock. () I have not opened the door. (? ) Have you opened the door? Kalimat nominal: (+) She has been there since this morning. () She has not been there till now. (? ) Has she been there since this morning? Fungsi: Untuk menyatakan peristiwa yang telah terjadi dan masih berhubungan dengan sekarang. Keterangan waktu: already, just, yet, since, for, lately, these weeks/month, so far, till now, recently. Contoh: They have been here since 2 oclock.

B. FUTURE TENSES
1. Simple Future Tense Kalimat Verbal: (+) S + will/shall +V1 + C/O/A () S + will/shall not + V1 + C/O/A (? ) Will/shall + S + V1 + C/O/A? Kalimat Nominal: (+) S + will/shall + be + C () S + will/shall not + be + C (? ) Will + S + be + C?
Contoh: Kalimat verbal: (+) I will go to Jakarta next week. () I will not go to Jakarta next week. (? ) Will you go to Jakarta next week? Kalimat nominal: (+) I will be in Jakarta tomorrow. () I will not be there tomorrow. (? ) Will you be there tomorrow? Fungsi: a. Untuk menyatakan pekerjaan yang akan dikerjakan di waktu yang akan datang. Keterangan waktu: the day after tomorrow, tomorrow next, tonight, soon, next week, dll. Contoh: John will come to see you tomorrow. b. Untuk menunjukkan peristiwa yang akan terjadi apabila syarat peristiwa lain terpenuhi. Contoh: You will find many foreign tourists when you come to Bali.

4.

Present Perfect Continuous Tense Kalimat Verbal: (+) S + has/have + been + V-ing + C/O/A () S + has/have not + been + V-ing + C/O/A (? ) Has/have + S + been + V-ing + C/O/A? Kalimat Nominal: (+) S + has/have + been + being + C () S + has/have not + been + being + C (? ) Has/have + S + been + being + C?

2.

Future Continuous Tense Kalimat Verbal: (+) S + will/shall + be + V-ing + C/O/A () S + will/shall not + be + V-ing + C/O/A (? ) Will/shall + S + be + V-ing + C/O/A? Kalimat Nominal: (+) S + will/shall + be + being + C () S + will/shall not + be + being + C (? ) Will/shall + S + be + being + C?

Contoh: Kalimat verbal: (+) I have been waiting for two hours.

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Contoh: Kalimat verbal: (+) I will be coming there next week. () I will not be coming there next week. (? ) Will you be coming there next week? Kalimat nominal: (+) I will be being in London next month. () I will not be being in London next month. (? ) Will you be being in London next month? Fungsi: Untuk menyatakan pekerjaan yang akan sedang dikerjakan di waktu yang akan datang. Keterangan waktu: next/tomorrow at ... o clock, this time tomorrow/next. Contoh: I will be visiting my girlfriend tomorrow at 3 oclock.

Contoh:
Kalimat verbal: (+) I will have been finishing this job by the end of this week. () I will not have been finishing this job by the end of this week. (? ) Will you have been finishing this job by the end of this week? Kalimat nominal: (+) I will have been being in Japan by the end of this year. () I will not have been being in Japan by the end of this year. (? ) Will you have been being in Japan by the end of this year? Fungsi: Untuk menunjukkan peristiwa yang akan telah terjadi dan masih akan berlanjut pada saat peristiwa lain terjadi di waktu mendatang. Keterangan waktu: for, by the time, by the end of, dll. Contoh: He will have been sleeping for 2 hours before she arrives.

3. Future Perfect Tense Kalimat Verbal: (+) S + will/shall +have + V3 + C/O/A () S + will/shall not + have + V3 + C/O/A (? ) Will/shall + S + have + V3 + C/O/A? Kalimat Nominal: (+) S + will/shall + have + been + C () S + will/shall not + have + been + C (? ) Will/shall + S + have + been + C?
Contoh: Kalimat verbal: (+) I will have finished this job by the end of this week. () I will not have finished this job by the end of this week. (? ) Will you have finished this job by the end of this week? Kalimat nominal: (+) I will have been in Jogja by the time you get there. () I will not have been in Jogja by the time you get there. (? ) Will you have been in Jogja by the end of this week? Fungsi: Untuk menyatakan pekerjaan yang akan telah diselesaikan di waktu yang akan datang. Keterangan waktu: by the time, by the end of, in 3 weeks/ years/ months for, after/ before + S + V1 after/ before + S +V1. Contoh: will have been visited my girlfriend by this time next week.

C. PAST TENSE
1. Simple Past Tense Kalimat Verbal: (+) S + V2 + C/O/A () S + did not + V1 + C/O/A (? ) Did + S + V1 + C/O/A? Kalimat Nominal: (+) S + be (was, were) + C () S + be (was,were) not + C (? ) Was/were + S + C?
Contoh: Kalimat verbal: (+) John came here yesterday. () John did not come here yesterday. (? ) Did John come here yesterday? Kalimat nominal: (+) She was in the hospital yesterday. () She was not in the hospital yesterday. (? ) Were you in the hospital yesterday? Fungsi: Untuk menyatakan peristiwa yang terjadi pada waktu lampau. Keterangan waktu: last, ago, previously, yesterday, in 1973, the day before yesterday. Contoh: He bought a new bicycle last year.

4.

Future Perfect Continuous Tense Kalimat Verbal: (+) S + will/shall +have + been + V-ing + C/O/A () S + will/shall not + have + been + V-ing + C/O/A (? ) Will/shall + S + have + been + V-ing + C/O/A? Kalimat Nominal: (+) S + will/shall + have + been + being + C () S + will/shall not + have + been + being + C (? ) Will/shall + S + have + been + being + C?

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2.

Past Continuous Tense Kalimat Verbal: (+) S + be (was, were) + V-ing + C/O/A () S + be (was, were) not + V-ing + C/O/A (? ) Be (was,were) + S + V-ing + C/O/A? Kalimat Nominal: (+) S + be (was, were) + being + C () S + be (was, were) not + being + C (? ) Be (was,were) + S + being + C?

yang terjadi pada masa lampau. Keterangan waktu: for ... , when/after/before + S + V2 , after/before + S + V2 Contoh: Johny had studied English for 2 hours before I came.

4.

Past Perfect Continuous Tense Kalimat Verbal: (+) S + had + been + V-ing + C/O/A () S + had not + been + V-ing + C/O/A (? ) Had + S + been + V-ing + C/O/A? Kalimat Nominal: (+) S + had + been + being + C () S + had not + been + being + C (? ) Had + S + been + being + C?

Contoh: Kalimat verbal: (+) I was sleeping when she arrived. () I was not sleeping when she arrived. (? ) Were you sleeping when she came yesterday? Kalimat nominal: (+) She was being at home when her father died. () She was not being at home when her father died. (? ) Were you being at home when your father died? Fungsi: Untuk menunjukkan kegiatan atau peristiwa yang sedang berlangsung pada masa lampau. Keterangan waktu yang biasa digunakan: when, as, while. Contoh: - John was reading a book when I came. - John was being at home while I was reading.

Contoh: Kalimat verbal: (+) I had been living in London for 2 years before I moved to Italy. () I had not been living in London for 2 years before I moved to Italy. (? ) Had you been living in London for 2 years before you moved to Italy? Kalimat nominal: (+) He had been being famous before he won the singing competition. () He had not been being famous before he won the singing competition. (? ) Had he been being famous before he won the singing competition? Fungsi: Untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang masih dikerjakan pada saat kejadian lain terjadi di waktu lampau. Tenses ini juga ditandai oleh peristiwa lain yang terjadi pada masa lampau. Adverb pada tenses ini adalah sama dengan bentuk Present Perfect Tense. Keterangan waktu: for ... , when/after/before + S + V2 , after/ before + S + V2 Contoh: - Johny had been studying English for 2 hours before I came. - They had been being in the office when their boss came.

3. Past Perfect Tense Kalimat Verbal: (+) S + had + V3 + C/O/A () S + had not + V3 + C/O/A (? ) Had + S + V3 + C/O/A? Kalimat Nominal : (+) S + had + been + C () S + had not + been + C (? ) Had + S + been + C?
Contoh: Kalimat verbal: (+) I had gone to Jakarta before I met her. () I had not gone to Jakarta before I met her. (? ) Had you gone to Jakarta before you met her? Kalimat nominal: (+) He had been in Jakarta before he got the bad news. () He had not been in Jakarta before he got the bad news. (? ) Had he been in Jakarta before he got the bad news? Fungsi: Untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang sudah selesai dikerjakan pada waktu lampau. Tenses ini ditandai oleh peristiwa lain

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BAB 2

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

Conditional sentence (kalimat bersyarat) adalah kalimat yang di dalamnya mengandung syarat. Alat yang digunakan sebagai syarat meliputi: if (jika), unless (kecuali jika), provided that (asalkan), on condition that (dengan syarat), dan susunan inversi.

A. STRUKTUR KALIMAT BERSYARAT

Conditional terdiri dari dua klausa: if clause (anak kalimat) dan main clause (induk kalimat). TIPE 1 2 3 TENSE PRESENT PAST PAST PERFECT IF CLAUSE If + S + VI If + S + V2 If + S + had + V3 MAIN CLAUSE S + will + VI S + would + VI S + would have + V3 FAKTA FUTURE PRESENT PAST
FAKTA He doesnt study so he doesnt pass the exam. (VI (-)) He didnt study so he didnt pass the exam. (V2 (-)) Keterangan: - Pengandaian pada kalimat 2 dalam bentuk positif V2 (studied), maka fakta harus bentuk negatif VI (doesnt study). - Pengandaian pada kalimat 3 dalam bentuk positif had V3 (had studied), maka fakta harus negatif V2 (didnt study).

Keterangan: 1. Tipe 1 merupakan pengandaian yang kemungkinan akan terjadi. Tipe 2 dan 3 merupakan pengandaian yang tidak mungkin terjadi. Fakta untuk tipe 2 adalah present (tidak terjadi di waktu sekarang) dan untuk tipe 3 adalah past (tidak terjadi di waktu lampau). 2. To be yang digunakan untuk semua subyek dengan Past Tense adalah were. 3. Letak If Clause tidak selalu di depan Main Clause. Salah satu dari klausa tersebut dapat diletakkan di depan. Apabila anak kalimat berada di depan induk kalimat, dalam tata tulis menggunakan koma setelah anak kalimat (If Clause). Contoh: 1. If he studies hard, he will pass the exam. (It is possible that he will pass the exam) 2. If he studied hard, he would pass the exam. (He doesnt study, so he doesnt pass the exam) 3. If he had studied, he would have passed the exam. (He didnt study, so he didnt pass the exam)

B. BENTUK INVERSI/SUSUN BALIK

Tipe 1 diawali dengan should, tipe 2 diawali dengan were, dan tipe 3 diawali dengan had.
Contoh: Tipe 1 2 3 Noninversi If you meet Ann, tell her that I will go to her house. If the weather were fine now, we would go swimming. If he had ridden his bike fast, he would not have been late to school.

Untuk mencari fakta no. 2 dan 3, kita bisa memakai RUMUS PRAKTIS berikut. Perhatikan! PENGANDAIAN V1 V2/were Had V3 Kalimat Negatif (-) Kalimat Positif (+)
Contoh: PENGANDAIAN If he studied he would pass the exam. (V2 (+)) If he had studied he would have passed the exam. (Had V3 (+))

FAKTA Possibility (will + V1) V1/is, am, are V2/was, were Kalimat Positif (+) Kalimat Negatif(-)

Tipe 1 2 3

Inversi Should you meet Ann, tell her that I will go to her house. Were the weather fine now, we would go swimming. Had he ridden his bike fast, he would not have been late to school.

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BAB 3
A. SUBJUNCTIVE

SUBJUNCTIVE AND CAUSATIVE

B. CAUSATIVE
Causative adalah penggunaan kata kerja-kata kerja tertentu dalam bahasa Inggris yang bermakna menyuruh orang lain mengerjakan sesuatu, entah karena subyek merasa tidak sanggup mengerjakan sendiri atau ingin agar orang lain mengerjakannya. Causative yang umum dikenal adalah have dan get.

Subjunctive merupakan suatu kalimat yang mengemukakan suatu pengharapan yang biasanya bertentangan dengan kenyataan yang sesungguhnya terjadi. Kalimat subjunctive menggunakan penanda pengandaian, yaitu: wish (berharap), if only (seandainya saja), as if/as though (seolah-olah), would rather (lebih suka). 1. Present Subjunctive a. Subject 1 + wish/would rather + Subject 2 + Past (V2/were) b. If only + Subject + Past (V2/were) c. Subject 1 + Present (V1) + as if/as though + Subject 2 + Past (V2/were) Contoh: I wish I were a doctor. (Saya berharap saya seorang dokter (Kenyataannya saya bukan seorang dokter/I am not a doctor)). 2. Past Subjunctive a. Subject 1 + (wish, if, as if, as though, would rather) + Subject 2 + Past Perfect b. If only + Subject + Past Perfect c. Subject1 + Past (V2) + as if/as though + Subject 2 + Past Perfect Contoh: I wish I had typed a letter. (Seandainya (lampau) saya telah mengetik sebuah surat (Kenyataannya saya tidak mengetik sebuah surat (lampau)/I didnt type a letter). Keterangan: Untuk to be Past Subjunctive harus selalu were apapun subjeknya, tidak boleh was RUMUS PRAKTIS PENGANDAIAN FAKTA Would/could V1 Possibility (will + V1) V2/were V1/is/am/are Had V3 V2 Kalimat Negatif(-) Kalimat Positif (+) Kalimat Positif (+) Kalimat Negatif(-) Keterangan: Perubahan fakta ke pengandaian sama persis dengan rumus conditional. Contoh: I wish she had come. Means: She didnt come.

1. Untuk Obyek Aktif (Manusia)

a. Rumus: S + has/have/had + obyek aktif (manusia) + V1 Berarti: S + ask/asked + obyek aktif (orang) + to + V1 Contoh: I have John wash my car. Berarti: I ask John to wash my car. b. Rumus S + get/got/gotten + obyek aktif (manusia) + to + V1 Berarti: S + ask/asked + obyek aktif (orang) + to + V1 Contoh: I get John to wash my car. Berarti: I ask John to wash my car.

2. Untuk Obyek Pasif (Benda)

Rumus: S + has/have/had /get/got/gotten + O pasif (benda) + V3 Berarti: S + ask/asked + someone/somebody + to + V1 + O Contoh: I have/get my car washed (by John). Berarti: I ask some one/some body (John) to wash my car. Keterangan: Bila have diikuti obyek aktif (orang), verb yang mengikuti adalah V1 . Bila get diikuti obyek aktif (orang), verb yang mengikuti adalah to V1 . Bila have atau get diikuti obyek pasif (benda), verb yang mengikuti adalah V3.

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BAB 4
A. TO INFINITIVE

TO INFINITIVE AND GERUND

Bentuk kata kerja simple (V1) dengan awalan to. Fungsi dan Penggunaan No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Penggunaan Setelah be (is, am, are, was, were) untuk menyatakan keharusan. Sebagai subject. Menerangkan tujuan. Rumus: alasan + to infinitive (tujuan) Sebagai verb setelah obyek pelaku. Menerangkan noun/kata benda. Rumus: (kalimat) + N + to infinitive Menerangkan adjective/kata sifat. Rumus: (kalimat) + Adj + to infinitive Setelah Adjective/kata sifat. Contoh The students are to do the school assignment. To study hard makes us clever. He comes here to meet me alasan tujuan Doni asked me to go with him. I need a glass of milk to drink. English is easy to learn. Dedi is too young to run the business.

Mengikuti verb tertentu, berfungsi sebagai obyek I want to go. kata kerja atau komplemen obyek. I want you to go. Rumus: S + V tertentu + (O) + to infinitive She expects me to study. Verb tertentu yang diikuti to infinitive: Ask, allow, advice, beg, decide, expect, hope, intend, invite, instruct, learn, mean, need, propose, promise, permit, want, warn, would like, tell, teach, urge, dll.

B. GERUND
Ving yang berfungsi sebagai noun (kata benda). Fungsi dan Penggunaan No 1 2 3 4 Penggunaan Sebagai subyek (S (gerund)+ V + O). Sebagai obyek (S + V + O (gerund)). Sebagai pelengkap (complement). I like swimming. His job is working on the field. Contoh Swimming is my hobby.

Mengikuti preposisi / kata depan. He is good at speaking English. Preposisi: in, on, at, of, for, from, by, with, without, after, before Possessive pronoun + gerund. I dont mind her smoking here. Keterangan: Possessive Pronoun (kata ganti kepunyaan): my, his, her, their, your, our, John s.

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Mengikuti prepositional object Preposisi to berikut ini diikuti gerund: to be used to: terbiasa to be accustomed to: terbiasa object to: keberatan look forward to: menanti/ ingin sekali to take to: senang confess to: mengakui

I am looking forward to hearing from you soon.

Catatan khusus: Apa bedanya used to dan to be used to? Jawabannya adalah: 1. used to + V1: kebiasaan lampau. 2. to be used to + gerund: kebiasaan hingga sekarang. Contoh: I used to play soccer. (sekarang sudah tidak lagi) I am used to playing soccer. (sampai sekarang masih dilakukan)

Membentuk noun phrase (frase kata benda): Ving + Noun

swimming pool (kolam untuk berenang), walking stick (tongkat untuk berjalan) (bedakan dengan frase kata benda active participle)

Mengikuti verb (kata kerja) tertentu: He enjoys smoking. (V tertentu + gerund) I avoid answering my question. Keterangan: verb tertentu yang diikuti gerund: avoid, admit, appreciate, anticipate, continue, consider, deny, detest, delay, enjoy,escape, excuse, finish, forgive, fancy, imagine, keep, mind, postpone,practice, prevent, quit, risk, resist, suggest. Digunakan setelah frase berikut: Cant help/stand (tidak It is no use waiting for her. tahan), no use (tidak ada gunanya) Sebagai obyek kata kerja: need/want/require (perlu) dan I have seen the film. I think it is worth seeing. kata sifat worth (layak) dengan makna pasif. Kata kerja yang bisa diikuti Ving atau to V1 a. Tidak ada perbedaan makna: advise, begin, continue, dislike, dread, hate, intend, like, love, prefer, propose, start. b. Ada perbedaan makna: S + forget/remember/stop/regret + Ving: pekerjaannya sudah dilakukan S + forget/remember/stop/regret + to V1: pekerjaannya belum dilakukan I forget giving her a letter. (lupa telah memberi) I forget to give her a letter. (lupa belum memberi) I stop smoking . (berhenti dari kebiasaan merokok) I stop to smoke. (berhenti dari melakukan suatu pekerjaan untuk merokok)

9 10 11

C. PERBEDAAN GERUND DAN ACTIVE PARTICIPLE

1. Modifiers of Noun a swimming pool (Gerund/Kolam untuk berenang) a swimming child (Participle/Anak yang sedang berenang) a walking stick (Gerund/Tongkat untuk berjalan) a walking girl (Participle/Gadis yang sedang berjalan) Keterangan : Kalau tidak dapat diterjemahkan dengan kata untuk, berarti bukan Gerund tetapi Participle

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2.

Sentence Pattern Walking in the jungle makes the young man happy. (Gerund) Walking in the jungle, the young man felt happy. (Participle) Studying with teachers can solve the problem. (Gerund) Studying with teachers, she can solve the problem. (participle) Keterangan: Kalau setelah bentuk ing, tidak ada koma, berarti kalimat tersebut belum mempunyai Subject, sehingga bentuk ing tersebut berfungsi sebagai subject dan berbentuk Gerund, kalau ada koma, berarti kalimat tersebut sudah mempunyai Subject dan berbentuk Participle.

BAB 5

ACTIVE PARTICIPLE AND PASSIVE PARTICIPLE

3. Setelah Obyek dari Kata Kerja S + Verb panca indera + orang + V-ing Keterangan: V-ing mengikuti Verb panca indera seperti: see, notice, observe, watch ,find, smell, listen, hear, feel. Contoh: When I came back home, I saw the boy trying to get on the roof. Jika diikuti V1, peristiwanya lengkap dari awal hingga akhir. Jika diikuti V-ing, peristiwanya tak lengkap, hanya saat sedang dikerjakan. 4. Digunakan Sebagai Kata Sambung dalam Gabungan Kalimat yang Menggunakan Relative Pronoun (kalimat) + N + V-ing Contoh: Kalimat 1: I meet the girl Kalimat 2: She smiles Gabungan kalimatnya: 1. I meet the girl who smiles. (relative pronoun) 2. I meet the girl smiling. (active participle)

Kata kerja (verb) dapat memiliki bentuk yang bermacammacam, yaitu: Infinitive (V1), To infinitive (To V1), Past (V2), Past Participle (V3), dan Present Participle (V-ing). Present participle (V-ing) menunjuk kegiatan aktif sedangkan Past Participle (V3 ) menunjuk kegiatan pasif.

A. ACTIVE PARTICIPLE
V-ing yang berfungsi sebagai penjelas. 1. Pembentukan di Depan Kalimat V-ing S + P ... Having + V3 Keterangan: V-ing dan Having V3 yang diletakkan di awal kalimat mengandung tiga makna: a. kejadian sebab-akibat b. kejadian berurutan c. kejadian bersamaan Contoh: Sebab-akibat: Studying, he passed the test (He passed the test because/as/for, since he studied) Berurutan: Having opened the drawer, I take the gun (After I have opened the drawer, I take the gun) Bersamaan: Studying, he watches the TV (While he is studying he watches the TV) 2. Apabila Subyek Melakukan Dua Pekerjaan pada Saat yang Sama S + V + V-ing + Object
Contoh: He runs kicking the ball

5. Membentuk Noun Phrase (Frase Kata Benda) Noun Phrase : V-ing + N Contoh: I meet the smiling girl (noun phrase)

B. PASSIVE PARTICIPLE
V3 yang berfungsi sebagai penjelas. 1. Pembentukan di Depan Kalimat V3 + S + P ... Having + been + V3

Keterangan:

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V3 dan Having been V3 yang diletakkan di awal kalimat mengandung tiga makna: a. kejadian sebab-akibat b. kejadian berurutan c. kejadian bersamaan Contoh: Sebab-akibat: Surrounded by mountain, the city has a cool climate. (Because/as/since the city is surrounded by mountain, the city has a cool climate). Berurutan: Having been beaten by Joko, Joni became a polite man. (After Joni had been beaten by Joko, he became a polite man.) Bersamaan: Studied, he watched the movie (While he is studying he watches the movie) 2. Setelah Obyek dari Kata Kerja Sensasi S + V panca indera + benda + being V3 Keterangan: V3 mengikuti verb panca indera jika obyeknya adalah obyek pasif (benda). Contoh: When I came back home, I saw the roof being tried to get on.

3. Digunakan Gabungan Kalimat dengan Menggunakan Relative Pronoun (kalimat) + N + V3 Keterangan: Dalam kalimat V3 berfungsi menerangkan Noun (kata benda) mengacu arti yang di-. Contoh: The book is good The book is written by Mr. Covey Gabungan kalimatnya: 1. The book which is written by Mr. Covey is good 2. The book written by Mr. Covey is good (passive participle) 4. Membentuk Frase KB (Kata Benda) V3 + N = yang di / ter Contoh: The tired boy (anak lelaki yang lelah) Hidden treasure (harta karun yang terpendam) Written story (cerita yang tertulis)

BAB 6
A. DIRECT SPEECH

DIRECT-INDIRECT SPEECH
Doni said told that he was doing his job there then

Direct speech adalah kalimat langsung/kutipan asli suatu pembicaraan tanpa adanya suatu perubahan. Penulisan direct speech selalu diapit oleh tanda kutip dan kalimat selalu diawali huruf kapital.

B. INDIRECT SPEECH
Indirect speech adalah kalimat tidak langsung/ bentuk kalimat yang menceritakan kembali pendapat/ pembicaraan seseorang yang mengalami modifikasi tertentu. Terdapat tiga jenis Indirect Speech: 1. Kalimat Berita/Pernyataan (declarative/ statement) a. Direct : He says: I go to school everyday. Indirect : He says that he goes to school everyday. b. Direct : Doni said: I am doing my job here now. Indirect : Doni said that he was doing his job there then. 2.

Catatan: Kedua bentuk mempunyai arti yang sama. Kalau induk kalimatnya present, anak kalimatnya tidak ada perubahan tenses, yang berubah hanya kata ganti (pronoun) dan kata keterangan (adverbial).(Lihat contoh a) Kalau induk kalimatnya past, anak kalimatnya ada perubahan tenses, pronoun, dan adverbial. (Lihat contoh b) Kalimat Perintah (imperative/command/request) a. Positive Imperative Direct : Doni said: Close the door! Indirect : Doni asked me to close the door.

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Asked Told Doni Advised Commanded Ordered

Me Him Her Joko The Girl to Close the door

C. PERUBAHAN TENSES
Direct
Simple Present Tense Present Continuous Tense Present Perfect Tense Present Perfect Continuous Tense Simple Past Tense Past Continuous Tense Simple Future Tense Future Continuous Tense Future Perfect Tense Future Perfect Continuous Tense Past Future Tense Past Future Continuous Tense Perubahan pada

Indirect
Simple Past Tense Past Continuous Tense Past Perfect Tense Past Perfect Continuous Tense Past Perfect Tense Past Perfect Continuous Tense Past Future Tense Past Future Continuous Tense Past Future Perfect Tense Past Future Perfect Tense Past Perfect Future Tense Past Perfect Future Continuous Tense

b. Negative Imperative Direct : Doni said: Dont close the door! Indirect : Doni asked me not to close the door.
Asked Doni Told Commanded Ordered Me Him Joko The boy Not To Close the door

3. Kalimat Tanya (interogative/question) a. Tanpa kata tanya Direct : Doni asked: Do you know Stephen Covey? Indirect : Doni asked if (whether) I knew Stephen Covey.
asked Doni wondered wanted to know inquired If/ whether I knew Stephen Covey

Direct I We My Our Here This These Now Today Tomorrow

Indirect She/He They Her/His Their There That Those Then That day The next day The day after The following day The day before ____ before Two days before The____ before The ____ after The following ____

Pronoun Possessive Pronoun Keterangan Tempat (Adverb of Place) Demonstrative Adjective

Catatan: Kalimat tanya tanpa kata dapat dijawab: Yes, I do atau No, I dont. b. Dengan kata tanya Direct : Doni asked: Who is Stephen Covey? Indirect : Doni asked who Stephen Covey is.
Me Him Asked Doni wanted to know inquired Her Joko The Girl who about about Stephen Covey is who Stephen Covey is

Keterangan Waktu (Adverb of Time)

Yesterday ________ ago The day before yesterday Last ____ Next ____

Stephen Covey Stephen Covey

Catatan: Semua kata tanya dapat dipergunakan (who, whom, whose, what, which, why, where, when, how)

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BAB 7

DEPENDENT-INDEPENDENT CLAUSE
3. Diawali if/whether I dont know if/whether she can come on time. I dont know = induk kalimat/Main clause/ Independent Clause (dapat berdiri sendiri) if/ whether she can come on time = anak kalimat/Dependent Clause (tidak dapat berdiri sendiri) Aturan-aturan Bentuk Kalimat Dependentindependent Clause 1. Jika tense untuk induk kalimat dalam bentuk Present Tense atau Future Tense maka tense untuk anak kalimat bisa dalam bentuk tense apa pun. Contoh: You hope that Joni will come with me tonight. 2. Jika tense untuk induk kalimat Past Tense maka tense untuk anak kalimat juga harus dalam bentuk Past Tense. Contoh: You hoped that Joni would come with me tonight. 3. Susunan anak kalimat/dependent clause harus selalu dalam bentuk affirmative/pernyataan. 4. Untuk bentuk negatif dan interrogatif, yang berubah hanya induk kalimatnya saja. Contoh: Kalimat positif: You hope that Joni will come with me tonight. Kalimat negatif: You do not hope that Joni will come with me tonight. Kalimat interrogatif: Do you hope that Joni will come with me tonight?

Dependent-independent clause adalah kalimat majemuk yang terdiri dari induk kalimat sebagai independent clause (dapat berdiri sendiri) dan anak kalimat sebagai dependent clause (tidak dapat berdiri sendiri).

POLA KALIMAT
Independent Clause + Question word/that/if/whether + S + V/auxiliary Dependent clause Keterangan: Question word/kata tanya: what, when, whom, which, whose, how, how many, how much, dsb. That If atau whether (Yes/No Question) Contoh-contoh verb yang bisa dipergunakan sebagai verb untuk independent clause dalam susunan Dependent-independent Clause: be afraid hope agree sorry ask feel promise show guess know expect to be teach believe decide learn say suppose hear remember explain learn be worried tell hope think see understand imagine wonder

Contoh: 1. Diawali kata tanya I dont know where he comes from. I dont know = induk kalimat/main clause/ independent clause (dapat berdiri sendiri) where he comes from = anak kalimat/ dependent clause (tidak dapat berdiri sendiri) 2. Diawali that You hope that Joni will come with me tonight. You hope = induk kalimat/main clause/ independent clause (dapat berdiri sendiri) that Joni will come with me tonight = anak kalimat/dependent clause (tidak dapat berdiri sendiri)

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BAB 8

PASSIVE VOICE
4. Pola Future

A. POLA KALIMAT PASIF

Pola Dasar: S + to be + V3 Pola Continuous: S + to be + being + V3 Pola Perfect: S + have/has/had + been + V3 Pola Future: S + will/shall/would/should + be + V3

Aktif Pasif

S + modal (will,shall,dll) V + O

S + modal (will/shall,dll) be V3 + by ___

B. POLA PERUBAHAN KALIMAT AKTIF MENJADI KALIMAT PASIF

1. Pola Dasar Aktif S + V+O

Contoh: Aktif: John will bite Mary. Pasif: Mary will be bitten by John. Keterangan: Untuk mengubah kalimat aktif menjadi kalimat pasif adalah sebagai berikut. a. Tense kalimat pasif sama dengan tense kalimat aktif. b. Subjek dalam kalimat pasif berasal dari objek kalimat aktif. c. Objek dalam kalimat pasif berasal dari subjek kalimat aktif. d. Verb/kata kerja dalam kalimat aktif berubah menjadi to be + V3 atau to be + being + V3.

Pasif
Contoh:

S + to be V3 + by ____

Aktif: John bites Mary. Pasif: Mary is bitten by John. 2. Pola Continuous Aktif S + to be Ving + O S + to be being V3 + by ___

Pasif

C. PASIF UNIK
need S + want + require Ving need atau S + want + tobe V 3 require

Contoh: Aktif: John is bitting Mary. Pasif: Mary is being bitten by John. 3. Pola Perfect

Aktif Pasif

S + to be (has/hav/had) V3 + O S + to be (has/hav/had) been V3 + by ___

Contoh: The room needs cleaning atau The room needs to be cleaned.

Contoh: Aktif: John has bitten Mary. Pasif: Mary has been bitten by John.

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BAB 9

CONJUNCTION
B. Subordinative Conjunction
Konjungsi yang menghubungkan klausa yang tidak setara. 1. Keterangan Sebab Ditandai dengan konjungsi: as, since, because, because of, due to, on account of the fact that, owing to the fact that... = karena. Contoh: a. She is absent because/as/for/since he is sick. kalimat b. She is sick due to/because of the cold weather. noun Keterangan Pertentangan Ditandai dengan konjungsi: although, though, even though, even if, despite, in spite of = meskipun/ walaupun. Contoh: He is happy although he has no money at all.

Conjunction adalah kata sambung/penghubung atau kelompok kata dalam bahasa Inggris yang berfungsi menghubungkan dua kata, frase, atau kalimat. Dalam penggunaannya diperlukan pemahaman konteks kalimat dan arti dari conjunction-nya. Macam-macam kata hubung ada dua, yaitu coordinative conjunction dan subordinative conjunction.

A. Coordinative Conjunction
Konjugasi yang menghubungkan klausa yang setara. 1. Correlative Conjunction Konjungsi yang dalam pemakaiannya berpasangan dengan konjungsi lain. a. Both... and... = keduanya baik... maupun... . Contoh: Both my brother and sister are in London now. b. Either... or... = baik... atau... . Contoh: You can go to the market either by bus or by motorcycle. c. Neither... nor... = tidak... maupun... . Contoh: He has neither food nor water. d. Not only... but also... = tidak hanya... tetapi juga... . Contoh: She has not only a big house but also a wide garden. Conjunctive Adverb Conjunctive adverb yaitu kata keterangan yang berfungsi sebagai penghubung klausa atau kalimat. a. Nevertheless, however, yet = namun Contoh: She doesnt earn much; however, he can send his children to college. b. Therefore, accordingly, hence, as a result = oleh karena itu Contoh: She always works hard; therefore, she is promoted to a manager of the company. c. Thus = dengan demikian Contoh: The girl is very beautiful; thus, she is liked by the boys. d. Besides, in addition = di samping itu Contoh: She is clever; in addition, she is rich. e. Moreover, furthermore = lagi pula Contoh: He was very handsome; moreover, he was very polite.

2.

2.

3. Keterangan Syarat Ditandai dengan konjungsi: if (jika, seandainya), unless (kecuali jika), provided that (asalkan), on condition that (dengan syarat), as long as (selama), otherwise (jika tidak). Contoh: I will give the money if you work for me. 4. Keterangan Waktu Menggunakan konjungsi: when/as/while (ketika), since (sejak), after (setelah), before (sebelum), as soon as (segera setelah), in the mean time (sementara itu), till/until (sampai). Contoh: She has been living here since 1980.

5. Keterangan Akibat dan Tujuan Ditandai dengan konjungsi: so that (sehingga), so...that (sangat... sehingga), such... that (sangat... sehingga), in order that (agar, supaya). Contoh: They studied hard in order that they passed the exam. 6. Keterangan Perbandingan dan Cara Menggunakan konjungsi: as if, as though (seolaholah), as (sebagaimana), as...as (se.../ sama...), than (daripada). Contoh: He walked around as though he was in a daze.

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BAB 10
A. MODAL PRESENT

MODALS

Modal sering disebut juga sebagai auxiliary karena fungsinya dalam kalimat adalah sebagai kata kerja bantu.

Rumus: S + MODAL (will, shall, must, may, ought to, can) + V1

Modal Will (to be going to) = akan Shall = akan Fungsi menyatakan peristiwa yang akan datang menyatakan permintaan sopan menyatakan peristiwa yang akan datang menyatakan persetujuan menyatakan keputusan yang harus dilaksanakan keharusan (tidak boleh tidak dikerjakan) kesimpulan sekarang (present) kemungkinan sekarang (present) ijin menyatakan keharusan kemampuan menyatakan kebolehan/ijin Contoh He will arrive tomorrow Will you open the door, please? We shall leave here next month. Shall I open the door? You shall open the door now! You must study hard. He has been living in USA for 10 years. He must speak English well. He is absent. He may be sick. May I go now? You ought to practice a lot before the competition. I can sing. Can I borrow your car?

Must (has/have to) = harus, pasti May = mungkin, boleh Ought to = seharusnya Can = dapat, mampu

B. MODAL PAST
Rumus: S + MODAL PAST (would, should, must/had to, might, could) + V1
Modal past Would = akan Should = akan Must (had to) = harus, pasti Might = mungkin, boleh Keterangan bentuk past dari will bentuk past dari will bentuk past dari will/has to/have to bentuk past dari may Fungsi menyatakan permintaan sopan menyatakan sesuatu yang seharusnya dikerjakan/tidak dikerjakan keharusan (tidak boleh tidak dikerjakan) kesimpulan sekarang (present) menyatakan ungkapan yang lebih sopan menyatakan kemungkinan besar menyatakan permintaan yang lebih sopan menyatakan kebolehan/ijin Contoh Would you like to open the door, please? The man should not swim in that dangerous beach. You must/had to study in biology class yesterday. He has been living in USA for 10 years. He must speak English well. Joni might do the exam well. Ariel was absent yesterday. He might be sick. Could you open the door please? You could open the window.

Could bentuk past = dapat, mampu dari can

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C. MODAL PERFECT
Modal past Must have + V3 Might have + V3 Should have + V3

Rumus: S + MODAL (must, might, should, could) + have + V3

Fungsi kesimpulan lampau kemungkinan lampau keharusan yang tak dikerjakan pada waktu lampau kesimpulan sekarang (present) Could have + V3 kemampuan yang tak digunakan di waktu lampau Contoh Anto passed the exam. He must have studied. Anto was absent. He might have been sick. Contoh: Anto didnt pass. He should have studied. Fakta berlawanan arti: He didnt study. He has been living in USA for 10 years. He must speak English well. Anto could have done the homework himself. Fakta berlawanan arti: He didnt do the homework himself.

BAB 11

CONCORD AND AGREEMENT

Contoh: The minister together with the wives and children attends the meeting. The ministers together with the wives and children attend the meeting. 3. 4. 5. Bila subyek: the number of + verb tunggal. Contoh: The number of students does the exam. Bila subyek: a number of + verb jamak. Contoh: A number of students do the exam. Bila subyek: everyone, everybody, somebody, someone, something, no one/none, nothing, no body, anyone, anybody, anything + verb tunggal maka kata ganti jamak. Keterangan: kata-kata di atas diikuti oleh verb tunggal tetapi kata gantinya jamak. Contoh: Everyone likes her. They are happy. Nobody knows their faults. Bila subyek: each of, each, every, neither/neither of, one of, either/either of + verb tunggal. Contoh: Each of students studies hard. Bila subyek menyatakan jumlah jarak, waktu, uang, berat, volume + verb tunggal Contoh: One hundred dollars is expensive for this hat. Two hours is not enough to do the test. Bila subyek: benda-benda sepasang seperti shoes, trousers, glasses, socks, scissors + verb jamak. Contoh: His glasses are nice.

Concord merupakan pola persesuaian (agreement) antara subyek (noun) dengan kata kerja (verb) atau kata kerja bantu (auxiliary) dalam suatu kalimat. Juga persesuaian antara satu kata dengan kata lainnya (word agreement). Apabila subyek singular (tunggal), maka verb/ auxiliary tunggal. Apabila subyek plural (jamak), maka verb/auxiliary jamak.
Contoh: He comes there; T T They come there. J J

ATURAN-ATURAN DALAM CONCORD

1. Bila subyek mempunyai dua noun yang dihubungkan preposisi/kata depan of, in, on, at, maka verb yang mengikuti bisa jamak bisa juga tunggal bergantung noun di depan preposisi. Contoh: Different interpretations on the same event by various newspapers make readers confused and angry. A period of eight hours is not enough to finish this assignment. Bila subyek mempunyai dua noun yang dihubungkan oleh together with, accompanied by, dan as well as, a long with bisa diikuti verb jamak maupun tunggal, tergantung noun depan.

6.

7.

2.

8.

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9.

Bila subyek: gerund dan kata benda yang dianggap abstrak + verb tunggal. Contoh: Swimming is her hobby.

10. Bila subyek: judul buku, cerita, film + verb tunggal. Contoh: Romeo and Juliet is a good story. 11. Bila subyek: benda-benda berbentuk jamak berikut ini diikuti verb tunggal: billiards, dominos, cards + verb tunggal. Contoh: Billiards is an interesting game. 12. Kata benda kolektif berikut bisa diikuti verb tunggal maupun jamak: team, staff, family, jury, village. Dianggap tunggal bila dilihat kesatuannya. Dianggap jamak bila dititikberatkan pada anggotaanggotanya. Contoh: The staff is slim. It is composed of five members. (mengacu pada kesatuannya) The staff are strong. They are always ready to join the competition. (mengacu pada anggota-anggotanya/bermakna orang) 13. Kesesuaian antara pronoun (kata ganti) dengan antecedent (kata atau bagian kalimat yang mendahului kata ganti). Contoh: John loves his daughter very much. (his: John) Stephen and Sandra love their children. (their: Stephen and Sandra). 14. Bila kata either diikuti oleh or dan neither diikuti oleh nor, maka kata kerja/verb dan auxiliary-nya mungkin tunggal atau jamak bergantung pada kata setelah or atau nor tunggal atau jamak. Kalaupun kata or atau nor berdiri sendiri verb/ auxiliary-nya tetap ditentukan oleh kata setelah or ataunor. Contoh: Neither Novi nor Vivi is going to class today. Either Novi or Wiwit is going to the beach today. Neither Novi nor her friends are going to class today. Either Novi or his classmates are going to the beach today.

15. Kata hubung and menghubungkan pemakaian jenis dan bentuk kata yang setara, misalnya gerund dengan gerund, klausa dengan klausa, noun dengan noun, adjective dengan adjective, frase dengan frase, dst. Contoh: Debby enjoys playing on the beach and swimming in the ocean. I know Dean as a loyal employee and a hard worker. 16. Subyek yang terbentuk dari kata benda yang tak dapat dihitung (uncountable noun) harus dianggap singular. Contoh: The meat has a lot of fat. The news of Saptis marriage is surprising many boys. 17. Nama-nama cabang ilmu berikut ini harus dianggap singular: mathematics, physics, mechanics, statistics, politics, economics, optics, phonetics + verb tunggal Contoh: Economics is a social science. Politics has become a favourite subject. 18. Untuk kata-kata all, no, half sangat mengacu kepada kata yang ditekankan. Contoh: No motorcycle is expensive. No motorcycles are expensive.

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BAB 12

WORDS ORDER
O = Ordinative Contoh: one, two, three, second, first, dsb. Kata sifat yang diberi awalan more, most dan akhiran -er, -est E = Epithet/Adjective = kata sifat Contoh: nice, fantastic, strong, beautiful, small C = Classifying = kata benda yang berfungsi sebagai kata sifat Contoh: American man C H = Head = kata benda utama Pada kata: The three beautiful American women, head-nya adalah women. Kadang epithet/adjective pada noun phrase lebih dari satu. Maka rumusnya menjadi:

Words order adalah urutan kata yang tepat dan benar dalam kalimat bahasa Inggris. Noun phrase (kelompok kata benda) Disusun dengan urutan: D O E C H Contoh: The three beautiful American women D O E C H Keterangan: D = Determiner Contoh: a. Articles b. Possessive c. Demonstrative d. Quantitatives

a, an, the my, your, our, her, his, its this, that, these, those some, many, a lot of, much, little, any, few, Epithet Sha

Keterangan: - Di = - Si = - A = - T = - Sha = - C = - M = - PA =

Di

Si

PA

descriptive enumerator : size = ukuran : age = umur : temperature = suhu : shape = bentuk : colour = warna : Material = bahan : V3 yang berfungsi sebagai adjective:

beautiful, expensive, strong, cheap, interesting,etc. big, small, thick, short, etc. young, old, new, etc. cold, cool, warm, hot, etc. square, round, triangle, etc. red, black, white, etc. plastic, metal, leather, diamond, etc. bored, well-trained, handmade, etc.

Rumus Lengkap: D O Di Si A Epithet T Sha C M PA C H

Contoh: 1. The most intelligent handsome tall young black well-trained French Actor. D The 2. O most intelligent Di handsome Si tall A young Epithet T Sha C black M PA welltrained C French H Actor

The two clever fat old white bored English teachers. D The O two Di clever Si fat A old Epithet T Sha C white M PA bored C English H teachers

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BAB 13
1. 2.

DERIVATION
Akhiran -al -age -ity -y, -ery, -ary -hood -ship Contoh arrival, approval, proposal, dsb. carriage, package, marriage, dsb. creativity, ability, dsb. delivery, discovery, boundary, dsb. brotherhood, childhood, dsb. leadership, relationship, dsb.

Susunan kata yang tepat dan benar dalam kalimat bahasa Inggris menurut fungsinya, yakni subyek, predikat, obyek, dan keterangan. Juga merupakan pola pembentukan kata turunan yang berasal dari kata dasar dengan memberikan penam-bahan imbuhan (awalan dan akhiran), baik kata benda, kata kerja, kata sifat maupun kata keterangan.

A. KATA BENDA (NOUN/N)

1. Fungsi Kata Benda Dalam kalimat berfungsi sebagai subyek dan juga obyek. a. Letak Sebelum Verb Contoh: John is a patriot. Education is very important for the future. b. Letak Setelah Verb Contoh: We need Education. We love John. Ciri-Ciri Kata Benda a. Setelah determiners: a, the, my, our, his, your, this, that, those, some, many, each, few, one, two, dsb. Contoh: Their English is still bad. We must carry out our development. Pola pembentukan kata benda (noun) yang berasal dari kata kerja (verb), menggunakan akhiran.
Akhiran ion, -tion -ment -ance, -ence -ness -er, -or, -ist, -ent -t Contoh collection, correction, confusio agreement, appointment attendance, difference carelessness, clearness, dsb. actor, typist, applicant, dsb. complaint, joint, gift, dsb

B. KATA KERJA (VERB/V)

1. Fungsi Kata Kerja Dalam kalimat berfungsi sebagai predikat. a. Letak setelah subyek. Rumus: S + verb Contoh: He studied. b. Letak setelah kata Dont, Lets, dan Please pada kalimat perintah. Rumus: Dont, Lets, Please + Verb Contoh: Dont go!, Lets go!, Please help me! c. Letak setelah auxiliaries (is, am, are, was, were, can, may, must, has, have). Rumus: Auxiliaries + Verb Contoh: I am swimming. They have written a novel. Ciri-Ciri Kata Kerja a. Menggunakan awalan: enContoh: enlarge, encourage, enrich, dst. b. Menggunakan akhiran.
Akhiran -ze, -ize -en -d -fy, -ify -ve -s yang dibaca /z/ (dari noun yang berakhiran desis s) -ed atau -ing Contoh apologize, standardize, dst. lengthen frighten hasten threaten, dst. succeed, offend, applaud, dst. classify, solidity, beautify, dst. prove, believe, relieve, dst. use /z/, excuse /z/, advice /z/, dst. cleaned, asked, asking, dst.

2.

2.

b.

-ure, -ture, -ature failure, furniture, mixture, dsb.

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C. KATA SIFAT (ADJECTIVE/ADJ)

1. Fungsi Kata Sifat Dalam kalimat berfungsi sebagai predikat. a. Letak setelah to be. Rumus: S + to be (is, am, are, was, were) + adjective Contoh: She is beautiful; They are happy b. Letak setelah linking verb. Rumus: S + linking verb + adjective Macam-macam linking verb: seem, appear, look (nampak) get, become, turn (berubah jadi ... ) sound (terdengar) stay, remain, keep (tetap) feel (terasa) Contoh: He looks calm adj c. Letak sebelum kata benda/ menerangkan kata benda. Rumus: Adjective + noun Contoh: Beautiful girl. Ciri-Ciri Kata Sifat a. Setelah kata: very, so, quite, too, more, most. Contoh: He is very handsome. The ball is so expensive. b. Menggunakan akhiran.
Akhiran - ive -ous -ful -less -y -ly Contoh imaginative, creative, active. dangerous, suspicious. beautiful, powerful. jobless, homeless, powerless. wealthy, hairy, sadly. monthly, friendly, daily.

Akhiran -able -ing -ish -al -ic -ed

Contoh reasonable, adaptable, questionable. satisfying, interesting, disappointing. Reddish, childish. astronomical, economical, accidental. basic, sympathetic. bored, satisfied.

D. KATA KETERANGAN (ADVERB/ADV)

Fungsi Kata Keterangan Dalam kalimat berfungsi menerangkan kata kerja. a. Letak sesudah verb/predikat. Rumus: S + V + Adv Contoh: He walks carefully. b. Letak sebelum verb/predikat yang diterangkan. Rumus: S + Adv + V Contoh: He carefully ran away. c. Letak di awal kalimat. Rumus: Adv + S + V Contoh: Everyday, I wake up early. d. Letak sesudah obyek. Rumus: S + V + O + Adv Contoh: He studies Mathematics carefully. Catatan: Posisi adverb tergantung jenis adverb-nya. Ada yang hanya bisa di satu posisi, ada yang bisa ada di berbagai macam posisi.

2.

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BAB 14

ELLIPTIC SENTENCES
B. GABUNGAN SETARA BERLAWANAN Untuk kondisi berlawanan digunakan kata hubung but/while. Polanya: S1 + auxiliary (V) but/while S2 + auxiliary not S1 + auxiliary not (V) but/while S2 + auxiliary Contoh: My sister will be interested in reading this book while my son wont. S1 + V1 but/while S2 + do/does not S1 + V2 but/while S2 + did not Contoh: I like ice cream but he doesnt. He doesnt like ice cream but I do. C. GABUNGAN/KATA SAMBUNG BERPASANGAN 1. Untuk kalimat positif dan negatif Polanya: Either ____ or .. (baik: .. , maupun ... ) Contoh: The boy goes to the party. We go to the party. Either the boy or we go to the party. 2. Untuk kalimat negatif Polanya: Neither ____ nor ____ (baik ... maupun ... tidak ... ) Contoh: He is not a teacher. She is not a teacher. Neither he nor she is a teacher. He doesnt speak French. I dont speak French. Neither he nor I speak French.

Penggabungan dua kalimat dengan penghilangan bagian predikat yang sama dari suatu kalimat.

A. GABUNGAN SETARA
Gabungan setara menggunakan kata hubung and. Gabungan setara dibagi dua, yaitu positif dan negatif. 1. Positif Untuk kalimat positif digunakan kata hubung so dan too. Polanya: a. Menggunakan auxiliary. S1 + auxiliary + (V) and S2 + auxiliary + too S1 + auxiliary + (V) and so + auxiliary + S2 Contoh: Anton is handsome and Joko is too. Anton is handsome and so is Joko. b. Tidak menggunakan auxiliary: S1 + V1 and S2 + do/does + too S1 + V1 and so + did + S2 Contoh: I like Madonna. He likes Madonna. I like Madonna and he does too. I like Madonna and so does he. He came there. She came there. He came there and she did too. He came there and so did she. Auxiliary (kata kerja bantu) dibagi dua, yaitu: 1. auxiliary - Past did, was, were 2. auxiliary - Present is, am, are, do, does Negatif Untuk kalimat negatif digunakan kata hubung either dan neither. Polanya: S1 + auxiliary not (V) and S 2 + auxiliary not + either S1 + auxiliary not (V) and neither + auxiliary + S2 Contoh: He is not studying. She is not studying. He is not studying and she is not either. He is not studying and neither is she. 2.

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BAB 15

ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
2. Untuk Pengganti Obyek Polanya: Benda + ____ which/that ____ + S + P Contoh: The book is good. We bought it yesterday. Gabungan: The book which/that we bought yesterday is good. 3. Untuk Pengganti Kepunyaan Polanya: Benda + ___ whose/of which ___ + Noun (kepunyaan) Contoh: The bicycle is cheap. Its colour is red. Gabungan: The bicycle whose/of which colour is red is cheap.

Adjective clause adalah klausa yang berfungsi sebagai kata sifat yang menerangkan kata benda sebelumnya/ orang atau benda.

A. UNTUK ORANG
1. Pengganti Subyek Polanya: Orang + ____ who/that ____ + P Contoh: The boy is kind. He visits her house. Gabungan: The boy who visits her house is kind. 2. Pengganti Obyek Polanya: Orang + ____ whom/that ____ + S + P Contoh: The girl is cute. He loves her indeed. Gabungan: The girl whom he loves indeed is cute. 3. Pengganti Kepunyaan Polanya: Orang + ____ whose ____ + Noun Contoh: The man is charming. His hair is white. Gabungan: The man whose hair is white is charming.

C. UNTUK KETERANGAN TEMPAT

Polanya: Ket. Tempat + ____ where/in which ____ + S + P Contoh: The house is haunted. We lived there last year. Gabungan: The house where/in which we lived last year is haunted.

D. UNTUK KETERANGAN WAKTU

Polanya: Ket. Waktu + ____ when/on which ____ + S + P Contoh: The month was April. The APEC conference was held on April. Gabungan: The month when/on which the APEC conference was held was April.

B. UNTUK BENDA/BINATANG
1. Untuk Pengganti Subyek Polanya: Benda + ____ which/that ____ + P Contoh: The book is good. The book is written by Covey. Gabungan: The book which is written by Covey is good.

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