Friday, 06 May 2011

Steel: supply and sub-grades to EC3 sub grades

Walter Swann BEng, CEng MIStructE

Regional Technical Manager Structural Advisory Service British Constructional Steelwork Association

Steel: supply & sub-grades to EC3

Steel design
S355 or S275? Hot finished or cold formed hollow SHS?

Steel sub-grades to EC3

Why bother? The 5950 approach The EC3 approach

S355 or S275?
A d i decision or driven by the supply chain? design d i i di b th l h i ?
Past custom and practice
Open section
Design in S275 JR. Driven by availability. Straight from stock JR availability stock. S355 JR. From the mill. Depth constraints. Larger sections = Cost saving. Lead in.

Hollow section
S355 J2H in hot and cold now well established

Recent changes in supply

Tata Teesside Beam Mill (TBM) switched to S355 JR feedstock BCSA All Members Memorandum (AMM) 202-10 202 10
203 x 203 UKC and above S355 JR 356 x 127 UKB and above S355 JR

Likely to be min q y quantity, cost and p g y program p penalties for S275 JR Beware sub-grade issues

Sub-grades
JR freely available from stock and the mills J0 and J2 mill order
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Hot or Cold
The Th manufacturing processes compared f t i d

Hot or Cold
The Th products compared d t d
Hot finished Formed at normalising temperature. g profile ( max) (2T ) Facilitates tight corner p Uniform grain structure and hardness. Mechanical properties stable and uniform Hot finished to EN 10210. Normalising temp

Cold formed Formed at ambient temperature Varying grain structure and hardness Mechanical properties vary around section. Cold working, corner cracking, slack corners Cold formed to EN 10219. Ambient temp
5

Hot or Cold
Section S ti properties compared ti d

Area (A) ( ) cm2 120 x 120 x 8

RHS Hot Finished

Moment of Inertia (I) cm4 726

Elastic modulus (Z) d l cm3 121

35.2

120 x 120 x 8
RHS Cold Formed

33.6

677

113

Hot or Cold
BS 5950 strut capacity t t it

Hot finished Negligible residual stresses. Design strength from a curve. Cold Formed Varying residual stresses extremely high in corners. Design strength from c curve. At = 40 & 140: a curve values 15% higher than ccurve At = 80 curve values 26% hi h th 80: a l higher than c curve Compression capacity up to 34% higher than same size cold formed section si e section.
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Hot or Cold
BS 5950 strut capacity t t it

120 x 120 x 5 120 x 120 x 10 300 x 300 x 12.5 406.4 x 8

Capacities in kN

Hot
(S355 J2H)

Cold
(S355 J2H)

Cold : Hot 0.79 0.76 0.77 0.80

80 80 80 80

533 1008 3337 4606

421 763 2576 3684

Structural cold or commodity cold

Spot the diff S t th difference
Cold formed BS EN 10219 2.2 2 2 Test report Not manufactured for the structural market

A non-structural commodity p y product

Its impossible to tell them apart without the paperwork!

Cold formed BS EN 10219 31I 3.1 Inspection certificate ti tifi t A

structural product

Friday, 06 May 2011

Steel sub grade selection sub-grade

Walter Swann BEng, CEng MIStructE

Regional Technical Manager Structural Advisory Service British Constructional Steelwork Association

Steel sub-grade selection

Why b th ? Wh bother?

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BS 5950
Clause 2 4 4 B ittl F t Cl 2.4.4 Brittle Fracture Brittle f t B ittl fracture should be avoided b using a steel quality h ld b id d by i t l lit with adequate notch toughness, taking account of:
the minimum service temperature; the thickness; the steel grade; the type of detail; the stress level; the strain level or strain rate.

The steel quality selected for each component should be such that the thickness t of each element satisfies:
1 where K is a factor that depends on the type of detail, the general stress level, the stress concentration effects and the strain conditions see table 3; conditions, t1 is the limiting thickness at the appropriate minimum service temperature Tmin for a given steel grade and quality, when the factor K=1, from table 4 or Table 5
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t Kt

BS 5950-1:2000
Table T bl 4 extract t t
Table 4 Thickness t1 for plates, flats and rolled sections
Product standard, steel grade and quality Maximum thickness t 1 (mm) when K=1 according to minimum service temperature Normal Temperatures Lower Temperatures Internal I t l - 5 0C BS EN 10025-2: 10025 2: S 275 JR S 275 J0 S 275 J2 S 355 JR S 355 J0 S 355 J2 S 355 K2 36 65 94 25 46 66 79 External E t l - 15 0C 20 54 78 14 38 55 66 - 25 0C 0 36 65 0 25 46 55 - 35 0C 0 20 54 0 14 38 46 - 45 0C 0 0 36 0 0 25 38
13

BS 5950-1:2000
Table T bl 3
Table 3 Factor K for type of detail, stress level and strain conditions
Type of detail or location Detail in tension due to factored loads Stress 0.3Ynom Plain steel Drilled holes or reamed holes Flame cut edges Punched holes (un-reamed) Welded, generally ,g y Welded across ends of cover plates Welded connections to unstiffened flanges, see 6.7.5, and tubular nodal joints 2 1.5 1 1 1 0.5 0.5 Stress < 0.3Ynom 3 2 1.5 1.5 1.5 0.75 0.75 4 3 2 2 2 1 1 Components not subject to applied tension

NOTE 1 Where parts are required to withstand significant plastic deformation at the minimum service temperature (such as crash barriers or crane stops) K should be halved. NOTE 2 Baseplates attached to columns by nominal welds only, for the purpose of location in use and security in transit, should be classified as plain steel. NOTE 3 Welded attachments not exceeding 150mm in length should not be classified as cover plates. NOTE 4 Where abrupt changes in cross section coincide with the detail (other than those covered in the descriptions above) eg service cross-section detail, above), openings, notched cut outs etc, the general stress level shall take into account the additional stress concentration effect NOTE 5 The stress considered is the stress excluding residual stresses and stresses from structural integrity checks to 2.4.5. 14

BS EN 1993-1-10 & National Annexe

11 page document NA 4 pages More complex approach Temperature l T t lowered d

for stress level degree of fabrication steel grade
TEd Tmd Tr T TR T T cf

TR TRD TRg TRT TR TRs

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PD 6695-1-10: 2009
Relieves the headache! R li th h d h !

Two values for Tmd

-5 & -15oC 5 15

Two lookup tables

Table 2 for Tmd = -5oC Table 3 for Tmd = -15oC

16

PD 6695-1-10: 2009
Table 2 T bl 2: Tmd = -5 oC & T bl 3: Tmd = -15 oC 5 Table 3 15

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PD 6695-1-10: 2009
Table T bl 2 extract t t

Table 2 Detail type Description D i ti Plain material Bolted

Maximum thicknesses for internal steelwork in buildings for Tmd = -5 oC Tensile stress level, Ed/fy(t) appropriate to stress level and detail type TRD +30 oC +20 oC 0 oC -20 oC -30 oC Sub grade Comb.1 C b1 0 Comb.2 C b2 0.15 0 Comb.3 C b3 0.3 0.15 Comb.4 C b4 0.5 0.3 0 0.5 0.15 0.3 0 0.5 0.15 0 0.3 0.15 0.5 0.3 0.5 Comb.5 C b5 Comb.6 C b6 Comb.7 C b7 Comb.8 C b8 Comb.9 C b9 Comb.10 C b 10

Welded: moderate Welded: severe Welded: v severe Steel grade

Maximum thickness (mm) according to combination of stress level and detail type Comb.1 Comb.2 102.5 120 200 67.5 120 167.5 Comb.3 85 100 192.5 192 5 55 100 142.5 Comb.4 70 82.5 172.5 172 5 45 82.5 120 Comb.5 60 67.5 147.5 147 5 37.5 67.5 100 Comb.6 50 55 122.5 122 5 30 55 82.5 Comb.7 40 45 102.5 102 5 22.5 45 67.5 Comb.8 32.5 37.5 85 17.5 37.5 55 Comb.9 27.5 30 70 15 30 45 Comb.10 22.5 22.5 60 12.5 22.5 37.5

S275

JR J0 J2

122.5 142.5 200 82.5 142.5 190

S355

JR J0 J2

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PD 6695-1-10: 2009
Example E l
Stress level:
Simply supported. Suggest that Ed/fy(t) < 0.15

Detail type:
Fin plate / end plate worst of Bolted or Welded: moderate

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PD 6695-1-10: 2009
Table T bl 2 extract t t

Table 2 Detail type Description D i ti Plain material Bolted

Maximum thicknesses for internal steelwork in buildings for Tmd = -5 oC Tensile stress level, Ed/fy(t) appropriate to stress level and detail type TRD +30 oC +20 oC 0 oC -20 oC -30 oC Sub grade Comb.1 C b1 0 Comb.2 C b2 0.15 0 Comb.3 C b3 0.3 0.15 Comb.4 C b4 0.5 0.3 0 0.5 0.15 0.3 0 0.5 0.15 0 0.3 0.15 0.5 0.3 0.5 Comb.5 C b5 Comb.6 C b6 Comb.7 C b7 Comb.8 C b8 Comb.9 C b9 Comb.10 C b 10

Welded: moderate Welded: severe Welded: v severe Steel grade

Maximum thickness (mm) according to combination of stress level and detail type Comb.1 Comb.2 102.5 120 200 67.5 120 167.5 Comb.3 85 100 192.5 192 5 55 100 142.5 Comb.4 70 82.5 172.5 172 5 45 82.5 120 Comb.5 60 67.5 147.5 147 5 37.5 67.5 100 Comb.6 50 55 122.5 122 5 30 55 82.5 Comb.7 40 45 102.5 102 5 22.5 45 67.5 Comb.8 32.5 37.5 85 17.5 37.5 55 Comb.9 27.5 30 70 15 30 45 Comb.10 22.5 22.5 60 12.5 22.5 37.5

S275

JR J0 J2

122.5 142.5 200 82.5 142.5 190

S355

JR J0 J2

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To re-cap

Steel supply
S355 JR for open sections S355 J2H for Hollow section (Hot or Cold) Substituting cold for hot? - up to 34% reduction in capacity Cold formed get the right stuff check the certs For structural steel you need a 3.1 inspection certificate JR will cover an awful lot, but be aware of:
External steelwork Heavy sections in S355 Weld intensive details (particularly in areas of high tensile stress: Ed/fy(t) > 0.5 05 Thick flanges/webs/plates
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Sub-grade selection

Questions?

The End