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    Histo 14 Nervous Tissue 1

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    Hashim Ghazo
    Nervous tissue is one of the basic tissue types and is composed of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system. Nervous tissue functions to receive stimuli, send information to the central nervous system for analysis and processing, and initiate muscular or glandular responses. The principal cell of nervous tissue is the neuron, which is polarized and communicates via dendrites, axons, and synapses. Neuroglial cells provide support and protection to neurons. The central nervous system is covered and protected by three meningeal layers—the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater—and surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid.

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    Histo 14 Nervous Tissue 1

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    Hashim Ghazo
    33 views7 pages
    Nervous tissue is one of the basic tissue types and is composed of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system. Nervous tissue functions to receive stimuli, send information to the central nervous system for analysis and processing, and initiate muscular or glandular responses. The principal cell of nervous tissue is the neuron, which is polarized and communicates via dendrites, axons, and synapses. Neuroglial cells provide support and protection to neurons. The central nervous system is covered and protected by three meningeal layers—the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater—and surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid.

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    Nervous tissue is one of the basic tissue types and is composed of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system. Nervous tissue functions to receive stimuli, send information to the central nervous system for analysis and processing, and initiate muscular or glandular responses. The principal cell of nervous tissue is the neuron, which is polarized and communicates via dendrites, axons, and synapses. Neuroglial cells provide support and protection to neurons. The central nervous system is covered and protected by three meningeal layers—the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater—and surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid.

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    33 views7 pages

    Histo 14 Nervous Tissue 1

    Uploaded by

    Hashim Ghazo
    Nervous tissue is one of the basic tissue types and is composed of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system. Nervous tissue functions to receive stimuli, send information to the central nervous system for analysis and processing, and initiate muscular or glandular responses. The principal cell of nervous tissue is the neuron, which is polarized and communicates via dendrites, axons, and synapses. Neuroglial cells provide support and protection to neurons. The central nervous system is covered and protected by three meningeal layers—the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater—and surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid.

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    Nervous Tissue

    One of basic tissue types in the body (others are Epithelial, Muscle, Connective Tissue) Made up of two parts : 1) Central Nervous System [in the form of Brain and Spinal Cord] 20 Cranial Nerves 2) Peripheral Nervous System [in the form of Peripheral nerves]

    FUNCTIONS OF NERVOUS TISSUE


    Receives stimuli in the form of sensation from inside and outside of body Send information to centres (in CNS) to be analyzed. They are later interpreted. (example : Images seen by eye, sound we hear by ear are transformed into Action Potential, then analyzed in brain. Finally, reaction/responds occurs) Reacting or response: 1) Muscular response 2) Glandular secretion

    PRINCIPLE CELL
    Nerve Cells / Neurons
    Found exclusively in Central Nervous System Outside of Central Nervous System : could be found as aggregates called GANGLIA Ganglia : Group of neurons which are present outside the Central Nervous System One of largest cell in the body
    Histology | Challenge Group Page 1

    Very active - attracts very prominent organelles; prominent nucleus, prominent nucleolus, prominent RER, prominent microfilaments etc. Has polar (like the epithelial tissue, which we know, consist of basal and apical layer) Dendrites
    Projects from one side / one pole of cell (axon projects from the other side of cell body) Function : conduct impulse away from cell body

    Nissl bodies - refers to RER in cell body of neurons. (In muscle : sarcoplasmic reticulum)
    Present all over body, extend to dendrites, but NOT present in AXON. Terminate in AXON HILLOCK : site of initiation of impulse.

    Neurofilaments - concerned with the shape and support of neuron Microtubules - movement of material inside ( eg : neurotransmitters )
    Synapses We have Axons, and the terminal boutons. We have synaptic vesicles for neurotransmitter.

    TYPES OF NEURONS
    There are 3 types based on the presence of dendrites : 1) Multipolar - several direct branches (major type of neuron in the body) eg: motor neurons
    The doctor said that if they ask in the exam what type of neuron is motor neurons, the answer is multipolar.

    2) Bipolar - single direct extension, one axon (presence in special senses) eg: vision, hearing, taste, olfactory 3) Unipolar - direct single extension, (pseudopolar) (- less sensations - cold, warm)
    Histology | Challenge Group Page 2

    SUPPORT CELLS
    Neuroglia cells form almost half the volume of CNS Oligodendrocytes
    They are myelin forming cells in CNS (myelin acts as insulator because we don't want axon to be exposed to outside - that may distrupt action potential) Oligodendrocytes sit on top of axon, and send extension from their membrane and then surround the axon by several layers Myelin is extension of outer membrane of oligodendrocytes in CNS / schwann cells in PNS One single oligodendrocyte can myelinate several nerves! ****Keep this in mind

    Schwann cells (myelin forming cell in Peripheral Nervous System)


    We need many Schwann cells to myelin single axon in the PNS, in contrast to oligondendrocytes in CNS. Microglia They are phagocytic cells : immune cells found in CNS function : phagocytosis for any foreign material in the body **Remember this! Derived from monocytes n macrophages. Ependymal cells Simple columnar epithelium with cilia Found in ventricles of brain (we have four ventricles in brain; we will take this in the future) that are lined by ependymal cells. Ependymal cells interact with blood vessel in that region, and filtrate the Cerebrospinal Fluid that circulates around spinal cord and brain.

    Astrocytes
    Can be seen by Heavy metal staining Most numerous in white matter, less in gray Star shaped, long branches processes that terminate at basal membrane of surrounding capillaries, and create what we perivascular feet.

    Histology | Challenge Group

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    Responsible for blood brain barrier determines what enters the cell ( Doctor
    said they may ask question about this )

    COVERING OF Central Nervous System


    note : this star * indicates additional information taken from wikipedia

    Protective membrane called Meninges


    (remember their arrangement from outside to inside) Dura Matter Arachnoid Pia Matter

    1) Dura Matter
    *([Latin. Dura: Tough + mater: Mother] also rarely called meninx fibrosa, or pachymeninx. It is a thick, durable membrane, closest to the skull)

    2) Arachnoid Matter
    *(It provides a cushioning effect for the central nervous system. It exists as a thin, transparent membrane. It is composed of fibrous tissue)

    3) Pia Matter
    *([Lt. Pia: Soft + mater: Mother] is a very delicate membrane. It is the meningeal envelope which firmly adheres to the surface of the brain and spinal cord. As such it follows all the minor contours of the brain (gyri and sulci). Like the arachnoid matter, it is a very thin membrane composed of fibrous tissue covered on its outer surface by a sheet of flat cells thought to be impermeable to fluid)
    *Quick Trivia :
    The arachnoid and pia mater are sometimes together called the leptomeninges.

    Histology | Challenge Group

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    Spaces
    Epidural : anaesthesia injected here (in surgery/pregnancy)
    *It is the space lying outside the dura mater

    Subdural : where we have the serous fluid


    * In physiology, the term serous fluid is used for various bodily fluids that are typically pale yellow and transparent, and of a benign nature, that fill the inside of body cavities.

    Subarachnoid : site where we have the Cerebrospinal fluid (fluid that circulates around brain and spinal cord). Act as shock absorbance. If this fluid is not presence, brain will be injured when collides with bony structures that protrude Doctor told us to memorize this: Dura matter Subdural space Arachnoid matter Subarachnoid space Pia Matter (like a visceral layer of brain)

    Brain consists of 2 layers:


    1. Outer cortex called Grey Matter contains neurons 2. Inner folia called White Matter contains support cells
    But when we reach the spinal cord, the case is reversed, the white matter is outside and the grey matter is inside.
    Histology | Challenge Group Page 5

    Nervous Tissue

    Basic Cell

    Support Cells

    Neurons

    Neuroglia (Glial cells)

    **The doctor showed a picture on the slides** He noted a few structures : This is to show you the granular layer, purkinje neurons, EM slide of the doctors work (in cerebellum of human) . We found out that we have two types of purkinje neurons : light stain and dark stain Whats the significance of these? We still dont know. Maybe in the future.

    The structure diagrammatically we have:

    Polar type of cell, branching system (dendrites), cell body, nucleus, nucleolus, and surrounding that is the Glial cells support cells (the dots),

    ** The doctor noted a few things before he ended the lecture : ** Regarding exam : Go to right hall -Study Slides very carefully!! -Whatever notes you have taken, if you don't understand, go back to ur book!!!

    Histology | Challenge Group

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    Done by: Farah A thousand apologies for any mistakes and missed out information.!! I wish everyone all the best in everything! May God bless.

    Histology | Challenge Group

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