tdrfaxmifa&;tbd"r®m ­ 121

tdraf xmifbufa&G;&m pOf;pm;yg

txufwGif azmfjycJhonfh uREkfyfrdwfaqG\ tdrfaxmifbuf

ta&G;rSm;yHuk kd axmufcsijhf cif;tm;jzifth rd af xmifa&;[lonf pdwu f ;l
,Ofír&? vufawGUoHk;oyf&aMumif; xif&Sm;ayonf/
qif;&Jaom rdef;uav;? ynmt&nftcsif; nHhzsif;atmufus
aeaom rdef;uav;? uHraumif; taMumif;roifhojzifh ysufpD;&&Sm
aom rde;f uav;rsm;udk oem;Muifem? arwåm? u½kPmxm;&rnfum;
rSe\f /wwfEikd o f avmuf apmifah &Smufun l D oifoh nfvnf; [kw\ f /
odkUaomf oem;jcif;aMumifh tdrfaxmifbufjyK&rnf? (0g) r,m;t&m
xm;&rnfum; r[kwfay/
oem;p&maumif;aom tcsuo f nf tdraf xmifbufa&G;&mwGif
t"du ta&;BuD;aomtcsuf r[kwfacs/
tdrfaxmifbuf[lonf pdwfoabmcsif; wlrQzdkUvdk\? tusifh
p½dkufcsif; vdkufzufzdkUvdk\? ynmt&nftcsif;onf ta&;BuD;\/
pdwaf eoabmxm; jrifjh rwfr&I &dS efv\kd / pdww f o
l abmwl jzpf&efvnf;
ta&;BuD;\/ pD;yGm;a&;zufpyfvkyfudkifEdkifzdkUudkvnf; owdxm;&
ayrnf/

&ef a tmif p may

122 ­ &efatmif

taMumif;rlum; tdrfaxmifjyKjcif;[lonf ukrÜPDi,fwpfck

wnfaxmifziG v hf pS jf cif;ESihf wlav&m tdraf xmifbufEpS Of ;D rSm tpkpyf?
ygwem? uk r Ü P D y if j zpf v suf t&m&mwG i f qd k ; wl a umif ; buf ç
wdkifyifabmf wdkifyifbuf jzpfzdkU ta&;BuD;vSayonf/
rekó vlUbHkwGif awGUMuHKcHpm;&aom 'ku©? aomu taxG
axGwUkd teuf tdraf xmifbufraumif;rIaMumifh jzpfay:cHpm;&onfh
'ku©rsm;rSm 75 &mcdkifEIef;xufrenf;&Sdayvdrfhrnf xifonf/
xdkenf;twl avmuDvlom;wdkU cHpm;&onfh okcçaomreóç
0rf;om &TifjrL;bG,ft&yf&yfwdkUrSmvnf; tdrfaxmifbuf aumif;rI
aMumifh ay:ayguf&jcif;omvQif rsm;avonf/
4if;jyif tdrfaxmifbuf[lonf wpfaeUta&;r[kwf? wpfv
ta&;r[kwf wpfESpfta&;vnf;r[kwf? raorcsif; oufqHk;wdkif
twlaeum tjrJwap aygif;oif;qufqH&rnfh ta&;jzpfav&m
tdrfaxmifbufa&G;cs,f&mwGif ayghayghwefwefçjrefjrefxufxuf?
raqmif&Guf rjyKvkyfoifhacs/
]udk,fxif ckwifa&Teef;}? }udk,fESpfoufvQif xef;vufzuf
udkyif ewf½kyfxifonf} [laom pum;rsm;rSm tdrfaxmifbuf
a&G;&mwGif toHk;jyKrnfh oifcef;pmawGom jzpfavonf/
rSef\/ udk,fxifvQif ckwifudkyif a&Teef;awmfBuD;[k atmuf
arhwwfonfhozG,f rdrdcspfcifpHkruf arwåmoufaeoltm; rdk;us
a&Tudk,f? wdrfMum;rif;acgif a&Tpif&kyfuav;? twkrJh a&Tudk,fawmf
uav;[k xifrdrSm;wwfMuavonf/ xdkxifrdrSm;ojzifh tdrfaxmif
tjyKrSm;um wpfb0vHk; tnTefUwHk;vsuf vlvHk;rvSjzpf&olawG
teaEÅm teEÅ&Sd\/

&ef a tmif p may

 tdrfaxmifa&;tbd"r®m ­ 123

odkUaMumifh tdrfaxmifbufa&G;&mwGif ezl;ay:vufwif?

vufay: ezl;wif qifjcifpOf;pm; BuD;rm;aomowdtvdr®mÓPf
jzifnh vdS suf Munf½h pI pfaq;? aES;auG;av;uef tifrwef *½kpu kd Ef ikd rf S
r,m;aumif;? vifaumif; &Murnfjzpfayonf/
,ckacwfrSm vGefpGm y&d,m,frm,mrsm;aomacwfjzpf\/
vGefpGmta,mifaqmif [efaqmifrsm;aomacwfjzpf\ /
olcdk;"m;jyuayrifh olawmfaumif;*dkufusí aewwf\/
ynmacgif;yg; vliEGm;uayrifh BuD;rm;aom ynm&Sif BuD;a,mif
[efaqmifwwf\ / 0 r&SdbJ 0dvkyfwwfolawG rsm;vSay&m xdkxdk
ta,mifaqmifwdkUudk t[kwftrSefrSwfum zsyfueJ tdrfaxmifjyKrd
vQif rcsdw&d 'ku©cH&rnfomwnf;/
4if;jyif tcsppf wd f (0g) umrpdwf (wpfenf;) wpfaxmifih g;&m
udavompdwo f nf vlaumif;pifppfukd tuef;jzpfatmif zefw;D wwf
ay&m wPSmayr ork', BudK;qGJ&modkUvdkufygí roGm;rdatmif
owdukd txl;aqmif&ayrnf/
rdrdESpfoufvQif xef;vufzufudkyifvQif ewf½kyfxifwwf
jr"J r®wmtwdik ;f rdrEd pS of ufae½Hjk zifh þolonf awmfvNS y?D aumif;vS
NyD[k rrSwf,loifhay/
rdrdtm; wu,fapwem arwåmxm;onfh rdb? aqGrsKd;?
rdwfaumif; aqGaumif; wdkUudk ajymjywdkifyifum awmfrawmfçoifh
roift h MuÓ H Pfaumif;awmif;oifMh u\/um,uH&iS rf sm;ud, k w f ikd f
um; ud, k Ef pS o
f ufaeolut kd aumif;csn;f xifwwfjrjJ zpfaomfvnf;
um,uH&Sifr[kwfol olpdrf;wpf&HqHrsm;urlum; rSef&muef&m
odjrifem;vnfEikd af yonf/

&ef a tmif p may

124 ­ &efatmif

txufygwpfae&mwGif azmfjyxm;onf h uREkf yfrdwfaqG

wpf a ,muf \ jzpf p Of u d k ½ I y g? uREk f y f r d w f a qG o nf rd e f ; uav;
wpfa,muftm; aumif;vSNyD? awmfvSNyD[k xifrSwfum vufxyf
xdrf;jrm;&ef tMuHjzifh ]orD;&nf;pm;vnf;ru} [laom tajcrsKd;odkU
a&mufcNhJ y;D ? xdt k csed t
f cgodUk a&mufaomtcgwGirf S tESrD ed ;f uav;rSm
zkef;orQay:? [kwfoavmufausmf&um;? rawmfrSef;od? pdwfb0if
rxdawmhbJ? Ekef;csdpGm aemufqkwf&acsonf/
þwGif rdef;uav;\ [efaqmifrIvnf;yg\ / rdef;uav;
rSmrcspfcif? rBudKufcif? c&D;rvGefcifu tifrwef odu©m£ajE´
&Sdaomfjim;vnf; bom;acsmESifh wu,fcspfrdMuaomtcg zHk;zdorQ
bGm;ueJ ay:jcif;jzpf\ /
xkdrdef;uav;rsKd;uJhodkUyif [efaqmifzHk;zdum olawmfaumif;
BuD; vlawmf vlwwf vljrwf vlvdr®mBuD;a,mif [efaqmifí
aeola,musmf;awG ydkí rsm;av&m oabmavm? oa&mavm?
0rf;wGif;pdwfavm? tjyifAef;avm[k awG;awmcsdefqMunfhoifh
Mu\/
tdrfaxmifbufa&G;&mwGif tod tvdr®m ÓPfynmESifh
pdwfae oabmxm; jrifhjrwfaumif;rGefrIonf ta&;tBuD;qHk;
jzpf\/pdwaf eoabmxm;jrifjh rwfr[ I ol nf pD;yGm;Opöm csr;f om<u,f0
rI ? wd k u f B uD ; wmBuD ; ? armf a wmf u m;BuD ; ES i f h [nf ; aeatmif
csrf;omrIESifh rqdkifacs/ ypönf;Opöm<u,f0olrsmjzpfvsuf pdwfae
pdwfxm;rSm 2 jym;rQrwefolrsm;vnf; &Sdwwfayonf/
odkUaomf pD;yGm;Opöm jynfhpHkolwdkUonf tusifh,kwfMuonf
[k v nf ; wpf x pf c s rawG ; oif h / pD ; yG m ;Opö m jynf h p H k v Qif ynm

&ef a tmif p may

 tdrfaxmifa&;tbd"r®m ­ 125

A[kokwqnf;yl;a&;? aygif;oif;qufqHa&;rsm;wGif ta&;yg t&m

a&mufEdkifay&m? yifudk,fpdwfaepdwfxm; aumif;rGefvsuf pD;yGm;
Opömvnf; wdk;wufolwdkUrSm ydkí ÓPfynm A[kokwjynfh0cdkifNyD;
Ekikd af yonf/
qif;&JrGJjym vGefpGmatmufusol uav;rsm;rSom pdwfae
pdwfxm; ½dk;om;odrfarGUvdrfhrnf[k pdwful;r,Ofoifhay/ txuf
wGifqdkcJhonfhtwdkif; qif;&JEGrf;yg;oludk oem;Muifemxdkufonf
rSefaomfvnf; oemjcif;aMumifh tdrfaxmifbuf rjyKoifhay/ (0g)
oem;jcif ; ES i f h td r f a xmif b uf j yKjcif ; um; wpf r sKd ; pD o mvQif
jzpfayonf/
qif;&Jaomolrsm;? aiGaMu;csKdUiJholrsm;? y&da,oe0rf;pmudk
rcsrf;omojzifh yifyef;pGm &SmazG&olrsm;rSm ynmA[kokw acgif;yg;
Mu&&Smavonf/xdkolrsKd;rSm ynmoif&ef aiGaMu;rjynfhpHk? A[kokw
qnf;yl;&eftcsed rf &? vlaumif;olaumif;rsm;ESihf aygif;oif; qufq&H ef
tcGirhf omojzifh t&nftcsi;f pdwaf eoabmxm; avsmyh g; ,kwn f hH
&SmwwfMu\ / xdkoludk oem;zG,faumif;ojzifh wwfEdkifoavmuf
ulnDapmifrxkdufonfrSefaomfvnf; oufqHk;wdkifatmif pdwfwl
oabmwl MunfjzLaygif;buf&rnfh tdrfaxmifbuf a&G;&efum;
roifah y/
4if;jyif vlwpfO;D \ tajymtqdu k kd axmufojzifv
h nf;aumif;?
tjyKtrl tvkyftudkifudk csifhcdsefí vnf;aumif; xdkol\ t&nf
tcsif;udk tawmftwef tuJcwfEdkifyg\/
bdkifpukwfxJwGif awGU&aom rdef;uav;xuf w&m;yGJwGif
awGU&aom rdef;uav;u ydkítqifhtwef;jrifhrnf[k awG;xifEkdif

&ef a tmif p may

126 ­ &efatmif

onf/ jrif;yJGrsm;wGif awGU&aom a,mufsm;xuf bk&m;ukef;awmf

ay:wGiaf wGU&aom a,musm;f u pdwaf eoabmxm; jrifjh rwfvrd rhf nf
[k ajrmfvifhEdkif\ /
vlrsm;onf zHk;zdrsKdodyfum vQKdU0Sufwwfaom oabm&SdMu
aomfvnf; Mum&Snfav;jrifhum zHk;írxm;Edkifacs/ avmbBuD;wwf
olonf wpfaeUwGif ay:vm&\ /a'goBuD;wwfolonf tcGifhom
vQif a'gocd;k xGuo f nfukd jrif&rnfjzpfayonf/ pdw
f af eoabmxm;
aumufuspfpOf;vJwwfolrSmvnf; vlUowif; vlcsif;aqmifum
wpfacsmifacsmifu owif;Mum;&rnfomjzpf\ /
xdkUaMumifh vlwpfa,muf\ taMumif;udk odcsifvQif ESpf&Snf
vrsm; apmifhpm;íMunfhygu zHk;zdxm;orQ ay:&rnfrSm "r®wmom
jzpfayownf;/

&ef a tmif p may

 tdrfaxmifa&;tbd"r®m ­ 127

rsK;d ½d;k ADZ aumif;ygrS

]vlrSmtrsKd;? MuufrSmt½dk;} [laom pum;onf urÇmay:

wGif ]vl} ESifh ]Muuf} wnf&Sdaeao;orQ rSefuefrnfhpum;yif
jzpf\ /
vl[lonfrSmvnf; "mwfaumif? "mwf½kyf? "mwfowå0gyif
jzpf&m wd&pämefrsm;? opfyifrsm;uJhodkUyif rsKd;½dk;ADZtwkdif; (0g)
rdb\tusifhp½dkuftwkdif; jzpf&av\ /
o&ufaphrS o&ufyifomayguf\ / refusn;f aphrS refusn;f yif
omvQif ayguf o nf / o&uf a ph r ef u snf ; yif ayguf a tmif
b,fwefcdk;awmf&SifrQ rwwfpGrf;Edkifacs/ 4if;jyif o&ufaphonf
o&ufyifoD;onfh o&ufoD;\ twGif;rSom &Edkifav&m o&ufyif
o&ufoD;r&dSkbJ o&ufaphjzpfatmif rnfolrQ rzefwD;Edkifay/
þum; "gwfoabm\ pGrf;&nfowådjzpf\/
xdkenf;wl vlrsm;rSmvnf; "mwfoabmtwdkif; jzpf&jrJ
"r®omvQifjzpf&m tajrmftjrif &Sdaom rdbrS tajrmftjrif&Sdaom
om;orD;? rdkufrJaomrdbrS rdkufrJaom om;orD;omvQif arG;zGm;
xGe;f um;jrjJ zpfavonf/

&ef a tmif p may

128 ­ &efatmif

þwGif ]tajrmftjrif&Sdjcif;}? ]rdkufrJjcif;} [lonfrSm ausmif;

oifynm&yfuq kd v kd jkd cif;r[kw?f yifu,
kd Af ZD pdwxf m; ESv;kH om;udo
k m
vQif qdkvdkjcif;jzpfonf/
rdcifEiS b
hf cifwUkd udk taMumif;jyKí ay:aygufMu&aom om;orD;
tquftEG,w f Ukd onf olwUkd \ rdbrsm;\ eud, k Af ZD pdw"f gwftwdik ;f
wpfaoGrwdrf; ygvmjrJjzpfavonf/
taMumif;rlum;...ao;i,fvpS mG aom anmifaphuav;udk
"gwfcGJí MunfhvQif yx0D? awaZm? tmayg? 0ga,m wnf;[laom
"mwfav;yg;omvQif awGU&rnfjzpfaomfvnf; "mwfcrJG &? prf;oyfí
rjzpfaom tjcm;"gwfawG (0g) owådawG&Sdayao;onf/ xdk "mwf
owådrsm;um; anmifyifuav;ayguf&ef? xdkanmifyifuav;rS
wjznf;jznf; anmifyifBuD;jzpf&ef? tESDanmifyifBuD;rS toD;awG
oD;&ef? xdkanmifyifonf rdcifanmifyifBuD;uJhodkU &maygif;rsm;pGm
aom ESpfumv t&Snfwnfae&ef "gwfawG owådawGonf anmif
aphwGif yg0ifaejcif;jzpfygonf/
tqdkyg"mwfrsm; owådrsm;um; aemufrS topftopf ay:
ayguf&Sdvmjcif;r[kwf? anmifaphuav;\ twGif;wGifyif toifh
ygvmjcif;jzpfavonf/
xdkenf;wlyif vl[lí jzpfvm&rnfh vlUtavmif;tvsm
uav;onf oaE¨wnfOD;p umva&Munf b0uyif txufwGif
qdkcJhonfh anmifaphi,fyrm "mwfawG owådygvsuf&Sd\ / xdk
"mwfrsm; owådrsm;um; tjcm;r[kwf? rdbwdkU\ rsKd;aphADZowdå
pGrf;tifrsm;yif jzpfavonf/
xdk"mwfowådudk taemufEdkifiH avmu"mwfq&mrsm;u

&ef a tmif p may

 tdrfaxmifa&;tbd"r®m ­ 129

][dkrkef;} [kac:Mu\ / jrefrmpum;ESifhqdkvQif ]owåd"mwf} yif

jzpfayrnf/
xdkUaMumifh vlqdk;vlaumif;a&G;&mwGif (0g) tdrfaxmifouf
a&G;&mwGif rdb? bdk;bGm;wdkU\ taMumif;t&m pdwfae pdwfxm;
pGrf;tm; owådrsm;udkyg pHkprf;ppfaq;&avonf/
touftmrcHukrÜPDrsm;onf vlwpfOD;tm; touftmrcH
vufcH&mwGif xdkol\ rdbbdk;bGm;rsm;\ oufwrf;udk ar;wwf\/
xdkolU rddbbdk;bGm;rsm;\ usef;rma&;tajctae? a&m*gOyg'fuyf
a&mufjcif;&mZ0ifudk pHkprf;wwfavonf/ taMumif;rlum; touf
&Snaf om rsK;d ½d;k rS aygufzmG ;vQif touf&n S w
f wf\/ touf wdak om
rsKd;½dk;rS aygufyGm;vQif toufwdkwwfaomaMumifh jzpfavonf/
touf&n S o
f nf wdo k nfyifvQif rdb çbd;k bGm;\ tEG,t
f quf
udkvdkufí ay:wwfao;ygu tjcm; pdwfae pdwfxm;ç tusifhtrl?
"avhp½du k wf Ukd aum tb,faMumifh rdb\ tquftEG,f twdik ;f rvdu k f
bJ &Sdcsdrfhrnfenf;/
usm;rBuD;rS usm;uav;arG;onf r[kwfwHkavm/ ,kefrBuD;rS
,kefuav;awG arG;jrJr[kwfygavm/ usm;uav;onf ,kefusifh
rusifh ? ,kefuav;onf usm;vdkrvkyf ? rdcifjzpfaom usm;r
,kefrwdkU\ tusifhp½dkuftwdkif;om jzpfayvdrfhrnf/
xdkenf;wlyif rdbu pdwfaeoabmxm;½dk;om;ajzmifhrwf
vQif om;orD;vnf; ½dk;om;ajzmifhrwfwwf\ / rdbu tusifhqdk;
vQif om;orD;vnf; tusifhqdk;wwf\ /avmb? a'go? arm[ ?
rme? MuifemrI? arwåmpdwf? rQwrI? owåd ponfh raumif;aom

&ef a tmif p may

130 ­ &efatmif

p½dkuf? aumif;aom p½dkufrsm;rSmvnf; rdbrsm;ESifh xyfwlomvQif

jzpf&avownf;/
uREkfyfonf awm&Gmwpf&GmodkUa&mufoGm;&m vlyHk vlaoG;
ajyjypfacsmarGUvsuf ÓPfynm tajrmftjrifESifhjynfhpHkaom awm
ausmif;q&muav;wpfa,mufufdk awGU&\ / xkdq&muav;ESifh
uREkfyfcifrif&if;ESD;um olwdkUtdrfodkU a&mufoGm;&m tawmfBuD;
tHMh ordayonf/
taMumif;rlum; xdqk &muav;\ rdcifa&m çzcifyg t½kyq f ;kd
tBuD;wefrsm; jzpfMuonfhjyif tawmf½dk;um at-tç pum;rQ
av;vHk;uGJatmif rajymwwfMuolrsm; jzpfonf/
wpfaeUwGif xdkq&mav;r&Sdcdkuf olwdkUtdrfay:odkU uREkfyf
a&mufoGm;&m olUzcifudkom awGU&\/
uREkfyfu yg;pyfraeEdkifbJ ]OD;om;uawmhjzifh... twdZmw
qdkwJh rdbxufjrufwJhom; jzpfaeNyDaumav} [k ajymvdkufrd\ /
xdktcg q&mav;\zcifu NyHK;um ]r[kwfygbl;Asm? olu
olUtazeJU wlvdkUyg} [k ajym\/
xdkpum;twGuf uREkfyftwefi,f tHMooGm;um ]olUtaz
u OD;yJr[kwv f m;...}[kar;vdu k rf jd yefavonf/
]]usKyfu olUtazt&if;r[kwfbl;As? olUtarolUudkudk,f0ef
&Sdaewkef; olUtazqHk;oGm;w,f? 'geJY olUtareJYusKyfeJY taMumif;yg
MuoAs? olarG;vmawmh usKyfudkyJtazxifaewm[m 'DaeYtxd
ygyJ? okdYayr,fh usKyfom;r[kwfawmh usKyfeJY rwlaybl;ayghAsm?
aMomf...'gxuf'DtaMumif;udk olUjyefrajymvdkufygeJY? 'DtaMumif;

&ef a tmif p may

 tdrfaxmifa&;tbd"r®m ­ 131

olrod&Smbl;? olod&if odyfNyD; pdwfraumif;jzpfaeygOD;r,fAsm...}

[k zcift&if;ESifhrjcm; yaxG;u ajym&Smonf/
þwGifrS ]MuufrSmt½dk;? vlrSmtrsdK;} qdkaompum;\ rSef
vGef;yHkudk uREkfyfoabmaygufíoGm;\/
Budrfzefrsm;pGmyif uREkfyfwdkYonf atmufyg tjzpfxl;rsdK;udk
awGU&wwfayonf/
rsdK;aumif; aqGaumif; rdaumif; zaumif;rSarG;zGm;ygvsuf
qdk;awnpfusL raumif;rIudk tjyKBuD;jyKíaeaom rdkufrJaxmifpm
vlAmvwdkYudkawGU&\/ xdkol\zcifaomfvnf;aumif; xdktusifhrsdK;
&Sd&rnf/ odkYr[kwf rdbuf zbufu aqGrsdK; wpfpHkwpfa,mufaomf
vnf;aumif; xdktusifhrsdK;&Sd&rnf/ rnfonfhaqGrsdK; tquftoG,f
rQ xdktusifhrsdK; r&SdbJvsuf xdkolomvQif xdktusifh,kwf tusifhqdk;
&Sdaeygu xdkolrSm ]om;&if; orD;&if;r[kwf} [kom aA'ifa[m
ygawmh? rrSefçr&SdEdkifacs/
xkdYaMumifh rsdK;½dk;ADZonf tb,frQta&;BuD;aMumif; od&NyD
jzpf&um; toif vkvifysdK? vHkrysdKwdkYESifh oufqHk;wdkif,SOfwGJum
pcef;oGm;&rnfh tdrfaxmifbuf a&G;&mwGif tb,faMumifh rsdK;½dk;
ADZudk rppfaq; rapmaMumoifhbJ&Sd&ygtHhenf;/
1

&ef a tmif p may