Apostila Ingles
Apostila Ingles
Apostila Ingles
PIRASSUNUNGA
PIRASSUNUNGA
Ol alunos! Como tudo na vida, comearemos pelo comeo e o comeo de tudo quando vamos aprender Ingls o famoso verbo to be. Como ele a base para aprendermos muitas outras coisas na lngua, vamos record-lo?
Presente
Forma No Contrada Afirmativa I am You are He is She is It is We are You are They are Interrogativa Am I? Are you? Is he? Is she? Is it? Are we? Are you? Are they? Negativa I am not You are not He is not She is not It is not We are not You are not They are not Forma Contrada Afirmativa Im Youre Hes Shes Its Were Youre Theyre Negativa Im not Youre not/You arent Hes not/He isnt Shes not/She isnt Its not/It isnt Were not/We arent Youre not/You arent Theyre not/They arent
A princpio o verbo to be significa ser ou estar. Alguns exemplos: 1. Im at home. (Estou em casa.) 2. Are you there? (Voc est a?) 3. Shes a really happy person. (Ela muito feliz.) Expresses: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. How old are you? (Qual sua idade?) What time is it? (Que horas so?) Be careful. (Tome cuidado.) Are you sure? (Tem certeza?) Dont be afraid. (No tenha medo.)
Uma traduo ao p da letra para to be em portugus ser e estar, em algumas situaes pode significar ficar.
Exercise
2
I- Complete the sentences with the verb TO BE in the PRESENT. Use the affirmative, negative or interrogative form appropriately. 1. I _____________ (not) Argentinian. I _________ from Brazil. 2. _________ that girl in your class? 3. Sorry, what ________ your name again? __________ it Gary or Cary? 4. We ____________ friends. 5. _________ Bob and Louise brother and sister? 6. John ___________ an excellent student. 7. Mary and John ___________ (not) here. They _________ at school now. 8. You ___________ my best friend. 9. Hi. How _________ you? 10. You and Mark _____________ 20 years old. Passado Forma No Contrada Afirmativa I was You were He was She was It was We were You were They were Interrogativa Was I? Were you? Was he? Was she? Was it? Were we? Were you? Were they? Negativa I was not You were not He was not She was not It was not We were not You were not They were not Forma Contrada Afirmativa Negativa I wasnt You werent He wasnt She wasnt It wasnt We werent You werent They werent
Exercise
II- Complete the sentences with the verb TO BE in the PAST. Use the affirmative, negative or interrogative form appropriately. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. In 2000, I ________________ in the United States. You ______________ at home last night. You went to the cinema. __________ Angela at the party last weekend? __________ you in England in 2007? They ___________ in the kitchen when I arrived. She ____________ very beautiful when she was younger. He _____________ a good student. Actually, he was terrible! _________ you driving when I called? _________ she on the phone? 3
Futuro
No futuro do presente usa-se o Will com o verbo to be: Forma no contrada Forma contrada PESSOA I YOU HE SHE IT WE YOU THEY WILL + TO BE WILL BE WILL BE WILL BE WILL BE WILL BE WILL BE WILL BE WILL BE PESSOA I YOU HE SHE IT WE YOU THEY WILL + TO BE LL BE LL BE LL BE LL BE LL BE LL BE LL BE LL BE
Presente Simples
I live in So Paulo. [Eu moro em So Paulo.] You work for a big company. [Voc trabalha em uma empresa grande.] They play tennis every afternoon. [Elas jogam tnis toda tarde.] It rains a lot in London. [Chove muito em Londres.]
she
ela trabalha
we work ns trabalhamos you work vocs trabalham they work eles(as) trabalham
Perceba que, ao contrrio do portugus, o ingls no possui muitas variaes na conjugao dos verbos no presente. A nica exceo feita para a terceira pessoa do singular (he, she, it) que, na maioria dos verbos recebe a letra "s" no final.
[Ns bebemos caf todo dia.] [Ele bebe caf todo dia.]
Mark and Luke read comic books. She reads the newspaper. [Mark e Luke leem gibis.] You eat vegetables. [Ela l o jornal.] It eats vegetables.
O verbo have (ter, possuir) uma exceo a essa regra: Jane has two sisters. [Jane tem duas irms.] Donald has a blue shirt. [Donald tem uma camisa azul.]
Nem todos os verbos recebem apenas a letra "s" no final. Os verbos terminados em -ss, -o, -sh, -ch ou -x normalmente recebem "es" para a terceira pessoa do singular (he, she, it): My mother goes to the beach every Friday. [Minha me vai praia toda sexta-feira.] 5
Interrogaes Para fazer frases interrogativas, vamos usar o auxiliar DO (ou DOES, para as terceiras pessoas) antes do verbo. Exemplos: - Do you go to school ? (Voc vai para a escola?) - Does she work ? (Ela trabalha? ) Negaes Para tornar uma frase negativa, s adicionar o NOT depois do DO ou DOES: - I Do not (dont) work (eu no trabalho) - She does not (doesnt) work (ela no trabalha)
Exercise
III- Complete as lacunas com a forma correta do verbo no presente simples: a) Sarah __________chocolate. (like) b) Peter and John ____________every day. (work) c) Tom __________his girlfriend. (love) d) The dog___________ a lot. (latir) ver. IV- Passe as frases do exerccio anterior para a forma negativa: a) ___________________________________________________________________ b) ___________________________________________________________________ c) ____________________________________________________________________ d)____________________________________________________________________
advrbios de tempo: now (agora), at present (no presente), at the moment (no momento) e etc. Observe o verbo to speak: Pronome I You He She It We You They Verbo to be am are is Verbo no gerndio
Speaking
are
Para transformar um verbo em Present Continuous, a adio do ing, h que se observar algumas regras:
VERBOS TERMINADOS EM E: retira-se o e e acrescenta-se ing live (viver): living lie (mentir): lying (Eu estou jantando agora.)
VERBOS DE UMA SLABA (OU DUAS, DESDE QUE A LTIMA SEJA TNICA, TERMINADOS NA SEQUNCIA CONSOANTE-VOGALCONSOANTE): dobra-se a ltima letra e acrescenta-se ing run (correr): running stop (parar): stopping
Ex.: Sarah is running very fast. (Sarah est correndo muito rpido.) He is stopping at the corner. (Ele est parando na esquina.) Obs.: Em ingls britnico, dobra-se a consoante L => travel (viajar): travelling EXCEO: No se dobram as consoantes w e x: Snow (nevar): snowing fix (arrumar): fixing
MAS CASO A SLABA TNICA SEJA A PRIMEIRA: somente acrescenta-se ing open (abrir): opening
Ex.: Wait! I am playing video game. (Espere! Eu estou jogando videogame.) Look! He is saying something. (Olhe! Ele est dizendo alguma coisa.) try (tentar): trying cry (chorar): crying
Ex.: This exercise is difficult. Im trying to do it. (Esse exerccio difcil. Eu estou tentando faz-lo.) Oh my God, she is crying. ( meu Deus, ela est chorando.) VERBOS TERMINADOS EM IE: troca-se o ie por y e acrescenta-se ing lie (mentir): lying die (morrer): dying (Ela est mentindo para mim.)
Futuro (will)
Veja a formao do futuro com will: futuro simples You will work. He will work. She will work. It will work. We will work. You will work. They will work. forma contrada significado Eu trabalharei
She'll work. Ela trabalhar It'll work. We'll work. You'll work. They'll work. Ele/Ela trabalhar Ns trabalharemos. Vocs trabalharo. Eles trabalharo
WILL - Uso 8
Entre as diversas formas de indicar o futuro em ingls, utilizamos a estrutura WILL + VERB para indicar: 1. Previses "simples", geralmente com incerteza, sobre algum evento futuro. I think I will go by bus. [Acho que irei de nibus] Brazil will win the next World Cup. [O Brasil ganhar a prxima Copa do Mundo]. 2. Decises que foram tomadas no momento em que a pessoa est falando: Jessica: My house is a mess! I need to clean all the rooms. [Minha casa est uma baguna. Preciso limpar todos os cmodos.] Paul: I'll help you. [Eu vou te ajudar / Eu te ajudo] Wait for me. I'll be back in ten minutes. [Espere por mim. Voltarei em 10 minutes] Por isso, perceba que comum usar WILL quando dizemos que vamos ajudar algum que acabou de chegar carregado de compras, que tropeou na nossa frente, etc... ou simplesmente quando tomamos uma deciso qualquer neste momento. Futuro (will) negativo
significado Eu no trabalharei Voc no trabalhar Ele no trabalhar Ela no trabalhar Ele/Ela no trabalhar Ns no trabalharemos. Vocs no trabalharo.
He will not He won't work. work. She will not work. It will not work. We will not work. You will not work. They will work. She won't work. It won't work. We won't work. You won't work.
I think this new manager will not work hard. [Eu acho que esse novo gerente no vai trabalhar muito.] We won't accept new subscribers. [No aceitaremos novos assinantes].
resposta curta interrogativo significado (short answers) Yes, I will. Will I work? eu trabalharei? No, I won't. Will you work? Yes, you will. voc trabalhar? No, you won't Yes, he will. Will he work? ele trabalhar? No, he won't. Yes, she will. ela trabalhar? No, she won't. ele(a) trabalhar? Yes, it will. No, it won't. Yes, we will. No, we won't. Yes, you
Will it work?
Will we work?
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will. No, you won't. Will they work? eles(as) trabalharo? Yes, they will. No, they won't
Will you take those medicines? [Voc tomar aqueles remdios?] Will the United States help the other countries? [Os Estados Unidos ajudaro os outros pases?] Veja um exemplo de dilogo usando I e you: - Will you come with us to the party? [Voc vir conosco festa?] - No, I won't. [No, no vou.]
Be going to
Na linguagem coloquial raramente usamos o futuro do presente (falarei, consertar) o mais comum usarmos vou falar, ele vai consertar, ou um presente com sentido de futuro. No ingls, tambm existe essa construo (vou, vai, vamos, etc). Nessas construes que utilizamos o be going to formado pelo verbo to be no presente, seguido de going e do infinitivo do verbo com o to. Afirmativa We are going to visit them next Saturday.
Verbo to be aux. Verbo principal (presente)
Ns vamos visit-los no prximo sbado. Negativa Were not going to buy a new TV. 11
Verbo to be (presente)
No vamos comprar uma TV nova. Interrogativa What are you going to wear to the party tonight?
Verbo to be (presente) aux. Verbo principal
Be going to usado para expressar uma ao que ir ou poder acontecer no futuro imediato. Look at those dark clouds. I think its going to rain. Veja aquelas nuvens escuras. Acho que vai chover. Para nos referirmos a uma ao planejada ou pretendida. Today Im going to study for test. Hoje eu vou estudar para o teste. Para advertir, avisar, sobre uma situao perigosa. Be careful! You are going to friendless. Cuidado! Voc est ficando sem amigos. Pode ser usado no passado para indicar uma ao planejada que no ocorreu ou, referindo-se a uma ao que estava para acontecer quando foi interrompida por outra ao ou algo imprevisto. Nesse caso, usamos o verbo to be no passado. Julian and Stefany were going to get married in April but they decided to wait until Jule. Julian e Stefany iam se casar em abril, mas decidiram esperar at julho.
Passado simples
Verbos Regulares - Afirmaes Os verbos no simple past so constitudos da partcula ED no final, e para isso, devese seguir algumas regras: - Verbos j terminados em E apenas ganham o D: dance = danced12
- Verbos terminados em consoante+y, perdem o Y e ganham IED: study = studied. - Verbos terminados em vogal+y, apenas ganham ED: play = played. - Verbos terminados em vogal+consoante, dobram a ltima consoante e ganham ED: stop = stopped Verbos irregulares - Afirmaes As frases afirmativas com verbos irregulares se compem do sujeito+passado simples do verbo: - I saw (eu vi)- She said (ela falou) Interrogaes (regulares e irregulares) As interrogaes no simple past pedem ajuda do auxiliar DID (passado de DO) + a forma normal do verbo: - Did you drink? (Voc bebeu?)- Did she sleep? (Ela dormiu?) *Note que quem est no passado o auxiliar DID, o verbo principal continua na sua forma bsica. Negaes Adiciona-se o DID+NOT (didnt) aps o sujeito (serve para todas as pessoas): - You did not drink. (Voc no bebeu.) - She did not sleep. (Ela no dormiu.)
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bend bet bid bind bite bleed blow break breed bring build burn burst buy cast
bent bet bade bound bit bled blew broke bred brought built burnt burst bought cast
bent bet bidden bound bit bitten bled blown broken bred brought built burnt burst bougth cast
curvar; entortar; franzir; dirigir; desistir apostar oferecer; convidar; ordenar; desejar; leiloar atar; amarrar; obrigar morder; engolir a isca sangrar, perder sangue; destilar; tirar dinheiro de algum soprar, encher; ventar; assobiar; estourar; fazer soar quebrar; romper; violar; interromper; cancelar; falir procriar; gerar; fazer criao; educar; ensinar trazer; servir; causar; executar; induzir construir, edificar; fabricar queimar; incendiar; carbonizar arrebentar; explodir; brotar; exclamar comprar arremessar, jogar; derrubar; sobrepujar; espalhar; computar; calcular; moldar; imaginar; (no teatro:) distribuir os papis pegar; capturar; entender; adquirir (uma doena); surpreender; complicar-se escolher, selecionar, preferir pegar-se; unir-se; aderir vestir, cobrir vir; chegar; consentir; suceder; atingir o orgasmo custar; importar em engatinhar; arrastar-se no cho; andar de rasto cacarejar; vociferar; emitir som caracterstico de prazer cortar; partir; reduzir; recortar; castrar dar; distribuir; repartir; dividir; espalhar; negociar cavar; escavar; gostar; entender; comear; perceber fazer; funcionar; cuidar de ; parar; mostrar; jogar; enganar puxar; tirar; extrair; desenhar; descrever; traar; adiantar-se; atrair sonhar beber dirigir; viajar; levar; conduzir; guiar; compelir; excitar residir; ficar por um tempo; enfatizar, insistir em 14
catch choose cling clothe come cost creep crow cut deal dig do draw dream drink drive dwell
caught chose clung clad came cost crept crew cut dealt dug did drew dreamt drank drove dwelt
caught chosen clung clad come cost crept crowed cut dealt dug done drawn dreamt drunk drunken driven dwelt
eat fall feed feel fight find flee fling fly forbear forbid forget forgive forsake freeze get
ate fell fed felt fought found fled flung flew forbore forbade forgot forgave forsook froze got
eaten fallen fed felt fought found fled flung flown forborne forbidden forgotten forgiven forsaken frozen got
give go grind grow hang have hear heave hew hide hit hold hurt keep
gave went ground grew hung had heard hove hewed hid hit held hurt kept
given gone ground grown hung had heard hove hewn hidden hid hit held hurt kept
comer; destruir; devorar; mastigar cair; descer; abaixar-se; diminuir; ceder; morrer; abandonar alimentar; nutrir; abastecer; satisfazer; manter sentir; perceber; experimentar; apalpar lutar, disputar; batalhar, combater, guerrear achar; encontrar; descobrir; julgar; prover, fornecer, abastecer; perceber, notar; resolver fugir, escapar; evitar; correr lanar; arremessar; atirar; invadir; saltar; dedicar-se voar; viajar (area); fazer voar; fugir; correr; pilotar; flutuar; saltar; lanar-se abster-se, deixar de-, conter-se; evitar proibir; impedir; evitar; vetar esquecer perdoar; desculpar, absolver; abrir mo abandonar, desertar, largar; abrir mo de congelar; refrigerar; gelar receber; conseguir; obter; adquirir; pegar (doena); entender; chegar; causar; induzir; decorar; procriar; buscar dar; entregar, conceder; render-se; premiar; pagar; enfraquecer-se; preparar (festas, etc) ir; viajar; chegar; partir; caminhar; marchar; mover-se triturar; pulverizar; afiar; amolar; ralar; esfregar; ranger os dentes; persistir (nos estudos) crescer; vegetar; cultivar; brotar; desenvolver-se; progredir; tornar-se enforcar; ser enforcado; (informtica) travar, parar de funcionar ter; possuir; receber; pegar; necessitar; causar escutar, ouvir levantar, puxar; elevar; tirar; empurrar; arremessar reduzir; cortar (com machado); talhar esconder-se; esconder, ocultar bater, ferir; atingir, alcanar segurar; alimentar; guardar; pensar; acreditar; organizar; preparar; presidir ferir; doer; magoar; estragar; danificar guardar; ficar; cumprir; sustentar; deixar; continuar;
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kneel knit know lay lead lean leap learn leave lend let lie light lose make mean meet melt pay put read rend rid ride ring rise run
knelt knit knew laid led leant leapt learnt left lent let lay lit lost made meant met melted paid put read rent rid rode rang rose ran
knelt knit known laid led leant leapt learnt left lent let lain lit lost made meant met molten paid put read rent rid ridden rung risen run
dirigir; criar; possuir ajoelhar-se tricotar; atar; enlaar; unir; ligar; fazer renda ou meia; trabalhar a ponto de malha saber; conhecer; entender; perceber; ter conhecimento deitar; descansar; estar deitado; encostar-se; repousar; estar situado conduzir, guiar, comandar, pilotar, levar, dirigir; governar; dominar-se; capitanear inclinar, reclinar, apoiar, recurvar; amparar; firmar; apoiar-se, recurvar-se, inclinar-se; abaixar; desviar saltar, pular, transportar; cobrir (os animais) estudar; aprender; descobrir; informar-se; decorar deixar; largar; sair; separar-se; abandonar; cessar; desistir de; renunciar a emprestar, conceder, dar, proporcionar, outorgar; doar; combinar com; acrescentar deixar; permitir; dar; alugar; fretar; conceder; descobrir mentir; enganar clarear; acender; queimar; descer (do carro, etc); cair (escolha); pousar; acontecer perder; desperdiar; arruinar; gastar; sofrer perdas; escapar de-; no entender fazer; criar; causar; tornar pensar; significar; ter em vista; tencionar; pretender; querer dizer encontrar; encontrar-se; reunir-se; receber; conhecer; abastecer derreter; fundir; gastar; evaporar; dissolver; enternecer; consumir pagar; saldar; satisfazer colocar; pr; enfiar; sinalizar; situar; propor; oferecer ler; aprender; aconselhar; avisar; estudar; interpretar rasgar; arrancar libertar; resgatar; livrar (-se) cavalgar; montar; passear tocar (sino, campainha); telefonar; envolver levantar; subir; elevar-se; erguer-se correr; fugir; executar; executar um programa (informtica); ativar; administrar; fazer; calcular; 16
saw say see seek sell send set sew shake shed shine shoe shoot show shred shrink shut sing sink slay sleep slide sling smell smite sow
sawed said saw sought sold sent set sewed shook shed shone shod shot showed shred shrank shut sang sank slew slept slid slung smelt smote sowed
sawn said seen sought sold sent set sewn shaken shed shone shod shot shown shred shrunk shrunken shut sung sunk slain slept slid slung smelt smitten sown
comprir; continuar; vazar; despir-se; serrar dizer; contar; recitar; pensar; alegar; afirmar ver; entender; preocupar-se; verificar; experimentar; acompanhar; encontrar-se; observar procurar, pedir; liberar; exigir; perseguir atrs; tentar vender; comerciar; negociar; liquidar; trapacear (gria); atrair fregueses; trair (gria) mandar; remeter; despachar; enviar; produzir; emitir; derramar; espalhar; dar prazer (gria) pr, colocar; preparar; usar; arrumar; causar; marcar; servir; ajustar costurar; juntar, pregar sacudir; agitar; tremer; chocar; apertar (mos) derramar; vazar; deixar cair; tirar, tirar roupa ; fazer sangrar; projetar brilhar, luzir, cintilar, resplandecer; lustrar (sapato); distinguir calar; recobrir com finalidade de proteo ou reforo atirar; caar; lanar; mandar; fotografar; voar; disparar; mandar; impor; arremessar mostrar; descobrir; testemunhar; provar; apresentar; mostrar-se; aparecer; ensinar; exibir cortar em pedaos; picar; retalhar; rasgar contrair-se; encolher-se; contrair, encolher; recuar fechar; cerrar; tampar; trancar; tapar; fechar-se; trancar-se cantar; murmurar; rugir; zumbir; uivar; alcagetar; avisar; cortejar (gria, como cantar) afundar; afogar; regar; mergulhar; descer, cair, descer; morrer, falecer; penetrar matar, assassinar; destruir, arruinar dormir; descansar; deitar (com algum) deslizar, escorregar; chupar atirar na funda; elevar, erguer; atar; atirar, arremessar; pendurar, colocar na presilha cheirar; feder; perfurmar; sentir cheiro; farejar; perceber; suspeitar golpear; ferir; matar; bater; castigar; mover; excitar; destruir; bater-se; chocar-se semear; espalhar, disseminar
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speak speed
spoke sped
spoken sped
spring stand steal stick sting stink strew stride strike string strive swear sweat sweep swell swim swing
sprang stood stole stuck stung stank strewed strode struck strung strove swore sweat swept swelled swam swung
sprung stood stolen stuck stung stunk strewn stridden struck stricken strung striven sworn sweat swept swelled swollen swum swung
falar; dizer; contar; expressar; discursar; lembrar a-; afirmar apressar-se; mover com velocidade; dirigir muito rpido; ser feliz; ser bem sucedido; adiantar; aviar; despachar soletrar; escrever de forma certa; ser algo que significa gastar, tirar; perceber; divertir-se, passar (tempo) entornar; derramar; escorregar; deixar cair; alcagetar, contar protelar; dilatar; prolongar, adiar; fiar; fazer girar; virarse cuspir; escarrar; vomitar; emitir o som do cuspe; expelir; pingar (chuva) estragar; corromper; mimar (de mais); estragar-se; roubar, saquear, furtar dilatar-se, estender-se; espalhar, esparramar; disseminar, difundir, propagar; arrumar (mesa); achatar saltar, lanar-se; libertar-se; aparecer, mostrar-se; brotar, nascer; deixar cair; "cair" sobrepr de p; suster; sustentar; colocar; aguentar; honrar; manter-se; permanecer roubar; furtar; infiltrar-se cravar, fincar, meter, enterrar; pregar; aderir, prender; afixar; vacilar; parar; enganar; lograr picar, ferroar, ferretoar, aguilhoar; doer , atormentar; trapacear feder; enojar espalhar, polvilhar, aspergir caminhar; cavalgar golpear; ferir; bater; surpreender; descobrir amarrar; pendurar; enfiar; esticar aspirar; tentar, esforar-se jurar; prestar juramento; xingar suar varrer; lavar; pentear; arrastar inchar (-se); crescer; encher (os pneus) nadar; flutuar; boiar balanar
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take
took
taken
teach tear tell think thrive throw thrust tread wake wear
taught tore told thought throve threw thrust trod woke wore
taught torn told thought thriven thrown thrust trodden waked worn
wring write
wrung wrote
wrung written
pegar; tirar; tomar; segurar; agarrar; receber; capturar; aprisionar; aceitar; fotografar; empregar; adotar; entender; guiar; conseguir ensinar; educar chorar, lacrimejar; rasgar, rachar contar; saber; perceber; descobrir; ordenar pensar; acreditar ter sucesso jogar; parir; impressionar empurrar pisar, andar, pr os ps acordar; despertar; acordar-se vestir; trancar; experimentar (roupas, jias, etc); colocar (culos); exibir; mostrar; gastar; cansar; esgotar; durar tecer, entrelaar, tranar; contorcer-se (entre obstculos); bordar; criar (trama); tramar chorar; verter lgrimas; gotejar, deixar escapar; exudar, vazar umedecer; sujar; molhar; fazer xixi na cama, molharse ( noite); urinar vencer; ganhar; conseguir; obter; conseguir; alugar; convencer; ganhar o corao degirar, rodar; enrolar-se; enroscar-se; recobrir, encobrir, encapar; recobrir-se, revestir-se; modificar a direo arrancar; obrigar, forar; tirar a fora; entortar; pressionar; segurar com fora; espremer escrever; anotar; compor; inscrever
V - Complete the sentences with the correct forms of the verbs in parentheses in the SIMPLE PRESENT. Use the affirmative, negative or interrogative form appropriately. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. I usually ________________ cereals for breakfast. (have) You ______________ loud music. (not like) _____________________ tea to coffee? (you - prefer) What _________________? (she-do) Where ___________________? (you l ive) He ___________________ in a small apartment downtown. (live) She __________________ very well. (sing) ______________________ in a factory? (you - work) ______________________ Italian? (he - speak) We ___________________ to school in the morning. (go) We ___________________ the homework together. (not do) 19
I always _______________ a taxi when I am late for work. (take) He never ______________ to the radio. (listen) She often ______________ her grandmother in Ohio. (visit) They ___________________________ here. (not usually - come)
VI-Complete the sentences with the correct forms of the verbs in parentheses in the SIMPLE PAST.Use the affirmative, negative or interrogative form appropriately. a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. k. l. m. n. o. They ______________ us last month. (visit) I _____________ to buy a new computer last weekend. (want) The shop _______________ earlier last Saturday. (close) The _____________ its first underground railway this year. (open) I ______________ her yesterday evening. (phone) I ______________ him at school today,. (not see) He _____________ his homework yesterday. (not do) We _______________ for the test. (not study) The dog ___________________ the food. (not eat) They ___________________ to the party last Friday. (not come) Laura and Jennifer ___________________ here this morning. (not come) ___________________ for the test? (you -study) ___________________ a new backpack? (she - buy) ___________________ on those jeans? (she - try) Why _________________ him again? (you - call)
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May: usado para expressar uma possibilidade no presente ou no futuro. Tambm pode ser usado para pedir permisso, no entanto, may usado em contextos mais formais que o can. It may rain tomorrow. (Pode chover amanh). May I go to the bathroom? (Eu poderia ir ao banheiro?). Might: usado para expressar possibilidades no passado ou no presente. She might have come to the party. (Ela poderia ter vindo festa). He might have lunch with us tomorrow. (Ele pode vir almoar com a gente amanh). Should e ought to: usado para expressar um conselho. You should go to the doctor. (Voc deveria ir ao mdico). You ought to quit smoking. (Voc deveria parar de fumar). Must: usado para expressar obrigao. You must go to school. (Voc deve ir escola). She must study more. (Ela deve estudar mais). Used to: empregado para expressar um hbito do passado. I used to watch cartoons when I was a child. (Eu costumava assistir desenhos quando era criana). She used to play on the street when she was 8 years old. (Ela costumava brincar na rua quando tinha 8 anos de idade).
Preposies
IN
01) Referir-se aos meses: in January, in February, in March, in April, in May, in June, in July... [ou seja, se tiver que dizer 'em janeiro', ento use 'in January' - lembrando que os meses em ingls so sempre escritos com inicial maiscula] 02) Referir-se a anos: in 1995, in 1998, in 2008, in 1500, in 1432 [se tiver que dizer que voc nasceu em 1994 diga 'I was born in 1994'] 03) Referir-se s estaes do ano: in (the) summer, in (the) fall, in (the) winter, in (the) spring [no vero, no outono, no inverno, na primavera] 04) Nas expresses: in the morning [na, pela, de manh], in the afternoon [na, pela, de tarde] e in the evening [na, pela, de noitinha/tardinha]
ON
01) Referir-se aos dias da semana: on Monday, on Tuesday, on Wednesday, on Thursday, on Friday, on Saturday, on Sunday [caso voc tenha de dizer "na segunda
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de manh" diga "on Monday morning" - lembrando que dias da semana tambm so sempre escritos com iniciais maisculas em ingls] 02) Referir-se a datas: on March 22, on February 01, on December 15 [observe que estamos usando o ms e o dia - datas] 03) Com a expresso "my birthday": "absolutely nothing happened on my birthday" [nadinha de nada aconteceu no meu aniversrio]; Nobody wanted to party with Paris on her birthday [ningum quis festejar com a Paris no aniversrio dela]
AT
01) Referir-se a horas: at 2 o'clock [s duas horas], at 3:30 [s 3:30], at 12:45 [s 12:45] 02) Com as seguintes palavras: at midday [ao meio-dia], at noon [ao meio-dia], at lunchtime [na hora do almoo], at night [ noite], at midnight [ meia-noite] 03) Com o nome de datas especiais: at Christmas [no natal], at Easter [na pscoa], at OBS: os americanos dizem "on the weekend", enquanto que os britnicos dizem "at the weekend". Ns dizemos apenas "no fim de semana". Carnival [no carnaval], at New Year [no ano novo - primeiro de janeiro]
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I brought all these toys to the poor children. (Eu trouxe todos estes brinquedos para as crianas pobres). Como sinnimo de until (= till). I have classes at school from Monday to/till Friday. (Eu tenho aulas na escola de segunda sexta). A preposio for usada para indicar: Finalidade: This machine is for people to exercise and lose weight. (Esta mquina para as pessoas se exercitarem e perderem peso). Tempo: I have studied English for ten years. (Eu tenho estudado ingls por/durante dez anos). Favor ou benefcio: Bring a glass of water for me, please. (Traga um copo com gua, por favor). usada tambm antes de pronome pessoal seguido ou no de infinitivo: Working is not for children. (Trabalhar no para criana). This medicine is for her to take twice a day. (Este remdio para ela tomar duas vezes ao dia).
Articles (Artigos)
Assim como no portugus, os artigos em ingls tambm so classificados em definidos e indefinidos. O artigo definido o THE (o, a, os, as), e os indefinidos so A, AN (um, uma). THE: O artigo definido usado: antes de substantivos que podem ser precedidos ou no por adjetivos. Ex: the girl (a menina) the pretty girl (a menina bonita) antes de nomes de instrumentos musicais ou nomes de famlias. Ex: the piano (o piano) the Kennedys (os Kennedys) antes de nomes de oceanos, mares, ilhas, rios, montanhas, pases, hotis, cinemas, teatros, trens e navios. Ex: the Pacific (o Pacfico) the United States (os Estados Unidos), etc. antes de um representante de uma classe ou espcie.Ex: the poor (os pobres) the rich (os ricos)
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antes de um substantivo nico na espcie. Ex: the earth (a terra) the sun (o sol) Quando o artigo the omitido: antes de nomes prprios, nomes de lnguas e cincias. Ex: Beth, English (Ingls) Geography (Geografia) antes de substantivos de uso comum e de substantivos incontveis. Ex: gold (ouro) money (dinheiro) coffee (caf) antes de pronomes possessivos. Ex: our dress (nosso vestido) their house (casa deles(as)) antes de alguns substantivos como home, church, school, hospital, bed, prison,quando usados para o seu propsito original. Ex: I go to church. (to pray)Eu vou para a igreja. (para rezar) I go to school. (to study) Eu vou para a escola. (para estudar) A, AN Existem dois artigos indefinidos com usos diferentes no ingls: a, an A: usado antes de sons de consoantes. Ex: a car (um carro) a chair (uma cadeira) AN: usado antes de sons de vogais. Ex: an egg (um ovo) an umbrella (um guardachuva) Ateno a este exemplo: I have an yellow pencil. (Eu tenho um lpis amarelo). Observe que antes do adjetivo yellow foi colocado o artigo an. Isso ocorre devido ao som da letra Y, que em ingls igual ao i, ou seja, som de vogal!
Ao se referir a algo no singular e distante, o falante dever utilizar o that. Ex: That is my new neighbor. (Aquele o meu novo vizinho). That woman is my friend. (Aquela mulher minha amiga). That house is very big. (Aquela casa muito grande). That is our teacher. (Aquela nossa professora). No entanto, ao se referir a algo perto, s que no plural, o falante dever utilizar o these. Ex: These tickets are too expensive. (Estes ingressos so/esto muito caros). These magazines are interesting. (Estas revistas so interessantes). These earrings are beautiful. (Estes brincos so bonitos). These are their books. (Estes livros so deles). O those deve ser usado toda vez que o falante quiser demonstrar algo no plural e que est distante dele. Ex: Those are my classmates. (Aqueles so meus colegas de classe). Those kids are intelligents. (Aquelas crianas so inteligentes). Those nurses are dedicated professionals. (Aquelas enfermeiras so profissionais dedicadas). Those are Mikes notebooks. (Aqueles so os cadernos do Mike). Recordando: This perto/singular These perto/plural That longe/singular Those longe/plural
Adjectives (Adjetivos)
Os adjetivos em ingls so usados para qualificar ou modificar um substantivo ou um pronome. Ao escrev-los, colocamos antes do substantivo ou depois dos verbos de ligao na frase. Veja os exemplos: I have a blue pencil. (Eu tenho um lpis azul.) She is smart. (Ela esperta.) 25
Porm, alguns adjetivos possuem uma terminao diferente. o caso dos adjetivos que terminam com ing e ed. Observe: Julias job is boring. (O emprego de Julia chato.) Julia is bored. (Julia est chateada.) Perceba que no primeiro exemplo o adjetivo boring refere-se ao emprego de Julia. J no segundo exemplo, refere-se a ela. Ainda poderamos escrever desta maneira: Julia is bored because her job is boring. (Julia est chateada porque seu emprego chato.) Agora compare outros exemplos: * interesting (interessante) * interested (interessado(a)) Julia is very interesting. Julia is very interested in Arts. (Julia muito interessante.) (Julia muito interessada em Artes.) * surprising (surpreendente) * surprised (surpreso(a)) This film is surprising! I am surprised with this film! (Este filme surpreendente!) (Eu estou surpreso(a) com este filme!) * shocking (chocante) / shocked (chocado(a)) This scene is shocking. Everybody is shocked. (Esta cena chocante. Todos esto chocados.) Note que geralmente no h uma forma especfica para o masculino e feminino nos adjetivos. Ao traduzir a frase, voc dever flexion-lo conforme o substantivo!
1- Opinion: indica opinio. Exemplos: horrible, difficult, fun, etc. FACT= indica o que verdade, ou seja, o FATO! 2-Size: indica tamanho. Exemplos: large, little, short, tall, etc. 3-Age: indica idade. Exemplos: new, old, adolescent, a year, etc. 4-Shape: indica forma. Exemplos: round, flat, square, irregular, etc. 5-Color: indica cor. Exemplos: red, blue, etc. 6-Origin: indica a origem. Exemplos: Brazilian, American, etc. 7-Religion: indica religio. Exemplos: Buddhist, Taoist, Pagan, etc. 8-Material: indica o tipo de material que feito. exemplos: wodden, paper, metal, etc. 9-Purpose: indica o propsito de seu uso. Exemplos: sleeping bag, computer table, football field, etc.
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* A big round pink plastic ball. (Uma grande, redonda, rosa, bola de plstico.) * An interesting young woman. (Uma mulher interessante e jovem.) * Small blue eyes. (Pequenos olhos azuis.) * An old American song. (Uma velha msica Americana.) * A nice big new red plastic sleeping bag. (Uma boa, nova, vermelha, bolsa plstica de dormir.) Noun Adjectives Noun Opinion Fact Noun size big interesting small nice big old new young blue American red plastic age shape color round pink origin religion material purpose plastic ball woman eyes song sleeping bag
Adverbs (Advrbios)
Os advrbios esto ligados aos adjetivos. Por exemplo: quick = rpido quicly = rapidamente Note que o acrscimo das letras ly transformou o adjetivo em advrbio. Observe mais exemplos: serious = srio fluent = fluente happy = feliz seriously = seriamente fluently = fluentemente happily = felizmente
nervous = nervoso nervously = nervosamente Mas nem todas as palavras terminadas com ly so advrbios. H alguns adjetivos que terminam com ly tambm, veja:
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lovely = amvel
lively = vivo
Beth drove carefully. (Beth dirigiu cuidadosamente.) Agora, compare este outro exemplo:
adjetivo + substantivo
Note que o adjetivo e o verbo precisam de ateno nesses casos para que no haja confuso! Os advrbios de tempo (today, yesterday, etc.) e os de lugar (here, there) so escritos geralmente no final das frases. Exemplos: She was studying yesterday. (Ela estava estudando ontem.) I live there. (Eu moro l.) J os advrbios de frequncia (always, often, never, sometimes, already, etc.) so escritos antes do verbo principal, mas sempre aps o verbo auxiliar. Exemplos: He is sometimes smiling. (Ele est algumas vezes sorrindo.) They dont usually sleep early. (Eles(as) normalmente no dormem cedo.) Quando h vrios advrbios numa mesma frase, geralmente so escritos no final dela, mas obedecem uma ordem: modo lugar tempo. Exemplos: She walked slowly to school last week. (Ela andou vagarosamente para a escola na semana passada.) Mas se haver vrios advrbios de tempo ou de lugar na frase, a unidade menor vem primeiro:
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I live in a small village in Arizona. (Eu moro numa pequena vila no Arizona.)
Phrasal Verbs
Muitas vezes nos deparamos com locues verbais em formas um pouco diferentes do comum, como no caso de get in e sit down, por exemplo. Esses tipos de locues ocorrem predominantemente nos casos de verbos de origem anglo-saxnica. Esses so casos de phrasal verbs, ou seja, verbos que so formados pela juno de um verbo com uma preposio ou um advrbio. Ex: sit (verbo) + down (advrbio) = sit down (sentar) get (verbo) + in (preposio) = get in (entrar) Muitas vezes, o phrasal verb facilmente identificado como nos casos apresentados anteriormente. Porm existem alguns casos que relativamente complicado dizer o significado de um phrasal verb como hold up (atrasar). Na verdade, os phrasal verbs possuem um ar de informalidade, de gria, porm se tornaram algo fundamental at mesmo no mbito formal e principalmente na hora de praticar o ingls falado no dia-dia. Por isso, necessrio que o estudante tenha conhecimento de pelo menos os phrasal verbs essenciais: Ask out - convidar Call up chamar algum por telefone Explain away desculpar-se Find out - descobrir Fix up - consertar Get up levantar Give back - devolver Give in render-se Go on - avanar Go over with terminar logo com (algo desagradvel) Keep on - continuar Keep away from - evitar Look over - examinar Look up procurar informaes Make up - inventar Pick out - escolher Pick up - erguer Put off - atrasar Slow down tornar algo mais lento Take back - retornar Take off tirar algo Take on aceitar um desafio Talk over - discutir Think up - criar Turn off parar a operao de uma mquina Turn on iniciar a operao de uma mquina Turn up aumentar o volume
Texto 1
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A computer is a progammable machine that stores and retrieves data and performs high-speed logical and mathematical operations. However, it is not able to think. It accepts data and instructions as input, and after processing them, it outputs the results. When we talk about computers, we have to consider the hardware and the software. The hardware consists of all the electronic and mechanical parts that make up a computer system, and the software is the collection of data and programs needed to solve problems with a computer. Questes 1- O melhor ttulo para o texto seria: a) The History of Computers b) What is a Computer c) Hardware X Software 2- uma ideia presente no texto: a) o computador resolve problemas atravs do seu prprio raciocnio. b) o hardware mais importante para o computador do que o software c) o processamento dos dados composto de trs etapas. 3- Do texto, podemos inferir que: a) o computador se presta a diversas aplicaes por causa da sua versatilidade b) o computador est se tornando cada dia menor e mais barato c) o computador a inveno humana que mais evoluiu nas ltimas dcadas 4- (...) the software is the collection of data and programs needed to solve problems with a computer.A ideia contida na orao est associada a: a) It basically consists of systems analysts, the programmers, the operators and the techinical managers. b) It is the collection of man-written solutions, as well as all documents to guide the operation of a computer. c) It consists of several units: the CPU, the main memory, and the peripherals known as input and output devices. 5- A pergunta que pode ser respondida com base nas informaes contidas no texto : a) Quem inventou o computador? b) o que significa software? c) O que um dispositivo de entrada? Texto pg 12
Texto 2
What is a computer?
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Nowadays, in most modern societies, almost everybody has an idea about what a computer is. We depend on computers in every aspect of our lives whether we know how to use one or not. But does everyone really know how a computer works inside? A computer is an electronic machine which processes data and provides the results of the processing as information. There are three basic steps in the computing process. The first one is input, which consists of feeding data into the computers memory. Then comes the processing: the program is run and the computer processes the data by performing a set of instructions. The third and final step is the output furnished by the computer, which allows the user to see the results either in printed form or the screen. Questes 1- Grife no texto as palavras que voc conhece. 2- Escreva todas as palavras que voc acha que seja um verbo. 3- Escreva todas as palavras que voc acha que seja uma conjuno. 4- Traduza o texto.
Texto 3
A computer cant think. It merely performs the instructions given by the programmer. It is the programmer then who thinks and solves problems, following the steps below. To begin with, the programmer must define the problem clearly. He or she should always start by trying to understand the problem, and then he or she has to determine how to solve it. Then, the programmer must formulate an algorithm, which may be started in terms of a step-by-step set of instructions used to solve the problem. The logical sequence of these instructions can be described by a diagrammatic representation called flowchart. After being written in one for the programming languages, the source program is converted into machine code by means of a compiler, generating the object-module or object program. The best compilers usually include an integrated debugger with detects syntax errors called bugs. The last step is to add the data to the program and run the job completely. The computer will then perform the calculations necessary to solve the problem. Questes 1- Crie um ttulo em portugus para o texto acima. 2- Quais so, segundo o texto as etapas de elaborao de um program? 3- Com base no texto responda: 32
a) Qual a ideia principal? ( ) The computer is able to follow the instructions written by the programmer. ( ) A flowchart is a diagrammatic representation of programming instructions. ( ) Steps like coding, compliling, an debugging are important in problem solving. Pag 106
Exercises
I- Complete com a forma correta do verbo be (am, is, are) 1. He ___ a doctor. 2. I ___ a doctor. 3. They ___ doctors. 4. You ___ a doctor. 5. You ___ doctors. 6. Mary ___ a doctor. 7. Bill and Susan ___ doctors. 8. Sue and I ___ doctors. 9. The bus ___ green. 10. The buses ___ green. 11. People ___ happy today. 12. Their friend ___ happy today. 13. His parents ___ happy today. 14. The great old men ___ happy today. 15. Everybody ___ happy today. II-Write the corresponding subject pronoun and the verb to be of the underlined words. Example: Madonna is a famous singer. Madonna she is. 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) Angola is in Africa. Will Smith is my favorite actor. These books are very good. Angelina and Brad are married. This robot is smart.
III-Write the correct form of verb to be in these questions. 1) What _______ your name? 2) What _______ this? 3) Where ______ you from? 4) How _______he? 5) How _______ they?
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IV-Correct the sentences. 1) Sheila and George is very happy. 2) This is your book? 3) My friends is from Chile. 4) Iam fine. 5) Richard are here. 6) The books is on the table. 7) Your mothers on the telephone. 8) Im sorry. 9) My bag it is red. 10)They the books are here. V-Complete these sentences with the correct form of the verb to be. 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) Yuri ________ from Russia. The students ________ in class. The coffee break _________ at 10 a.m. The hotel _________ on Madison Avenue. Maria and Angelina _______ very beautiful. Thomas ________ a good student. We ________ friends. They _______ my teachers.
12:00 p.m.
VII- Write negative sentences about John, using the contracted form wont: go to school John wont go to school. 34
have lunch forget it / tomorrow call you / tomorrow come here / tomorrow see the doctor
VIII- Write sentences beginning with I dont think...: they break up they get married it rain today she win the award he get the job we get there on time ______________________________________ I dont think they will break up.
1. ________ he speak four languages? 2. ________ she a good singer? 3. ________ he sing well? 4. ________ they work there? 5. ________ I know you? 6. ________ she live in a house? 7. ________ they ready? 8. ________ Bob and Andy study together? 9. ________ your cat a he or a she? 10. ________ Melissa have lunch in the office?
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X-Answer these questions about you. a. b. c. d. e. What is your name? ____________________________________ Are you from the United States? Where are you from? Are you a student? Is your teacher from England?
XI -Complete these sentences about Kaka, Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt. a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. Kaka _________ a soccer player. He _________ an attacking midfielder. His full name _________ Ricardo Izecson dos Santos Leite. He _________ 27 years old. He _________ from Brasilia, Brazil. He _________ 6.1 feet tall (=1..86m). Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt _________ both American. They _________ actors. They _________ married and they have six children! In your opinion, _________ they a perfect couple?
XII- Choose some of these adjectives to write three sentences about yourself.
happy beautiful intelligent stubborn short tall stressed calm tired good-looking old young single married hungry
a. I b. I c. I Presente Simples XIII-- Write the 3 person singular form of these verbs in the Present Simple: like make go eat try play study destroy drink drive meet do
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XIV- Fill in the blanks with do or does. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. she live with her parents? they work a lot? you like hip hop music? he usually have breakfast? I look good? you need some help? he take many pictures? she like him? they help their parents? we have to go now? 36
XV- Give short answers to these questions. 1. Do you study English every day? 2. Does your teacher have blonde hair? 3. Do you have blonde hair? 4. Do you work out in a gym? 5. Do you like sports? 6. Do your friends practice sports? 7. Does your friend go to college? 8. Does your neighbor make too much noise? 9. Do you like to listen to loud music? 10. Do you live in an apartment? XVI- Use the correct form of the verbs below to say what Mrs. Miller does every morning: Drink finish get get go leave make open pick pick read take wake wash. She _____________ up very early, around 6 oclock. She _________ out of bed and _____________ a long shower. Then she ________ dressed and _________ to the kitchen. She ____________ the fridge and __________ up the milk. After that, she _________ a cup of coffee. Then, she calmly ____________ her coffee and ____________ the newspaper. After she __________ her coffee, she __________ the cup. Finally, she _________ up her purse and ____________ home to work at eight oclock.
http://lillizen.wordpress.com/exercises/ http://www.englishexperts.com.br/category/phrasal-verbs/
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