Additional notes (chapter 31 35) FOR MCA ORAL EXAMINATIONS

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Table of Contents :
Chapter 31 : | meteorology | The atmosphere | adiabatic change | DALR | SALR | barometric tendency | fohn wind effect | met definitions | dew | hoar frost | glased frost | rime | drizzle | rain | snow flakes | ice pellets | hail | sea waves | swell | gust | squall | FOG | Types of fog | radiation fog | advection fog | smog | arctic sea smoke | hill or orographic fog | types of clouds | clouds grouped appearance wise | clouds grouped height wise | buys ballots law | Chapter 32 : | port state control | Chapter 33 : | pyrophoric iron sulphide | Chapter 34 : | requirements for emergency towing | Chapter 35 : | safety committee |

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31.
Meteorology. The Atmosphere.

The Air Extends 200km Above The Surface. The Various Layers Are: Ionosphere 80-200km Mesosphere 50 80 Km. Stratosphere 8/16 -S/L. All Weather Changes Occur In The Troposphere. Also All The Water Vapour Too. In The Stratosphere The Air Temperature Remains Fairly Constant, Upto 56.5 Degree K.

Adiabatic Change.
It Is The Change In The Temperature Due To Increase Or Decrease In Its Volume. Without Any Exchange Of Heat From The Surroundings DALR Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate:The Temperature Of A Dry Parcel Of Air Which Is Made To Rise , Falls At A Steady Rate Of 10 Degrees C. For Every Kilometre Of Ascent. S A L R. Saturated Adiabatic Lapse Rate.: The Temperature Falls By An Average Of Five Degrees C,Per K.M. Of Ascent.

Why S A L R Less Than D A L R.

As The Saturated Air Is Cooled Its Capacity To Hold Water Decreases And The Excess Moisture Condenses To Form Water Droplets. This Condensation Gives A Latent Heat Which Warms The Air Up. Diurnal Variation In Temperature. Maximum At 1400 Hrs(Lt) Minimum At Half An Hour After Sunrise. # Diurnal Over Land Can Be 20 Degrees While Over Sea Can Be As Low As 1 Degree. Reason: Land Being Solid Has A Low Value Of Specific Heat So Heats Up Or Cools Easily.

Heat Received By The Sun Is Retained By The Top Layer Of Land (Few Cms. ) Negligible Evaporation Occurs Overland.

Semi-Diurnal Variation In Atmospheric Pressure.

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# Max At 1000 And 2200 Hrs # Min At 0400 And 1600 Hrs The Average Lapse Rate Being 115 Mb. Per Kilometre Of Ascent.

Barometric Tendency: The Difference Between Atmospheric Pressure At The Time Of Obsercation And Three Hours Earlier At The Place.

Fohn Wind Effect:

# Starting Out We Have Dew Pt 15 Deg. C And The Temperature 25 Deg C # D A L R Applies As Air Rises. # Temperature Drops To 15 Deg C. For The First K.M. Of Ascent. # Air Is Thus Saturated, Hence Salr. Applies (5 Deg. C) And The Moisture Is Given Off As An Orographic Cloud. D E F I N I T I O N S. 1. Dew: When Water Vapour Condenses Into Droplets Of Water And Gets Deposited On Exposed Surfaces On Or Near The Ground It Is Called Dew. 2. Hoar Frost: It Is The Name Given To Ice Crystals Deposited On Exposed Surfaces On Or Near The Ground. When The Ground Temperature Is Much Lower Than Freezing Point In This Case Water Vapour Directly Turns Into Ice Without Becoming Water 3. Glased Frost: It Is A Transparent Smooth Layer Of Ice Formed When Rain Or Drizzle Falls On A Surface Whose Temperature Is Below Freezing. In U.K. It Is Also Called Black Ice 4. Rime: If The Temperature Of Water Particles In A Fog Is Below 0 Deg,C. They Are Said To Be Supercooled Droplets Of Water. When They Come In Contact With Very Cold Solid Objects Such As Ships Superstructure They Freeze Immediately. 5. Drizzle: Fine Droplets Of Water Whose Diameter Is Less Than 0.5 Mm. 6. Rain: Droplets Larger Than 0.5 Mm. In Diameter 7. Freezing Rain: Drops Freeze On Impact With Cold Ground. 8. Snow Flakes: Loose Cluster Of Ice Crystals Having Branches. 9. Ice Pellets: Pellets Of Ice Less Than 0.5 Mm. 10. Hail: Balls Of Hard Ice Of 0.5 To 50 Mm. In Dia. 11. Sea (Waves) : Caused As A Result Of Wind Force As Per The Beaufort Scale. The Height Is Directly Proportional To The Strength Of Wind. 12. Swell: Waves On The Sea Surface Formed By Wind Which Has Stopped Blowing At Some Other Place Far Away. 13. Gust: Suddern Increase In Wind Speed For A Very Short Period Of Time Caused By Terristial Obstructions. 14. Squall: It Is A Suddern Increase In Wind Force By 3 Stages Of Beaufort Scale. #Reaching Atleast Upto Force 6 And Lasting Atleast For One Minute.

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FOG
Types Of Fog:

1) Radiation Fog: Also Called Land Fog Because It Forms Only Over Land. 1) The Conditions Favourable For This Type Are:

Large Moisture Content In The Lower Layers Of The Atmosphere. Little Or No Cloud Cover At Night. Light Breeze At The Surface. Cold Wet Surface Of Land.

2) Advection Fog: Also Called Sea Fog Because It Is Mostly Found Over Sea
It Is Formed When A Moist Wind Blows Over A Cold Wet Surface. Advection Fog Can Be Predicted By Taking Hourly Readings Of The Sea Water Temperature And Calculating Dew Point Of The Atmosphere. The Vertical Axis Has The Scale For Temperature And The Horizontal Axis Has The Lmt Scale. Hourly Readings Of The Dew Point Temperature And Sea Water Temperature Are Obtained As Curves The Point Where The Two Curves Are Predicted To Intersect Is The Time Fog May Be Anticipated And Due Precautions Taken.

3) Smog: Radiation Fog Mixed With Industrial Smoke.

4) Arctic Sea Smoke: When Cold Dry Air Passes Over A Relatively Cold Surface The Water Vapour Evaporating From The Sea Surface Condenses Into Water Vapour Visible As Vertical Steaming Streamers. 4) Hill Or Orographic Fog: When Wind Comes Against A Mountain Range And Begins To Climb Over It, It Cools Adiabatically. Ehen Its Dew Point Is Reached Further Cooling Results In Its Moisture Content To Condense.

Types Of Clouds:
# Clouds Grouped According To Their Height Above Sea Level: 1. Low Clouds Have Their Bases Between Sea Level And 2 Km. Comprising Mainly Of Water Vapour. 2. Medium Clouds Called Alto Have Their Bases 2 To 6 Kms. Above Sea Level Comprising Mainly Of Water Vapour And Ice Particles. 3. High Clouds Have The Prefix Cirro Made Up Entirely Of Ice Particles.

# Clouds Grouped According To Their Appearance:

1. 2. 3. 4. Cirrus: A Silvery Cloud In The Form Of Feathers Or Fibres Seen High Up. Cumulus: A White Cloud Shaped Like A Cauliflower With Great Vertical Extent. Stratus: An Even Layer Of Grey Cloud Non Rain Bearing. Nimbostratus: An Even Layer Of Cloud Rain Bearing. 4

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Buys Ballots Law:

Face The True Wind And The Low Pressure Region Will Be Towards The Right Hand Side In The Northern Hemisphere. # It Should Not Be Applied In The Vicinity Of Land As The Wind Experienced Is Not Free And Unobstructed And It May Be Deflected By Land. # It Should Not Be Applied Within A Few Degrees Of The Equator As The Coriolis Force Is Negligible There And The Wind Directly Blows Over From The High-Pressure Region To The Low-Pressure Region.

32.
Port State Control
The Port State Control Officer Is Authorised To Check That The Sea Farers On Board The Vessel Hold An Appropriate Certificate Or A Valid Dispensation Or Have Submitted An Application To The Flag State For Endorsement (Upto Three Months Only) In Addition The Control Officer Is Also Authorised To Check That The Ship Is Manned According To The Safe Manning Requirements Of That Ship Set Out By The Flag State. If There Are Clear Grounds To Believe That The Safe Watchkeeping Standards Are Not Being Met I.E. If There Is A Collision, Grounding, Discharge Of Pollutants, Erratic Or Unsafe Maneuvering Of The Ship. OR The Ship Is Being Operated In A Manner To Pose Danger To Persons, Property Or Environment The Control Officer Is Authorised To Have An Assessment Of The Competency Of The Officer. Under The Above Circumstances The Port State Control Officer Is Authorised To Detain Or Impound The Vessel if He Deems It Necessary. Precautions During Loading And Discharging 1. Only Electric Lights, Except Arc Lights Are Permitted. 2. Ships Radio And Radar To Be Switched Off And Aerials Earthed. Vhfs Of Power Equal To Or Less Than 25 Watts May Be Used, But Not Within 2 Metres Of The Cargo. 3. Mechanical Stowage Aids Should Be Properly Maintained And In Good Working Order. 4. No Bunkering To Be Carried Out Except With Prior Permission Of The Port. 5. Any Leaking, Broken, Defective, Wet Or Stained Package Not To Be Accepted For Shipment. 6. No Operations During Rain.
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7. Additional Security Is Recommended. No Unauthorised Person To Be Allowed Onboard Or Close To The Magazine. In No Event Should Class 1 Packages Be Opened Onboard.

33.
Pyrophoric Iron Sulphide:

Pyrophoric Iron Sulphide Is Associated With Inert Gas. In An Accident Dificient Atmosphere Where Hydrogen Sulphide Gas Is Present, Iron Oxide (Rust) Is Converted To Iron Sulphide. If The Iron Sulphide Is Exposed To Air It Is Oxidised Back To Iron Oxide And In This Process Sulphur Dioxide Gas Or Free Sulphur Is Formed. The Oxidation Can Be Accompanied With Considerable Heat, So That Individual Particles May Become Incandescent And Can Ignite Flammable Mixtures. Inert Gas Reduces The Oxygen In A Tank Or Ullage Space And Therefore There Is A Risk Of Pyrophoric Deposits Forming In Inerted Tanks. Research Has Shown That This Is More Likely To Occur On Vessels, Carrying Sour Crude Oil Or With Crude Oils Having Hydrogen Sulphide Content. The Pyrophores Which Have Formed During A Loaded Passage, Can Persist During The Subsequent Ballast Voyage. In The Normal Operation Of Inerted Tankers The Cargo Tank Atmosphere Is Not Allowed To Become Flammable At Any Time. Therefore The Mere Presence Of Any Pyrophoric Deposits Would Not Result In An Explosion, However, If The Inert Gas Plant Were To Fail Cargo Or Ballast Discharge Would Cause Air To Enter The Ballast Tanks, Resulting In A Flammable Atmosphere Which Could Be Ignited By Pyrophoric Deposits If Present. Therefore In The Event Of Inert Gas Failure Prior To Or During Cargo Or Ballast Discharge, Discharge Should Not Commence Or Continue Until The Inert Gas Plant Operation Is Restored Or An Alternative Source Of Inert Gas Is Provided.

34.
Requirements For Emergency Towing
In 1994 Imo Agreed Amendments To The Solas Convention As A New Regulation Ch V/15-1 (Ch Ii-1/3-4 From 1/7/98), Which Contained The Following Provisions.

All Tankers Of 20,000 Dwt And Above Constructed After 1st January 1996 Are To Be Provided With An Emergency Towing Arrangememnts At Both Ends. All Existing Tnakers Of 20,000 Dwt And Above Are To Be Provided With An Emergency Towing Arrangements At Both Ends At The First Scheduled Dry-Docking After 1st January 1996, But In Any Event, Not Later Than 1st January 1999. 6

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The Term Tankers Includes Oil, Chemical And Gas Tankers. The Minimum Components Of The Emergency Towing Arrangements Are To Comprise Of The Following:

Component Towing Pennant Pick-Up Gear Chafing Gear Fairlead Strong Point Roller Pedestal Lead

Forward Optional Optional Required Required Required Required

Aft Required Required Dependent On Design Required Required Dependent On Design

The Forward Arrangement, Of Strong Point, Fairlead, Chafing Gear And Roller Pedestal Lead Reflects The Guidance Previously Contained In Imo Assembly Resolution A.535 (13), Which On Many Oil Tankers, May Be Accomodated By The Fittings Recommended To Facilitate Mooring At Spms. The Arrangements Aft Contains A Major New Provision introduced Since Imo Assembly Resolution A.535 (13) Was Developed, Namely The Requirement For The Ship To Carry A Pre Rigged Towing Pennant Incorporating Pick-Up Gear. The Pick-Up Gear Must Be Capable Of Being Manually Deployed By One Personand The Pennant Must Be Demonstrated To Be Capable Of Full Deployment Within 15 Minutes Of Harbour Conditions.

35.
Safety Committee

When When A Safety Committee Is Established On A Vessel It Is Necessary To Make Sure That All Departments Are Adequately Represented. The Master Should Be The Chairman And Appoint The Secretary Who Should Be The Ships Safety Officer. In Order That The Committee Work Efficiently, The Person Representing A Department Should Be Elected By The Crew Working In That Department Itself. The Elected Member Should Not Be Less Than 18 Years Of Age And Should Have A Minimum Experience Of 2 Years In That Department To Put Forth All The Problems And Likely Hazards In His Department In The Meeting. Whenever A Meeting Is To Be Held A Notice Is To Be Passed Around So That All The Crew Members Can Express Their Views On The Safety Aspects Of Their Work-Place To Their Elected Representative Who In Turn Would Express It In The Meetings. In The Meeting If Any Major Or Minor Deficiencies Are Brought To The Notice Of The Master Then He Can Resolve It Himself Or Seek The Companies Assistance. A Minute Book / File Should Be Maintained By The Secretary So That He May Make Note Of Any Important Happenings During The Meeting And Share It With The Crew Of The Department. Finally A Detailed List Of The Suggestions Should Be Prepared By The Safety Officer And Forwarded By The Master To The Company. The Safety Committee Should Work In Liaison With The Safety Officer And Undertake Any Of The Functions Prescribed Him. 7

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Table of Contents :
Chapter 31 : | meteorology | The atmosphere | adiabatic change | DALR | SALR | barometric tendency | fohn wind effect | met definitions | dew | hoar frost | glased frost | rime | drizzle | rain | snow flakes | ice pellets | hail | sea waves | swell | gust | squall | FOG | Types of fog | radiation fog | advection fog | smog | arctic sea smoke | hill or orographic fog | types of clouds | clouds grouped appearance wise | clouds grouped height wise | buys ballots law | Chapter 32 : | port state control | Chapter 33 : | pyrophoric iron sulphide | Chapter 34 : | requirements for emergency towing | Chapter 35 : | safety committee |

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