An Ova 1
An Ova 1
An Ova 1
For example:
H0: µ1 = µ2 = µ3 = . . . µk
H1: At least one mean is different
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1 Overview
Definition
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
a method of testing the equality
of three or more population
means by analyzing sample
variations
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ANOVA methods require the
F-distribution
1. The F-distribution is not symmetric; it is
skewed to the right.
2. The values of F can be 0 or positive,
they cannot be negative.
3. There is a different F-distribution for
each pair of degrees of freedom for the
numerator and denominator.
Critical values of F are given in Table D
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F - distribution
Not symmetric (skewed to the right)
α
nonnegative values only
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2 One-Way ANOVA
Assumptions
1. The populations have normal distributions.
2. The populations have the same variance
σ 2 (or standard deviation σ ).
3. The samples are simple random samples.
4. The samples are independent of each other.
5. The different samples are from populations
that are categorized in only one way.
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Definition
Treatment (or factor)
a property or characteristic that
allows us to distinguish the different
populations from another
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Procedure for testing:
H0: µ1 = µ2 = µ3 = . . .
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Relationships Among Components of ANOVA
Figure 11-2
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ANOVA Fundamental Concept
Estimate the common value of σ 2 using
1. The variance between samples (also
called variation due to treatment) is an
estimate of the common population variance
σ 2 that is based on the variability among the
sample means.
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Critical Value of F
Right-tailed test
numerator df = k -1
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Key Components of ANOVA Method
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Key Components of ANOVA Method
SS(total) = Σ(x - x)
2
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Key Components of ANOVA Method
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Key Components of ANOVA Method
= Σni(xi - x)2
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Key Components of ANOVA Method
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Key Components of ANOVA Method
2 2 2 2
SS(error) = (n1 -1)s1 + (n2 -1)s2 + (n3 -1)s3 . . . nk(xk -1)si
2
= Σ(ni - 1)si
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Key Components of ANOVA Method
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Mean Squares (MS)
Sum of Squares SS(treatment) and SS(error)
divided by corresponding number of degrees
of freedom.
MS (treatment or between) is mean square
for treatment, obtained as follows:
SS (treatment)
MS (treatment) =
k-1
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Mean Squares (MS)
MS (error or within) is mean square for error,
obtained as follows:
SS (error)
MS (error) =
N-k
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Mean Squares (MS)
MS (error or within) is mean square for error,
obtained as follows:
SS (error)
MS (error) =
N-k
SS (total)
MS (total) =
N-1
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