1.

BEFORE THE DAWN OF HISTORY

From beginnings as remote and simple as these came the proud profession of
Pharmacy. Its development parallels that of man. Ancient man learned from
instinct, from observation of birds and beasts. Cool water, a leaf, dirt, or mud
was his first soothing application. By trial, he learned which served him best.
Eventually, he applied his knowledge for the benefit of others. Though the
cavemen's methods were crude, many of today's medicines spring from
sources as simple and elementary as those which were within reach of early
man.

2. PHARMACY IN ANCIENT BABYLONIA

Babylon, jewel of ancient Mesopotamia, often called the cradle of civilization,
provides the earliest known record of practice of the art of the apothecary.
Practitioners of healin
g of this era (about 2600 B.C.) were priest, pharmacist and physician, all in
one. Medical texts on clay tablets record first the symptoms of illness, the
prescription and directions for compounding, then an invocation to the gods.
Ancient Babylonian methods find counterpart in today's modern
pharmaceutical, medical, and spiritual care of the sick.

3. PHARMACY IN ANCIENT CHINA

Chinese Pharmacy, according to legend, stems from Shen Nung (about 2000
B.C.), emperor who sought out and investigated the medicinal value of several
hundred herbs. He reputed to have tested many of them on himself, and to
have written the first Pen T-Sao, or native herbal, recording 365 drugs. Still
worshiped by native Chinese drug guilds as their patron god, Shen Nung
conceivably examined many herbs, barks, and roots brought in from the fields,
swamps, and woods that are still recognized in Pharmacy today. In the
background is the "Pa Kua," a mathematical design symbolizing creation and
life. Medicinal plants include podophyllum, rhubarb, ginseng, stramonium,
cinnamon bark, and, in the boy's hand, ma huang, or Ephedra.
 4. DAYS OF THE PAPYRUS EBERS
Though Egyptian medicine dates from about 2900 B.C., best known and most
important pharmaceutical record is the "Papyrus Ebers" (1500 B.C.), a
collection of 800 prescriptions, mentioning 700 drugs. Pharmacy in ancient
Egypt was conducted by two or more echelons: gatherers and preparers of
drugs, and "chiefs of fabrication," or head pharmacists. They are thought to
have worked in the "House of Life." In a setting such as this, the "Papyrus
Ebers" might have been dictated to a scribe by a head pharmacist as he
directed compounding activities in the drug room.

5. THEOPHRASTUS - FATHER OF BOTANY

Theophrastus (about 300 B.C.), among the greatest early Greek philosophers
and natural scientists, is called the "father of botany." His observations and
writings dealing with the medical qualities and peculiarities of herbs are
unusually accurate, even in the light of present knowledge. He lectured to
groups of students who walked about with him, learning of nature by
observing her treasurers at firsthand. In his hands he holds a branch of
belladonna. Behind him are pomegranate blooms, senna, and manuscript
scrolls. Slabs of ivory, coated with colored beeswax, served the students as
"slates." Writing was cut into the surface with a stylus.

6. THE ROYAL TOXICOLOGIST - MITHRIDATES VI

Mithridates VI, King of Pontus (about 100 B.C.), though he battled Rome for a
lifetime, found time to make not only the art of poisoning, but also the art of
preventing and counteracting poisoning, subjects of intensive study.
Unhesitatingly, he used himself as well as his prisoners as "guinea pigs" on
which to test poisons and antidotes. Behind him are rhizotomists, offering
fresh, flowering aconite, ginger, and gentian. At lower right is a crater - a two-
piece forerunner of the champagne bucket. His famed formula of alleged
panantidotal powers, "Mithridatum," was popular for over a thousand years.
 7. TERRA SIGILLATA - AN EARLY "TRADEMARKED" DRUG
Man learned early of the prestigious advantage of trademarks as a means of
identification of source and of gaining customers' confidence. One of the first
therapeutic agents to bear such a mark was Terra Sigillata (Sealed Earth), a
clay tablet originating on the Mediterranean island of Lemnos before 500 B.C.
One day each year clay was dug from a pit on a Lemnian hillside in the
presence of governmental and religious dignitaries. Washed, refined, rolled to
a mass of proper thickness, the clay was formed into pastilles and impressed
with an official seal by priestesses, then sun-dried. The tablets were then
widely distributed commercially.

8. DIOSCORIDES - A SCIENTIST LOOKS AT DRUGS

In the evolution of all successful and enduring systems of knowledge there
comes a time when the observations of many men, or the intensive studies of
one, transcend from the level of trade or vocation to that of a science.
Pedanios Dioscorides (first century A.D.), contributed mightily to such a
transition in Pharmacy. In order to study materia medica, Dioscorides
accompanied the Roman armies throughout the known world. He recorded
what he observed, promulgated excellent rules for collection of drugs, their
storage and use. His texts were considered basic science as late as the
sixteenth century.

9. GALEN - EXPERIMENTER IN DRUG COMPOUNDING

Of the men of ancient times whose names are known and revered among both
the professions of Pharmacy and Medicine, Galen, undoubtedly, is the
foremost. Galen (130-200 A.D.) practiced and taught both Pharmacy and
Medicine in Rome; his principles of preparing and compounding medicines
ruled in the Western world for 1,500 years; and his name still is associated
with that class of pharmaceuticals compounded by mechanical means -
galenicals. He was the originator of the formula for a cold cream, essentially
similar to that known today. Many procedures Galen originated have their
counterparts in today's modern compounding laboratories.
 10. DAMIAN AND COSMAS - PHARMACY'S PATRON SAINTS
Twinship of the health professions, Pharmacy and Medicine, is nowhere more
strikingly portrayed than by Damian, the apothecary, and Cosmas, the
physician. Twin brothers of Arabian descent, and devout Christians, they
offered the solace of religion as well as the benefit of their knowledge to the
sick who visited them. Their twin careers were cut short in the year 303 by
martyrdom. For centuries their tomb in the Syrian city of Cyprus was a shrine.
Churches were built in their honor in Rome and other cities. After
canonization, they became the patron saints of Pharmacy and Medicine, and
many miracles were attributed to them.
 11. MONASTIC PHARMACY
During the Middle Ages remnants of the Western knowledge of Pharmacy and
Medicine were preserved in the monasteries (fifth to twelfth centuries). These
scientists are known to have been taught in the cloisters as early as the
seventh century. Manuscripts from many islands were translated or copied for
monastery libraries. The monks gathered herbs and simples in the field, or
raised them in their own herb gardens. These they prepared according to the
art of the apothecary for the benefit of the sick and injured. Gardens such as
these still may be found in monasteries in many countries.

12. THE FIRST APOTHECARY SHOPS

The Arabs separated the arts of apothecary and physician, establishing in
Bagdad late in the eighth century the first privately owned drug stores. They
preserved much of the Greco-Roman wisdom, added to it, developing with the
aid of their natural resources syrups, confections, conserves, distilled waters
and alcoholic liquids. The apothecary is examining logs of sandalwood offered
by a traveling merchant, while children indulge their taste for sweets with
stalks of sugar cane. When the Moslems swept across Africa, Spain and
southern France, they carried with them a new pattern of Pharmacy which
western Europe soon assimilated.
13. AVICENNA - THE "PERSIAN GALEN"
Among the brilliant contributors to the sciences of Pharmacy and Medicine
during the Arabian era was one genius who seems to stand for his time - the
Persian, Ibn Sina (about 980-1037 A.D.), called Avicenna by the Western
world. Pharmacist, poet, physician, philosopher and diplomat, Avicenna was an
intellectual giant, a favorite of Persian princes and rulers. He wrote in Arabic,
often while secluded in the home of an apothecary friend. His pharmaceutical
teachings were accepted as authority in the West until the 17th century; and
still are dominant influences in the Orient.

14. SEPARATION OF PHARMACY AND MEDICINE

In European countries exposed to Arabian influence, public pharmacies began
to appear in the 17th century. However, it was not until about 1240 A.D. that,
in Sicily and southern Italy, Pharmacy was separated from Medicine. Frederick
II of Hohenstaufen, who was Emperor of Germany as well as King of Sicily, was
a living link between Oriental and Occidental worlds. At his palace in Palermo,
he presented subject Pharmacists with the first European edict completely
separating their responsibilities from those of Medicine, and prescribing
regulations for their professional practice.

15. THE FIRST OFFICIAL PHARMACOPOEIA

The idea of a pharmacopoeia with official status, to be followed by all
apothecaries, originated in Florence. The Nuovo Receptario, originally written
in Italian, was published and became the legal standard for the city-state in
1498. It was the result of collaboration of the Guild of Apothecaries and the
Medical Society - one of the earliest manifestations of constructive
interprofessional relations. The professional groups received official advice
and guidance from the powerful Dominican monk, Savonarola, (seated,
foreground) who, at the time, was the political leader in Florence.
16. THE SOCIETY OF APOTHECARIES OF LONDON
Trade in drugs and spices was lucrative in the Middle Ages. In the British Isles,
it was monopolized by the Guild of Grocers, which had jurisdiction over the
apothecaries. After years of effort, the apothecaries found allies among court
physicians. King James I, flanked by two "Beefeaters" wore heavily padded
attire because of fear of stabbing. Upon persuasion by the philosopher-
politician, Francis Bacon, the King granted a charter in 1617 which formed a
separate company known as the "Master, Wardens and Society of the Art and
Mystery of the Apothecaries of the City of London" over vigorous protests of
the grocers. This was the first organization of pharmacists in the Anglo-Saxon
world.
17. LOUIS HÉBERT, APOTHECARY TO NEW FRANCE (CANADA)
Young Parisian Apothecary Louis Hébert answered the call of the New World in
1605, when he helped de Monts and Champlain build New France's first
settlement, the Habitation, at Port Royal (Nova Scotia, Canada). Hébert looked
after the health of the pioneers, cultivated native drug plants, and supervised
the gardens. At the waterfront, he examined specimens of drug plants offered
by Micmac Indians. These included Arum, (Jack-in-the-Pulpit), Eupatorium
(Boneset), Verbascum (Mullein), and Hydrastis (Golden Seal). When the
Habitation was destroyed by the English in 1613, he returned to his Parisian
apothecary shop. The lure of Canada was strong, however, and in 1617, he
and the family returned with Champlain to Quebec, where Hébert's "green
thumb" gained him lasting fame as the first successful farmer in what is now
Canada.

18. THE GOVERNOR WHO HEALED THE SICK

Many Europeans "of quality and wealth, particularly those who were non-
conformists in religion" were attracted to the possibilities of the American
Colonies. From Britain came John Winthrop, first Governor of Massachusetts
Bay Colony and founder of Boston. Governor Winthrop, unable to induce
professionals to the Colony, sought advice from English apothecaries and
physicians, and added to his small store of imported drugs those derived from
plants native to New England. In his home (about 1640), he made available as
best he could the "art and mystery" of the apothecary for his citizens.
19. THE MARSHALL APOTHECARY
Christopher Marshall, an Irish immigrant, established his apothecary shop in
Philadelphia in 1729. During 96 years, this pioneer pharmaceutical enterprise
became a leading retail store, nucleus of large-scale chemical manufacturing;
a "practical" training school for pharmacists; an important supply depot during
the Revolution; and finally, it was managed by granddaughter Elizabeth,
America's first woman pharmacist. Christopher earned the title of "The fighting
Quaker" during the Revolution; his sons, Charles and Christopher, Jr., (shown
as youths with their father, about 1754) earned individual fame and carried on
his fine traditions.

20. FIRST HOSPITAL IN COLONIAL AMERICA

Colonial America's first hospital (Pennsylvania) was established in Philadelphia
in 1751; the first Hospital Pharmacy began operations there in 1752,
temporarily set up in the Kinsey house, which served until the first hospital
building was completed. The ingenuity of Benjamin Franklin was helpful in
both. First Hospital Pharmacist was Jonathan Roberts; but it was his successor,
John Morgan, whose practice as a hospital pharmacist (1755-56), and whose
impact upon Pharmacy and Medicine influenced changes that were to become
of importance to the development of professional pharmacy in North America.
First as pharmacist, later as physician, he advocated prescription writing and
championed independent practice of two professions.

40. PHARMACY TODAY AND TOMORROW

Pharmacy, with its heritage of 50 centuries of service to mankind, has come to
be recognized as of the great professions. Like Medicine, it has come through
many revolutions, has learned many things, has had to discard many of its
older ways. Pharmacists are among the community's finest educated people.
When today's retail pharmacist fills a prescription written by a physician, he
provides a professional service incorporating the benefits of the work of
pharmacists in all branches of the profession - education, research,
development, standards, production, and distribution. Pharmacy's professional
stature will continue to grow in the future as this great heritage and tradition
of service is passed on from preceptor to apprentice, from teacher to student,
from father to son.