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CONTENTS
1. DEFINITION
2. IN WHAT WAY THEY WORK
• GETTING UNDER THE SKIN
• THE S4MS CHIP

3. BIOCHIPS USED TO DETECT AND MONITOR

DISEASES
• CHIPS THAT FOLLOW FOOT STEPS
• OXY SENSORS
• BRAIN SURGERY WITH AN ON AND OFF SWITCH
• ADDING SOUND TO LIFE
• ‘CLRION’ AND ‘NUCLEUS’
• EXPERIMENT WITH LOST SIGHT
• FENDING OFF DRUG RESISTANT TB WITH BIOCHIP
TECHNOLOGY
5. BIOCHIPS RAISE CRITICAL ISSUES OF PERSONAL
PRIVACY
6. IMPLANTABLE BIOCHIPS THE END OF HUMAN
FREEEDOM AND DIGNITY
7. TRULY EMBEDDED CHIPS.
8. ADVANTAGES
9. DISADVANTAGES
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BIOCHIPS

Biochips were invented 9 years ago by gene scientist Stephen Fodor . In a

flash of light he saw that photolithography, the process used to etch semi
conductor circuits in to silicon could also be used to assemble particular DNA
molecules on a chip.
The human body is the next biggest target of chip makers . medical
researchers have been working since a long period to integrate humans
body and chips . In no time or at maximum within a short period of
time Biochips can get implanted into the body of humans . So
integration of humans and chips is achieved this way .
Money and research has already gone into this area of
technology .Anyway such implants are already being experimented with
animals . A
simple chip is being is being implanted into tens of thousands of
animals especially pets.

DEFINITION:-
A biochip is a collection of miniaturized test sites (microarrays)
Arranged on a solid substrate that permits many tests to be
performed
At the same time inorder to achieve higher throughput and speed .
Typically a biochips surface is no larger than a finger nail . Like
A computer chip that can perform millions of mathematical operations
In one second , a biochip can perform thousands of biological
reactions
Such as decoding genes , in a few seconds .

A genetic biochip is designed to “freeze” into place the

structures of many short strands of DNA ( deoxyribo nucleic acid ) ,
the basic chemical instruction that determines the characterstics of an
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organism . effectively , it is used as a kind of “ test tube “ for real

chemical samples. A specially designed microscope can determine
where the sample hybridised with DNA strands in the biochip.

IN WHAT WAY THEY WORK:-

The chips are of the size of an uncooked grain of rice small

enough to be injected under the skin using a syringe needle . They
respond to a signal from the detector , held just a few feet away by
transmitting an identification number . This number is then compared
with a database listing of registered pets .

GETTING UNDER THE SKIN :-

Hausdorffs chips are external , but another chip currently

under development will be injected under skin . The chips will allow
diabetics to monitor the level of sugar glucose in their blood . Diabetics
currently use a skin prick and a handheld blood test and then
medicate themselves with insulin , depending on the result . The system
is simple and works well , but drawing blood each time is pain full so
patients donot test themselves as often as it is needed .

THE S4MS CHIP:-

The new s4ms chip will get underneath the skin sense the
glucose level and send the result back by radio frequency
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communication. A light emitting diode starts of the detection process .

The light that it produces hits a fluorescent chemical : one that absorbs
incoming light and re emits it at a longer wavelength . The longer
wavelength of light is then detected , and the result is sent to a control
panel outside the body . Glucose is detected, because the sugar reduces the
amount of light that the florescent chemical re emits . the more glucose there
is the less light that is detected.
S4MS is still developing the perfect fluorescent
chemical, but the key design innovation of the S4MS chip has been fully
worked out. The idea is simple : the LED is sitting in a sea of the fluorescent
molecules. In most detectors the light source is far away from the fluorescent
molecules, and the inefficiencies that come with that mean more power and
larger devices. The prototype S4MS chip 22µ W LED, almost 40 times less
powerful than the tiny power on buttons on a computer keyboard. The low
power requirements mean that energy can be supplied from the outside, by
the process called induction. The fluorescent detection itself does not
consume any chemicals or proteins, so the device is self – sustaining.

BIOCHIPS USED TO DETECT AND MONITOR DISEASES:-

CHIPS THAT FOLLOW FOOT STEPS : -

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The civil debate over biochips has obscured their more

ethically benign and medically useful applications . Jeffery housdoff of
the Beth Israel deaconess medical center in Boston has used the type
of pressure sensitive resistors found in the buttons of a microwave oven
as stride timers .He places one sensor in the heel of a shoe and other
in the ankle and adds a computer to the ankle to calculate the
duration of each stride(step).

Young healthy people can regulate the duration of each step

very accurately , but elderly patients prone to frequent falls have
extremely variable stride times . by using this information doctors can
change their medication and ask them to do exercises . Hausdorff is
also is also using the system to determine the success of treatment of
congestive heart failure . By monitoring the number of strides that a
person takes , he can directly measure the patients activity level , by
passing the often flawed estimate made by patient .

Oxy sensors

The working model of an oxygen sensor uses the same

layout. With its current circuitry it is about the size of a large shirt button, but
the final silicon wafer will be less than a millimeter square. The oxygen sensor
will be useful not only to monitor breathing in the intensive care units, but also
to check that packages of food or containers of semi conductors stored under
nitrogen gas, remain air tight.

Another version of an oxygen sensing chip currently under

development sends like pulses out into the body. The light is absorbed to
varying extends, depending on how much oxygen is being carried in the
blood, and this chip detects the light that is left. The rushes of blood pumped
by the heart or also detected, so the same chip is pulse monitor. The number
of companies already make large scale versions of such detectors.
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This oxygen chip is perhaps about two years away, but the dimensions
of another temperature – sensing chip has been reduced to 3mm per side.
The transition of certain semi conductors to their conducting state is inherently
sensitive to temperature, so designing the sensor was simple enough. With
some miniature radio frequency transmitters, and foam rubber earplugs to
hold the chip in place, the device is complete. Applications range from sick
children, to chemotherapy patience who can be plagued by sudden raises in
body temperature in response to their anti cancer drugs.

Brain Surgery with an on off switch

Sensing and measuring is one thing, but can we switch the body on
and off? Heart pace makers use the crude approach : large jolts of electricity
to synchronize the pumping of the heart. The electric pulses of the Activa
implant, made by US – based medtronics or directed not at the heart but the
brain, they turn off brain signals that cause the uncontrolled movements, or
tremors, associated with diseases such as Parkinson’s.
Drug therapy for Parkinson’s disease aims to replace the brain
messenger, dopamine, the product of the brain cells that are dying. But
eventually that drugs affects wear off, and the erratic movements come
charging back.
The activa implant , cleared for use in the US in AUG, 1997 is a new
alternative that users high frequency electrical pulses to reversibly shut off the
thalamus. The implementation surgery is far less traumatic than thalamotony
And if there are any post operative problems the stimulator can simply be
turned off. The implant primarily interferes with aberrant brain functioning.

Adding Sound To Life

The most ambitious bio engineers are today trying to add back brain
functions, restoring sight and sound where there was darkness and silence.
The success story in this field is the cochlear implant. Most hearing aids are
Glorified amplifiers, but the cochlear implant is for patients who have lost the
hair cells that detect sound waves. For these individuals no amount of
amplification is enough.
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The cochlear implant delivers electrical pulses directly to the nerve

cells
In the cochlea, the spiral-shaped structure that translates sound into nerve
pulses. In normal hearing individuals, sound waves set up vibrations in the
walls of the cochlea, and hair cells detect these vibrations. High frequency
noises ( deep notes) vibrate the base of the cochlea, while low frequency
notes vibrate nearer the top of the spiral. The implant mimics the job of the
hair cells. It splits the frequencies of incoming noises into a number of
channels ( typically eight)
And then stimulates the appropriate part of the cochlea.

‘Clarion ‘ and ‘Nucleus’

the two most successful cochlear implants are the clarion ( developed
at the university of California at San Francisco (UCSF) and Advanced Bionics
Corporation of Sylmar in California) and the Nucleus ( developed at the
University of Melbourne,Australis, and made by cochlear of Sydney,
Australia).
Upgrades largely focus on improving the speech processing software, which
is operated by a minicomputer worn on the patient’s belt. Theoretically,
increasing the number of channels( and electrodes) could improve sound
perception.
But speech is perceived in an area of the cochlea only 14mm long, and
spacing the electrodes too close to each other causes signals to bleed from
one channel to another.

The result is a broad brush version of hearing.while some recipients of

the devices report speech like sounds,many characterise their new world as
being populated with quacking ducks or banging garbage cans. But the
success is undeniable.currently two thirds to three quarters of patients (with
more recent models) can understand speech without lip reading says Steve
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Rebscher,a member of UCSF team.”its pretty amazing , and certainly better

than a lot of people anticipated these devices would do”.

EXPERIMENTS WITH LOST SIGHT:-

With the ear atleast partially conquered , the next logical

target is the eye. Several groups are working on implantable chips that mimic
the action of photo receptors , the light sensing cells at the back of the eye.
Photo receptors are lost in retinitis pigmentosa , a genetic disease,and in age
related macular degeneration , the most common cause of lost sight in the
developed world. Joseph Rizzo of the Massachusetts eye and ear infirmary ,
and john Wyatt of the Massachusetts institute of technology have made a
twenty electrode,1mm square chip,and implanted it at the back of rabbits
eyes.

The original chip,the thickness of human hair,put too much stress on

the eyes the new version is ten times thinner. The final set up will include a
fancy camera mounted on a pair of glasses.The camera will detect and
encode the scene,then send it in to the eye as a ;laser pulse,with the laser
also providing the energy to drive the chip.
Rizzo has confirmed that his tiny array of light receivers(photo diodes)
can generate enough electricity to run the chip.He has also found that the
amount of electricity needed to fire a nerve cell into action is about hundred
fold lower in the eye than in the ear,so the currents can be smaller,and the
electrodes more closely spaced.
For now,the power supply comes from a wire inserted directly into the
eye and ,using this device , Rizzo has detected signals reaching the brain.
Eugene de Juan of Johns Hopkins Wilmer eye Institute is trying to answer that
question by using human subjects.His electrodes , inserted directly in to the
eye , are large and some what crude .But his results have been startling .
Completely blind patients have seen well defined flashes, which change in
position and brightness as De Juan changes the position of the electrode for
the amount of current.
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In his most recent experiments , patients have identified simple shapes

out lined by multiple electrodes . With as little as an 8x8 array , de Juan
believes he could approximate character recognition, and a 25x25 array might
give a crude image.
The big money in eye implant is in Germany , where the government
has pledged millions of US$.One is similar to the US projects in which chips
are implanted on the surface of the retina,the structure at the back of the
eye.the other project is putting its implants at the back of the retina where the
photo receptors are normally found.These “subretinal” chips may block the
transport of oxygen and food to the overlying nerve cells, so Everhart Zrenner
of the university of Tubinger of Germany is developing ‘chain mail’ electrode
arrays, with plenty of holes for the delivery of supplies.

FENDING OFF DRUG RESISTANT TB STRAINS WITH BIOCHIP

TECHNOLOGY:-
As tuberculosis threatens to make its come back shrouded in a
drug resistent form ,a new biochip technology developed by Argonne National
Laboratory and the Russian Academy of Sciences’ Englehardt Institute of
Microbiology, may help stem a global epidemic.
In October, Argonne will begin testing its biochip’s ability to
distinguish between different TB strains.l The tests will be done on harmless
segments of genetic material removed from TB bacteria.
The biochips are designed to carry out thousands of biochemical
reactions simultaneously, and have performed well in laboratory tests. “But
this will be their first test in the realm of real-world medical diagnostics.
They chose TB for the test because new drug resistant strains
have sprung up in Russia and can easily spread to the whole world, including
US.If they can quickly identify specific strains, it will help doctors prescribe the
best
Treatments quickly and possibly help prevent a world wide academic.
According to World Health Organization, TB kills more youth and
adults than any other infectious disease, including AIDS and malaria
combined.
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Every year, 7 to 8 million people become sick with the disease.

Today, TB patients are often prescribed several antibiotics
simultaneously because it takes weeks or months to identify specific TB
strains, and patients can die during this time. “If our biochip can do the job,”
“physicians can prescribe the most effective treatment without delay.”
If successful, these initial studies will set the precedent for
similar evaluations of other bacterial and viral diseases.

DRUG-RESISTANT TB
Antibiotic resistance results from the natural selection of stronger
bacteria over weaker ones. Stronger bacteria have mutated genes that confer
antibiotic resistance.

Because TB cells grow slowly,antiobiotics must be taken daily

for atleast six months to ensure that all the bacteria are eliminated.If treatment
is shortened or inconsistent, surviving bacteria-those most resistant to the
treatment-can reproduce, passing their resistance on to their offspring.
In impoverished nations, where people cannot afford months of
medication, victims effectively become incubation chambers for new drug-
resistant strains. In some Russian institutions, roughly 80 percent of the TB
patients were found resistant to atleast one antibiotic, and 50 percent showed
multiple resistance.
Although airborne, TB is not remarkably contagious compared to
other viral and bacterial infections. With only one exposure, the body’s
defenses normally keep the bacteria at bay, unless the immune system is
weakened by a disease such as AIDS. However,with continued exposure, as
when living with a person with active TB, someone can develop the disease
quickly.

BETTER, CHEAPER, FASTER

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Like computer chips, which perform millions of mathematical

operations a second, Biochips can perform thousands of biological reactions
in a few seconds.
The Argonne/Englehardt biochip is essentially a glass side
containing up to 10,000 tiny gel pads, each serving as a mini test-tube.
Attached to each gel pad is a short strand of DNA, the unique set of blueprints
that determine the building blocks of every living species. The information in
DNA is encoded in long sequences of four molecular units, or bases –
adenine(A), cytosine(C), guanine(G) and thymine(T). The precise pairing of A
on one strand with T on another strand and G with C, allows DNA to form it’s
“double helix”.
By fixing only one strand of the double helix to each gel pad,
the chip employs the natural tendency of each DNA base to pair with it’s
complementary base. When tests begin, a sample of unknown single strands
of TB DNA will be spread on a chip and allowed to naturally pair up with single
strands of known TB DNA already in the gels. A direct match will identify drug
resistant TB strains.

By changing the DNA samples in the gels, scientists can also

use this technique to diagnose a unlimited range of other diseases quickly
and efficiently.
One of the biggest advantages of Argonne’s Biochips, over
conventional Biochips, is that they can be cleansed and reused up to 50
times, making them more economical than conventional biochip technology .
Also, the gel’s greater size allows them to hold up to 1,000 times the material,
making them more sensitive than any other biochip.

In standard TB diagnostics, a patient must endure a number

of tests. First, a skin test is done to determine if they had ever been exposed.
Second, a chest X-ray is done to determine if TB has damaged any lung
tissue. Finally, a throat culture is done to determine if the TB is still growing
and what antibiotics it resists. Results from the throat culture alone can take a
month.
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“With the advanced biochip technology, we’d be able to get

all information we need in a couple of hours”, “Without any false positives.”

EVIDENCE OF SUCCESS

The researchers have reason for being optimistic about this

project. “The fact that it has worked in one sample and it wasn’t difficult to
perform, shows us that this has a lot of potential,” . “The current round of tests
will tell us more.”

However, bringing the test into the clinical setting is another

giant leap. “We’re using DNA , not actual fluid from patients,” “But it does give
us a good idea of the direction we want to go.”

If successful, they would move to a larger scale study with

more patients and more conditions and then try to get it to work using fluid
samples from active TB patients.
“We’ll be doing a full scale clinical diagnosis bit it’ll take
years to get to the market,” “Considering that TB is becoming a global
epidemic, some urgent steps must be taken to speed up the process. The first
step is to figure out if this has a chance to work.”
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BIOCHIPS RAISE CRITICAL ISSUES OF PERSONAL PRIVACY

DNA microchips will soon be able to reveal to anyone an

accurate profile of your personality and potential.
In the new millennium there is a chance of loss of individual
privacy, not in the sense of listening through key holes or reading my e-mail.
Everyone’s mind has much more personal things. What everyone fears to
lose in the coming decade is their private sense of self, that unique collection
of foibles and strengths that make them a particular person. Before this
decade ends, a simple sample of anyone’s blood, tested with a biochip, will
quickly and cheaply yield a computer characterization of his genes, a
summary that can reveal to any stranger the secrets of his innermost self.
A biochip, also called a gene microarray, is a square of
glass smaller than a postage stamp, covered with millions of strands of DNA
like blades of grass.
Think of the chip surface as a field of assembly sites, much
as a TV screen is a field of colored dots. Just as a scanning beam moves over
each individual TV dot instructing it to be red, green, or blue, so a scanning
beam moves over each biochip spot, commanding the addition there of a
base to a growing strand of DNA. A computer, by varying the wavelength of
the scanning beam, determines which of four possible units, called
nucleotides, is added to the growing DNA strand anchored to each spot.
When the entire chip has been scanned, each DNA strand has been
lengthened one nucleotide unit. The computer repeats the process, layer by
layer, until each DNA strand is an entire gene or gene fragment. One biochip
made in this way contains hundreds of thousands of specific gene sequences.
How could you use such a biochip to delve into my genes?
All you would have to do is to obtain a little of my DNA, say from a blood
sample or even a bit of hair. Flush fluid containing my DNA over the biochip
surface. Every place my DNA has a gene matching one of the biochip
strands, it will stick to it in a way the computer can detect.
Now here is where it gets interesting – and scary. The
mad rush to sequence the human genome is over. The gene research firm
Celera announced Monday it has essentially completed the sequence, with
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over 90% of genes done. Already the researchers are busily comparing their
consensus “reference sequence” to the DNA of individual people, and noting
any differences they detect.
Called single nucleotide polymorphism’s, or snps, these
spot differences in the identity of particular nucleotides record every way in
which a particular individual differs from reference sequence. Some single
nucleotide snips cause diseases like cystic fibrosis or sickle cell anemia. In
my case, particular snps give me red hair and elevated levels of cholesterol in
my blood.
Everything genetic about me that is different from you is caused by a few
thousand snps; otherwise you and I are identical.
The scary part is snps on chips.researchers planned to have identified
some 300,000 different snps by year’s end all of which could reside on a
single biochip.when anyone’s DNA is flushed over a snp biochip , the
sequences that light up will instantly reveal his snp profile.Every thing about
him that makes him,every gene that might affect his health,my behavior ,his
future potential –all are there to be read by any stranger clever enough to
interpret his profile.That much of what he is strongly affected by his genetic
makeup.researchers have proved beyond any real dispute that intelligence
and major personality traits like aggressiveness and inquisitiveness are about
80% inheritable.
Ones snp profile will reflect all of this variation ,a table of contents of my
chromosomes, a molecular windows to my soul. When millions of such snp
profiles have been gathered – and we’re talking years, not decades – any
computers worth keeping will be able to identify other individuals with profiles
like mine, and, by examining health records, standard personality tests, and
the like, correlate parts of my profile with particular traits.

There is no place my identity can hide. Even behavioral characteristics

involving many genes, which until now have been thought too complex to ever
analyze, cannot resist a determined assault by a computer comparing snp
profiles.

All this lies in the future, but no far, I’d wager.

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IMPLANTABLE BIOCHIPS END OF HUMAN FREEDOM AND DIGNITY:-

Will every American citizen soon be forced to receive a programmable

biochip implant in their bodies? Will the biochip implant make possible the
surveillance and tracking of people by ground sensors and satellites in the
sky, linked together with a massive, super computer system?

Texe Marrs documents that the United States government is working

on such a system at this very moment. By the year 2000 it will be fully
implemented. Many animals and some human beings are already having
Biochips implanted. Almost all of the people with implants are unsuspecting
victims. Biochips were surgically inserted in their arms, hands, foreheads,
ears, brains, or buttocks without their knowledge.

But U.S. and foreign intelligence agencies are taking this technology
one giant step further. They fully intend to use Implantable Biochips to turn
every man, woman, and child into a controlled slave. Through cybernetic,
biochip brain implants, people will think and act exactly as pre-programmed.
What a tremendous bonanza for the coming Antichrist ! Inject the chip into a
man or woman’s brain and he or she instantly becomes a living vegetable and
a subservient, New World Order Slave !.

Implantable Biochips are getting smaller and more powerful(left). At

right, a laboratory mouse has a biochip injected into its body.

Implantable Biochips and The End of Human Freedom and Dignity

exposes the government plot to wield this invasive, life destroying technology.
Texe Marrs quotes an executive officer of the World Future Society ( 27,000
influential members) as saying : “A biochip implant could be used in a variety
of human applications… A number could be assigned at birth and follow that
person throughout life ..It would be implanted on the back of the right or left
hand so that it would be easy to scan at stores. The biochip implant could
also be used as a universal type of identification card”.
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A top White House official addressing a high tech conference sponsored by

IBM, stated : “The smart card is a wonderful idea, but even better would be a
chip in your ear.. We need to go beyond the narrow conceptualization of the
smart card and really use some of the technology that’s out there”.

Science News, an authoritative scientific journal, reports that, “New

electronic techniques have been developed to eavesdrop on the brain. The
technique allows outsiders to influence the person’s brain cell conversations
and to talk directly with the individual’s brain neurons”.

The Wall Street Journal says that a U.S. Naval research laboratory,
funded by intelligence agencies, is now able to unite living brain cells with
microchips.; some authorities fear that the Defense Departments intend to
produce an “army killer zombies !” One army expert alarmingly calls the new
biochip implant a “Frankenstein _ type weapon”.

TRULY EMBEDDED CHIPS:-

Media Medical And Industrial Complex had a long term plan to implant
subcutaneous microprocessor for a variety of help , entertainment and
communication purposes by acclimating a generation of prospective
customers to such skin altering conditions.companies are seeding the
market for their future offerings.

This is the stuff of science fiction,but serious medical

researchers are developing chips with tiny doses of medication that
can be dispensed automatically,without the patient having to measure a
dose or remember to take it at regular intervals.

Talk about embedded software!

The recent attention to bioinformatics rekindles the imagination about

where such blend of bioscience and infotechnology may take us.
Adrenaline and BMSG will provide a due diligence service for investors
and biotech companies ,offering independent analysis of ventures into
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bioinformatics,which they define as the art and science of using

computational tools to find answers to biological questions.In other
words they are looking at near term projects such as Genome and
Molecular biology research as well as individualized medicine.Their
collaborative work will help scientists and it professionals use data
mining and knowledge management and process management to
investigate biological frontiers. Vital stepping stones but not wondrous or
delicious as the future potential applications of bioinfotech.

Looking future ahead when implanted chips are programmed with

telecommunications capability they can open new connectivity and
entertainment options . Preserving that the first chips are ‘receive
only’.They would become the ultimate pagers : delivering a unification or
internal ‘ping’ directly to human neurons.

Eventually entertainment providers will begin to exploit this

capability ,sending music or visceral experiences directly through
chip.some programming may be tied to video shows , giving you the
mosh-pit experiences while watching MTV or feeling the polar freeze
while a discovery documentary about Antarctica.More probably porn
merchants will be the first to capitalize on such in body experiences.So
that watching a playboy channel show could also trigger the appropriate
internal response among chip equipped viewers.

Later the implemented microprocessor will be upgraded to two way

capacity transmitting internal data back in the appropriate network
through a wireless feed.The medical monitoring opportunities are
immense but so are the tracking capabilities.It is the ultimate loss of
personal privacy when your body is sending signals about where you
are and what you are sending.?
Several other roots towards bioinfotech connection are already being
followed.Predictive network of Cambridge is developing biometric system
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used to identify which individuals interface with computer and media

devices.Predictive networks is monitoring personal usage patterns (how
individuals use specific keys and buttons ,including the speed and
measure of finger close) to identify and categorize customer.Although it’s
a major leap from such tracking of external behaviors to inserting a
microprocessor under the skin, the eventual outcome could be the
same:data gathering and response based on physical connection and
the response.

Bio-infotech seems to be a promising sector for the region-even

across-river opportunity that would combine the bio-medical resources in
Mary land with the Infotech strengths of Virginia .

FUTURE:-

If people feel that they loose their privacy because of Biochips, they
may resist use of it.But if they feel that it could help in a lot of ways
like detecting,minitoring and curing of diseases they can use them
intensively.
So it is users of chip who determine its future .
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ADVANTAGES OF BIOCHIPS:-

1. TO RESCUE THE SICK

2. TO FIND LOST PEOPLE.

3. TO LOCATE DOWNED CHILDREN AND WANDERING ALZHEIMER’S

PATIENTS.

4.TO IDENTIFY PERSON UNIQUELY.

5. THEY CAN PERFORM THOUSANDS OF BIOLOGICAL REACTIONS

OPERATIONS IN FEW SECONDS.

6. IN MONITORING HEALTH CONDITION OF INDIVIDUALS IN WHICH

THEY
ARE SPECIFICALLY EMPLOYED.

7. THEY CAN PERFORM THOUSANDS OF BIOCHEMICAL

REACTIONS.
SIMULTANEOUSLY.
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DISADVANTAGES:-

1. THEY RAISE CRITICAL ISSUES OF PERSONAL PRIVACY.

2. THEY MARK THE END OF HUMAN FREEDOM AND DIGNITY.

3.THEY MAY NOT BE SUPPORTED BY LARGE % OF PEOPLE.

4.THERE IS A DANGER OF TURNING EVERY MAN ,WOMEN,AND

CHILD INTO A CONTROLLED SLAVE.

5.THROUGH CYBERNITIC BIOCHIP IMPLANTS PEOPLE WILL THINK

AND ACT AS EXACTLY PRE-PROGRAMMED.

6.THEY CAN BE IMPLANTED INTO ONES BODY WITHOUT THEIR

KNOWLEDGE.
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REFERENCES:

IT MAGAZINE

WHATIS.TECHTARGET .COM

WWW.TEXEMARS.COM

WWW.HOSPPRACT.COM

WWW.ANL.GOV

WWW.TECHWAY.WASHTECH.COM