Importance of Observation

Goode and hatt say , “ science begins with observation and must ultimately return to observation
for its final validation “. Moses and altan are of the opinion that “ observation implies the use of
the eyes rather than of the ears and the voice”. Observation may be defined as systematic
viewing, coupled with consideration of the seen phenomena , in which main consideration must
be given to the larger unit of activity by which the specific observed phenomena occurred
( young ). Observing natural phenomena , aided by a systematic classification and measurement
led to the development of theories and laws of nature’s force. It is classic method of scientific
inquiry.the accumulated knowledge of biologist ,physicists, astronomers and other natural
scientists is built upon centuries of systematic observation , much of it of phenomena in their
natural sorroundings rather than in the laboratory.
Components of observation:
Observation involves three processes , i.e 1. Sensation 2. Attention 3. Perception. Sensation is

gained through the sense organs which depends upon the physical alertness of the observer. Then
comes attention which is largely a matter of habit . the third is perception which involve the
interpretation of sensory reports. Thus sensation merely reports the facts. Observation helps in
studying collective behavior and complex social situations: following up of individual units
composing the situations; understanding the whole and the parts in their interpretation; and
getting the out of the way details of the situation.
Characteristics of observation
Firstly, observation is at once a physical as well as mental activity. The use of sense organs in
involved as in observation one has to see or hear something.
Secondly, observation is selective because one has to observe the range of those things which fall
within the observation.
Thirdly, observation is purposive. Observation is limited to those facts and details which help in
achieving the specified objective of research. Fourthly,observation has to be efficient . mere
watching alone is not enough . there should be scientific thinking. Further, these observations
should be based on tools of research which have been properly standarised.
Fifthly, in observation, the researcher makes direct study it is a classical scientific method for the
collection of primary and dependable data.
Sixthly, through observation, it is possible to establish cause-effect relationship in social

phenomena. Last but not the least characteristic feature of the observation method is thad the
investigator first of all observes things and then collects data.
Observation: observation is probably the oldest method used by man in scientific investigation.
His first knowledge of the universe begins with observation. In physical sciences the observation
is the only method for new environment, although guided and controlled observation has
replaced the ancient from of un guided visual observation. In social research too the earliest
method of investigation was probably the observation. The philosopher, the social reformer and
preacher observed the working of society from the point of view of accepted morals and tried to
introduce reforms. As the scientific attitude developed in social research simple observation was
made perfect. Observation now is a perfect method of social investigation and probably most
popular in gaining knowledge or social phenomena.
Limitations of observation as a method of social research:
Observation although widely used in social research has its limitations. The first drawback of the
observation is its uncontrolled nature. Observation of a phenomena has to be made where it
actually take place. Most of the occurrences are quite uncertain in nature. Secondlu some of the
occurrence may not be open to observation. Thirdly in certain cases all occurrences open to
observation cannot be observed onewhen observer is at hand, the other limitation of the use of
observation is caused by the lack of validity of the results. Further observation although a very
simple affair, is equally technical in nature. The sense have to be trained for the purpose of
observation.
Because of the capacity to observe correctly and relevantly a lot of bias may creep into the
results. Bias may be caused when interpretations are mistaken to be observation.
The personal bias of the observer also at times distorts the observation. Bias in observation may
also be caused due to the lack of system in the observation.
Importance of observation in social research :

Observation as a method of of social research has been used quoite extensively everywhere.
Following are the chief advantages of this method. It is the simplest and most non-technical
method. Observation is also perfected with the theoretical knowledge of the phenomena which
can be gained more easily. Observation is one of the main sources of formulating hypotheisi.
Continuous observation even if casual and unplanned may reveal certain sequences and trends
and these generally from the basis for new hypothesis. Observation at times affords greater
accuracy than other methods. In case of interview, the researcher has to depend on the
information supplied by other people. But in the case of observation, the researcher need not
depend upon others, so the data collected through observation is generally more valid, reliable
and convincing.
Observation is important in testing the validity of the hypothesis formed. Above all observation
is a common method for all sciences and naturally has greater universality of practice. The rules
of observation are the same for all sciences. A common method is most commonly followed and
accepted as a tool.

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Goode and hatt say , “ science begins with observation and must ultimately return to observation

Observation involves three processes , i.e 1. Sensation 2. Attention 3. Perception. Sensation is

Sixthly, through observation, it is possible to establish cause-effect relationship in social

Limitations of observation as a method of social research:

Importance of observation in social research :

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