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    Physics Project Report XII Light Dependence Reistance

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    Pankaj Gill
    This 3 sentence summary provides the key details about the project report on light dependence resistance: The report describes a circuit built by a student named Pankaj Gill that uses a light dependent resistor (LDR) so that lights will glow automatically at night and turn off during the day, helping to address issues with street lighting in remote areas. The circuit works by changing the resistance of an LDR based on light levels, which controls whether two transistors conduct electricity to either energize or cut power to a relay and bulb. The report provides details on the components used and explains the working principle and advantages of the light-activated circuit.

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    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Physics Project Report XII Light Dependence Reistance

    Uploaded by

    Pankaj Gill
    68K views11 pages
    This 3 sentence summary provides the key details about the project report on light dependence resistance: The report describes a circuit built by a student named Pankaj Gill that uses a light dependent resistor (LDR) so that lights will glow automatically at night and turn off during the day, helping to address issues with street lighting in remote areas. The circuit works by changing the resistance of an LDR based on light levels, which controls whether two transistors conduct electricity to either energize or cut power to a relay and bulb. The report provides details on the components used and explains the working principle and advantages of the light-activated circuit.

    Original Description:

    Project Work on LDR for Class XII Physics Students.

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    This 3 sentence summary provides the key details about the project report on light dependence resistance: The report describes a circuit built by a student named Pankaj Gill that uses a light dependent resistor (LDR) so that lights will glow automatically at night and turn off during the day, helping to address issues with street lighting in remote areas. The circuit works by changing the resistance of an LDR based on light levels, which controls whether two transistors conduct electricity to either energize or cut power to a relay and bulb. The report provides details on the components used and explains the working principle and advantages of the light-activated circuit.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    68K views11 pages

    Physics Project Report XII Light Dependence Reistance

    Uploaded by

    Pankaj Gill
    This 3 sentence summary provides the key details about the project report on light dependence resistance: The report describes a circuit built by a student named Pankaj Gill that uses a light dependent resistor (LDR) so that lights will glow automatically at night and turn off during the day, helping to address issues with street lighting in remote areas. The circuit works by changing the resistance of an LDR based on light levels, which controls whether two transistors conduct electricity to either energize or cut power to a relay and bulb. The report provides details on the components used and explains the working principle and advantages of the light-activated circuit.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 11

    Project Report

    Project Report

    Submitted

    On

    Light Dependence Resistance

    Class – XII

    Submitted To: Submitted By:


    Miss. Sunita Pankaj Gill
    Dept. of Physics Class – XII
    Certificate
    This is to certify that Pankaj Gill,
    Gill student of Class XII, Mahendra Model Sr. Sec. School has
    completed the project titled Light Dependence Resistance during the academic year 2009-
    2010 towards partial fulfillment of credit for the Physics practical evaluation of CBSE 2010,
    and submitted satisfactory report, as compiled in the following pages, under my supervision.

    Miss. Sunita
    Department of Physics
    Mahendra Model Sr. Sr. School
    Acknowledgements
    "There are times when silence speaks so much more loudly than words of praise to only as
    good as belittle a person, whose words do not express, but only put a veneer over true feelings,
    which are of gratitude at this point of time."

    I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my physics mentor Miss. Sunita , for her vital
    support, guidance and encouragement, without which this project would not have come
    forth. I would also like to express my gratitude to the staff of the Department of Physics at
    Mahendra Model Sr. Sec. School for their support during the making of this project.

    (Pankaj Gill)
    Gill)
    INTRODUCTION

    In the society, some times street lights glow in day time due to
    any reason. In mines area people face many difficulties due to
    absence of light in the nights. In frontier and hilly areas, people
    face many problems due to damaged street lights.

    For solve above these problems, we create a device in which


    the lights glow in night and in day time, they off automatically
    and don't glow. Due to use of it, we can solve above problems
    and can also save electricity and men's power.
    PRINCIPLE

    This project is based on Light Dependent Resistance


    (L.D.R0.).LDR is a resistance, in which opposing power of
    current depends on the presence of quantity of light present,
    i.e. the resistance of LDR increases or decreases, according to
    quantity of light which falls on it.

    If LDR places in darkness, the resistance of LDR increases and


    when light falls on it, the resistance of LDR decreases and act
    as a conductor. Any LDR in the presence of light and darkness
    changes its resistance is depends on the different types of LDR.
    ADVANTAGES

    • Collections of parts of the circuit are easily available.


    • Accuracy of this circuit is more than accuracy of other
    circuits.
    • By using laser, it can be used for security purposes.
    • It can be used to stop the wastage of electricity.
    • The cost of circuit is low.
    • This circuit saves the men's power.
    USES

    • It can be used in street lights.


    • It can be used in mines areas.
    • It can be used in hilly areas.
    • By using laser, it can be used for safety purposes.
    • It can be used in frontier areas.
    • It can be used in houses.
    • It can be used in jail lights.
    BRIEF DISCRIPTION OF
    COM PONENTS

    1. TRANSISTOR: - When a thin slice of p-type is


    sandwiched between two blocks of n-type, then n-p-n
    transistor is formed. It consists of emitter, base, and collector.
    In the project, common emitter n-p-n transistor (BC-147 &
    SL-100) is used.

    2. DIODE:
    DIODE: - When a p-type and n-type semiconductors are
    joined a diode is formed. It conducts when forward biased and
    does not conduct when reverse biased. In the project, IN-
    4007diode is used.

    3. RELAY:
    RELAY: - It helps to connect and disconnect. In the
    project, we use relay of 6 ohms.
    4. CARBON RESISTOR:
    RESISTOR: - A carbon resistor has generally
    four rings or bands A, B, C and D of different colours
    corresponding to the value of resistance. In project, we use
    carbon resistance of 220 kilo-ohms, 1.5 kilo-ohms and 820
    ohms.

    5. LDR:
    LDR: - LDR means light dependent resistance which is
    used to complete the circuit.

    6. TRANSFORMER:
    TRANSFORMER: - Transformer is used to convert low
    alternating voltage to high alternating voltage by decreasing
    the current and vice-versa. We use a transformer of 6-0-6V for
    the circuit.

    7. CAPACITOR:
    CAPACITOR: - Capacitor is used to block DC. In the
    circuit, we use the capacitor of 220mfd and 1000mfd.

    8. BULB: - An electric bulb is connected to the circuit when


    LDR comes in the darkness.
    WORKING

    Let 6V. DC is flowed in the circuit. When light falls on LDR


    then the resistance of LDR will decrease and approximate
    equal to zero. 6V DC come from 220 kilo-ohms resistance
    and passes through LDR. At this time, it becomes earth, so
    that no voltage flows through the base of transistor T1. Due to
    absence of positive voltage at base, emitter hasn't negative
    voltage in the comparison of its base, so that transistor T1
    don't conduct and no current flows through it. But resistance
    of 1.5 kilo-ohms is connected with 6V DC line, so that from
    6V DC approximate 4V DC passes through 820 ohms and
    reach at the base of transistor T2. For conduction, emitter has
    some negative voltage in the comparison of its base. But at this
    time, 4V DC reach at base of transistor T2, so that emitter has
    highly negative voltage in comparison of its base, so that
    transistor T2 highly conducts. The collector of transistor T2 is
    connected with relay coil, so that magnetic induction around
    relay coil will disconnect with rest point and connect with
    active point. So, According to the circuit, the bulb will glow.
    Now, when light don't fall on LDR so that the resistance of
    LDR increases. Now LDR has not zero resistance due to
    darkness, so that 6V DC line and 220 kilo-ohms resistance,
    some positive voltage reach at the base of transistor T1.The
    collector of transistor T1 has positive voltage because 6V DC
    pass through 1.5 kilo-ohms resistance and reach at collector of
    transistor T1. In this way transistor T1 conduct and current
    start to flow in transistor T1. Transistor T1 and resistance of 1.5
    kilo-ohms are connected in series so that the current also flows
    through 1.5 kilo-ohms resistance. Now, the above terminal of
    1.5 kilo-ohms resistance has 6V DC, it means the lower
    terminal of 1.5 kilo-ohms resistance has lower voltage i.e. 3 or
    3.5 V. From 3V approximate 1.5 V or 1 V. DC reaches at base
    of transistor T2. The collector of transistor T2 has positive
    voltage by relay coil. But at this time, emitter has some
    negative voltage in the comparison of its base.

    So that the quantity of current which flows through transistor


    T2 and relay coil will very low. Due to this, magnetic induction
    around relay coil will not more effective and pole point will
    disconnect with active point and connect with rest point.
    According to the circuit, the bulb will glow.

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