LEARNING AND DEVELOPMENT

Presented by

Manjula M S
@LENDED LEARNING
R@


 refers to a mixing of
different learning environments.The phrase has
many specific meanings based upon the context
in which it is used. @lended learning gives
learners and teachers a potential environment
to learn and teach more effectively.
R @lended learning combines online learning , face
to face interaction and other methods for
distributing learning content and instruction.
R @L provides increased learner control, allows
for self directedness , and requires learners to
take more responsibility for their learning.
áONT««
R@L uses the class rooms to allow learners to
learn together and to discuss and share insight,
which helps bring learning to real life and make
it meaningful.
RLive feedback from peers is preferable to
feedback received online.
R @L has been found to be more effective than
face to face interaction for motivating trainees
to learn and for teaching declarative knowledge
or information about ideas or topics.
SIMULATIONS:
Ô ›
   ë the act of imitating the behaviour
of some situation or some process by means of
something suitably analogous (especially for the
purpose of study or personnel training).
Ô The simulations has helped executives develop
innovative ideas for transforming the
performance of its employees .
Ô Eg ; The US army Uses the game full spectrum
warrior , which allows trainees to safely learn
about battle tactics before facing the dangerous
situations in the battle field .
Ôhat you think it could be?
áONT«.
Ô Avatars are computer depictions of humans
that are used as imaginary coaches , coëworkers
and customers in simulations.
Ô Typically trainees can see the avatar who
appears thought the training course.
Ô Eg :In áDÔ corporation , avatar introduces a
customer situation and trainees here that the
customers speaking to them in simulated phone
conversations.The trainees has to read the
customers voice , with help from the avatar , to
determine what is happening in the sales
process.
TYPES OF SIMULATIONS:

Interactive
Interactive
@ranching
@ranching Spread
Spread
story
story sheets
sheets

Game
Game Virtual
Virtual
based
based labs
labs
Ô @ranching story: trainees are presented with a
situation and asked to make a choice or decision.
Trainees progress through the simulation on the
basis of their decisions.
Ô Interactive spread sheets: trainees are given a set
of business rules (usually finance based )and asked
to make decisions that will affect the business . The
decisions are entered into a spread sheet that show
how the decisions affect the business .
Ô Game based: Trainees play a video game on a
computer.
Ô Virtual lab: Trainees interact with a computer
representation of the job they are being trained
for.
PROS AND áONS «..
Ô PROS:
£ Simulations are meaningful they get trainees
involved in learning , and they are emotionally
engaging (they can be fun!)
£ This increases the trainees willingness to practice,
encourages retention and improves their skills.
£ Simulators provide a consistent message of what
needs to be learned
£ Trainees can work at their own pace, and compare
to face to face instruction, simulators can
incorporate more situations or problems that a
trainees might encounter.
áont«..
Ô Trainees can use them on their desktop
computer, eliminating the need to travel
to a central training locations.
Ô Simulations can safely put employees in
situations that would be dangerous in the
real world.
Ô Simulations have been found to result in
such positive outcomes as shorter
training times and increased return on
investment.
áONS:
£ The use of simulations has been limited by their
developmental costs.
£ The use of simulations as a training method will
increase as a technology development allow
more realism to be built into simulations.
£ Trainees may not be comfortable in learning
situations that have no human touch.
MO@ILE TEá NOLOGY AND TRAINING
MET ODS
Mobile technology allows learning to occur at anytime.
Mobile technology consists of :
 Ôireless transmission system such as ÔiëFi and
bluetooth that allow transmission of data without the
need for physical connections between devices or
between a device and internet connection.
Mobile devices such as personal digital
assistants(PDAs) , MP3 players and portable
computers , iPods Global positioning system
(GPS)devices and radio frequency identification chips
(RFID)
Software applications related to processing audio
files , word processing , spread sheets , Internet, email
and instant messaging.
R GPS and RFID devices are used for tracking the
customers , employees , and property.
E.g.; many cars and trucks are equipped with the
GPs to allow operators to locate the drivers.
R RFID chips are embedded in products to track
their movements and to help inventory control.
R PDAs , MP3 players , portable computers , and
IPods are just starting to be used for training ,
for need analysis or as a job aid that employees
can access on and as needed basis .
áont«..
R Through mobile technologies ,training and
learning can occur naturally thought the work
day or at home ,employees can be connected to
the communities of learning and employees are
given the ability to learn at their own pace by
reviewing material or skipping over content
they know.
R E.g. :1.@Oá group use wrist mounted
keyboards and head mounted displays to obtain
visual information about equipment and to
access online repair manuals and process
charts.
áont«.
2. The iPods can be used for business or personal
reason, such as listening to music.
3.áapital one experimented with an audio
channel for learning and found that employees
liked learning on iPod and were able to gain
access to programs that they would have been
unable to attend in a classroom.
R Some programs uses iPod not only to deliver
training content but also to provide employees
with books or articles for pre work before
attending a classroom programmed.
Advantages:
D Increased employees enthusiasm for learning
(attending courses that use the iPod).
D Ôillingness by employees to take on new roles
and border job responsibilities.
D Time savings over traditional learning methods.
áhallenges:
Ô Ensuring that employees know when and how
to take advantages of the technology
Ô Encouraging communication ,collaboration, and
interaction with other employees in
communities of practice.
Ô Ensuring that employees can connect to variety
of networks no matter their location or mobile
device.
Ô Ôith eëlearning ,training that uses mobile
technology may be most effective if it is part of
a blended learning approach that involves face
to face interaction among the employees .
INTELLIGENT TUTORING SYSTEMS
Ô ITS are instructional systems that use
artificial intelligence .
Ô There are three types of ITS
environments:
a) Tutoring :It is a structures attempt to increase
trainee understanding of a content domain.
b) áoaching : It provides trainees with the flexibility
to practice skills in artificial environment.
c) Empowering: It refers to the students ability to
freely explore the content of the training
program.
áOMPONENTS OF ITS:

Domain
expert

User Trainee
interface model

Trainee Training
scenario session
generator manager
- Domain expert: Provides information
about how to perform the task.
- Trainee model: Provides information
about students knowledge.
- Training Session manager: Interprets
trainees actions and reports the results
or provides coaching.
- Trainee scenario generator:Determines
difficulty and order in which problems
are presented to trainee.
- User interface: Enables trainee to interact
with the system.
Advantages of ITS:
Ô ITS has the ability to match instruction to
individual students needs.
Ô ITS can communicate and respond to the
students.
Ô ITS can model the trainees learning process.
Ô ITS can decide , on the basis of trainees
previous performance , what information to
provide.
Ô ITS can make decisions about the trainee·s
level of understanding .
Ô ITS can complete a self ²assessment
resulting in a modification of its teaching
process.
DISTANáE LEARNING:
Definition: Distance learning is used by
geographically dispersed companies to provide
information about new products ,policies ,or
procedures as well as skills training and expert
lectures to field locations.

- Distance learning can include virtual class rooms ,

which have the following capabilities ,projection
of stills ,animated and video images etc.
Ô Distance learning features two way communication
process and currently it involves two types of
technologies they are
 Teleconferencing.
Individualized personal computer based training
.
Ô Teleconferencing: It refers to the synchronous
exchange of audio ,video ,and /or text between two
or more individuals or group at two or more
locations.
Ô Individualized personal computer based training:
Employee participate in training anywhere they have
access to a personal computer. This type of training
method involves multimedia training methods such
as web based training , the training materials are
distributed through company intranet, video áDë
ROM etc.
PROS OF DISTANáE LEARNING:
‡ The company can save on travel cost.
‡ It allows geographically distributed employees
to get the training from the experts who would
not other wise be available to visit each
location.
‡ Virtual training class rooms are very useful in
teaching the courses on special software
features, demonstrations and for
troubleshooting using application sharing
features.
áONS OF DISTANáE LEARNING:

Ô Technology failures .

Ô Unprepared trainers.

Ô A high degree of interactions among trainees and trainers is a

positive feature of learning, which is missing in the distance learning
only incase of companies broadcasting the lectures of the experts.

Ô Satellite glitches and weather conditions can occur at any point of

time.

Ô The trainers also feel difficult to speak in another locations where

the live audience will not be available.
TEá NOLOGY FOR TRAINING SUPPORT:
Ô Technologies such as expert systems
,groupware and electronic support systems are
being used to support training efforts.
Ô These technology will help the trainee to
capture training contents so that it is available
to them who may not have attended the
training program .
Ô áonditions when training support technologies
are most needed:
- Performance of task is infrequent.
- The task is lengthy ,difficult.
áont«
- The consequence of error are damaging.
- Performance relies on knowledge ,
procedures or approaches that frequently
change.
- There is high employee turnover.
- Little time is available for training ,or
resources for training are few.
- Employees are expected to take full
responsibility for learning and performing
tasks.
EXPERT SYSTEMS:
Ô Expert system refers to technology that organizes and applies the
knowledge of human experts to specific problems.

Ô The three elements of expert systems are:

£ A knowledge base that contains facts ,figures and rules about

a specific subject.

£ A decision making capability that ,imitating an experts

reasoning ability ,draws conclusions from those facts and
figures to solve problems and answer questions.

£ A user interface that gathers and gives information to the

person using the system.
PROS OF EXPERT SYSTEMS:
Ô ES are used as a support tool that employees
refer to when they have problems or decisions
they feel exceed their current knowledge and
skills.
Ô ES can also be used as a delivery mechanism
where ES can be used to train employees in
the decision rules of the experts.
e.g. : a financial company that provides the
portfolio of the company.
Ô ES can deliver both high quality and low costs.
GROUP ÔARE
Ô Group ware(electronic meeting software) is a
special type of software application that enables
multiple users to track ,share, and organize
information and to work on the same
documents simultaneously.
Ô It combines elements such as eëmail, document
manager ,and an electric bulletin board.
Ô áompanies uses this process to improve sales
and account management and to improve
meeting effective as well as to identify and share
knowledge in the organization.
ELEáTRONIá PERFORMANáE SUPPORT
SYSTEMS:
Ô EPSS is an electronic infrastructure that
captures stores ,and distributes individual and
corporate knowledge assets thought an
organization to enable individuals to achieve
required levels of performance in the fastest
possible time and with a minimum of support
from other people.
Ô The typical EPSS includes:
- An assistant to automate tasks and lighten
the work load
- A librarian to provide task specific
information.
- A teacher to guide the user through the
process step by step.
- An advisor to provide expert advice.
TEá NOLOGIES FOR TRAINING
ADMINISTRATION:
Ô Training administration includes record
keeping , employee enrollment in courses
and testing certification.
- Interactive voice technology .
- Imaging .
- Software applications have
made it easier to track
training information .
INTERAáTIVE VOIáE TEá NOLOGY:
Ô It uses a conventional personal computer to create
an automated phone response system.
E.g. : At annaford brothers a super market chain
spread through the northeastern US the human
resource department installed an interactive voice
response system that allows employees to get
information on their retirement accounts ,stock
purchases ,and benefit plans by using the push
buttons on their phones.
IMAGING:
Ô Imaging refers to scanning documents, storing
them electronically , and retrieving them .
Ô Imaging is particularly useful because paper files
takes a large volume of space and are difficult to
access.
Ô Database will allow the user to access the data
at any point of time.
Ô Some software applications allow the user to
scan the documents such as job history,
education etc.
TRAINING SOFTÔARE APPLIáATIONS:
Ô Training software applications can be used to
track information related to training
administration.(e.g.: áourse enrollments).
Ô Important database elements for training
administration include training course
completed , certified skills ,and educational
experience.
Ô áompanies are showing interest in skills
database that can be used to track the
employees talent and identify skill storage.(Prior
job, training etc)