6 Examples

Design of Steel Structures
Prof. S.R.Satish Kumar and Prof. A.R.Santha Kumar
Examples
Example1 Basic wind pressure - calculation
A Power house building 25m high is to be designed in Darbhanga
city. Compute the basic wind pressure.
Basic wind speed in Darbhanga (from appendix A)
P. 53 Code
Vb = 55m/sec
An industrial building can be grouped under all general buildings and

structures so should be designed for 50 years of design life
Risk coefficient from table 1. P. 11 code

k1 = 1
Assuming the terrain is in city industrial area with numerous closely
spaced obstructions. It can be grouped under category 3. P.8 code. Since the
height of the building is 25m this falls under class B P.11 code. The terrain factor
k2 can be got from table 2 P.12 code. For category 3, class B interpolating
between 20m and 30m
k2 = 1.005
The ground is assumed to be plain so the topography factor k3 is 1 + cs P.

56 code
where c = Z / L
Since the terrain assumed is plain. Read clause 5.3.3.1 P.12 code
k3 = 1
Design wind speed (Vz) = Vb k1 k2 k3
= 55 (1) (1.005) (1)
= 55.275 m/sec
Indian Institute of Technology Madras
Design wind pressure = 0.6 VZ2

= 0.6 (55.275)2
= 1833.2 N/m2
Example2
If the above building has to be constructed on a hillock where the
height of the hill is 150m having a slope of 1:3 and the building is proposed
at a height of 100m from the base on hte windward side, find the design
wind
Basic wind speed at Darbhanga = 55m/sec
Risk coefficient k1 =1
Terrain factor k2 = 1.005
To find the topography factor k3 Ref. appendix C. P. 56 code
Z = height of the hill (feather) = 150m

= slope in 3 tan-1 (1 / 3) = 18.43o
L = Actual length of upwind slope in the wind direction = 150(3) = 450m
Le = Effective horizontal length of the hill for > 17o Le = Z / 0.3 = 150 / 0.3 =
500m
Values of C for = 18.43o (i.e.) > 17o
C = 0.36
Height of the building = 25m
To find x (i.e) the horizontal distance of the building from the crest
measured +ve towards the leeward side and -ve towards the windward side.
k3 = 1 + cs
To get s Fig 14 and 15 are used
x = -150m
x / Le = -150 / 500 = -0.3
H / Le = 25 / 500 = 0.05
Referring to figure 15 hill and ridge for x / Le = -0.3 and H / Le = 0.05 on

the upwind direction
s = 0.58
k3 = 1 + (0.36) (0.58)
k3 = 1.21
Design wind speed Vz = Vb k1 k2 k3
= 55 (1) (1.005) (1.21)
= 66.9 m/sec
Design wind pressure PZ = 0.6 VZ2
= 0.6 (66.9)2
= 2685.4 N/m2
Example 3:
A memorial building is proposed at Sriperumbudur - Madras on a hill
top. The size of the building is 40m x 80m and height is 10m. The hill is
300m high with a gradiant of 1 in 5. The building is proposed at a distance
of 100m from the crest on the downwind slope. Calculate the design wind
pressure on the building.
Basic wind velocity at madras is 50m/sec Ref. Appendix A. P.53 code
Risk coefficient ks1 = 1.08 for a memorial building of 100 years design life
Terrain factor k2 for category 3 and class C since dimension of building 750m
k2 = 0.82
Topography factor k3
Z = effective height of the hill = 300m

= 1 in 5 tan-1 (1/5) = 11.31o
L = Actual length of upward slope in the wind direction = 1500m
Le = effective horizontal length of the hill
For = 11.31o
Le = L = 1500m
Topography factor k3 = 1 +cs

where c = 1.2 (Z/L) since = 11.31o
3o < < 17o
c = 1.2 (300/1500) = 0.24

x is the distance of the building from the crest + on downwind side
- on upward side
x = +100m
The non dimensional factors are

x / Le = 100 / 1500 = 0.067;
H / Le = 10 / 1500 = 0.0067
s = 1 from fig 15. P.57

k3 = 1 + (0.24) (1);
k3 = 1.24
= 50 (1.08) (0.82) (1.24)
= 54.91 m/sec
= 0.6 (54.91)2
=1809.1 N/m2
Example 4: Wind pressure on tower on a hill

A microwave tower of 50m height is proposed over a hill top. The
height of the hill is 50m with a gradiant of 1 in 4. The terrain category is 3.
The tower is proposed at coimbatore. Compute the design wind pressure:
Basic wind speed at CBE is 39m/sec

Risk factor k1 = 1.06
Terrain factor (k2) for category 3 class B - height between 20 and 50
k2 = 1.09 table 2, P.12
Topography factor (k3) Ref. P.56
Z - effective height of the hill = 50m
- slope 1 in 4 tan-1 (1/4) = 14.04o
L - Actual length of the upwind slope = 200m
Le - Effective horizontal length of the hill = 14.04o < 17
Le = L = 200m
k3 = 1 +cs
< 17, c = 1.2 (Z/L) = 1.2 (50/200) = 0.3
x / Le = 0/200 = 0 ; H / Le = 50/200 = 0.25
Ref. Fig.15 s = 0.6; k3 = 1 + (0.3) (0.6)
k3 = 1.18
= 39 (1.06) (1.09) (1.18)

= 53.17 m/sec
= 0.6 (53.17)2
=1696.23 N/m2
Example 5:
If the 50m tower given in previous example is mounted with a hollow
hemispherical dome of 2m diameter weighing 10kN. Compute the forces
and stresses in members of various panels. The elevation of the tower is as
shown below
Data given: Height of the tower = 50m
Base width = 6m
Top width = 2m
No. of panels = 20
Disk size = 2m diameter
Step 1: Wind force - From the previous example
Basic wind speed = 39m/sec
Risk coefficient (k1) = 1.06
Topography factor (k3) = 1.2

Terrain factor (k2), varies with the height of the tower Ref, P.12 Table 2 code
The design wind pressures at different heights are computed as
PZ = 0.6 VZ2
= 0.6 (39 x 1.06 x 1.2 x k2)2
=1476.6 k22 N/m2

The values of k2 at different height is chosen from Table 2
Step2: Basic assumptions:
1. Self weight of the members are equally distributed to the two joints
connected by the members
2. No load is applied at the middle of the k-braced joint but allocated to column
joint
3 Dead and wind loads are increased by 15% for each joints to account for
Gussets, bolts and nuts
4. Secondary members are assumed to be provided in the panel where batter
starts (below the waist level in our case panels 16 to 20. So an additional load of
10% is accounted for in the case of provision of secondary members
5. The wind loads on the members are equally distributed to the connecting
joints.
Step3: Calculation of solidity ratios: Ref P.7 code
Solidity ratio for different panels are calculated
Solidity ratio ( ) =
Pr ojected area of all the individual elements

Area enclosed by the boundary of the frame normal to the wind direction
Solidity ratios of panel 1 to 15 are calculated once as panels 1 to 15 are

similar
115 =
15 x 2 ( 2 x 0.15 ) + 15 x 2
115
116 =
17 =
18 =
2 x 2 x 0.05 + 16 x 2 x 0.045
30 x 2
= 0.245 Similarly for 16
2 x 4.04 x 0.15 + 2 x 4.68 x 0.065 + 2.8 x 0.05

2 + 2.8
x4
2
16 = 0.204
2 x 4.04 x 0.15 + 2 x 5.14 x 0.065 + 1x 3.6 x 0.065

2 + 3.6
2 x4
17 = 0.165
2 x 4.04 x 0.2 + 2 x 5.67 x 0.065 + 1x 4.4 x 0.065
3.6 + 4.4
x4
2
18 = 0.165
19 =
20 =
2 x 4.04 x 0.2 + 2 x 4.79 x 0.065 + 1x 5.2 x 0.065

4.4 + 5.2
x4
2
19 = 0.134
2 x 4.04 x 0.2 + 2 x5.016 x 0.065
5.2 + 6
x4
2
20 = 0.101
Step4 : Calculation of bowl wind pressure

Ref. Fig6 P.44 code. Bowl wind coeffs. are
cf = 1.4 for wind from front
cf = 0.4 for wind from rear
wind pressure at 50m above GL
Design wind pressure PZ =1476.6 (1.09)2
= 1.754 kN/m2
Wind loads on dish are on front face FDISH 1 = cf.Ae.pd
Ref. P.36 clause 6.3 code
FDISH 1 = 1.4 x /4 x 22 x 1.754

= 7.71 kN
On rear face
FDISH 2 = 0.4 x /4 x 22 x 1.754
= 2.20 kN
Step5:
The terrain factor (k2), the solidity ratio and the design wind pressures at
various heights are tabulated as shown - category 3 class B
Design
Height
Terrain
Panel
wind
in
'm'
Solidity
size,HT. coeff. pressure PZ
from
from
ratio
k2
top
=1476.6
top
(k 2) N/m2
2
Overall
force
coeff.
cf PZ . cf N/m2
Table30
P.47
1.09
1 to 5 10
6 to 10 20
11
15
to
30
16
34
17
38
18
42
19
46
20
50
=
1.075 1.06
1.06
=
1.045 1.03
1.03
=
1.005 0.98
0.98
=
0.964 0.948
0.948
=
0.926 0.904
0.904
=
0.88 0.856
0.856
=
0.832 0.808
0.808
1706.4
0.245
3.075
5247.2
1612.5
0.245
3.075
4958.4
1491.4
0.245
3.075
4586.1
1372.2
0.204
3.28
4500.8
1266.1
0.165
3.475
4399.7
1143.5
0.165
3.475
3975.7
1022.1
0.134
3.630
3710.2
964.0
0.101
3.795
3658.4
Step6: Calculation of forces at different joints

The forces from the dish are transferred to two top most joints 1 and 4.
The dish weight and wind force on the dish are equally distributed at the two
joints.
Panel 1 Leg: Length of the leg = 2m

Width of the leg = 0.15m
Since 4 Nos of ISA 150 x 150 x 12 @ 0.272 kN/m
Self weight of legs = 4 x 2 x 0.272 = 2.176 kN
No. of legs exposed to wind = 2
Wind obstruction area = 2 x 2 x 0.15
= 0.6 m2
wind load on leg = 0.6 x 5247.2
= 3.148 kN
Diagonal bracing : No. of diagonal bracings = 8

No. of obstructing wind = 2
Size of diagonal bracing ISA 50 x 50 x 6 @ 0.045 kN/m.
Self weight = 8 x
x 2 x 0.045
= 1.018 kN
Wind obstruction area = 2 x
x 2 x 0.05
= 0.283 m2
Wind load on diag. Brac = 0.283 x 5247.2
= 1.485 kN
Horizontal bracing: ISA 45 x 45 x 6

No. of horizontal bracings = 8
Self weight of horizontal bracing = 8 x 2 x 0.04
= 0.64 kN
= 0.18m2
Wind load on horizontal brac = 0.18 x 5247.2
= 0.945 kN
Total self weight of leg, diag. brac and horizontal brac
Fv = 2.176 + 1.018 + 0.64 = 3.834 kN
Total wind load on leg, diag and Hor. bracs
FH = 3.148 + 1.485 + 0.945 = 5.578 kN
These load are to be distributed to all the 8 joints connecting the elements (i.e.
joints 1 to 8)
Load at each joint is increased by 15% to account for gussets, bolts and
washers
Fv1 vertical load on joints 1 to 8 = 1.15 x 3.834 / 8
= 0.551 kN
FH1 wind load on joints 1 to 8 = 1.15 x 5.576 / 8
= 0.802 kN
The self weight of the dish is shared by joints 1 and 4
FV DISH = 10/2 kN = 5kN
Wind load on the dish is shared by joints 1, 2, 3 and 4, FH DISH = 7.71 / 4 =
1.93 kN
Panel 2: Self weight of legs = 2.176 kN

wind load on legs = 3.148 kN
Self weight of diag. Bracs = 1.018 kN
Wind load on Diag. Brac = 1.485 kN
No. of horizontal bracings = 4
Self weight of horizontal bracing = 4 x 2 x 0.04
= 0.32 kN
= 0.09 m2
Wind load on hor. brac. = 0.09 x 5247.2 = 472.2 N
Vertical load due to leg and diag. brac carried by joints 5 to 12 = 1.15 (2.176 +
1.018) / 8
= 0.46 kN
Vertical load due to hor.brac. carried by joints 9, 10, 11 and 12 = 1.15 x
(0.32)/4 = 0.092 kN
Wind load carried by joints 5 to 12 = 1.15 (3.148 + 1.485) / 8
= 0.666 kN
Wind load carried by joints 9, 10, 11 and 12 = 1.15 x 0.472/4
= 0.136 kN
Computation of loads at different joints are made for panel to panel from panel
2 to panel 5 are tabulated
Panel 6: Self weight of legs = 4 x 2 x 0.272 = 2.176 kN

Wind load = 0.6 x 4958.4 = 2.975 kN
Self weight of Diag. Brac. = 1.018 kN
Wind load = 0.283 x 4958.4 = 1.403 kN
Self weight of hor. bracings = 0.32 kN

Wind load = 0.09 x 4958.4 = 0.446 kN
Vertical load carried by joints 21 to 28 = (2.176 + 1.018) 1.15 / 8
= 0.46 kN
Wind load carried by joints 21 to 28 = (2.975 + 1.403) 1.15 / 8
= 0.63 kN
Vertical load due to Hor. Brac. carried by joints 25, 26, 27 and 28 = 1.15 x
(0.32)/4
= 0.092 kN
Wind load carried by joints 25, 26, 27 and 28 = 1.15 x (0.446)/4
= 0.128 kN
Computations of loads at different joints were done from 6 to 10 and are
tabulated.
Panel 11: Vertical load carried by joints 41 to 48 = 0.46 kN

Wind load on the legs = 0.6 x 4586.1
= 2.75 kN
Wind load on the Diag. Brac. = 0.283 x 4586.1
= 1.3 kN
Vertical load due to Hor. Brac carried by joints 45, 46, 47 and 48 = 0.092 kN
Wind load carried by joints 41 to 48 = 1.15 (2.75 + 1.3)/8
= 0.582 kN
Wind load carried by joints 45 to 48 due to Hor. Brac. = (0.09 x 4586.1)/4
Computation of loads at different joints were done from panel 11 to 15 and are
tabulated
Panel 16: Leg: ISA 150 x 150 x 15 @ 0.336 kN/m

Length of the leg (L) = 4.04m
Width of the leg (B) = 0.15m
Self weight of legs = 4 x 4.04 x 0.336
= 5.43 kN
No. of legs exposed to wind = 2
Wind obstruction area = 2 x 4.04 x 0.15
= 1.212 m2
Wind load on leg = 1.212 x 4500.8
= 5.454 kN
Diag. Brac: ISA 65 x 65 x 5 @ 0.049 kN/m

No. of bracing = 8
Self weight of diagonal brac. = 8 x 4.68 x 0.049
= 1.835 kN
= 0.6084 m2
Wind load on Diag. Brac = 0.6084 x 4500.8
= 2.74 kN
Horizontal Brac: ISA 65 x 65 x 5 @ 0.045 kN/m

No. of bracing = 4
Self weight of Hor. brac. = 4 x 2.8 x 0.045
= 0.504 kN
= 0.14 kN
Wind load on Hor. Brac = 0.14 x 4500.8
= 0.63 kN
Secondary bracings are accounted for so DL and WL is increased by 10%
Vertical load carried by joints 61 to 68 = (1.25 / 5.43 + 1.835)/8
= 1.135 kN
Vertical load carried by joints 65 to 68 due to Hor. Brac. = 1.25 (0.504)/4
= 0.158 kN
= 1.28 kN
Wind load carried by joints 65 to 68 due to Hor. Brac = 1.25 (0.63) / 4
= 0.197 kN

= 5.43 kN
= 1.212 m2
= 5.332 kN

= 2.015 kN
= 0.6682 m2
Wind load on Diag. Brac = 0.6682 x 4399.7
= 2.94 kN

= 0.835 kN
= 0.234 m2
Wind load on Hor. Brac = 0.234 x 4399.7
= 1.03 kN
Secondary bracings should be accounted for in this panel
Vertical load carried by joints 69 to 72 = 1.25 (5.43 + 2.015)/8
= 1.163 kN
Vertical load carried by (Due to horizontal brac.) joints 69 to 72 = 1.25
(0.835)/4
= 0.261 kN
= 1.29 kN
Wind load carried by joints 69 to 72 due to Hor. Brac = 1.25 (1.03) / 4
= 0.332 kN
Panel 18 : Leg: ISA 200 x 200 x 15 @ 0.454 kN/m

= 7.34 kN
= 1.616 m2
= 6.42 kN

= 2.63 kN
Wind load on Diag. Brac = 2 x 5.67 x 0.065 x 3973.7
= 2.93 kN

= 1.02 kN
Wind load on Hor. Brac = 1 x 4.4 x 0.065 x 3973.7
= 1.14 kN
Vertical load carried by joints 69 to 79 except 74, 76, 78, 80 = 1.25 (7.34 +
2.68)/8
= 1.56 kN
Vertical load carried by joints 73, 75, 77, 79 (Due to horizontal brac.) = 1.25
(1.02)/4
= 0.32 kN
Wind load carried by joints 65 to 79 except 74, 76, 78, 80 = 1.25 (6.42 +
2.93)/8
= 1.46 kN
Wind load carried by joints 73, 75, 77, 79 due to Hor. Brac = 1.25 (1.14) / 4
= 0.356 kN

= 7.34 kN
Wind load on leg = 2 x 4.04 x 0.2 x 3710.2

= 6 kN

= 2.22 kN
= 2.31 kN

= 1.21 kN
Wind load on Hor. Brac = 1 x 5.2 x 0.065 x 3710.2
= 1.254 kN
Vertical load carried by joints 73 to 88 except 74, 76, 78, 80, 82, 84, 86, 88 =
1.25 (7.34 + 2.22)/8
= 1.494 kN
Vertical load carried by joints 81, 83, 85, 87 (Due to horizontal brac.) = 1.25
(1.21)/4
= 0.378 kN
Wind load carried by joints 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, 83, 85, 87 = 1.25 (6 + 2.31)/8
= 1.3 kN
Wind load carried by joints 81, 83, 85, 87 due to Hor. Brac = 1.25 (1.254) / 4
= 0.392 kN

= 7.34 kN
Wind load on leg = 2 x 4.04 x 0.2 x 3658.4
= 5.91 kN

= 2.33 kN
= 2.39 kN
Vertical load carried by joints 81, 83, 85, 87, 89, 90, 91, 92 = 1.25 (7.34 +
2.33)/8 = 1.51 kN
Wind load carried by joints 81, 83, 85, 87, 89, 90, 91, 92 = 1.25 (5.91 +
2.39)/8 = 1.3 kN
Computation of loads at different joints are made panel by panel and the
nodal loads are superposed and tabulated in the following sections. The tower is
symmetrically loaded in the XY plane and so nodal loads are tabulated for joints
which are in the front plane.
Calculation of forces in the members

By symmetry the two planes are identical the front plane is analysed and
forces are resolved. The tower is analysed for three basic static loads
Self weight of the tower
Superimposed load from Hemispherical Dome
Wind Loads
Acting parallel to face
Acting diagonal to the tower

Tabulation of joint forces
Joint No
Self WT.(kN)
Wind load (kN)
5 + 0.551 = 5.551
0.802
2.732
13
17
21
25
29
33
37
41
45
0.551 + 0.46
1.011
6.562
0.46 + 0.092
0.46
1.012
7.574
0.46 + 0.092
0.46
1.012
8.586
0.46 + 0.092
0.46
1.012
9.598
0.46 + 0.092
0.46
1.012
10.61
0.46 + 0.092
0.46
1.012
11.622
0.46 + 0.092
0.46
1.012
12.634
0.46 + 0.092
0.46
1.012
13.646
0.46 + 0.092
0.46
1.012
14.658
0.46 + 0.092
0.46
1.012
15.67
0.46 + 0.092
0.46
1.012
1.93
Joint
No
Self WT (kN)
0.551
0.802 + 0.666 =
6
1.468
+
= 0.666 + 0.136 +
10
0.666 = 1.468
+
= 0.666 + 0.136 +
14
0.666 = 1.468
+
= 0.666 + 0.136 +
18
0.666 = 1.468
+
= 0.666 + 0.136 +
22
0.63 = 1.432
+
= 0.63 + 0.128 + 0.63
26
= 1.388
+
= 0.63 + 0.128 + 0.63
30
= 1.388
+
= 0.63 + 0.128 + 0.63
34
= 1.388
+
= 0.63 + 0.128 + 0.63
38
= 1.388
+
= 0.63 + 0.128 + 0.63
42
= 1.34
+
0.582 + 0.103 +
46
=
0.582 = 1.267
0.551 + 0.46
1.011
1.562
0.46 + 0.092
0.46
1.012
2.574
0.46 + 0.092
0.46
1.012
3.586
0.46 + 0.092
0.46
1.012
4.598
0.46 + 0.092
0.46
1.012
5.61
0.46 + 0.092
0.46
1.012
6.622
0.46 + 0.092
0.46
1.012
7.634
0.46 + 0.092
0.46
1.012
8.646
0.46 + 0.092
0.46
1.012
9.658
0.46 + 0.092
0.46
1.012
10.67
0.46 + 0.092
0.46
1.012
Wind
load
(kN)
0.802 + 1.93
= 2.732
= 0.802
+
0.666
=
1.468
+ 0.666
+
= 0.136
+
0.666
=
1.468
+ 0.666
+
= 0.136
+
0.666
=
1.468
+ 0.666
+
= 0.136
+
0.666
=
1.468
+
0.666
+
=
0.136 + 0.63
= 1.432
+
0.63 + 0.128
=
+ 0.63 =
1.388
+
0.63 + 0.128
=
+ 0.63 =
1.388
+
0.63 + 0.128
=
+ 0.63 =
1.388
+
0.63 + 0.128
=
+ 0.63 =
1.388
+
= 0.63 + 0.128
+ 0.63 = 1.34
+ 0.582
= 0.103
0.582
+
+
=
49
53
57
61
65
69
73
81
89
16.682
0.46 +
0.46
1.012
17.694
0.46 +
0.46
1.012
18.706
0.46 +
0.46
1.012
19.718
0.46 +
1.135
1.687
21.405
1.135 +
1.163
2.456
23.861
1.163 +
1.56
2.984
26.845
1.56 +
1.494
3.374
30.219
1.494 +
1.51
3.382
33.601
1.51
35.111
0.092 +
= 0.582 + 0.103 +
50
0.582 = 1.267
0.092 +
= 0.582 + 0.103 +
54
0.582 = 1.267
0.092 +
= 0.582 + 0.103 +
58
0.582 = 1.267
0.092 +
= 0.582 + 0.103 +
62
1.28 = 1.965
0.158 +
= 1.28 + 0.197 + 1.29
66
= 2.767
0.261 +
= 1.29 + 0.322 + 1.46
70
= 3.072
0.32
+
= 1.46 + 0.356 + 1.3
75
= 3.116
0.378 +
= 1.3 + 0.392 + 1.3 =
83
2.99
1.3
90
11.682
0.46 +
0.46
1.012
12.694
0.46 +
0.46
1.012
13.706
0.46 +
0.46
1.012
14.718
0.46 +
1.135
1.687
16.405
1.135 +
1.163
2.456
18.861
1.163 +
1.56
2.984
21.845
1.56 +
1.494
3.374
25.219
1.494 +
1.51
3.382
28.601
1.51
30.111
1.267
0.092 + 0.582
+
= 0.103
+
0.582
=
1.267
0.092 + 0.582
+
= 0.103
+
0.582
=
1.267
0.092 + 0.582
+
= 0.103
+
0.582
=
1.267
0.092 +
0.582
+
=
0.103 + 1.28
= 1.965
0.158 +
1.28 + 0.197
=
+ 1.29 =
2.767
0.261 +
1.29 + 0.322
=
+ 1.46 =
3.072
0.32
+
1.46 + 0.356
=
+
1.3
=
3.116
0.378 +
= 1.3 + 0.392 +
1.3 = 2.99
1.3
Panel 15: 1. Considering self weight of the tower

The leg ISA 150 x 150 x 12 will be maximum stressed in this panel. So this
panel is chosen. The self weight acting on joints 61 and 62 is taken.
The leeward leg 2 will be in compression and also the windward leg 1
F1 = F2 = 16.405 kN (compression)
2. Considering superimposed load from hemispherical dome:

The front plane takes half the self weight = 5kN
The self weight of the dome will create a moment with respect to centre of
planar truss. The eccentric load of 5 kN is transferred as a concentric load of 5
kN acting at the centre of planar truss and an anticlockwise moment of 7.5 kN.m
as shown. Due to self weight both the legs F1 and F2 will be in compression
F1 = F2 = 2.5 kN (compression)
The moment will cause compression on the windward side and tension on
the leeward side.
F1 = 7.5 / 2 = 3.75 kN (compression)
F2 = 7.5 / 2 = 3.75 kN (tension)
Net force on F1 = 3.75 + 2.5 = 6.25 kN (compression)

Net force on F2 = -3.75 + 2.5 = 1.25 kN (tension)
The moment due to dome and self weight are carried entirely by legs.
3. Considering wind load condition
(i) Wind parallel to the face of the frame
The sum of the wind forces upto panel 15 and also the bending moment
due to wind load about point 0 (the point of intersection of Diag. Brac.) is taken
Total wind load above the level 'AA'

FLAT1 = 2 x 0.802 + 2 x 1.93 + 4 x 2 x 1.468 + 2 x 1.432 + 4 x 2 x 1.388 + 2 x
1.34 + 4 x 2 x 1.267
FLAT1 = 43.992 kN
Moment due to wind

MW1 = (1.604 + 3.86) x 29 + 2.936 x 27 + 2.936 x 25 + 2.936 x 23 + 2.936 x
21 + 2.864 x 19 + 2.776 (17 + 15 + 13 + 11) + 2.68 x 9 + 2.534 (7 + 5 + 3 + 1)
MW1 = 714.85 kN.m
This external wind moment has to be resisted by internal couple. this

moment will cause tension of the windward leg and comp on the leeward leg
F1 = MW1 / 2 = 714.85 / 2 = 357.43 kN
F1 = 357.43 kN (tension)
F2 = 357.43 kN (compression)
The lateral force of 43.992 kn is shared by the diagonal bracings equally

and the tension diagonal is considered as effective taking moment about joint 62
43.992 =
2 F3
F3 = 31.11 kN tension
F4 = 31.11 kN compression
(ii) Wind wards acting along diagonal:

when the wind is parallel to the diagonal, the wind pressure coeff. is taken
1.2 times that of parallel to the plane Ref. clause 6.3.3.5 P.47 - IS 875
However the wind pressure on hte dish is reduced as the wind is at 45o to the
front of the dish.
Wind pressure on the dish = 2 x 3.86 x Sin 45o
= 5.46 kN
Considering the tower as a space frame:

The wind load on the four joints together can be obtained. By multiplying
the loads by 1.2
So total horizontal load due to wind
FLAT 2 = 5.46 + 1.2 x 2 (43.992 - 3.86)
FLAT 2 = 101.78 kN
Similarly the bending moment of all the wind forces along the diagonal
about point 0
MW2 = 1.2 x 2 {714.85 - (3.86 x 29)} + 5.46 x 29

MW2 = 1605.32 kN.m
Since the legs are upright, the horizontal force is
registered by the braces and the forces in the braces will be equal and opposite.
The forces have to be resolved in the horizontal plane and then parallel to the
diagonal.
Let FD = force in each brace (tension or compression)
The total force from braces in the horizontal plane along the tower
diagonal is
= 8 FD cos45o. sin45o
= 4 FD
Equilibrium in the horizontal direction gives

4 FD = 101.78 kN
FD = 25.45 kN
This value is less than that of case 1. Therefore the forces in braces are
controlled by the load condition wind parallel to the frame. The bending moment
is resisted by the pair of extreme legs 2 and 4. Forces in legs 3 and 1 will be zero
as they lie in the bending axis Ref. Fig.
F1 = F3 = 0
F2 = MW2 /2 2
= 1605.32 / 2 2
Maximum compressive force on the leg = 567.57 + 16.405 - 1.25
= 582.73 kN
Leg ISA 150 x 150 x 12 @ 0.272 kN / m

A = 3459 mm2; rmin = 29.3 mm
Leff = 0.85 x 2000 = 1700mm; Leff / ry = 1700 / 29.3 = 58.02
ac from table 5.1 = 124 N/mm2 can be raised by 25%. Since wind is
considered: ac = 1.25 x 124 = 155 N/mm2
Actual stress c = (582.73 x 103) / 3459 = 168.5 N/mm2
Diag. Brac: The tension member is considered effective.

Force in the bracing = 31.11 kN
Size ISA 50 x 50 x 6 mm
A = 568 mm2
Check the adequacy of the section as a tension member
Panel 20: Leg: ISA 200 x 200 x 15 @ 0.454 kn/m
1. Self weight acting at the bottom most panels

F1 = F2 = 30.111 kn (compression)
The leg is checked at the mid height as buckling will occur midway between
the nodes
2. Considering superimposed load from hemispherical dome

Due to moment F1 = 7.5 / 5.6 = 1.34 kn (compression)
Due to self weight F1 = 2.5 kN (compression)
Net forces F1 = 1.34 + 2.5 = 3.84 kN (compression)
F2 = -1.34 + 2.5 = 1.16 kN (compression)
3. Considering wind load condition:

(a) Wind parallel to the face of the frame:
Total wind load above level 'BB'
FLAT 3 = 43.992 + 2 x 1.965 + 2 x 2.767 + 2 x 3.072 + 2 x 3.116 + 2 x 2.99

FLAT 3 = 71.812 kN
MW3 = (1.604 + 3.86) x 48 + 2.936 (46 + 44 + 42 + 40) + 2.864 x 38 +
2.776 (36 + 34 + 32 + 30) + 2.68 x 28 + 2.534 (26 + 24 + 22 + 20) + 3.93 x 18
+ 5.534 x 14 + 6.144 x 10 + 6.232 x 6 + 5.98 x 2
MW3 = 1809.704 kN.m
Force in the legs and braces

F1 = MW3 / a = 1809.704 / 5.6 = 323.16 kN
The lateral force of 71.812 kN is shared by the diagonal bracings equally
and the tension diagonal is considered effective taking moment about joint 90
35.906 x 4 = F3 x 4.8
(b) Wind acting parallel to the diagonal:

Wind load is increased by 1.2 times that of parallel to the frame. P.47
code. However wind pressure on the dish is reduced as the wind is 45o to the
front of the dish
Wind pressure on dish = 5.46 kN
Considering the tower as a space frame the wind load on the four joints
together can be obtained by multiplying the load by 1.2
So, total horizontal load due to wind
FLAT 4 = 5.46 + 1.2 x 2 (71.812 - 3.86)
FLAT 4 = 168.55 kN
Similarly the bending moment of all the wind forces along section 'BB'
MW4 = 1.2 x 2 {1809.704 - (3.86 x 48)} + 5.46 x 48
MW4 = 4160.7 kN.m
The horizontal forces are resisted by the braces these forces have to be
resolved in the horizontal plane and then parallel to the diagonal.
Let Fd be the force in each brace tension or compression. The total force
is resisted by these 8 braces
4Fd cos 53.13o (cos 37.47o + cos 52.59o) = 168.55
Fd = 50.12 kN (tension or compression)
This is more than the value with wind parallel to the frame. The bending
moment MW4 is resisted by the pair of extreme legs which does not lie on the
bending axis
F1 = F3 = 0
F2 = MW4 / a 2 = 4160.7 / 5.6
2 = 525.4 kN
Maximum compressive force will be on leg 2
= 30.111 + 1.16 + 525.4
Leg ISA 200 x 200 x 15 @ 0.454 kN/m
A = 5780 mm2; ry = 39.1 mm
Lef = 0.85 x 4040 = 3434mm
Lef / ry = 3434 / 39.1 = 87.83
Refer Table 5.1
ac = 86 N / mm2
Since wind is considered allowable stresses are raised by 25%. So ac = 1.25
x 86 = 107.5 N / mm2
Actual stress c = 556.67 / 5780 = 96.31 N / mm2
ac and c Safe

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Design of Steel Structures

Prof. S.R.Satish Kumar and Prof. A.R.Santha Kumar

An industrial building can be grouped under all general buildings and

Risk coefficient from table 1. P. 11 code

The ground is assumed to be plain so the topography factor k3 is 1 + cs P.

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design of Steel Structures

Prof. S.R.Satish Kumar and Prof. A.R.Santha Kumar

Design wind pressure = 0.6 VZ2

Z = height of the hill (feather) = 150m

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design of Steel Structures

Prof. S.R.Satish Kumar and Prof. A.R.Santha Kumar

Referring to figure 15 hill and ridge for x / Le = -0.3 and H / Le = 0.05 on

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design of Steel Structures

Prof. S.R.Satish Kumar and Prof. A.R.Santha Kumar

Z = effective height of the hill = 300m

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design of Steel Structures

Prof. S.R.Satish Kumar and Prof. A.R.Santha Kumar

Topography factor k3 = 1 +cs

3o < < 17o

c = 1.2 (300/1500) = 0.24

The non dimensional factors are

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Example 4: Wind pressure on tower on a hill

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design of Steel Structures

Prof. S.R.Satish Kumar and Prof. A.R.Santha Kumar

Basic wind speed at CBE is 39m/sec

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design of Steel Structures

Prof. S.R.Satish Kumar and Prof. A.R.Santha Kumar

= 39 (1.06) (1.09) (1.18)

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design of Steel Structures

Prof. S.R.Satish Kumar and Prof. A.R.Santha Kumar

Topography factor (k3) = 1.2

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design of Steel Structures

Prof. S.R.Satish Kumar and Prof. A.R.Santha Kumar

=1476.6 k22 N/m2

Pr ojected area of all the individual elements

Solidity ratios of panel 1 to 15 are calculated once as panels 1 to 15 are

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design of Steel Structures

Prof. S.R.Satish Kumar and Prof. A.R.Santha Kumar

2 x 4.04 x 0.15 + 2 x 4.68 x 0.065 + 2.8 x 0.05

2 x 4.04 x 0.15 + 2 x 5.14 x 0.065 + 1x 3.6 x 0.065

2 x 4.04 x 0.2 + 2 x 4.79 x 0.065 + 1x 5.2 x 0.065

Step4 : Calculation of bowl wind pressure

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design of Steel Structures

Prof. S.R.Satish Kumar and Prof. A.R.Santha Kumar

FDISH 1 = 1.4 x /4 x 22 x 1.754

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design of Steel Structures

Prof. S.R.Satish Kumar and Prof. A.R.Santha Kumar

Step6: Calculation of forces at different joints