G.R. No. 143439 October 14, 2005

G.R. No.
143439 October 14, 2005

MAXIMO ALVAREZ, Petitioner,
vs.
SUSAN RAMIREZ, Respondent.
DECISION
SANDOVAL-GUTIERREZ, J.:
Before us is a petition for review on certiorari1 assailing the Decision2 of the Court of Appeals dated
May 31, 2000 in CA-G.R. SP No. 56154, entitled "Susan Ramirez, petitioner, versus, Hon. Benjamin
M. Aquino, Jr., as Judge RTC, Malabon, MM, Br. 72, and Maximo Alvarez, respondents."
Susan Ramirez, herein respondent, is the complaining witness in Criminal Case No. 19933-MN for
arson3pending before the Regional Trial Court, Branch 72, Malabon City. The accused is Maximo
Alvarez, herein petitioner. He is the husband of Esperanza G. Alvarez, sister of respondent.
On June 21, 1999, the private prosecutor called Esperanza Alvarez to the witness stand as the first
witness against petitioner, her husband. Petitioner and his counsel raised no objection.
Esperanza testified as follows:
"ATTY. ALCANTARA:
We are calling Mrs. Esperanza Alvarez, the wife of the accused, Your Honor.
COURT:
Swear in the witness.
xxx
ATTY. MESIAH: (sic)
Your Honor, we are offering the testimony of this witness for the purpose of proving that the accused
Maximo Alvarez committed all the elements of the crime being charged particularly that accused
Maximo Alvarez pour on May 29, 1998 gasoline in the house located at Blk. 5, Lot 9, Phase 1-C,
Dagat-dagatan, Navotas, Metro Manila, the house owned by his sister-in-law Susan Ramirez; that
accused Maximo Alvarez after pouring the gasoline on the door of the house of Susan Ramirez
ignited and set it on fire; that the accused at the time he successfully set the house on fire (sic) of
Susan Ramirez knew that it was occupied by Susan Ramirez, the members of the family as well
as Esperanza Alvarez, the estranged wife of the accused; that as a consequence of the accused
in successfully setting the fire to the house of Susan Ramirez, the door of said house was burned
and together with several articles of the house, including shoes, chairs and others.
COURT:
You may proceed.
xxx
DIRECT EXAMINATION
ATTY. ALCANTARA:
xxx
Q: When you were able to find the source, incidentally what was the source of that scent?
A: When I stand by the window, sir, I saw a man pouring the gasoline in the house of my sister (and
witness pointing to the person of the accused inside the court room).
Q: For the record, Mrs. Witness, can you state the name of that person, if you know?
A: He is my husband, sir, Maximo Alvarez.
Q: If that Maximo Alvarez you were able to see, can you identify him?
A: Yes, sir.
Q: If you can see him inside the Court room, can you please point him?
A: Witness pointing to a person and when asked to stand and asked his name, he gave his name as
Maximo Alvarez."4
In the course of Esperanzas direct testimony against petitioner, the latter showed "uncontrolled
emotions," prompting the trial judge to suspend the proceedings.
On June 30, 1999, petitioner, through counsel, filed a motion 5 to disqualify Esperanza from testifying
against him pursuant to Rule 130 of the Revised Rules of Court on marital disqualification.
Respondent filed an opposition6 to the motion. Pending resolution of the motion, the trial court
directed the prosecution to proceed with the presentation of the other witnesses.
On September 2, 1999, the trial court issued the questioned Order disqualifying Esperanza Alvarez
from further testifying and deleting her testimony from the records.7 The prosecution filed a motion
for reconsideration but was denied in the other assailed Order dated October 19, 1999. 8
This prompted respondent Susan Ramirez, the complaining witness in Criminal Case No. 19933MN, to file with the Court of Appeals a petition for certiorari9 with application for preliminary injunction
and temporary restraining order.10
On May 31, 2000, the Appellate Court rendered a Decision nullifying and setting aside the assailed
Orders issued by the trial court.
Hence, this petition for review on certiorari.
The issue for our resolution is whether Esperanza Alvarez can testify against her husband in
Criminal Case No. 19933-MN.
Section 22, Rule 130 of the Revised Rules of Court provides:

"Sec. 22. Disqualification by reason of marriage. During their marriage, neither the husband nor
the wife may testify for or against the other without the consent of the affected spouse, except in a
civil case by one against the other, or in a criminal case for a crime committed by one against the
other or the latters direct descendants or ascendants."
The reasons given for the rule are:
1. There is identity of interests between husband and wife;
2. If one were to testify for or against the other, there is consequent danger of perjury;
3. The policy of the law is to guard the security and confidences of private life, even at the risk of an
occasional failure of justice, and to prevent domestic disunion and unhappiness; and
4. Where there is want of domestic tranquility there is danger of punishing one spouse through the
hostile testimony of the other.11
But like all other general rules, the marital disqualification rule has its own exceptions, both in civil
actions between the spouses and in criminal cases for offenses committed by one against the other.
Like the rule itself, the exceptions are backed by sound reasons which, in the excepted cases,
outweigh those in support of the general rule. For instance, where the marital and domestic relations
are so strained that there is no more harmony to be preserved nor peace and tranquility which may
be disturbed, the reason based upon such harmony and tranquility fails. In such a case, identity of
interests disappears and the consequent danger of perjury based on that identity is non-existent.
Likewise, in such a situation, the security and confidences of private life, which the law aims at
protecting, will be nothing but ideals, which through their absence, merely leave a void in the
unhappy home.12
In Ordoo vs. Daquigan,13 this Court held:
"We think that the correct rule, which may be adopted in this jurisdiction, is that laid down in Cargil
vs. State, 35 ALR 133, 220 Pac. 64, 25 Okl. 314, wherein the court said:
The rule that the injury must amount to a physical wrong upon the person is too narrow; and the rule
that any offense remotely or indirectly affecting domestic harmony comes within the exception is too
broad. The better rule is that, when an offense directly attacks, or directly and vitally impairs, the
conjugal relation, it comes within the exception to the statute that one shall not be a witness against
the other except in a criminal prosecution for a crime committee (by) one against the other."
Obviously, the offense of arson attributed to petitioner, directly impairs the conjugal relation between
him and his wife Esperanza. His act, as embodied in the Information for arson filed against him,
eradicates all the major aspects of marital life such as trust, confidence, respect and love by which
virtues the conjugal relationship survives and flourishes.
As correctly observed by the Court of Appeals:
"The act of private respondent in setting fire to the house of his sister-in-law Susan Ramirez,
knowing fully well that his wife was there, and in fact with the alleged intent of injuring the latter, is an
act totally alien to the harmony and confidences of marital relation which the disqualification primarily
seeks to protect. The criminal act complained of had the effect of directly and vitally impairing the
conjugal relation. It underscored the fact that the marital and domestic relations between her and the
accused-husband have become so strained that there is no more harmony, peace or tranquility to be
preserved. The Supreme Court has held that in such a case, identity is non-existent. In such a
situation, the security and confidences of private life which the law aims to protect are nothing but
ideals which through their absence, merely leave a void in the unhappy home. (People v.
Castaeda, 271 SCRA 504). Thus, there is no longer any reason to apply the Marital Disqualification
Rule."
It should be stressed that as shown by the records, prior to the commission of the offense, the
relationship between petitioner and his wife was already strained. In fact, they were separated de
facto almost six months before the incident. Indeed, the evidence and facts presented reveal that the
preservation of the marriage between petitioner and Esperanza is no longer an interest the State
aims to protect.
At this point, it bears emphasis that the State, being interested in laying the truth before the courts so
that the guilty may be punished and the innocent exonerated, must have the right to offer the direct
testimony of Esperanza, even against the objection of the accused, because (as stated by this Court
in Francisco14), "it was the latter himself who gave rise to its necessity."
WHEREFORE, the Decision of the Court of Appeals is AFFIRMED. The trial court, RTC, Branch 72,
Malabon City, is ordered to allow Esperanza Alvarez to testify against petitioner, her husband, in
Criminal Case No. 19933-MN. Costs against petitioner.
SO ORDERED.
ANGELINA SANDOVAL-GUTIERREZ
Associate Justice
WE CONCUR:
ARTEMIO V. PANGANIBAN
Associate Justice
Chairman
RENATO C. CORONA
CONCHITA CARPIO MORALES
Associate Justice
Associate Justice
CANCIO C. GARCIA
Associate Justice
ATTESTATION
I attest that the conclusions in the above Decision were reached in consultation before the case was
assigned to the writer of the opinion of the Court's Division.
ARTEMIO V. PANGANIBAN
Associate Justice
Chairman, Third Division
CERTIFICATION
Pursuant to Article VIII, Section 13 of the Constitution, and the Division Chairman's Attestation, it is
hereby certified that the conclusions in the above Decision were reached in consultation before the
case was assigned to the writer of the opinion of the Court.
HILARIO G. DAVIDE, JR.
Chief Justice
Footnotes
1
Under Rule 45, Section 1 of the 1997 Revised Rules of Civil Procedure, as amended.
Penned by Justice Portia Alio-Hormachuelos and concurred in by Justice Ma. Alicia

Austria-Martinez (now a member of this Court) and Justice Elvi John S. Asuncion.
2
Docketed as Criminal Case No. 19933-MN and captioned "People of the Philippines vs.
Maximo Alvarez".
3
Transcript of Stenographic Notes (TSN), June 21, 1999 at 3-7.
Rollo at 44-47.
Id. at 48-58.
Id. at 85-87.
Id. at 88.
Under Rule 65, Section 1 of the 1997 Revised Rules on Civil Procedure, as amended.
10
Rollo at 101-134.
People of the Philippines vs. Francisco, No. L-568, July 16, 1947, 78 Phil. 694, and Cargill
vs. State, 220, Pac., 64, 65; 25 Okl. Cr., 314; 35 A.L.R., 133.
11
12
People of the Philippines vs. Francisco, id.
13
No. L-39012, January 31, 1975, 62 SCRA 270.
14
Supra.

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G.R. No.

143439 October 14, 2005

Section 22, Rule 130 of the Revised Rules of Court provides:

CONCHITA CARPIO MORALES

Penned by Justice Portia Alio-Hormachuelos and concurred in by Justice Ma. Alicia

Transcript of Stenographic Notes (TSN), June 21, 1999 at 3-7.

People of the Philippines vs. Francisco, id.

No. L-39012, January 31, 1975, 62 SCRA 270.

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