Excel Success One HSC Biology SAMPLE 2014

SUCCESS ONE HSC
BIOLOGY
Past HSC Questions & Answers
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20052013 by Paper
Free-to-download HSC Exam with answers
2012 HSC EXAMINATION PAPER QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 15
2012
H I G H E R S C H O O L C E R T I F I C AT E
E X A M I N AT I O N
Biology
Total marks 100

Section I
Pages 222
75 marks
This section has two parts, Part A and Part B
Part A 20 marks
Attempt Questions 120
Allow about 35 minutes for this part
Part B 55 marks
Allow about 1 hour and 40 minutes for this part
Section II
Pages 2330
25 marks
Attempt ONE question from Questions 3135
Allow about 45 minutes for this section
2000
Excel S U C C E S S O N E H S C B I O L O G Y
401
PASCA L PRESS 2014 ISBN 978 1 74125 467 9
General Instructions
Reading time 5 minutes
Working time 3 hours
Write using black or blue pen
Black pen is preferred
Draw diagrams using pencil
Board-approved calculators may
be used
Write your Centre Number and
Student Number at
the top
of
where
required
pages 9, 13, 15, 17 and 19
CHAPTER 15 2012 HSC EXAMINATION PAPER
Section I
75 marks
Part A 20 marks
Allow about 35 minutes for this part
Use the multiple-choice answer sheet for Questions 120.
1
What is the name of the process that results in organisms containing DNA from different
species?
(A) Transcription
(B)
Transgenics
(C)
Translation
(D) Translocation
2
The diagram shows different vertebrate embryos at the same stage of development.
Fish
Amphibian
Bird
Human
How do the embryos provide evidence for evolution?
(A) The embryos have different shaped eyes.

(B)
Different adults evolve from the embryos.
(C)
The embryos have structures that look similar.
(D) Divergent evolution results in common characteristics in the embryos.

3
Which of the following are all forms of defence that prevent the entry of pathogens into
the body?
(A) Cilia, sweat, saliva
(B)
T cells, B cells, antibodies
(C)
Inflammation, skin, phagocytosis
(D) Stomach acid, mucus, lymph system
402
The diagram shows a pathogen called Giardia.
Membrane bound organelles
10
m
What type of pathogen is Giardia?
(A) Bacterium
(B)
Prion
(C)
Protozoan
(D) Virus
5
Huntingtons Disease is caused by an inherited gene that codes for a toxic

protein.
Kwashiorkor is a disease caused by a deficiency of proteins in the body.
Mesothelioma is a disease caused by a gene mutation in the lungs after
exposure to asbestos.
Huntingtons Disease
Kwashiorkor
Mesothelioma
(A)
Genetic
Nutritional
Environmental
(B)
Nutritional
Environmental
Environmental
(C)
Genetic
Nutritional
Genetic
(D)
Nutritional
Environmental
Genetic
Which row in the table correctly classifies these diseases?
How do vaccinations prevent disease?

(A) They increase the inflammation process.
(B)
They enable the infected cells to seal off the pathogen.
(C)
They increase the number of antibodies against the pathogen.
(D) They decrease the number of antigens that trigger the immune response.
403
Why is it important to continue research into new antibiotics?

(A) New prion diseases have been recently discovered.
(B)
Resistant bacteria have evolved from the overuse of antibiotics.
(C)
Viral infections require a broad range of antibiotics for eradication.
(D) New diseases are discovered regularly and all require new antibiotics.
8
Identical twins have the same genotype.

Why are there small differences between the phenotypes of identical twins?
(A) Some genes are not co-dominant.
(B)
Environment affects the expression of genes.
(C)
Both parents are homozygous for those phenotypes.
(D) Chromosomes segregate independently during meiosis.

9
What feature can be used to distinguish mature xylem cells from mature phloem cells?
(A) Phloem cells are located in vascular bundles.
(B)
Phloem cells have a cytoplasm.
(C)
Xylem cells are located in the leaves.
(D) Xylem cells have cell walls.

10
The diagram shows a model of the movement of ions (represented by X) across a

semipermeable membrane.
Movement of ion
Semipermeable
membrane
What type of process is modelled in the diagram?
(A) Osmosis
(B)
Filtration
(C)
Diffusion
(D) Active transport
404
11
Which of the following is an example of hybridisation?

(A) The insertion of a bacterial gene for herbicide resistance into a cotton plant
(B)
The culturing of a cell taken from the root of a carrot to form a small plant
(C)
Artificial insemination of a domestic cat with wild cat semen to produce a Bengal cat
(D) A cutting taken from one variety of apple tree grafted onto the stem of a different
variety of apple tree
12
Nitrogenous waste is at its highest concentration in

(A) plasma in the renal vein.
(B)
plasma in the renal artery.
(C)
fluid in the collecting ducts of the kidney.
(D) interstitial fluid in the cortex of the kidney.

13
Why do organ transplants trigger an immune response in a recipient?

(A) Antigens in the recipients body recognise the organ as foreign.
(B)
Cell surface markers on the organ attack the recipients white blood cells.
(C)
Antibodies in the recipient stimulate the production of antigens on the organ.
(D) The recipients white blood cells recognise the antigens on the organ as foreign.
14
What is a role of the kidney in freshwater fish?

(A) To remove water from the fish
(B)
To absorb salt from the environment
(C)
To excrete concentrated urine from the fish
15
Which of the following results in an increased absorption of water from the collecting
tubule of the nephron?
(A) An increase in the length of the collecting tubule
(B)
A decrease in ADH released into the blood by the pituitary
(C)
A decrease in glucose moving from the renal tubule into capillaries
(D) An increase in the concentration of dialysate solution in renal dialysis
405
(D) To decrease nitrogenous waste lost to the environment
16
A student carried out an investigation to identify the presence of microbes in water from
different sources.
The students lab notes are shown.
Control
Bottled
water
Tap
water
Tank
water
Inoculation of an agar plate

with water sample
Incubation at 37C
Appearance of agar plate
What can be inferred from these results?

(A) The inoculation loop was not sterilised properly.
(B)
The water from each of these sources is unsafe to drink.
(C)
These water sources are contaminated with the same microbe.
(D) The agar plates were contaminated prior to the beginning of the experiment.
17
Which of the following correctly identifies the relationship between alleles,

chromosomes and genes?
(A) Genes contain chromosomes and alleles.
(B)
Chromosomes contain genes but not alleles.
(C)
Alleles are found in chromosomes but not in genes.
(D) Genes are parts of chromosomes and have different alleles.
18
How does a plant respond in order to keep cool on an extremely hot day?
(A) It grows smaller leaves.
(B)
It opens stomata in the leaves.
(C)
It grows more hairs on the surface of the leaves.
(D) It decreases the number of stomata on the top of the leaves.
406
19
Haemoglobin provides an adaptive advantage to an endotherm in a cold environment

because it allows
(A) more oxygen to be dissolved in plasma.
(B)
the organism to decrease its metabolic rate.
(C)
more energy to be available to the organism.
(D) less carbon dioxide to be transported in the blood.

A student performed a first-hand investigation in an attempt to model natural selection.
Each week, a jar was refilled with a fresh packet of cream biscuits
containing five different types for people to eat. After a month, there were
mostly lemon cream biscuits in the jar.
What is the limitation of this investigation as a model for natural selection?

(A) There is no variation in the species.
(B)
Characteristics are not transmitted to successive generations.
(C)
Variants of the species do not have the same chance of survival.
(D) Unfavourable characteristics are selected out of the population over time.
20
407
2001
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2012 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFIC ATE EXAMINATION
Biology
Centre Number
Section I (continued)
Part B 55 marks
Allow about 1 hour and 40 minutes for this part
Student Number
Answer the questions in the spaces provided. These spaces provide guidance for the expected
length of response.
Question 21 (5 marks)
You performed a first-hand investigation to estimate the size of blood cells.
(a)
How did you estimate the size of the cells?
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Draw a scaled diagram that shows the features of both a red blood cell and a
white blood cell.
408
(b)
Students in a class conducted a first-hand investigation to test the hypothesis that if
CO2 were continually bubbled in water then the pH would decrease over time.
One student presented the data in the graph, as shown.
8.0
7.0
6.0
5.0
pH
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
(a)
5
Time (min)
10
20
Present these data in a table.
Question
22 continues
Question
22 continues
on page 11
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SUCCESS ONE HSC BIOLOGY
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8287310054
Question 22 (continued)
(b)
On the grid below, plot the data from the table in part (a) and draw a curve of
best fit.
pH
(c)
Why is it better to represent these results as a curve of best fit rather than as a
column graph?
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End of Question 22
End of Question 22
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Biology
Centre Number
Section I Part B (continued)
Student Number
A non-infectious disease was observed in a mother and her four sons who live with
her. She has no daughters. The father of these children does not have the disease and
does not live with them. The womans parents and her two sisters who live overseas
do not have the disease.
(a)
Her doctor suspects that the disease is NOT inherited. Identify data that could be
collected to investigate a non-inheritable cause of the disease.
...............................................................................................................................
A geneticist suspects that the disease is inherited.
(i)
Draw the family pedigree for this disease.
(ii)
From the evidence, what indicates that the disease could be the result of
a recessive allele and not be sex linked?
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(b)
3146310042
You conducted first-hand investigations to test the effects of temperature, pH and
substrate concentration on enzyme activity.
(a)
Complete the following table by identifying the variables for ONE of your
investigations.
Independent variable
....................................
(b)
Dependent variable
Kept constant
....................................
pH,
substrate concentration,
enzyme concentration
Outline how you measured the activity of an enzyme in your investigation. In

your answer, name the enzyme.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
(c)
Describe how a condition needed for optimal enzyme activity would be

expected to vary between endotherms and ectotherms.
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14
Board of Studies NSW 2012
2003
15030
8432310089
Biology
Centre Number
Student Number
Beadle and Tatums experiment involved the analysis of bread mould growth. Bread
mould uses an enzyme to make the amino acid arginine.
The diagram shows bread mould growth after culturing on two different media. In one
part of the experiment, the bread mould had been irradiated before culturing.
Without irradiation
With irradiation
Key
Bread mould
growth
Minimal
medium
(a)
Minimal
medium
+ arginine
Minimal
medium
Minimal
medium
+ arginine
How do these results support the one gene one protein hypothesis?
...............................................................................................................................
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...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
(b)
Justify the types of secondary sources that would be acceptable to use to

research Beadle and Tatums experiment.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
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5391310080
A scientist performed an epidemiological study to investigate the cause and effect
relationship of smoking and lung cancer as follows:
1. Handed out a scientifically valid questionnaire to all colleagues (n = 144) at
work
2. Checked that there were an equal number of male and female respondents
3. Discovered that there were more non-smoking respondents than smoking
respondents. Removed some of the non-smokers until both groups had equal
numbers
4. Checked that all the respondents had a medical check-up in the past year
5. Analysed data, wrote the paper and published it in a scientific blog.
From the information provided, analyse the methodology used by this scientist.
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2004
15030
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Biology
Centre Number
Student Number
During a major international horse event in Australia, a group of horses, including
some from overseas, is discovered to be infected by a deadly virus. This virus is only
found in Australia.
Give reasons for strategies that could be carried out to control this disease outbreak.
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Explain the relationship between replication of DNA and evolution.
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2005
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Biology
Centre Number
Student Number
Please turn over
19 E x c e l
417
(a)
Complete the following diagram to show the process by which gametes are
formed.
A
B
B
a
a
b
b
B B
Question 29 continues
Question 29 continues on page 21
418
20
5123310117
(b)
How does the segregation of chromosomes during meiosis lead to a wide variety
of gametes being produced?
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End of Question 29
End of Question 29
Explain how the contributions of Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch and MacFarlane Burnet
have increased our understanding of the nature and prevention of infectious disease.
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Please turn over
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21 E x c e l S U C C E S S O N E H S C B I O L O G Y
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419
Biology
Section II
25 marks
Attempt ONE question from Questions 3135
Allow about 45 minutes for this section
There are four Section II Answer Booklets labelled Part (a), Part (b), Part (c) and Part (d).
Answer each part of the question in the relevant Answer Booklet.
Extra writing booklets are available.
Page
Communication .................................................................... 2425
Question 32
Biotechnology ............................................................................ 26
Question 33
Genetics: The Code Broken? ..................................................... 27
Question 34
The Human Story ................................................................. 2829
Question 35
Biochemistry (Not
..............................................................................
30
included in this reproduction)
Question 31
2006
420
23
Question 31 Communication (25 marks)

Answer part (a) in Section II Answer Booklet Part (a).
(a)
Parts of the ear are shown below.

B
A
(i)
Identify the parts A, B and C.
(ii)
Outline the functions of part B.
Answer part (b) in Section II Answer Booklet Part (b).

An experiment was performed to model accommodation in the eye:
a round bottom flask was filled with a solution
the flask was placed on a stand on which it was able to rotate
three lenses (I, J and K) of different thicknesses were attached to the surface
of the flask
a layer of fine paper was stuck around the opposite side of the flask
a candle was placed near the flask
different lenses could be brought into the light path by rotating the flask
an image of the candle was observed on the layer of fine paper.
Fine paper
J
(b)
10
7 8 9
4 5 6
1 2 3
Question
32 continues
Question
31 continues
on page 25
24 E x c e l
421
(i)
Match THREE pieces of apparatus used in this experiment with THREE

identified parts of the eye.
(ii)
Describe the quantitative data that could be collected in the experiment.
(iii)
Compare this model to mechanisms of accommodation in the eye.
Answer part (c) in Section II Answer Booklet Part (c).

(c)
(i)
Relate specialised features of the eyes of TWO named animals to their

environment.
(ii)
Describe the detection of vibrations by fish and insects, and the events
which lead to a response.
Answer part (d) in Section II Answer Booklet Part (d).

(d)
Demonstrate how technologies help correct specific biological problems

associated with human communication.
End of Question 31
End of Question 31
422
25
Question 32 Biotechnology (25 marks)

(a)
With reference to TWO biotechnological practices that use yeast, copy and
complete the following table in your answer booklet.
Biotechnological
practice
Name of chemical
produced by yeast
Purpose of
chemical produced

(b)
(i)
Explain the purpose of a named transgenic organism.
(ii)
Construct a diagram that demonstrates the sequence of events that results

in the formation of recombinant DNA in a transgenic organism.

(c)
(i)
Why could aquaculture be considered a biotechnology?
(ii)
Compare aquaculture with early biotechnologies applied to agriculture.

Explain how a detailed understanding of cell chemistry has resulted in society
making more effective use of biotechnology. Support your answer with
examples.
(d)
26 E x c e l
423
Question 33 Genetics: The Code Broken? (25 marks)

(a)
With reference to TWO types of cloning, copy and complete the following table
in your answer booklet.
Type of
cloning
Process
used
Example

(b)
(i)
Construct a model of a section of a double stranded DNA molecule

containing the sequence GAT using a selection of the symbols below.
Include a key in your answer.
C
(ii)
Outline how genes are expressed.

(c)
(i)
What is the Human Genome Project?
(ii)
Explain how recombinant DNA technologies can be used to identify the

position of a gene on a chromosome.

Compare and contrast the effects of germ line mutation and transposable genetic
elements on whole organisms.
424
(d)
27
Question 34 The Human Story (25 marks)

(i)
Using the diagram, name TWO features of the Homo sapiens skeleton
which make it unique among the primates.
(ii)
Outline how ONE named non-skeletal characteristic has assisted

primates in their evolution.
Question 34 continues
Question 34 continues on page 29
(a)
28 E x c e l
425
(b)
Examine the data collected on Homo neanderthalensis fossils found in recent years.
Date
2008
Data
Full sequence of mitochondrial DNA of a range of
Neanderthal fossils from within and between different
fossil sites
The sequence is nearly identical within one fossil site
The sequence is very different between fossil sites
2010
Full sequence of Neanderthal nuclear DNA

1%4% of genes in European modern humans are specific
Neanderthal genes
No identifiable specific Neanderthal genes in modern
sub-Saharan African humans
No specific modern human genes in nuclear DNA of
Neanderthal fossils
(i)
What inferences can be made about Neanderthal populations, based on the

data collected in 2008?
(ii)
What inferences can be made about migration and breeding, based on the
data collected in 2010?

(c)
How have polymorphism and clinal gradation contributed to the diversity of

human populations? In your answer, use at least one human phenotype as an
example.

(d)
(i)
For TWO named hominids, describe fossil evidence that infers the use of
technology which led to cultural development.
(ii)
Predict and justify future directions of human biological evolution in the

context of TWO technologies already developed by modern humans.
End of Question 35
End of Question 34
End of paper
426
29
2012 HSC EXAMINATION PAPER ANSWERS
2012 HSC Examination Paper

Sample Answers
(Total 20 marks)
Transgenic species are made by the insertion of another species genetic information.
This is passed onto the next generation.
Similar structures on the embryos show that they have evolved from a
common ancestor.
These are all physical barriers and can prevent the entry of pathogens into the body.
It is a protozoan as it is a single-celled organism with membrane-bound organelles.
Inherited characteristics are genetic. Protein deficiency can be caused by poor diet,
so it is nutritional. Mutations caused by exposure to asbestos are environmental.
Vaccinations, through the introduction of harmless/dead strains of the disease,

enable the body to build up antibodies so that it can fight the disease should it be
exposed to it.
Due to natural selection of bacteria, some antibiotics are ineffective and we have a
problem with combating some severe bacterial infections.
While identical twins may be identical genetically, they may express these genes
differently (phenotype) due to the environment in which they grow up.
Mature phloem cells are living tissue; mature xylem cells are not.
10 D The ions are moving across the semipermeable membrane against the
diffusion gradient.
11
The use of two varieties to produce unique characteristics of apple tree is an

example of hybridisation. Under usual circumstances the act of mixing different
species or varieties of animals or plants produces hybrids.
427
Section I Part A
12
The waste is taken from the collecting ducts to the bladder for removal from
the body.
13
The body produces T lymphocytes which would identify foreign tissue and destroy it.
14
Freshwater fish release dilute urine.
15
This is the only possible answer as the other options are incorrect.
16
The control had the same growth as that of each sample of water.
17
This is the correct definition for each term.
18
This promotes transpiration, cooling the plant.
19
More oxygen means that there can be grater rates of respiration to produce heat.
20
The lemon cream biscuits are not able to reproduce, passing on their favourable
characteristics.
Section I Part B
21
(a)
The size of cells can be estimated by using a mini grid slide with known dimensions.
The specimen is placed on this when under the microscope.
(2 marks)
or
The size of cells can be estimated by dividing the size of the field of views diameter
by the number of cells you can count across the field of view.
(b) Red blood cell
White blood cell

Cell membrane
Depression
428
8 m
Nucleus
(3 marks)
22 (a)
Time (min)
pH
6.8
6.6
5.8
10
5.4
20
5.2
(2 marks)
(b) 8
ph
5
0
10
15
Time (min)
20
25
(c)
Presenting the result as a curve of best fit rather than a column graph makes it easier
to see the relationships between the two variables, and the trend in the data becomes
more obvious.
(2 marks)
23
(a) Data that would be useful in determining that the disease was not inherited could
include checking the grandparents of the mother and the parents or siblings of the
father. The disease could be recessive.
(1 mark)
429
(3 marks)
(b) (i) Mothers parents

Mother and father
Sons

affected
individuals

unaffected
individuals
(2 marks)
(ii) The disease could be the result of a recessive allele rather than sex linked,
because the father does not have it and each of the sons does. The father passes
a Y to each of the sons and they inherit the affected X from their mother.

(2 marks)
24
Answers will vary, but the following is one possibility.
(a)
Independent variable
Temperature
Dependent variable
Kept constant
Time for substrate to clot
pH, substrate concentration,

enzyme concentration
(1 mark)
(b) Answers will vary. The following is one example.

Rennin was used to clot milk at different temperatures. A stopwatch was used to
measure how long it takes for the rennin to clot the milk at different temperatures.

(2 marks)
(c)
25
(a) The results resemble the work of Beadle and Tatum because the bread mould did
not grow in the sample that was irradiated. This represents a change that would have
occurred to an enzyme that prevented growth when it was irradiated. Beadle and
Tatum exposed strains of mould to X-rays, causing the creation of strains lacking
enzymes that enabled the production of essential nutrients required for normal
growth. Each change was on a particular location on the chromosome and hence the
specific enzyme. This led to the one gene one enzyme hypothesis, which was later
modified to one gene one polypeptide to account for the fact that not all proteins
are enzymes.
(4 marks)
430
In endotherms, the temperature that the enzyme requires for optimum function will
remain relatively constant. In an ectotherm, the temperature will vary with the
ambient temperature and the activity will change relative to the temperature.

(2 marks)
(b) The secondary sources that would be acceptable to use to research Beadle and
Tatums experiment would be those that come from government/university
institutions or from reputable scientific journals that have been peer reviewed.

(2 marks)
26
The methodology described will provide general results only and would not be considered
valid in terms of the number studied (144). What is more, the scientist removed nonsmoking subjects to even out the numbers of smokers and non-smokers, thereby reducing
the numbers even more. There was no indication of the basis on which the scientist
selected the subjects that were eliminated from the study other than the fact that there
were more non-smokers than smokers. In order for the study to be valid, the larger sample
size without bias being introduced is essential. Removing some of the non-smokers can
skew the results by removing links to other possible sources for the cancers. Checking
whether the respondents had medical checks in the past year may only identify that the
symptoms were not present and not accurately identify whether the subjects had any
changes that were not exhibited yet. You would require specific tests on the lungs
themselves to determine this accurately. Other useful information that needs to be
included about smoking habits and history of the participants includes history about
living/working/socialising with smokers. Without such information, the scientists
conclusions would not be very significant in terms of medical findings.
(5 marks)
27
Strategies that could be implemented to prevent the spread of the disease would include
immediate quarantine of the infected horses to isolate the infected host animals and
thereby reduce the chance of contact with non-infected horses. Restriction of movement
of all other horses in and out of the country is important to prevent further spread outside
of the country via the international horses, possibly even restricting them to local areas to
stop spread across the country.
(4 marks)
28
Replication of DNA is a crucial part of evolution. It is through the replication of DNA

that changes arise through mitosis. The mutations that occur to the genetic code result in
some changes that can be harmful and others that can turn out to favour the survival of
the individual. It is this survival of genetically different organisms that is central to natural
selection, where those that are best suited to their surroundings survive to reproduce and
manifest the genes, resulting in new species over extended periods of time. Without
mutation, there can be no evolution.
(5 marks)
431
29
(a)
The completed diagram should look like the following.
A
B
B
a
a
b
b
A
A
a
a
b
b
B B
432
B
B
(3 marks)
(b) Segregation in meiosis leads to a wide variety of gametes being produced because
there are a number of random ways in which the maternal and paternal chromosomes
are combined in the daughter cells. The number of possible combinations in the
haploid nuclei is very large. During the segregation, crossing over (where the tips of
adjoining chromosomes are exchanged) can also take place, thereby increasing the
variation.
(2 marks)
30
MacFarlane Burnet was one of the key scientists associated with the understanding of
immunology. He proposed the idea that the body recognises its own tissue and will not
destroy it. This is crucial to the treatment of transplant patients that have new tissue needing
to be kept and not destroyed as foreign material (clonal selection theory). This has resulted
in the use of immunosuppression drugs in transplant patients to prevent tissue rejection. His
work also dealt with the study of viruses and, in particular, influenza A, resulting in the
development of a vaccine saving countless lives, preventing the spread of virulent strains of
disease and dramatically reducing the incidence of some diseases.
Louis Pasteur has been attributed with demonstrating that spontaneous generation does
not occur and most infectious diseases are caused by microscopic pathogens. This is now
called the germ theory of disease. He demonstrated this by boiling broth in swan-necked
flasks and then braking the top off one of the flasks, exposing the broth to air. The flask
that was exposed to air then spoiled and the other remained uncontaminated, thereby
showing that germs/pathogens are in the air and must be in contact with the host in order
to cause disease. He went on to use methods of treating wine by heating it to 55C for
several minutes to destroy the microbes. This method (known as pasteurisation) is now
widely used and has been adapted to treat products including beer and milk. Pasteurisation
is commonly used to prevent microbes being consumed by people and causing illness, and
has been adapted for sterilisation procedures to prevent the spread of disease.
Robert Koch was a German scientist who studied the cause of disease. In particular, he
investigated the possible causes of anthrax, eventually isolating the bacterium that causes
it. From his work he established a series of steps that need to be followed when identifying
the cause of a particular disease. First, the pathogen must be present in every host with the
disease. Second, the microorganism must be isolated from the host and grown in a pure
culture. Third, when a new host is inoculated with the microorganism, the new host must
develop the same symptoms as the original host. Finally, this microorganism must be able
to be isolated and compared to, and be the same as, the original host.
Together these scientists have contributed significantly to the study of microorganisms,

enabling the development of many practices that are vital to the nature and prevention of
disease such as identification of pathogens, sterilisation and vaccination.
(8 marks)
433
Section IIOptions
Question 31Communication
(a) (i) A ear drum/tympanic membrane, B ossicles, C oval window
(ii)
(2 marks)
The ossicles (made up of hammer, anvil and stirrup) are intended for the transmission
of vibrations of air molecules under pressure through the middle ear to the oval
window. This sets up pressure changes that vibrate the fluid in the inner ear. From
here, the vibrations are received by the organ of corti within the cochlea in the inner
ear and connected to the auditory nerve.
(2 marks)
(b) (i)
Answers will vary. The following is one example.
The fine paper represents the retina. I, J and K represent the eyes lens adjusted
to different thicknesses. The round bottom flask filled with solution represents the
eyeball filled with vitreous humour.
(2 marks)
(ii) The quantitative data in the experiment would be collected by using the ruler to
measure the distance (in cm) between the candle and the flask when the image is in
focus on the fine paper at the back of the flask, as the different lenses (I, J and K) are
placed in the path of the light.
(2 marks)
(iii) The model is used to demonstrate accommodation in the eye whereby the lens
changes thickness in order to produce a focused/sharp image on the retina, depending
on how far away from the eye the image is located. The changing lens thickness
correlates to the degree of bending or refraction of the light entering the eye that is
required to focus the image.
(2 marks)
(c)
(i)
Answers will vary. The following is an example.
Compound eyes in insects are made up of large numbers of individual light-detecting

units called ommatidia, each with its own cornea and crystalline cone/lens that are
connected to light-sensitive receptor cells that send messages to the brain. Having
potentially thousands of these ommatidia in the compound eye enables the insect to
have a large field of view.
Bees have three types of cones but these are sensitive to blue, green and ultraviolet
rather than red wavelengths. This enables them to detect the coloured patterns in
different species of plants more accurately.
(2 marks)
434
(ii) Fish posses a lateral line that runs down the length of each side of the fish. It is a
sensory canal (connected to nerves) that detects the pressure changes/vibrations in
the waves/currents that surround the fish. It is thought that this method of detection
is a method of the fish perceiving sounds from its surroundings. Fish also posses
otoliths found at the back of the head, in a chamber that is lined with hair cells.
Auditory nerves detect the differences in vibration between the hairs and the otolith,
recorded as a nerve impulse carried to the brain. Insects can detect vibrations in their
surroundings using their cuticle and antennae. Crickets have a tympanum (a cavity
containing air) on each leg below the knee. This is connected by a release valve on
the inside, with nerves detecting the pressure changes directly. Cicadas have a pair
of tympana connected to an auditory organ by tendons at the base of the abdomen.

(5 marks)
(d) There have been many technologies that have assisted in improvements to overcome
biological problems encountered with communication between humans.
The verb demonstrate means to show by example. The following table summarises some
possible examples that could be elaborated in producing an answer to this question.
Problem
Cause
Technology
Method of improvement
Limitation
Myopia/
hypermetropia
Ciliary muscles/
suspensory
ligaments
attaching to the
lens do not
work correctly
Spectacles/
contact
lenses
Artificial lenses of
different shapes and
thicknesses can ensure
that the image is
focused onto the retina,
worn as spectacles or
directly on the eye as
contact lenses. More
recently, refractive laser
surgery can be used to
change the curvature of
the cornea to alter its
refractive power to
focus the image on the
retina.
These will only

overcome
visual difficulty
if the retina
and optic
nerve are
intact.
Cloudy vision
Cataract
Surgical
removal or
lens
replacement
Protein deposits in the

lens can be removed
surgically using a laser.
Another option is to
substitute intraocular
lenses for the original
lens, which is removed.
These will only

overcome
visual difficulty
if the retina
and optic
nerve are
intact.
Continued
435
Problem
Cause
Technology
Method of improvement
Limitation
Impaired
hearing
Damage to
outer tympanic
membrane or
ossicles in the
middle ear
Use of
hearing aid
A hearing aid can be

used. This is a batteryoperated device that
amplifies the vibrations
entering the ear so that
they can stimulate the
nerve endings in the
cochlea.
This requires
battery
replacement
and will only
work if the
nerve endings
in the inner ear
are functional.
Some
frequencies
will not be
picked up and
background
noise causes
interference.
Profound
deafness
Damage to the
hair cells in the
cochlea within
the inner ear
Cochlear
implant
This is used when the

normal auditory
pathway does not
function. Electrical
stimulation of the nerve
endings in the cochlea
occurs after the
attached implant array
receiver detects sound
waves from a
microphone that has
converted them to an
electrical signal.
This requires
battery
replacement
and will only
work if the
nerve endings
in the cochlea
are functional.
It requires
programming
and surgical
implantation.
(8 marks)
Question 32Biotechnology
(a)
Answers will vary. The following table shows two examples.
Biotechnological
practice
Name of chemical produced

by yeast
Beer/wine making
Ethanol
Preserves the beverage

and prevents spoilage
Bread manufacture
Carbon dioxide
Assists in making the

dough rise
436
Purpose of chemical
product
(4 marks)
(b) (i)
Transgenic species have been used to create plants and animals for agricultural
purposes. Specific genes from one species are inserted into different species to change
and/or enhance their characteristics. For example, a gene for producing protein in
beans has been introduced into sunflower plants, resulting in a higher quality of
protein in these plants. Similarly, genes for the production of human proteins have
been inserted into milk-producing animals, which in turn produce biopharmaceuticals
in their milk that are later extracted and purified for use.
(3 marks)
Bacterium
(ii)
1
Plasmid
Chromosome
2
Restriction enzyme
used to cut plasmid
New genetic
material inserted
Recombinant plasmid
inserted into plant cell;
will be passed onto
offspring as it is a new
transgenic species
(i)
Aquaculture is the cultivation of aquatic organisms, such as various species of fish,

crayfish and algae, shellfish such as oysters and abalone, crayfish and algae. This
has been practiced by humans for thousands of years. The farming of these species
for various purposes such as food, jewellery, building or industrial material, or
pharmaceuticals requires an understanding of biological processes. Therefore, it is
considered a form of biotechnology. More recently, genetically modified organisms
have been used in aquaculture to prevent the release of these organisms into thewild.

(2 marks)
437
(3 marks)
(c)
Restriction enzyme
and ligase used to
insert new gene
(ii) Early biotechnologies in agriculture involved the artificial section of characteristics

that were favourable such as higher yielding grains and better quality fruit, resulting in
more reliable and better yielding crops to ensure quality food supply. Domesticating
animals and permitting interbreeding proved to be a reliable source of food and
once again specific characteristics could be encouraged rather than leaving breeding
to chance. This was seen as the first attempt to manipulate other organisms for
human advantage, making it a rudimentary form of biotechnology. In contrast, the
aquaculture that is occurring today is far more specialised and advanced, in that
artificially modified organisms with manipulated genetic material are being used
to cultivate very specific products for consumption, materials production or use.
Oysters are seeded to produce pearls or high quality or genetically enhanced growth
rates. Genetically modified prawns are being farmed that are resistant to viral disease
prevalent in local waters.
(5 marks)
(d) Greater understanding of cell chemistry has resulted in society making better use of
biotechnology. This is evident in the many ways that organisms in the natural environment
have been modified to produce more useful products for societys use.

Answers will vary and must outline multiple examples. These may include the following.
Understanding of breeding mechanisms/patterns. This has enabled the understanding
of inheritance patterns resulting in selective breeding and production of hybrids with
desirable characteristics, including higher yield in wheat and higher butterfat content
incows.
Knowledge of DNA structure/genome mapping and genetic screening. This relates to
an understanding of the cause and effect of mutation or changes in the DNA sequence.
Identification of stem cells and how they differentiate. Stem cells have the potential to
be used for the creation of desired tissue or organs that can be used to potentially save
lives and overcome rejection issues with transplant recipients.
Understanding of DNA replication mechanism and development of technology such as

cloning and recombinant DNA. This results in the ability to produce genetically modified
organisms that can, for example, produce disease resistant crops (such as Bt cotton/
corn), higher yields resulting from frost-free strawberries that contain a salmon gene,
better quality wool, milk with higher protein, and biopharmaceuticals such asinsulin.

(8 marks)
438
Question 33Genetics: The Code Broken?

Answers will vary. The following table shows two types.
Type of cloning
Process used
Example
DNA cloning
Known genes are inserted

into DNA of host
Used to produce unlimited

amounts of identical copies of
genes for study, production of
useful protein, hormones,
production of transgenic
organisms (such as
transferring the blue gene
from a petunia into a
carnation, creating the first
light mauve carnation called
Moondust) or insertion
directly into plants such as
tomatoes, cotton, corn of the
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)
gene which makes toxins that
kill many pests
Whole organism cloning
A single cell is used to

make an entire organism
through recombinant
DNA technology to create
genetically identical
offspring to the parent
Propagation of plants and

production of animals for
agriculture, such as fruit trees,
sheep and pigs
(4 marks)
(b) (i)
P
S
P
S
(ii)
(3 marks)
Gene expression occurs when information from a gene is transcribed and translated
into a polypeptide. Many factors manage the expression, which controls the process
through splicing, translation and activation/inactivation of proteins. Gene expression
is a regulated process in which information that is encoded on a gene is converted
and used in the production of a specific protein or gene product.
(3 marks)
439
(a)
(c)
(i)
The Human Genome Project was completed in 2003. It identified the position of genes
on chromosomes through sequencing the whole genome, increasing understanding
of biological and in particular genetic processes in humans and other animals. It has
enabled us to understand more fully the evolutionary relationships between humans
and other organisms together with an insight into the treatment and prevention
ofdisease.
(2 marks)
(ii) Restriction mapping has assisted in the physical mapping of chromosomes by using
restriction enzymes to cut DNA into fragments. The fragments are labeled with
radioactive phosphorous as a reference point, then cut by using restriction enzymes
and the size of the fragment determined by gel electrophoresis. The position on the
original fragment can then be deduced. The production of genetic probes has been
used to identify genes; these are specific sequences of DNA that are complimentary
to a gene or part of it. The probe can be cloned and tagged with fluorescent dye
(FISH, fluorescent in situ hybridisation). These are then added to the separated
chromosome strands that bond with the complimentary DNA, creating a hybrid. The
tag will glow under a fluorescent light, showing its position. This can, for example, be
used in genetic screening to identify abnormal chromosomes.
(5 marks)
(d) The gonads contain germ line cells that divide by meiosis to produce sex cells or
gametes that are haploid. Mutation in germ line cells is passed on to offspring, resulting
in sources of variation. If advantageous to the organism, these mutations or changes
can manifest themselves and become the predominant characteristic through natural
selection. Transposable genetic elements were identified about 50 years ago. Although
not greatly understood at the time, it is now accepted that genes can change position on
a chromosome. The transposable elements of genes are called transposons or jumping
genes. These represent segments of DNA coding for enzymes that can move from one
part of a chromosome to another. This may sometimes occur after being stable for many
generations, or cause an insertion into another gene resulting in a mutation. For example,
the phenotype of wild corn can change by the movement of the colour genes resulting
in red striping in the kernels, the transposons being the red stripes. It is also thought that
these transposons are responsible for the transfer of resistance to antibiotics in bacteria, by
transferring resistant genes into the DNA of plasmids, which can then be transferred even
among different bacteria and back to the main DNA strand, carrying the resistance with
it. Previously, it was thought that mutation alone was causing the build-up of resistance
to antibiotics, but now it is believed to be the result of a combination of mutation and
transposon movement. Scientists are looking for ways of suppressing jumping genes to
limit the exchange of genetic information between pathogens.
(8 marks)
440
Question 34The Human Story

Two features are the wide and bowl-shaped pelvis and the knee bent inwards to
bring the foot under the centre of gravity.
(2 marks)
(ii) Forward-facing eyes that are close together have enabled primates to develop
stereoscopic vision. This has enabled the development of depth perception which
is advantageous for greater accuracy when hunting and when brachiating/climbing
intrees.
(2 marks)
(b)
(i)
(ii) The data collected in 2010 suggests that European modern humans are descended
from Neanderthals because 1%4% of genes are present in the population. As there
are no specific Neanderthal genes in the modern sub-Saharan Africans, it is fair to say
that the Neanderthals did not migrate outside of Europe. Without the presence of
any specific modern human genes in the nuclear DNA of Neanderthal fossils, it could
be said that ancestral species of the two did not interbreed but were separatelines.

(3 marks)
The identification of a full sequence of mitochondrial DNA being identical in one site
only suggests that the individuals were descended from a single matriarchal female
because the mitochondrial DNA can only ever be inherited from the female and not
the male. The females did not tend to move between sites as the mitochondrial DNA
is very different between the sites.
(3 marks)
(c) Polymorphism has resulted from a wide geographical distribution across the world.
Three major groups of races have formed, but subgroups of these have, in recent history,
interbred. Three major races have been identified based on the continent of origin:
Europe, Africa and Asia. Gradual changes or clinal gradation have been recognised in
different geographical areas, resulting in more diversity and further renaming of groups
that has continued to be accentuated by the migration and mixing of races over time. For
example, blood groups have varied in native populations in various geographical areas.
Three blood group alleles exist: A, B and O. These combine as a pair of genes and control
the blood phenotype that prevails in particular races. This is an example of polymorphism
in humans. The B allele is the rarest. It occurs most frequently in central Asia and in
pockets within Africa, with the lowest frequency being in the New World and Australia.
The blood group variations are an indicator of evolution in isolation due to the fact that
A and B are dominant and O is recessive.

Skin colour evolved largely due to isolation. The earliest human populations were located
in temperate regions further from the equator and were able to absorb more sunlight
without burning for this reason. Lighter colour enabled the deeper penetration of sunlight
into skin tissue and as such they were able to manufacture more vitamin D. Those located
at the equator needed darker skin in order to protect themselves from sunburn, yet still
manufacture enough vitamin D. This ability was decreased as darker-skinned people
moved away from the equator. Natural selection would have played a significant role in
the development of the specific gene pools that arose in different regions.
(7 marks)
441
(a) (i)
(d) (i)
Specific fossil evidence of hominids which infers the use of technology that led to
cultural development could include the following.
Homo heidelbergensis: fossil core tools, hunter-gatherer lifestyle, cave dweller,
used animal skins for shelter and clothing.
Homo ergaster: fossil stone tools such as hand axes dated 1.8 to 1.6 million years
old, evidence of a hunter-gatherer lifestyle with some permanent dwellings.

(2 marks)
(ii) Human population in 10000 years has increased to over 6 billion. The huntergatherer culture has been replaced by agricultural communities and subsequently
the urbanisation of populations has occurred parallel to agriculture, with dense
populations building up as people settled together and began to work together.
Technology has improved dramatically and the reliance on complex machinery over
the last 2000 years has resulted in an exponential increase in population. Populations
have become very mobile, resulting in multiculturalism and the mixing of the gene
pool across different races. Understanding of hygiene and advances in medical
technology have increased, incorporating the use of drugs to treat and prevent
disease. This has resulted in better health and extended the general life expectancy
of people. Genetic technology and mapping of the human genome (identification of
most genes in the human body and a location map of gene sequences) has enabled
the identification of genes that cause disease and the ability to manipulate specific
genes. The Human Genome Project has enabled us to compare the evolutionary
relationships between us and other primates. Together with the ability to clone and
advances in stem cell research, the potential to eliminate harmful genes from the
gene pool is significant and may result in a great potential to eliminate or at least
cure inherited diseases and live longer.
(6 marks)
442

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What type of pathogen is Giardia?

What type of pathogen is Giardia?

How do vaccinations prevent disease?

How do vaccinations prevent disease?

SUCCESS ONE HSC

Free-to-download HSC Exam with answers

2012 HSC EXAMINATION PAPER QUESTIONS

Total marks 100

PASCA L PRESS 2014 ISBN 978 1 74125 467 9

CHAPTER 15 2012 HSC EXAMINATION PAPER

How do the embryos provide evidence for evolution?

PASCA L PRESS 2014 ISBN 978 1 74125 467 9

(A) The embryos have different shaped eyes.

Different adults evolve from the embryos.

The embryos have structures that look similar.

(D) Divergent evolution results in common characteristics in the embryos.

T cells, B cells, antibodies

Inflammation, skin, phagocytosis

(D) Stomach acid, mucus, lymph system

2012 HSC EXAMINATION PAPER QUESTIONS

The diagram shows a pathogen called Giardia.

Membrane bound organelles

Huntingtons Disease is caused by an inherited gene that codes for a toxic

Which row in the table correctly classifies these diseases?

How do vaccinations prevent disease?

They enable the infected cells to seal off the pathogen.

They increase the number of antibodies against the pathogen.

CHAPTER 15 2012 HSC EXAMINATION PAPER

Why is it important to continue research into new antibiotics?

Resistant bacteria have evolved from the overuse of antibiotics.

Viral infections require a broad range of antibiotics for eradication.

Identical twins have the same genotype.

Environment affects the expression of genes.

Both parents are homozygous for those phenotypes.

(D) Chromosomes segregate independently during meiosis.

Phloem cells have a cytoplasm.

Xylem cells are located in the leaves.

(D) Xylem cells have cell walls.

The diagram shows a model of the movement of ions (represented by X) across a

PASCA L PRESS 2014 ISBN 978 1 74125 467 9

(D) Active transport

2012 HSC EXAMINATION PAPER QUESTIONS

Which of the following is an example of hybridisation?

Nitrogenous waste is at its highest concentration in

plasma in the renal artery.

fluid in the collecting ducts of the kidney.

(D) interstitial fluid in the cortex of the kidney.

Why do organ transplants trigger an immune response in a recipient?

Antibodies in the recipient stimulate the production of antigens on the organ.

What is a role of the kidney in freshwater fish?

To absorb salt from the environment

To excrete concentrated urine from the fish

A decrease in ADH released into the blood by the pituitary

A decrease in glucose moving from the renal tubule into capillaries

(D) An increase in the concentration of dialysate solution in renal dialysis

PASCA L PRESS 2014 ISBN 978 1 74125 467 9

(D) To decrease nitrogenous waste lost to the environment

CHAPTER 15 2012 HSC EXAMINATION PAPER

Inoculation of an agar plate