Physics Exam Idea

PHYSICS
Examination Papers
20082012
CONTENT
n
CBSE Examination Paper2008 (Delhi)
CBSE Examination Paper2008 (All India)
37
71
103
CBSE Examination Paper2009 (Foreign)
131
161
186
213
239
273
303
333
358
390
CBSE EXAMINATION PAPERS

DELHI2008
Time allowed : 3 hours
Maximum marks : 70
General Instructions:
(a) All questions are compulsory.
(b) There are 30 questions in total. Questions 1 to 8 carry one mark each, questions 9 to 18 carry two marks
each, questions 19 to 27 carry three marks each and questions 28 to 30 carry five marks each.
(c) There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in one question of two
marks, one question of three marks and all three questions of five marks each. You have to
attempt only one of the given choices in such questions.
(d) Use of calculators is not permitted.
(e) You may use the following values of physical constants wherever necessary:
c = 3 108 ms - 1
h = 6 626 10 -34 Js
e = 1 602 10 -19 C
1
= 9 109 Nm2C 2
4pe o
m 0 = 4p 10 -7 TmA -1
Boltzmanns constant k = 1 381 10 -23 J K -1

Avogadros number N A = 6 022 10 23 /mole
Mass of neutron m n = 1 2 10 -27 kg
Mass of electron m e = 9 1 10 -31 kg
Radius of earth = 6400 km
CBSE (Delhi) SETI
1.
What is the direction of the force acting on a charge particle q, moving with a velocity v in a
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
uniform magnetic field B ?

Name the part of the electromagnetic spectrum of wavelength 10 - 2 m and mention its one
application.
An electron and alpha particle have the same de Broglie wavelength associated with them. How
are their kinetic energies related to each other ?
A glass lens of refractive index 1 5 is placed in a through of liquid. What must be the refractive
index of the liquid in order to make the lens disappear ?
A 500 mC charge is at the centre of a square of side 10 cm. Find the work done in moving a charge
of 10 mC between two diagonally opposite points on the square.
State the reason, why heavy water is generally used as a moderator in a nuclear reactor.
How does the fringe width of interference fringes change, when the whole apparatus of Youngs
experiment is kept in a liquid of refractive index 1.3 ?
Xam idea PhysicsXII
8.
The plot of the variation of potential difference across a combination of three identical cells in
series, versus current is as shown below. What is the emf of each cell ?
V
6V
1A
9. Derive the expression for the electric potential at any point along the axial line of an electric dipole ?
10. Define magnetic susceptibility of a material. Name two elements, one having positive susceptibility
and the other having negative susceptibility. What does negative susceptibility signify ?
11. The oscillating magnetic field in a plane electromagnetic wave is given by
B y = (8 10 - 6 ) sin [ 2 1011 t + 300 px ] T
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
(i) Calculate the wavelength of the electromagnetic wave.

(ii) Write down the expression for the oscillating electric field.
Prove that an ideal capacitor, in an a.c. circuit does not dissipate power.
OR
Derive an expression for the impedance of an a.c. circuit consisting of an inductor and a resistor.
23
23
A nucleus 10
Na. Calculate the maximum kinetic energy of
Ne undergoes b-decay and becomes 11
electrons emitted assuming that the daughter nucleus and anti-neutrino carry negligible kinetic
energy.
23
mass of 10
Ne = 22 994466 u
23
mass of 11 Na = 22 989770 u
1 u = 931 5 MeV / c 2
Distinguish between an intrinsic semiconductor and P-type semiconductor. Give reason, why a
P-type semiconductor crystal is electrically neutral, although n h >> n e ?
Draw a ray diagram of a reflecting type telescope. State two advantages of this telescope over a
refracting telescope.
A ray of light passing through an equilateral triangular glass prism from air undergoes minimum deviation
when angle of incidence is 3/4th of the angle of prism. Calculate the speed of light in the prism.
The given inputs A, B are fed to a 2-input NAND gate. Draw the output wave form of the gate.
A
Input
B
Input
t1
t2
t3
t4
t5
t6
Examination Papers
18. A transmitting antenna at the top of a tower has a height of 36 m and the height of the receiving
antenna is 49 m. What is the maximum distance between them, for satisfactory communication in
the LOS mode ? (Radius of earth = 6400 km).
19. How is a wavefront defined ? Using Huygens construction draw a figure showing the
propagation of a plane wave refracting at a plane surface separating two media. Hence verify
Snells law of refraction.
20. A metallic rod of length l is rotated at a constant angular speed w, normal to a uniform magnetic
field B. Derive an expression for the current induced in the rod, if the resistance of the rod is R.
21. The figure adjoining shows the V-I characteristics of a semiconductor diode.
I (mA)
100
80
60
40
20
100 80
Vbr
60 40
20 O
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
10
V (Volt)
20
30
I (mA)
(i) Identify the semiconductor diode used.

(ii) Draw the circuit diagram to obtain the given characteristic of this device.
(iii) Briefly explain how this diode can be used as a voltage regulator.
22. An inductor 200 mH, capacitor 500 mF, resistor 10 W are connected in series with a 100 V, variable
frequency a.c. source. Calculate the
(i) frequency at which the power factor of the circuit is unity.
(ii) current amplitude at this frequency.
(iii) Q-factor.
23. Prove that the current density of a metallic conductor is directly proportional to the drift speed of
electrons.
OR
A number of identical cells, n, each of emf E, internal resistance r connected in series are charged
by a d.c. source of emf E , using a resistor R.
(i) Draw the circuit arrangement.
(ii) Deduce the expressions for (a) the charging current and (b) the potential difference across the
combination of the cells.
24. A potentiometer wire of length 1 m is connected to a driver cell of emf 3 V as shown in the figure.
When a cell of 1 5 V emf is used in the secondary circuit, the balance point is found to be 60 cm.
On replacing this cell and using a cell of unknown emf, the balance point shifts to 80 cm.
Xam idea PhysicsXII

3V
B
1.5 V
R
(i) Calculate unknown emf of the cell.

(ii) Explain with reason, whether the circuit works, if the driver cell is replaced with a cell of emf 1 V.
(iii) Does the high resistance R, used in the secondary circuit affect the balance point ? Justify our
answer.
25. An electromagnetic wave of wavelength l is incident on a photosensitive surface of negligible
work function. If the photo-electrons emitted from this surface have the de-Broglie wavelength l1 ,
2mc 2
prove that l =
l1 .
h
26. The energy level diagram of an element is given below. Identify, by doing necessary calculations,
which transition corresponds to the emission of a spectral line of wavelength 102 7 nm.
- 0.85 eV
- 1.5 eV
B
C
- 3.4 eV
D
- 13.6 eV
27. Draw a plot of the variation of amplitude versus w for an amplitude modulated wave. Define
modulation index. State its importance for effective amplitude modulation.
28. (a) Using Biot-Savarts law, derive an expression for the
magnetic field at the centre of a circular coil of radius R, l R
x
O
I
number of turns N, carrying current I.
(b) Two small identical circular coils marked 1 and 2 carry
equal currents and are placed with their geometric axes
perpendicular to each other as shown in the figure. Derive
x
an expression for the resultant magnetic field at O.
2
O'
I
OR
Draw a schematic diagram of a cyclotron. Explain its underlying principle and working, starting
clearly the function of the electric and magnetic fields applied on a charged particle.
Deduce an expression for the period of revolution and show that it does not depend on the speed
of the charged particle.
Examination Papers
29. (a) For a ray of light travelling from a denser medium of refractive index n1 to a rarer medium of
n
refractive index n 2 , prove that 2 = sin i c , where i c is the critical angle of incidence for the media.
n1
(b) Explain with the help of a diagram, how the above principle is used for transmission of video
signals using optical fibres.
OR
(a) What is plane polarised light? Two polaroids are placed at 90 to each other and the
transmitted intensity is zero. What happens when one more polaroid is placed between these two,
bisecting the angle between them ? How will the intensity of transmitted light vary on further
rotating the third polaroid?
(b) If a light beam shows no intensity variation when transmitted through a polaroid which is
rotated, does it mean that the light is unpolarised ? Explain briefly.
30. (a) Using Gauss law, derive an expression for the electric field intensity at any point outside a
uniformly charged thin spherical shell of radius R and charge density s C/m 2 . Draw the field lines
when the charge density of the sphere is (i) positive, (ii) negative.
(b) A uniformly charged conducting sphere of 2 5 m in diameter has a surface charge density of
q
100 mC/m 2 . Calculate the
(i) charge on the sphere (ii) total electric flux passing through the sphere.
OR
10 cm
10 cm
(a) Derive an expression for the torque experienced by an electric dipole
kept in a uniformly electric field.
(b) Calculate the work done to dissociate the system of three charges 4q
+2q
10 cm
placed on the vertices of a triangle as shown.
Here q = 1 6 10 - 10 C.
CBSE (Delhi) SETII

Questions different from Set I
Name the part of the electromagnetic spectrum of wavelength 10 2 m and mention its one
application.
2. An electron and alpha particle have the same kinetic energy. How are the de-Broglie wavelengths
associated with them related?
3. A converging lens of refractive index 1 5 is kept in a liquid medium having same refractive index.
What would be the focal length of the lens in this medium?
6. How does the angular separation of interference fringes change, in Youngs experiment, if the
distance between the slits is increased?
11. Draw a ray diagram of an astronomical telescope in the normal adjustment position. State two
draw backs of this type of telescope.
12. Calculate the distance of an object of height h from a concave mirror of focal length 10 cm, so as
to obtain a real image of magnification 2.
1.
Xam idea PhysicsXII
13. Draw the output wave form at X, using the given inputs A, B for the logic circuit shown below.
Also identify the gate.
A
X
C
t1
t2
t3
t5
t6
t4
A
Input
B
Input
15. Derive an expression for the potential energy of an electric dipole of dipole moment p in an
electric field E.
18. Prove that an ideal inductor does not dissipate power in an a.c. circuit.
OR
Derive an expression for the self-inductance of a long air-cored solenoid of length l and number of
turns N.
19. Define conductivity of a conductor. Explain the variation of conductivity with temperature in
(a) good conductors, (b) ionic conductors.
24. How is a wavefront defined ? Using Huygens construction draw a figure showing the
propagation of a plane wave reflecting at the interface of the two media. Show that the angle of
incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.
25. A coil of number of turns N, area A, is rotated at a constant angular speed w, in a uniform magnetic
field B, and connected to a resistor R. Deduce expressions for :
(i) Maximum emf induced in the coil
(ii) Power dissipation in the coil.
CBSE (Delhi) SETIII

Questions different from Set I & II
Name the absorbing material used to control the reaction rate of neutrons in a nuclear reactor.
State the reason, why two independent sources of light cannot be considered as coherent sources.
An electron and a proton have the same de Broglie wavelength associated with them. How are
their kinetic energy related to each other?
7. How does the power of a convex lens vary, if the incident red light is replaced by violet light ?
9. Draw a ray diagram of a compound microscope. Write the expression for its magnifying power.
12. If the output of a 2 input NOR gate is fed as both inputs A and B to another NOR gate, write down
a truth table to find the final output, for all combinations of A, B.
1.
2.
5.
Examination Papers
15. The oscillating electric field of an electromagnetic wave is given by:

E y = 30 sin [ 2 1011 t + 300 px ] Vm - 1
(a) Obtain the value of the wavelength of the electromagnetic wave.
(b) Write down the expression for the oscillating magnetic field.
16. Obtain the expression for the mutual inductance of a pair of coaxial circular coils of radii r and
R ( R > r ) placed with their centres coinciding.
20. The energy levels of an element are given below:
- 0.85 eV
- 1.5 eV
C
- 3.4 eV
B
D
- 13.6 eV
Identify, using necessary calculations, the transition, which corresponds to the emission of a
spectral line of wavelength 482 nm:
24. An inductor of unknown value, a capacitor of 100 mF and a resistor of 10 W are connected in series
to a 200 V, 50 Hz a.c. source. It is found that the power factor of the circuit is unity. Calculate the
inductance of the inductor and the current amplitude.
25. Prove that the current density of a metallic conductor is directly proportional to the drift speed of
electrons through the conductor.
OR
Define resistivity of a conductor. Plot a graph showing the variation of resistivity with temperature
for a metallic conductor. How does one explain such a behaviour, using the mathematical
expression of the resistivity of a material.
26. A metallic rod of length l is rotated at an angular speed w, normal to a uniform magnetic field B.
Derive an expression for the (i) emf induced in the rod (ii) heat dissipation, if the resistance of the
rod is R.
10
Xam idea PhysicsXII
Solutions
CBSE (Delhi) SETI
1.
Force,
Fm = q v B
Obviously, the force on charged particle is perpendicular to both velocity v and magnetic field B ?
2. Wavelength 10 - 2 m belongs to microwaves. It is used in RADAR.
3. Given
l electron = l a
de Broglie wavelength associated with a particle of mass m and energy E is
h
l=
2mE
h
h
\
=
2m e E e
2m a E a
4.
5.
That is kinetic energy of electron and a-particle are in inverse ratio of these masses.
The glass lens will disappear in the liquid if the refractive index of liquid is equal to that of glass
i.e., refractive index of liquid = 1 5.
The points A and B are equidistant from the centre of square where charge q = 500 mC is located;
therefore, points A and B are at the same potential i.e., VA = VB .
B
q
500 mC
O
Work done in moving charge q 0 = 10 mC from A to B is

W = q 0 (VB - VA ) = 0
The basic principle of mechanics is that momentum transfer is maximum when the mass of
colliding particle and target particle are equal. Heavy water has negligible absorption cross-section
for neutrons and its mass is small; so heavy water molecules do not absorb fast neutorns; but
simply slow them.
Dl
Fringe width, b =
b l for same D and d. When the whole apparatus is immersed in a
d
l l
transparent liquid of refractive index n = 1 3, the wavelength decreases to l = =
So, fringe
n 1 3
1
width decreases to
times.
1 3
\
6.
7.
Examination Papers
11
Let e be emf and r the internal resistance of each cell. The equation of terminal potential
difference
V = e eff - i r int becomes
(1)
V = 3 e - i r int
where r int is effective (total) internal resistance.
From fig., when i = 0, V = 6 0 V
\ From (1),
6
6 = 3e - 0
e= =2V
3
i.e., emf of each cell, e = 2 V
9. Electric Potential due to an electric dipole at axial point. Consider an electric dipole AB, having
charges - q and + q at points A and B respectively. The separation between the charges is 2l.
8.
Electric dipole moment, p = q . 2l, directed from - q to + q.
(r + l)
Consider a point P on the axis of dipole at a distance r from A

2l
B
mid-point O of dipole.
q
+q
O
The distance of point P from charge + q is BP = r - l
r
The distance of point P from charge - q is AP = r + l
Let V1 and V2 be the potentials at P due to charges + q and - q respectively. Then
q
1
1 ( - q)
and V2 =
V1 =
4pe 0 r - l
4pe 0 r + l
(r l)
P
\ Resultant potential at P due to dipole

q
q
1
1
V = V1 + V2 =
4 pe 0 (r - l) 4pe 0 (r + l)
(r + l) - (r - l)
1
1
1
1
.q
.q
=
2
2
4pe 0
r - l r + l 4pe 0
r - l
q . 2l
1
=
4pe 0 r 2 - l 2
=
As q . 2l = p (dipole moment)
p
1
\
V=
2
4pe 0 r - l 2
If point P is far away from the dipole, then r > > l
p
1
\
V=
4pe 0 r 2
10. Magnetic susceptibility: It is defined as the intensity of magnetisation per unit magnetising field,
M
i.e. c m = . It has no unit.
H
Iron has positive susceptibility while copper has negative susceptibility.
Negative susceptibility of a substance signifies that the substance will be repelled by a strong
magnet or opposite feeble magnetism induced in the substance.
12
Xam idea PhysicsXII
11. (i) Standard equation of magnetic field is

B y = B 0 sin ( wt + kx ) T
Comparing this equation with the given equation, we get
B 0 = 8 10 - 6 T,
wavelength, l =
w = 2 1011 rad s - 1 ,
k=
2p
= 300p
l
2p
1
=
m
300p 150
(ii) E 0 = B 0 c = 8 10 - 6 3 108 = 2 4 10 3 Vm - 1 .

According to right hand system of E, B, K, the electric field oscillates along negative Z-axis,
so equation is
E Z = - 2 4 10 3 sin ( 2 1011 t + 300px ) V m - 1
12. Power dissipated in a.c. circuit, P = Vrms I rms cos f where cos f =
For an ideal capacitor R = 0
\
R
Z
R
=0
Z
I rms 0 = 0 (zero).
\ cos f =
P = Vrms I rms cos f = Vrms
i.e., power dissipated in an ideal capacitor is zero.

OR
Let a circuit contain a resistor of resistance R and an inductor of
inductance L connected in series. The applied voltage is
V = V0 sin wt. Suppose the voltage across resistor is VR and that
across inductor is VL . The voltage VR and current I are in the
same phase, while the voltage VL leads the current by an angle
p
Thus, VR and VL are mutually perpendicular. The resultant
2
of VR and VL is the applied voltage i.e.,
V = ( Ri) 2 + ( X L i) 2
V
Z = = R 2 + X L2
i
23
10 Ne
is
23
11
Na + e - + n
23
23
difference, Dm = m N ( 10
Ne) - m N ( 11
Na)
I
VR
23
10 Ne
Mass
VL
Z = R 2 + ( wL) 2
13. The equation of b-decay of
But
VR = Ri, VL = X L i = wLi
where X L = wL is inductive reactance
VL
V = V0 sin wt
V = VR2 + VL2
Impedance,
VR
- me
Examination Papers
13
Changing nuclear masses into atomic masses
{(
Dm = m
) -10m }-{m (
23
10 Ne
23
11 Na
) -11m }- m
e
23
23
= m ( 10
Ne) - m ( 11
Na)
= 22 994466 - 22 989770
= 0 004696 u
\ Maximum K.E., Q = 0 004696 u 931 5 MeV/u
= 4 37 MeV
14.
Intrinsic semiconductor
p-type semiconductor
(i)
It is a semiconductor in pure form.
(ii)
Intrinsic charge carriers are electrons and (ii) Majority charge carriers are holes and
holes with equal concentration.
minority charge carriers are electrons.
(i)
It is a semiconductor doped with p-type

(like Al, In) impurity.
(iii) Current due to charge carriers is feeble (iii) Current due to charge carriers is
(of the order of mA).
significant (of the order of mA).
P-type semiconductor is electrically neutral because every atom, whether it is of pure
semiconductor (Ge or Si) or of impurity (Al) is electrically neutral.
15.
MI
M2
Eye
Advantages: (i) It is free from chromatic aberration.

(ii) Its resolving power is greater than refracting telescope due to larger aperture of mirror.
14
Xam idea PhysicsXII
16. Given A = 60 ,
i=
3
3
A = 60 = 45
4
4
For minimum deviation i1 = i 2 = i

\ Refractive index of prism, n =
=
and r1 = r 2 =
A
= 30
2
sin i
sin r
sin 45 1 / 2
=
= 2 = 1 41
sin 30 1 / 2
c 3 108
=
= 2 13 10 8 ms - 1 .
n
1 41
17. The output of NAND gate with inputs A and B is
Y = AB
Speed of light in prism,
v=
i.e., output is obtained if either or both inputs are zero.

Accordingly the output waveform Y = AB is shown in
Output Y
fig.
i.e., output is zero between intervals 0 to t 1 and t 4 to t 5
and in all other intervals it is 1.
The output waveform is shown in fig.
18. Given hT = 36 m, hR = 49 m, and R e = 6400 km = 6 4 10 6 m.
Maximum LOS distance,
Output waveform
t1
t2
t3
t4
t5
t6
d m = 2R e hT + 2R e hR
= 2R e ( hT + hR ) = 2 6 4 10 6 ( 36 + 49 )
= 3 578 10 3 ( 6 + 7) = 3 578 10 3 13 m
= 46 5 10 3 m = 46 5 km
19. Wavefront: A wavefront is a locus of all particles of medium vibrating in the same phase.
Proof of Snells law of Refraction using Huygens wave theory: When a wave starting from
one homogeneous medium enters the another homogeneous medium, it is deviated from its path.
This phenomenon is called refraction. In transversing from first medium to another medium, the
frequency of wave remains unchanged but its speed and the wavelength both are changed. Let XY
be a surface separating the two media 1 and 2. Let v1 and v 2 be the speeds of waves in these
media.
Suppose a plane wavefront AB in first medium is incident
obliquely on the boundary surface XY and its end A touches
the surface at A at time t = 0 while the other end B reaches
B
the surface at point B after time-interval t. Clearly BB = v1t.
90o
i
i
B'
As the wavefront AB advances, it strikes the points between X
Y
r
A
A and B of boundary surface. According to Huygens
r
90o
principle, secondary spherical wavelets originate from these
A'
points, which travel with speed v1 in the first medium and
speed v 2 in the second medium.
Examination Papers
15
First of all secondary wavelet starts from A, which traverses a distance AA ( = v 2 t) in second
medium in time t. In the same time-interval t, the point of wavefront traverses a distance
BB ( = v1t) in first medium and reaches B , from, where the secondary wavelet now starts. Clearly
BB = v1t and AA = v 2 t.
Assuming A as centre, we draw a spherical arc of radius AA ( = v 2 t) and draw tangent B A on this
arc from B . As the incident wavefront AB advances, the secondary wavelets start from points
between A and B , one after the other and will touch A B simultaneously. According to Huygens
principle A B is the new position of wavefront AB in the second medium. Hence A B will be the
refracted wavefront.
Let the incident wavefront AB and refracted wavefront A B make angles i and r respectively with
refracting surface XY.
In right-angled triangle AB B, ABB = 90
vt
BB
...(1)
\
sin i = sin BAB =
= 1
AB
AB
Similarly in right-angled triangle AA B , AA B = 90
AA v 2 t
...(2)
\
sin r = sin AB A =
=
AB AB
Dividing equation (1) by (2), we get
v
sin i
...(3)
= 1 = constant
sin r
v2
The ratio of sine of angle of incidence and the sine of angle of refraction is a constant and is
equal to the ratio of velocities of waves in the two media. This is the second law of refraction,
and is called the Snells law.
x x x
20. Consider a metallic rod OA of length l , which is rotating with
x
x
B x
x
x
x
angular velocity w in a uniform magnetic field B , the plane of
x
x x
x
x
x
x
rotation being perpendicular to the magnetic field. A rod may be
xvx
x x x
x
x
x
supposed to be formed of a large number of small elements.
x x x xO
A
dx
Consider a small element of length dx at a distance x from centre.
x x x x
l
If v is the linear velocity of this element, then area swept by the
x x x x x
x x
element per second = v dx
x x x x x x
x
x
x x x
The emf induced across the ends of element
dA
de = B
= B v dx
dt
But v = xw
\
de = B x w dx
The emf induced across the rod
\
l
e = B xw dx = Bw x dx
x2
= Bw
2
Current induced in rod I =
l2
-0
= Bw
0
2
e 1 B wl 2
=
R 2 R
1
= B wl
2
Xam idea PhysicsXII

R
mA
Regulated output
+
Semiconductor diode used is Zener diode (but the voltages
quoted in fig. are much more than actual values Vbr is
usually < 6 V).
V
(ii) The circuit diagram for reverse characteristics of Zener diode
+
is shown in fig.
(iii) Zener diode as a Voltage Regulator
The Zener diode makes its use as a voltage regulator due to the
Potential divider
following property :
+
When a Zener diode is operated in the breakdown region, the
K
voltage across it remains practically constant for a large
I
IL
change in the current.
R
A simple circuit of a voltage regulator using a
IZ
Zener diode is shown in the Fig. The Zener
diode is connected across load such that it is
Vin
VZ
RL V0
reverse biased.
The series resistance R absorbs the output
voltage fluctuations so as to maintain constant
voltage across the load.
If the input dc voltage increases, the current through R and Zener diode also increases. So, voltage
drop across R increases, without any change in the voltage across zener diode.
22. Given L = 200 mH = 200 10 - 3 H, C = 500 mF = 500 10 - 6 F,
21. (i)
Unregulated input
16
R =10 W , Vrms =100 V

(i) Angular (resonant) frequency wr at which power factor of the circuit is unity, is given by
1
1
1
wr L =
wr =
=
= 100 rad s - 1
3
6
wr C
LC
200 10
500 10
Linear Resonant Frequency
w
100
100
fr = r =
=
Hz = 15 9 Hz
2p 2 3 14 6 28
(ii) At resonant frequency f r impedance, Z = R
V
V 2
\ Current amplitude, I 0 = 0 =
Z
R
100 2
=
= 10 2A = 14 1 A
10
w L 100 200 10 - 3
(iii) Q-factor = r =
=2
R
10
23. Consider a uniform metallic wire XY of length l and cross-sectional area A. A potential difference
V is applied across the ends X and Y of the wire. This causes an electric field at each point of the
wire of strength
V
...(1)
E=
l
Examination Papers
17
P
Q
X
Y
Due to this electric field, the electrons
gain a drift velocity v d opposite to
Current (I)
direction of electric field. If q be the
charge
passing
through
the
vdt
cross-section of wire in t seconds, then I
I
q
Current in wire I =
...(2)
V
t
+
The distance traversed by each electron
in time t
= average velocity time = v d t
If we consider two planes P and Q at a distance v d t in a conductor, then the total charge flowing
in time t will be equal to the total charge on the electrons present within the cylinder PQ.
The volume of this cylinder = cross sectional area height
= A vd t
If n is the number of free electrons in the wire per unit volume, then the number of free electrons
in the cylinder = n ( A v d t)
If charge on each electron is - e ( e = 1 6 10 - 19 C), then the total charge flowing through a
cross-section of the wire

...(3)
q = ( nA v d t) ( - e) = - neAv d t
\ Current flowing in the wire,
q - neAv d t
I= =
t
t
i.e.,
current I = - neAv d
...(4)
This is the relation between electric current and drift velocity. Negative sign shows that the
direction of current is opposite to the drift velocity.
Numerically I = neAv d
...(5)
I
Current density, \
J = = nev d
A
J vd .
OR
(i) The circuit arrangement is shown in fig.
e,r
e,r
e,r
e,r
c
(ii) Applying Kirchhoffs second law to the circuit b
abcda
V
- ne - I ( nr ) - IR + e = 0
I
e - ne
I=
R + nr
a
d
+
R
e - ne
e
(a) Charging current,
(a)
I=
dc source
R + nr
(b) Potential difference across the combination V is given by
- V - IR + e = 0
V = e - IR
18
Xam idea PhysicsXII
( e - ne)
R + nr
e ( R + nr - 1) + ne
V=
R + nr
V = e -
24. (i) Unknown emf e 2 is given by

e 2 l2
=
e1 l1
V=
e2 =
e ( R + nr ) - e + ne
R + nr
l2
e1
l1
Given e1 = 1 5 V, l1 = 60 cm, l2 = 80 cm
80
\
e2 =
1 5 V = 2 0 V
60
(ii) The circuit will not work if emf of driver cell is 1 V (less than that of cell in secondary circuit),
because total voltage across wire AB is 1 V which cannot balance the voltage 1 5 V.
(iii) No, since at balance point no current flows through galvanometer G i.e., cell remains in open
circuit.
25. Kinetic energy of electrons, E k = energy of photon of e.m. wave
hc
(1)
=
l
h
h2
de Broglie wavelength,
or
l1 =
l21 =
2mE k
2mE k
Using (1), we get
h2
hc
2m
l
- 34
6 6 10
3 108
l21 =
DE =
26.
hc
=
l
=
102 7 10 - 9
6 6 10 - 34 3 108
102 7 10
-9
2mc 2
l =
l1
h
1 6 10
- 19
eV =
66 3000
= 12 04 eV
1027 16
Now, DE = | - 13 6 - ( - 1 50) | = 12 1 eV
Hence, transition shown by arrow D corresponds to emission of l = 102 7 nm.
27. Plot of variation of amplitude versus w for amplitude modulated wave is shown in fig.
Ec
Amplitude
maEc
2
wc wm
wc
wc+ w m
w rad
Examination Papers
19
Modulation Index: The ratio of amplitude of modulating signal to the amplitude of carrier wave
is called modulation index i.e.,
E
ma = m
Ec
For effective amplitude modulation the modulation index determines the distortions, so its value is
kept 1 for avoiding distortions.
28. (a) Biot Savart Law
It states that the magnetic field strength ( dB) produced due to a
current element (of current I and length dl) at a point having position
vector r relative to current element is
where m 0
dl
m I dl r
dB = 0
4p r 3
is permeability of free space. Its value is
m 0 = 4p 10 -7 Wb/A-m.
P
r
The magnitude of magnetic field is

m Idl sin q
dB = 0
4p
r2
where q is the angle between current element I dl and position vector r .
The direction of magnetic field dB is perpendicular to the plane containing I dl and r .

Magnetic Field at the centre of circular loop: Consider a circular coil of
radius R carrying current I in anticlockwise direction. Say, O is the centre
of coil, at which magnetic field is to be computed. The coil may be
supposed to be formed of a large number of current elements. Consider a
small current element ab of length Dl. According to Biot Savart law the
magnetic field due to current element ab at centre O is
m I Dl sin q
DB = 0
4p
R2
dl
a
b
R
I
where q is angle between current element ab and the line joining the element to the centre O. Here
q = 90 , because current element at each point of circular path is perpendicular to the radius.
Therefore magnetic field produced at O, due to current element ab is
m I Dl
DB = 0
4p R 2
According to Maxwells right hand rule, the direction of magnetic field at O is upward,
perpendicular to the plane of coil. The direction of magnetic field due to all current elements is the
same. Therefore the resultant magnetic field at the centre will be the sum of magnetic fields due to
all current elements. Thus
m I Dl m 0 I
B = S DB = S 0
=
S Dl
4p R 2
4p R 2
But S Dl = total length of circular coil = 2pR (for one-turn)
20
Xam idea PhysicsXII
m0 I
2pR
4p R 2
m I
or
B= 0
2R
If the coil contains Nturns, then S Dl = N. 2pR
m I
m NI
\
B = 0 N. 2p R or B = 0
2
2R
4p R
\
B=
Here current in the coil is anticlockwise and the direction of magnetic field is perpendicular to the
plane of coil upward; but if the current in the coil is clockwise, then the direction of magnetic field
will be perpendicular to the plane of coil downward.
(1)
B2
(b) Magnetic field due to coil 1 at point O
B
m 0 IR 2
B1 =
2 (R 2 + x 2 ) 3/ 2
along OC1
B1
I
C1
Magnetic field due to coil 2 at point O

m 0 IR 2
B2 =
2 (R 2 + x 2 ) 3/ 2
along C 2 O
Both B 1 and B 2 are mutually perpendicular, so

the net magnetic field at O is
B = B12 + B 22 = 2B1
= 2
(as B1 = B 2 )
m 0 IR 2
C2
(2)
2 (R 2 + x 2 ) 3/ 2
As R << x
m 0 2 2 . m 0 I ( pR 2 )
4p
2. x 3
x3
m 2 2 m 0 IA
= 0
4p
x3
B=
2m 0 IR 2
where A = pR 2 is area of loop.

B
tan q = 2
B1
tan q =1
p
q=
4
(Q B 2 = B1 )
p
with the direction of magnetic field B 1 .
4
OR
(a) Cyclotron: The cyclotron, devised by Lawrence and Livingston, is a device for accelerating
ions to high speed by the repeated application of accelerating potentials.
\ B is directed at an angle
Examination Papers
Principle: The positive ions produced from a source are

accelerated. Due to the presence of perpendicular magnetic
field the ion will move in a circular path. The phenomenon
is continued till the ion reaches at the periphery where an
auxiliary negative electrode (deflecting plate) deflects the
accelerated ion on the target to be bombarded.
Expression for K.E. attained:
If R be the radius of the path and v max the velocity of the ion
when it leaves the periphery, then
qBR
v max =
m
The kinetic energy of the ion when it leaves
the apparatus is,
S
21
Magnetic Pole
N
S
Dee
Dee
Magnetic Pole
S
Dee-1
R.F.
oscillator
q2B 2R 2
1
2
K. E. = mv max
=
2
2m
Dee-2
When charged particle crosses the gap
Beam
between dees it gains KE = q V
In one revolution, it crosses the gap twice,
therefore if it completes n-revolutions before emerging the does, the kinetic energy gained
= 2nqV
q2B 2R 2
Thus
K.E. =
= 2nqV
2m
Working: The principle of action of the apparatus is shown in fig. The positive ions produced
from a source S at the centre are accelerated by a dee which is at negative potential at that
moment. Due to the presence of perpendicular magnetic field the ion will move in a circular
path inside the dees. The magnetic field and the frequency of the applied voltages are so chosen
that as the ion comes out of a dee, the dees change their polarity (positive becoming negative
and vice-versa) and the ion is further accelerated and moves with higher velocity along a
circular path of greater radius. The phenomenon is continued till the ion reaches at the
periphery of the dees where an auxiliary negative electrode (deflecting plate) deflects the
The function of electric field is to accelerate the charged particle and so to impart energy to the
charged particle.
The function of magnetic field is to provide circular path to charged particle and so to provide
the location where charged particle is capable of gaining energy from electric field.
Expression for Period of Revolution and Frequency:
Suppose the positive ion with charge q moves in a dee with a velocity v, then,
qvB =
mv 2
r
or r =
mv
qB
...(1)
where m is the mass and r the radius of the path of ion in the dee and B is the strength of the magnetic
field.
The angular velocity w of the ion is given by,
22
Xam idea PhysicsXII
v qB
(from eq. 1)
...(2)
=
r m
The time taken by the ion in describing a semi-circle, i.e., in turning through an angle p is,
p pm
...(3)
t= =
w Bq
T
pm
...(4)
=t =
2
qB
2p m
or
...(5)
T=
qB
w=
This is the expression for period of revolution.

Clearly the period of revolution is independent of speed of particle.
sin i n 2
29. (a) Snells laws is
(1)
=
sin r n1
Critical angle is the angle of incidence in denser medium for which
angle of refraction in rarer medium is 90 i.e.,
i = i c , r = 90
\ From (1)
sin i c
n
n2
= 2
= sin i c
sin 90 n1
n1
ic
n1
r = 90
n2
(b) Transmission of video signals using optical fibre.

An optical fibre is a device based on total internal reflection by which a light signal may be
transmitted from one place to another with a negligible loss of energy. It is a very long and
thin pipe of quartz ( n = 1 7) of thickness
Coating n = 1.5
nearly 10 - 4 m coated all around with
a material of refractive index 1 5. A
n = 1.7
large number of such fibres held
together form a light pipe and are used
for communication of light signals.
When a light ray is incident on one end
at a small angle of incidence, it suffers
A
B
refraction from air to quartz and strikes
the quartz-coating interface at an angle
more than the critical angle and so
suffers total internal reflection and strikes the opposite face again at an angle greater than
critical angle and so again suffers total internal reflection. Thus the ray within the fibre suffers
multiple total internal reflections and finally strikes the other end at an angle less than critical
angle for quartz-air interface and emerges in air.
As there is no loss of energy in total internal reflection, the light signal is transmitted by this
device without any appreciable loss of energy.
Examination Papers
23
OR
(a) Plane Polarised Light: The light having vibrations of electric field vector in only one direction
perpendicular to the direction of propagation of light is called plane polarised light.
The unpolarised and polarised light is represented as
(a) Unpolarised light

(b) Polarised light
(c) Partially polarised light
If ordinary unpolarised light of intensity I 0 is incident on first polaroid (A, say)
I
Intensity of light transmitted from first polaroid is I 0 = 0
2
Given angle between transmission axes of two polaroids A and B is initially 90.
According to Malus law, intensity of light transmitted from second polaroid (B, say) is
I = I 0 cos 2 q
I = I 0 cos 2 90 = 0
When one more polaroid (C say) is placed between A and B making an angle of 45 with the
transmission axis of either of polaroids, then intensity of light transmitted from A is
I
IA = 0 = I0
2
Intensity of light transmitted from C is
I
I C = I 0 cos 2 45 = 0
2
Intensity of light transmitted from polaroid B is
I
1 I
I B = I C cos 2 45 = 0 = 0
2 2 4
This means that the intensity becomes one-fourth of intensity of light that is transmitted from
first polaroid.
On further rotating the polaroid C such that if angle between their transmission axes increases,
the intensity decreases and if angle decreases, the intensity increases.
(b) Yes, the incident light (of intensity I 0 ) is unpolarised.
Reason: If incident light is unpolarised, the intensity of transmitted light through a polaroid is
always I 0 / 2, which is constant.
But if incident light is polarised, the intensity variation I = I 0 cos 2 q , necessarily takes place.
30. (a) Electric field intensity at a point outside a uniformly charged thin spherical shell:
Consider a uniformly charged thin spherical shell of radius R carrying charge Q. To find the
electric field outside the shell, we consider a spherical Gaussian surface of radiusr ( > R),
concentric with given shell. If E is electric field outside the shell, then by symmetry electric
field strength has same magnitude E 0 on the Gaussian surface and is directed radially
outward. Also the directions of normal at each point is radially outward, so angle between
E i and d S is zero at each point. Hence, electric flux through Gaussian surface
24
Xam idea PhysicsXII
= E d S.
S
= E 0 dS cos 0 = E 0 . 4pr
EO
R
r
dS
Now, Gaussian surface is outside the given charged shell, so

charge enclosed by Gaussian surface is Q.
Hence, by Gauss's theorem
1
E
d
E=
charged enclosed
0
S
e0
1
E 0 4pr 2 =
Q
e0
1 Q
E0 =
4pe 0 r 2
Thus, electric field outside a charged thin spherical shell is the same as if the whole charge Q
is concentrated at the centre.
If s is the surface charge density of the spherical shell, then
f = 4pR 2 s C
\
E0 =
1 4pR 2 s R 2 s
=
4pe 0 r 2
e 0r 2
The electric field lines are shown in the fig. For a positively charged shell, the field lines are
directed radially in outward direction and for negatively charged shell, these are directed in
radially inward direction.
R
O
+
+
R
O
(a) Positively charged shell

2
(b) Given, s =100 mC/m = 100 10
(a) Negatively charged shell

-6
C / m2 .
Diameter, D = 2R = 2 5 m
(i) Charge on sphere, Q = s . 4pR 2 = s . p ( 2R) 2
= (100 10 - 6 C / m 2 ) 3 14 ( 2 5 m) 2
= 19 625 10 - 4 C
= 1 96 10 - 3 C = 1 96 mC
Examination Papers
25
(ii) Electric flux passing through the sphere

1
1
f=
( Q) =
(1 96 10 - 3 )
12
e0
8 86 10
= 2 21 108 Nm 2 C - 1
OR
(a) Consider an electric dipole placed in a uniform electric
field of strength E in such a way that its dipole moment
F1 = qE
p makes an angle q with the direction of E . The

charges of dipole are - q and + q at separation 2l the
dipole moment of electric dipole,
...(1)
p = q.2l
r
Force: The force on charge + q is, F1 = qE, along the
2l
F2 = qE
A q
q
q
O
2l sin q
+q
direction of field E
The force on charge - q is, F2 = qE , opposite to the direction of field E
Obviously forces F1 and F2 are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction; hence net force
on electric dipole in uniform electric field is
F = F1 - F2 = qE - qE = 0 (zero)
As net force on electric dipole is zero, so dipole does not undergo any translatory motion.
Torque : The forces F1 and F2 form a couple (or torque) which tends to rotate and align the
dipole along the direction of electric field. This couple is called the torque and is denoted by t.
\ torque t = magnitude of one force perpendicular distance between lines of action of forces
= qE ( BN) = qE ( 2l sin q)
= ( q 2l) E sin q
[using (1)]
....(2)
= pE sin q
Clearly, the magnitude of torque depends on orientation ( q) of the electric dipole relative to
electric field. Torque ( t) is a vector quantity whose direction is perpendicular to both p and E .
In vector form
t =p E
...(3)
Thus, if an electric dipole is placed in an electric field in oblique orientation, it experiences

no force but experiences a torque. The torque tends to align the dipole moment along the
direction of electric field.
Maximum Torque: For maximum torque sin q should be the maximum. As the maximum
value of sin q =1 when q = 90
\ Maximum Torque, t max = pE
26
Xam idea PhysicsXII
(b) Potential energy of system i.e., work done to assemble the system of charges
1 q . ( - 4q) q . ( 2q) ( - 4q) . ( 2q)
U=
+
+
4pe 0 0 10
0 10
0 10
1 - 10q 2
1
(100q 2 )
=4pe 0 0 10
4pe 0
= - 9 10 9 100 (1 6 10 - 10 ) 2 = - 2 3 10 - 8 J
Work done to dissociate the system of charges
W = - U = 2 3 10 - 8 J
CBSE (Delhi) SETII

Wavelength 10 2 m belongs to radio-waves. This is used to broadcast radio programmes to long
distances.
h
h
2. p =
mv =
l
l
h
l=
mv
1.
Kinetic energy,
Ek =
l=
( mv) 2
2m
h
2mE k
1
mE k
Since
ma > me
4m p
ma
le
=
=
la
me
me
3.
le
= 1872 4
la
l e = 86 5 l a
The focal length of lens in a liquid-medium is given by
1
1
1
= ( l n g - 1)
fl
R1 R 2
1
1 n g
1
=
- 1
f l nl
R1 R 2
Given n l = n g = 1 5
1
or
\
=0
fl =
fl
i.e., focal length of converging lens is infinity i.e., glass lens behaves as a glass plate.
Examination Papers
6.
27
Angular separation of interference fringes in Youngs experiment.

b l
bq = =
D d
If distance between the slits d is increased, the angular separation decreases.
11.
B
fo
fe
Fo
A' Fe'
C1
Fe
C2
B'
in
At
i
fin
ty
Draw backs:
(i) It is not free from chromatic aberration.
(ii) The image formed is inverted and fainter.
12. Given focal length f = -10 cm, u = ?
v
magnification
m=- =-2
v = 2u
u
1 1 1
From mirror formula = + , we have
f v u
1
1 1
- =
+
10 2u u
3
1
=2u
10
10 3
u== - 15 cm
2
A
13. Output of first NOR gate
C = AB
B
Output X = CC
= C = AB
= AB
This is AND operation. Therefore, the output is 1 when both inputs are 1.
Accordingly the waveform output is shown in figure.
28
Xam idea PhysicsXII

t1
t2
t3
t4
t5
t6
t1
t2
t3
t4
t5
t6
A
Input
B
Output
X
15. The potential energy of an electric dipole of an electric field is defined as the work done in
bringing the dipole from infinity to its present position in the electric field.
Suppose the dipole is brought from infinity and placed at orientation q with the direction of
electric field. The work done in this process may be supposed to be done in two parts.
(i) The work done (W1 ) in bringing the dipole perpendicular to electric field from infinity.
(ii) Work done (W2 ) in rotating the dipole such that it finally makes an angle q from the direction of
electric field.
(i) Let us suppose that the electric dipole is brought from infinity in the region of a uniform electric
field such that its dipole moment p always remains perpendicular to electric field. The electric
forces an charges +q and - q are qE and qE, along the field direction and opposite to field
direction respectively. As charges + q and - q traverse equal distance under equal and opposite
forces; therefore, net work done in bringing the dipole in the region of electric field
perpendicular to field-direction will be zero, i.e., W1 = 0.
+q
qE
2l
qE
From
infinity
q
(ii) Now the dipole is rotated and brought to orientation

making an angle q with the field direction (i.e., q1 = 90
and q 2 = 0), therefore, work done
W2 = pE (cos q1 - cos q 2 )
= pE (cos 90 - cos q) = - pE cos q
qE
\ Total work done in bringing the electric dipole from
infinity, i. e., Electric potential energy of electric dipole.
U = W1 + W2 = 0 - pE cos q = - pE cos q
+q
qE
In vector form
U =- p E
(1)
Examination Papers
18. The power
29
P = Vrms i rms cos f
R
R
; For ideal inductor R = 0, \ cos f = = 0
Z
Z
\
P = Vrms i rms cos f = 0 i. e. power dissipated by an ideal inductor in ac circuit is zero.
OR
Self Inductance of a long air-cored solenoid:
Consider a long air solenoid having `n' number of turns per unit length. If current in solenoid is I ,
then magnetic field within the solenoid, B = m 0 nI
...(1)
where m 0 = 4p 10 - 7 henry/metre is the permeability of free space.
If A is cross-sectional area of solenoid, then effective flux linked with solenoid of length l where
N = nl is the number of turns in length ' l ' of solenoid.
\
F = ( nl BA)
Substituting the value of B from (1)
...(2)
F = nl (m 0 nI ) A = m 0 n 2 AlI
where
cos f =
Self-inductance of air solenoid

F
L = = m 0 n 2 Al
I
If N is total number of turns in length l , then
N
n=
l
...(3)
N
\ Self-inductance L = m 0
Al
l
m N 2A
...(4)
= 0
l
19. The reciprocal of resistivity (r) of a material is called its conductivity ( s), i.e.,
1
s=
r
S.I. unit of conductivity is mho m -1 (or siemen m -1 ).

(i) Conductivity of a metallic conductor s =
1 ne 2 t
.
=
r
m
With rise of temperature, the collision of electrons with fixed lattice

ions/atoms increases so that relaxation time ( t) decreases.
Consequently, the conductivity of metals decreases with rise of
temperature. Figure represents the variation of conductivity of
metal with temperature. Initially the variation of conductivity with
temperature is linear and then it is non-linear.
(ii) Conductivity of ionic conductor increases with increase of
temperature because with increase of temperature, the ionic bonds
break releasing positive and negative ions which are charge carriers
in ionic conductors.
30
Xam idea PhysicsXII
24. Wavefront: A wavefront is a locus of particles of medium all vibrating in the same phase.
C
Law of Reflection: Let XY be a reflecting surface at
which a wavefront is being incident obliquely. Let v
A'
B
A2
be the speed of the wavefront and at time t = 0, the
D
i A
wavefront touches the surface XY at A. After time t,
1
r
i
r
i
the point B of wavefront reaches the point B of the X
Y
A
B'
surface.
According to Huygens principle each point of wavefront acts as a source of secondary waves.
When the point A of wavefront strikes the reflecting surface, then due to presence of reflecting
surface, it cannot advance further; but the secondary wavelet originating from point A begins to
spread in all directions in the first medium with speed v. As the wavefront AB advances further, its
points A1 , A 2 , A 3 K etc. strike the reflecting surface successively and send spherical secondary
wavelets in the first medium.
First of all the secondary wavelet starts from point A and traverses distance AA ( = vt) in first
medium in time t. In the same time t, the point B of wavefront, after travelling a distance BB,
reaches point B (of the surface), from where the secondary wavelet now starts. Now taking A as
centre we draw a spherical arc of radius AA ( = vt) and draw tangent A B on this arc from point
B . As the incident wavefront AB advances, the secondary wavelets starting from points between
A and B, one after the other and will touch A B simultaneously. According to Huygens principle
wavefront A B represents the new position of AB, i.e., A B is the reflected wavefront
corresponding to incident wavefront AB.
Now in right-angled triangles ABB and AA B
(both are equal to 90)
ABB = AA B
side BB = side AA
(both are equal to vt)
and side AB is common
i.e., both triangles are congruent.
\
BAB = AB A
i.e., incident wavefront AB and reflected wavefront A B make equal angles with the reflecting
surface XY. As the rays are always normal to the wavefront, therefore the incident and the
reflected rays make equal angles with the normal drawn on the surface XY, i.e.,
angle of incidence i = angle of reflection r
25.
(i) Suppose initially the plane of coil is perpendicular to the

magnetic field B. When coil rotates with angular speed w,
then after time t, the angle between magnetic field B and

normal to plane of coil is
q = wt
\ At this instant magnetic flux linked with the coil
f = BA cos wt
If coil constains, N-turns, then emf induced in the coil
df
d
e=-N
= - N ( BA cos wt)
dt
dt
= + NBA w sin wt
q = wt
(1)
Examination Papers
31
\ For maximum value of emf e,

sin wt =1
\ Maximum emf induced, e max = NBAw
e
R
2
e e
(2)
\ Instantaneous power dissipated, P = eI = e =
R R
N 2 B 2 A 2 w2 sin 2 wt
[using (1)]
(3)
=
R
Average power dissipated in a complete cycle is obtained by taking average value of sin 2 wt
1
over a complete cycle which is
2
1
i.e.,
(sin 2 wt) av =
2
(ii) If R is resistance of coil, the current induced, I =
Average power dissipated Pav =
N 2 B 2 A 2 w2
2R
CBSE (Delhi) SETIII

1.
2.
5.
Cadmium is the absorbing material for neutrons produced in a nuclear reactor.

Coherent sources are defined as the sources in the which initial phase difference remains constant.
In the case of two independent sources, the initial phase difference cannot remain constant
because light is emitted due to millions of atoms and their number goes on changing in a quite
random manner.
h
de Broglie wavelength, l =
2mE k
Given
\
le = l p
h
2m e E e
i. e.,
7.
h
2m p E p
Ee m p
=
1840
E p me
K.E. of electron = 1840 (K.E. of proton)
1
1
1
= ( a n g - 1)
f
R1 R 2
and refractive index is maximum for violet light in visible region of spectrum.
Power of a lens increases if red light is replaced by violet light because P =
32
Xam idea PhysicsXII

Eye-piece
9.
uo
ue
vo
D
Objective
Eye
B
Fo
A"
A
A'
Fe'
Fe
B'
B"
ve
v0 1
1
D +
u0 f e ve
v D D
or
M = - 0 +
u 0 f e v e
12. First gate is NOR gate, its output C = A + B
M =-
Magnifying power
Second gate is also NOR gate, its output

Y = C + C = C C = C = A + B = A + B.
This is Boolean expression for OR gate.
A
B
Its truth table is

A
Examination Papers
33
15. (a) Given equation is

E y = 30 sin ( 2 1011 t + 300 px ) Vm - 1
Comparing with standard equation
E y = E 0 sin ( wt + kx ) Vm - 1 ,
we get
E 0 = 30 Vm - 1 , w = 2 1011 rad s - 1 , k =
2p
= 300 p m - 1
l
2p
m
300p
1
=
m = 6 67 10 - 3 m
150
(b) The wave is propagating along X-axis, electric field is oscillating along Y-axis, so according to
\
Wavelength,
l=
right hand system of ( E, B, K) the magnetic field must oscillate along Z-axis.
E
30
\
B0 = 0 =
= 10 - 7 T.
C 3 108
\ Equation of oscillating magnetic field is
B Z = B 0 sin ( wt + kx ) T
Bz = 10 - 7 sin ( 2 1011 t + 300 px ) T

16. The magnetic field produced by current carrying larger coil C1 in
m I
the vicinity of small coil C 2 is B1 = 0 1
2R
The magnetic flux linked with shorter coil C 2 is
m I
f2 = B1 A 2 = 0 1 pr 2
2R
Mutual Inductance M =
20.
DE =
f2 m 0 pr 2
henry.
=
I1
2R
hc 6 6 10 - 34 3 108
=
J
l
482 10 - 9
=
6 6 10 - 34 3 108
482 10 - 9 1 6 10 - 19
66 3000
=
1027 16
eV
= 2.57 eV
Now,
DE = | - 3 4 - ( - 0 85) |
= 2 55 eV
Hence, transition shown by arrow B corresponds to emission of l = 482 nm.
R
I1
r
C2
C1
34
Xam idea PhysicsXII
24. For power factor unity,
L=
1
2
w C
X L = XC
1
2
( 2pf ) C
wL =
1
wC
1
2 2
4p f C
Given f = 50 Hz, C =100 mF = 100 10 - 6 F = 10 - 4 F

1
\
L=
H = 0 10 H
2
4 (3 14) (50) 2 10 - 4
V
Current amplitude,
I0 = 0
Z
At resonance,
Z =R
V0 200 2
\
I0 =
=
= 20 2 A
R
10
= 20 1 414 A
= 28 3 A
25. Relation between electric current and drift velocity:
Consider a uniform metallic wire XY
E
P
Q
X
Y
of length l and cross-sectional area
A. A potential difference V is
Current (I)
applied across the ends X and Y of
the wire. This causes an electric field
vdt
at each point of the wire of strength
I
I
V
...(1)
E=
V
l
+
Due to this electric field, the
electrons gain a drift velocity v d opposite to direction of electric field. If q be the charge passing
through the cross-section of wire in t seconds, then
q
Current in wire
...(2)
I=
t
The distance traversed by each electron in time t
= average velocity time = v d t
If we consider two planes P and Q at a distance v d t in a conductor, then the total charge flowing
in time t will be equal to the total charge on the electrons present within the cylinder PQ.
The volume of this cylinder = cross sectional area height
= A vd t
If n is the number of free electrons in the wire per unit volume, then the number of free electrons
in the cylinder = n ( A v d t)
If charge on each electron is - e ( e = 1 6 10 - 19 C), then the total charge flowing through a
cross-section of the wire
...(3)
q = ( nA v d t) ( - e) = - neAv d t
Examination Papers
35
\ Current flowing in the wire,

q - neAv d t
I= =
t
t
i.e.,
current I = - neAv d
...(4)
This is the relation between electric current and drift velocity. Negative sign shows that the
direction of current is opposite to the drift velocity.
Numerically I = neAv d
...(5)
Current density, \
We know that,
I
= nev d
A
J vd .
OR
l
R =r
A
J=
Resistivity r (108 Wm)
If l = 1, A = 1 r = R
Thus, resistivity of a material is numerically equal to the resistance of the conductor having unit
length and unit cross-sectional area.
The resistivity of a material is found to be dependent on the temperature. Different materials do
not exhibit the same dependance on temperatures. Over a limited range of temperatures, that is not
too large, the resistivity of a metallic conductor is approximately given by,
(1)
r T = r 0 [1 + a (T - T0 )]
where r T is the resistivity at a temperature T and r 0 is the same at a reference temperature T0 . a
is called the temperature co-efficient of resistivity.
The relation of Eq. (1) implies that a graph of r T plotted against T would be a straight line. At
temperatures much lower than 0C, the graph, however, deviates considerably from a straight line
(Figure).
0.4
I 0.2
50
100
150
Temperature T(K)
Resistivity rT of copper as a
function of temperature T
26. Consider a metallic rod OA of length l , which is rotating with angular velocity w in a uniform
magnetic field B , the plane of rotation being perpendicular to the magnetic field. A rod may be
supposed to be formed of a large number of small elements. Consider a small element of length dx
at a distance x from centre. If v is the linear velocity of this element, then area swept by the
element per second = v dx
36
Xam idea PhysicsXII
The emf induced across the ends of element

dA
de = B
= B v dx
dt
But v = xw
\
de = B x w dx
\ The emf induced across the rod
l
e = B xw dx = Bw x dx
0
x
= Bw
2
l2
= Bw
-0
2
e 1 B wl 2
=
R 2 R
It circuit is closed, power dissipated,
Current induced in rod I =
e 2 B 2 w2 l 4
=
R
4R
1
= B wl
2

ALL INDIA2008
Maximum marks : 70
c = 3 108 ms - 1
h = 6 626 10 -34 Js
e = 1 602 10 -19 C
1
9
2
= 9 10 Nm C
4pe o
m 0 = 4p 10 -7 TmA -1
2

CBSE (All India) SETI

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Identify the part of the electromagnetic spectrum to which the following wavelengths belong:
(i) 10 - 1 m
(ii) 10 - 12 m
How does the width of the depletion layer of a p-n junction diode change with decrease in reverse
bias ?
What is the nuclear radius of 125 Fe, if that of 27 Al is 3 6 fermi?
When current in a coil changes with time, how is the back emf induced in the coil related to it?
An object is held at the principal focus of a concave lens of focal length f. Where is the image
formed?
What is the geometrical shape of the wavefront when a plane wave passes through a convex lens?
How does the stopping potential applied to a photocell change, if the distance between the light
source and the cathode of the cell is doubled?
Draw an equipotential surface for a system, consisting of two charges Q, - Q separated by a
distance r in air.
Xam idea PhysicsXII
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Define the term : magnetic dipole moment of a current loop. Write the expression for the magnetic
moment when an electron revolves at a speed v, around an orbit of radius r in hydrogen atom.
How will the angular separation and visibility of fringes in Youngs double slit experiment change
when (i) screen is moved away from the plane of the slits, and (ii) width of the source slit is
increased?
A jet plane is travelling west at 450 ms - 1 . If the horizontal component of earths magnetic field at
that place is 4 10 - 4 tesla and the angle of dip is 30, find the emf induced between the ends of
wings having a span of 30 m.
What is meant by the transverse nature of electromagnetic waves ? Draw a diagram showing the
propagation of an electromagnetic wave along the x-direction, indicating clearly the directions of
the oscillating electric and magnetic fields associated with it.
Why do we need carrier waves of very high frequency in the modulation of signals ? A carrier
wave of peak voltage 20 V is used to transmit a message signal. What should be the peak voltage
of the modulating signal, in order to have a modulation index of 80%?
14. Obtain the expression for the potential energy of an electric dipole of dipole moment p placed in
an electric field E.
15. The following graph shows the variation of terminal potential difference V, across a combination
of three cells in series to a resistor, versus the current, i:
6.0
V (volt)
38
3.0
1.0
2.0
i (ampere)
(i) Calculate the emf of each cell.

(ii) For what current i will the power dissipation of the circuit be maximum ?
16. State the law of radioactive decay. If N 0 is the number of radioactive nuclei in the sample at some
initial time, t 0 , find out the relation to determine the number N present at a subsequent time. Draw
a plot of N as a function of time.
OR
Draw a plot of the binding energy per nucleon as a function of mass number for a large number of
nuclei.
Explain the energy release in the process of nuclear fission from the above plot. Write a typical
nuclear reaction in which a large amount of energy is released in the process of nuclear fission.
17. In the figure given below, light rays of blue, green, red wavelengths are incident on an isosceles
right-angled prism. Explain with reason, which ray of light will be transmitted through the face
AC. The refractive index of the prism for red, green, blue light are 1 39, 1 424, 1 476 respectively.
Examination Papers
39
Red
Green
Blue
90
B
18. Two wires X, Y have the same resistivity, but their cross-sectional areas are in the ratio 2 : 3 and
lengths in the ratio 1 : 2. They are first connected in series and then in parallel to a d.c. source.
Find out the ratio of the drift speeds of the electrons in the two wires for the two cases.
19. What are permanent magnets ? What is an efficient way of preparing a permanent magnet ? Write
two characteristic properties of materials which are required to select them for permanent
magnets.
20. Distinguish between isotopes and isobars. Give one example for each of the species. A radioactive
isotope has a half-life of 5 years. How long will it take the activity to reduce to 3 125%?
21. Two signals A, B as given below, are applied as input to (i) AND (ii) NOR and (iii) NAND gates.
Draw the output wave-form in each case.
V
Input A
t
Input B
t1
t2
t3
t4
t5
t6
t7
t8
t1
t2
t3
t4
t5
t6
t7
t8
22. What does the term LOS communication mean ? Name the types of waves that are used for this
communication. Give typical examples, with the help of a suitable figure, of communication
systems that use space wave mode propagation.
X
23. A resistance R = 2 W is connected to one of the gaps in a
R
metre bridge, which uses a wire of length 1 m. An
unknown resistance X > 2 W is connected in the other
G
gap as shown in the figure. The balance point is noticed
J
at l from the positive end of the battery. On
B
A
(100l) cm
l cm
interchanging R and X, it is found that the balance point
further shifts by 20 cm (away from end A). Neglecting
the end correction, calculate the value of unknown
resistance X used.
40
Xam idea PhysicsXII
24. With a circuit diagram, explain how a zener diode can be used as a voltage regulator.
OR
Draw a circuit diagram of a full-wave rectifier. Explain its working principle. Draw the input/output
wave-forms indicating clearly the functions of the two diodes used.
25. Draw a plot showing the variation of power of a lens, with the wavelength of the incident light.
A converging lens of refractive index 1 5 and of focal length 15 cm in air, has the same radii of
curvature for both sides. If it is immersed in a liquid of refractive index 1 7, find the focal length
of the lens in the liquid.
26. If a particle of charge q is moving with velocity v along the y-axis and the magnetic field B is
acting along the z-axis, use the expression F = q ( v B) to find the direction of the force F acting
on it.
A beam of proton passes undeflected with a horizontal velocity v, through a region of electric and
magnetic fields, mutually perpendicular to each other and perpendicular to the direction of the
beam. If the magnitudes of the electric and magnetic fields are 100 kV/m, 50 mT respectively,
calculate
(i) velocity of the beam v.
(ii) force exerted by the beam on a target on the screen, if the proton beam carries a current of 0 80 mA.
27. Show that Bohrs second postulate, the electron revolves around the nucleus only in certain fixed
orbits without radiating energy' can be explained on the basis of de-Broglie hypothesis of wave
nature of electron.
28. State the condition for resonance to occur in a series LCR a.c. circuit and derive an expression for
the resonant frequency.
Draw a plot showing the variation of the peak current (i m ) with frequency of the a.c. source used.
Define the quality factor, Q of the circuit.
Calculate the (i) impedance, (ii) wattless current of the given a.c. circuit.
C
40 V
30 V
2A
Vrms
OR
Draw a labelled circuit arrangement showing the windings of primary and secondary coil in a
transformer. Explain the underlying principle and working of a step-up transformer. Write any
two major sources of energy loss in this device.
How much current is drawn by the primary coil of a transformer which steps down 220 V to 22 V
to operate device with an impedance of 220 ohm ?
29. (a) Derive an expression for the energy stored in a parallel plate capacitor C, charged to a potential
difference V.
(b) Obtain the equivalent capacitance of the network given below. For a supply of 300 V,
determine the charge and voltage across C 4 .
Examination Papers
41
100 pF
C1
200 pF
C2
200 pF
200 pF
C3
300 V
C4
OR
Explain the principle on which Van de Graaff generator operates. Draw a labelled schematic
sketch and write briefly its working.
A Van de Graaff type generator is capable of building up potential difference of 15 10 6 V. The
dielectric strength of the gas surrounding the electrode is 5 107 Vm - 1 . What is the minimum
radius of the spherical shell required.
30. Draw a labelled ray diagram of a compound microscope and write an expression for its
magnifying power.
The focal length of the objective and eye-lens of a compound microscope are 2 cm, 6 25 cm
respectively. The distance between the lenses is 15 cm. (i) How far from the objective lens, will
the object the be kept, so as to obtain the final image at the near point of the eye? (ii) Also
calculate its magnifying power.
OR
Draw a labelled ray diagram of an astronomical telescope, in the normal adjustment position and
write the expression for its magnifying power.
An astronomical telescope uses an objective lens of focal length 15 m and eye-lens of focal length
1 cm. What is the angular magnification of the telescope?
If this telescope is used to view moon, what is the diameter of the image of moon formed by the
objective lens?
(Diameter of moon = 3 5 10 6 m and radius of lunar orbit = 3 8 108 m).
CBSE (All India) SETII

Questions different from SetI
What is the stopping potential of a photocell, in which electrons with a maximum kinetic energy
of 6 eV are emitted ?
4. Identify the part of the electromagnetic spectrum to which the following wavelengths belong
(i) 1 mm
(ii) 10 - 11 m.
5. State the reason, why a photodiode is usually operated at a reverse bias.
13. Using Amperes circuital law, derive an expression for the magnetic field along the axis of a
toroidal solenoid.
2.
42
Xam idea PhysicsXII
18. Derive an expression for the torque acting on an electric dipole, which is held in a uniform electric
field, when the axis of the dipole makes an angle q with the electric field.
19. Draw a plot showing the variation of power of a lens with the wavelength of the incident light.
A diverging lens of refractive index 1 5 and of focal length 20 cm in air has the same radii of
curvature for both sides. If it is immersed in a liquid of refractive index 1 7, calculate the focal
length of the lens in the liquid.
20. If a particle of charge q is moving with velocity v along the z-axis and the magnetic field B is
acting along the x-axis, use the expression F = q ( v B) to find the direction of the force F acting
on it.
magnetic fields, mutually perpendicular to each other and normal to the direction of the beam. If
the magnitudes of the electric and magnetic fields are 50 kV/m and 50 mT respectively, calculate
(i) velocity v of the beam.
(ii) force with which it strikes a target on a screen, if the proton beam current is equal to 0 80 mA.
X
R
G
J
at l cm from the positive end of the battery. On
B
A
(100l) cm
l cm
interchanging R and X, it was found that the balance
point further shifts by 20 cm away from end A.
Neglecting the end correction, calculate the value of
unknown resistance X used.
27. Draw a labelled circuit diagram of a full-wave rectifier and briefly explain its working principle.
OR
Draw a labelled circuit diagram of a transistor amplifier in the common-emitter configuration.
Briefly explain, how the input/output signals differ in phase by 180.
CBSE (All India) SETIII

Questions different from SetI & SetII
2.
4.
5.
6.
A diverging lens of focal length F is cut into two identical parts each forming a plano-concave
lens. What is the focal length of each part ?
What is the stopping potential applied to a photocell, if the maximum kinetic energy of electrons
emitted is 5 eV ?
Draw an equipotential surface for a uniform electric field.
State the factor, which controls :
(i) wavelength of light, and (ii) intensity of light
emitted by an LED.
Examination Papers
43
11. Using Gausss law derive an expression for the electric field intensity at any point near a
uniformly charged thin wire of charge/length l C/m.
17. In a single slit diffraction experiment, the width of the slit is made double the original width. How
does this affect the size and intensity of the central diffraction band ? Draw a plot of the intensity
distribution.
X
R
G
J
at l from the positive end of the battery. On
B
A
(100l) cm
l cm
interchanging R and X, it is found that the balance point
further shifts by 20 cm (away from end A). Neglecting
the end correction, calculate the value of unknown
resistance X used.
24. If a particle of charge q is moving with velocity v along the x-axis and the magnetic field B is
acting along the y-axis, use the expression F = q ( v B) to find the direction of the force F acting
on it.
magnetic fields, mutually perpendicular to each other and normal to the direction of the beam. If
the magnitudes of the electric and magnetic fields are 50 kV/m, 100 mT respectively, calculate
(i) velocity v of the beam.
(ii) force with which it strikes a target on the screen, if the proton beam current is equal to 0 80 mA.
26. Distinguish between paramagnetic and diamagnetic substances. A magnetising field of 1500 A/m
produces a flux of 2 4 10 - 5 weber in a bar of iron of cross-sectional area 0 5 cm 2 . Calculate the
permeability and susceptibility of the iron-bar used.
Solutions
1.
2.
3.
(i) 10 - 1 m = 10 cm belongs to short radiowaves.

(ii) 10 - 12 m = 0 01 belongs to gamma rays.
If the reverse bias across a p-n junction is decreased, the depletion region of p-n junction
decreases.
Nuclear radius, R = R 0 A 1/ 3
R A 1/ 3
For Al, A = 27, R Al = 3 6 fermi, for Fe A =125
\
R Fe A Fe
=
RAl AAl
5
R Fe = RAl
3
1/ 3
1/ 3
125
=
27
5
= 3 6 fermi = 6 0 fermi
3
44
Xam idea PhysicsXII
4.
5.
The back emf induced in the coil opposes the change in current.
1 1 1
1 1 1
= - = +
f v u
v f u
Here, u = - f and for a concave lens f = - f
f
1
1 1
\
=- - v=v
f f
2
6.
That is image will be formed between optical centre and focus of lens; towards the side of the
object.
The wavefront is spherical of decreasing radius.
7.
Stopping potential remains unchanged.

Reason: On doubling the distance between the light source and the cathode of the cell, the
intensity of light incident on the photocell becomes one-fourth. As stopping potential does not
depend on intensity, the stopping potential remains unchanged.
8.
+Q
9.
Magnetic moment of a current loop: The torque on current loop is

t = MB sin q, where q is angle between magnetic moment and magnetic field.
t
M=
B sin q
If B = 1 T, sin q = 1 or q = 90 then M = t.
That is the magnetic moment of a current loop is defined as the torque acting on the loop when
placed in a magnetic field of 1 T such that the loop is oriented with its plane normal to the
magnetic field.
Also,
M = NIA
i.e., magnetic moment of a current loop is the product of number of turns, current flowing in the
loop and area of loop. Its direction is perpendicular to the plane of the loop.
Magnetic moment of Revolving Electron,
evr
M=
2
Examination Papers
45
b l
=
D d
It is independent of D; therefore, angular separation remains unchanged if screen is moved
lD
away from the slits. But the actual separation between fringes b =
increases, so visibility of
d
fringes increases.
(ii) When width of source slit is increased, then the angular fringe width remains unchanged but
s l
fringes becomes less and less sharp; so visibility of fringes decreases. If the condition < is
S d
not satisfied, the interference pattern disappears.
11. The wings of jet plane will cut the vertical component of earths magnetic field, so emf is induced
across the wing. The vertical component of earths magnetic field.
V = H tan q
Given H = 4 0 10 - 4 T, q = 30
10. (i) Angular separation b q =
V = ( 4 0 10 - 4 T) tan 30
1
4
= 4 10 - 4
=
10 - 4 T
3
3
Induced emf across the wing
e = Vvl
Given v = 450 ms - 1 , l = 30 m
e =
10 - 4 ( 450) 30 V = 3 12 V
3
12. Transverse Nature of Electromagnetic Waves:

In an electromagnetic wave, the electric and magnetic field vectors oscillate, perpendicular to the
direction of propagation of wave. This is called transverse nature of electromagnetic wave.
\
In an electromagnetic wave, the three vectors E, B and K form a right handed system.
Accordingly if a wave is propagating along X-axis, the electric field vector oscillates along Y-axis
and magnetic field vector oscillates along Z-axis. Diagram is shown in fig.
Y
Envelope of E
E
B
X
B
Z
Envelope of B
13. High frequency waves require antenna of reasonable length and can travel long distances without
any appreciable power loss; so we need high frequency carrier waves.
If E m is the peak value of modulating signal and EC that of carrier wave.
46
Xam idea PhysicsXII
Modulation index,
ma =
Em
Ec
Given m a = 80% = 0 80, E c = 20 V

\
E m = m a E c = 0 80 20 V = 16 V
14. The potential energy of an electric dipole of an electric field is defined as the work done in
bringing the dipole from infinity to its present position in the electric field.
Suppose the dipole is brought from infinity and placed at orientation q with the direction of
electric field. The work done in this process may be supposed to be done in two parts.
(i) The work done (W1 ) in bringing the dipole perpendicular to electric field from infinity.
(ii) Work done (W2 ) in rotating the dipole such that it finally makes an angle q from the direction of
electric field.
+q
qE
2l
qE
From
infinity
q
(i) Let us suppose that the electric dipole is brought from

infinity in the region of a uniform electric field such that
+q
p
qE
its dipole moment p always remains perpendicular to

electric field. The electric forces an charges +q and - q
qE
q
are qE and qE, along the field direction and opposite to
field direction respectively. As charges + q and - q
traverse equal distance under equal and opposite forces;
therefore, net work done in bringing the dipole in the region of electric field perpendicular to
field-direction will be zero, i.e., W1 = 0.
(ii) Now the dipole is rotated and brought to orientation making an angle q with the field direction
(i.e., q1 = 90 and q 2 = 0), therefore, work done
W2 = pE (cos q1 - cos q 2 )
= pE (cos 90 - cos q) = - pE cos q
\ Total work done in bringing the electric dipole from infinity, i. e., Electric potential energy of
electric dipole.
U = W1 + W2 = 0 - pE cos q = - pE cos q

In vector form
U =- p E
15. (i) Let e be emf and r the internal resistance of each cell.
The equation of terminal potential difference
V = e eff - i r int becomes
V = 3 e - i r int
(1)
Examination Papers
47
where r int is effective (total) internal resistance.

From fig., when i = 0, V = 6 0 V
\ From (1),
6 = 3e - 0
6
e= =2V
3
i.e., emf of each cell, e = 2 V
(ii) For maximum power dissipation, the effective internal resistance of cells must be equal to
external resistance.
From fig., when V = 0, i = 2 0 A.
\ Equation (1) gives
0 = 3e - 2 0 (r int )
3e 3 2
r int =
=
=3 W
20 20
\ For maximum power, external resistance,
R = r int = 3 W
3 2
3e
Current in circuit,
i=
=
= 1 0 A
R + r int 3 + 3
Thus, emf of each cell, e = 2 V
and for maximum power dissipation, current in circuit = 1 0 A
16. Radioactive decay Law: The rate of decay of radioactive nuclei is directly proportional to the
number of undecayed nuclei at that time.
dN
i.e.,
N
dt
dN
or
= - lN,
dt
where l is the decay constant.
Suppose initially the number of atoms in radioactive element is N 0 and N the number of atoms
after time t. According to Rutherford and Soddy law
dN
where l is disintegration constant
= - lN
dt
dN
= - lt
N
Integrating
...(1)
log e N = - lt + C
where C is a constant of integration.
If N 0 is initial number of radioactive nuclei, then at t = 0, N = N 0 ; so
log e N 0 = 0 + C C = log e N 0
48
Xam idea PhysicsXII
Substituting this equation in (1), we get

log e N = - lt + log e N 0
log e N - log e N 0 = - lt
N
log e
= - lt
N0
N
= e - lt N = N 0 e - lt
N0
N0
N
The graph is shown in figure.

OR
The variation of binding energy per nucleon versus mass number is shown in figure.
Fe
8.6
8
Bn
MeV
20
56
180
A
The binding energy curve indicates that binding energy for nucleon of heavy nuclei is less than
that of middle nuclei. Clearly a heavy nucleus breaks into two lighter nuclei then binding energy per
nucleon will increase and energy will be released in the process. This process is called nuclear fission.
Nuclear fission reaction is
235
1
1
141
Ba + 92
92 U +
0n
36 Kr + 3 ( 0 n ) + 200 MeV
56
(slow neutron)
17. The critical angle for green light C g is

sin C g =
1
1
= 0 7022
=
n g 1 424
C g = sin - 1 ( 0 7022) = 44 6
\ The critical angle for red light
1
1
sin C r =
=
n r 1 39
The critical angle for blue light
1
1
sin C b =
=
= 0 6775
n b 1 476
C b = sin - 1 ( 0 6775) = 42 6
As angle of incidence at face AC is 45,
C r = sin - 1 ( 0 7194) = 46
Examination Papers
49
which is smaller than critical angle for red ray but greater than critical angles, for green and blue
rays, therefore, red-way will be transmitted through the face AC.
18. (i) When wires are connected in series :
In series, the current remains the same; so we use the relation i = neAv d .
m
m
Resistivity, r =
n=
2
2
ne t
e tr
\
m
eAv d
i =
e 2 tr
ie tr
vd =
mA
For same temperature t is same; v d

\
or
i=
m
Av d
e tr
1
A
(v d ) X
A
3
= Y =
(v d ) Y
AX
2
(ii) When wires are connected in parallel : In parallel, the potential difference is the same. In this
case we apply the formula for drift velocity.
r t
e t V
vd =
vd =
E
m
m l
1
For same temperature t is the same, so v d
l
(v d ) X
lY
2
\
=
=
(v d ) Y lX
1
19. Permanent Magnets:The magnets prepared from ferromagnetic materials which retain their
magnetic properties for a long time are called permanent magnets.
An efficient way to make a permanent magnet is to place a ferromagnetic rod in a solenoid and pass
a current. The magnetic field of the solenoid magnetises the rod.
The materials used for permanent magnet must have the following characteristic properties :
(i) High retentivity so that the magnet may cause strong magnetic field.
(ii) High coercivity so that the magnetisation is not wiped out by strong external fields, mechanical
ill-treatment and temperature changes. The loss due to hysteresis is immaterial because the
magnet in this case is never put to cyclic changes.
20.
Isotopes
Isobars
The nuclides having the same atomic number Z but The nuclides having the same atomic mass ( A ) but
different atomic masses ( A ) are called isotopes.
different atomic numbers ( Z ) are called isobars.
Examples : 11 H, 12H, 13H
We know
R 1
=
R0 2
Examples : 13H, 32He

n
50
Xam idea PhysicsXII
Given
R
3 125
= 3 125% =
R0
100
3 125 1
=
100 2
5
1 1
2 2
n =5
Given T = 5 years
t
As
n=
T
t
or
\
=5
T
1 1
=
32 2
or
or
t = 5 5 = 25 years
21.
Time interval
Inputs
AND
NOR
NAND
Y=A.B
Y=A+B
Y=A.B
0 < t < t1
t1 < t < t 2
t2 <t <t3
t3 <t <t4
t 4 < t < t5
t5 < t < t 6
t 6 < t < t7
t7 < t < t8
Output waveforms of the three gates:

0
t1
t2
t3
t4
t5
t6
t7
t8
A
B
AND
NOR
NAND
22. LOS Communication: It means Line of sight communication.

Space waves are used for LOS communication.
Examination Papers
51
In this communication the space waves (radio or microwaves) travel directly from transmitting
antenna to receiving antenna.
dm
dT
dR
Earth
hT
hR
Communication System using Space wave mode propagation are (i) LOS communication and
Fig. shows LOS communication system.
If transmitting antenna and receiving antenna have heights hT and hR respectively, then Radio
horizon of transmitting antenna,
d T = 2R e hT
where R e is radius of earth and radio horizon of receiving antenna.
d R = 2R e hR
\ Maximum line of sight distance, d M = d T + d R
= 2R e hT + 2R e hR
(ii) Television, broadcast, microwave links and satellite communication
The satellite communication is shown in fig. The space wave used is microwave.
Communication satellight
spa
Transmitting
antenna
ce w
ave
Earth
Receiving
antenna
23. From metre bridge formula

R
l
=
X 100 - l
100 - l
X=
R
l
(100 - l)
Given R = 2 W \
(1)
X=
2W
l
On interchanging R and X, the balance point is obtained at a distance (l + 20) cm from end A, so
l + 20
l + 20
X
(2)
=
X=
2W
R 100 - (l + 20)
80 - l
Equating (1) and (2)
Xam idea PhysicsXII
(100 - l)
l + 20
2=
2
l
80 - l
Solving we get l = 40 cm
100 - l
2W
l
100 - 40
X=
2W
40
X =3 W
24. Zener diode as a Voltage Regulator
\ Unknown resistance, X =
The Zener diode makes its use as a voltage regulator due to the following property:
When a Zener diode is operated in the breakdown region, the voltage across it remains practically
constant for a large change in the current.
A simple circuit of a voltage regulator using a Zener diode is shown in the Fig. The Zener diode is
connected across load such that it is reverse biased.
The series resistance R absorbs the output voltage fluctuations so as to maintain constant voltage
across the load.
IL
IZ
Vin
VZ
RL
V0
Regulated output
R
Unregulated input
52
If the input dc voltage increases, the current through R and Zener diode also increases. So, voltage
drop across R increases, without any change in the voltage across zener diode.
I-V Characteristics
I (mA)
VR
Zener
voltage
O
VF
VZ
I(mA)
OR
Full Wave Rectifier : For full wave rectifier we use two junction
diodes. The circuit diagram for full wave rectifier using two junction
diodes is shown in figure.
Input A.C. signal
Examination Papers
P1
I N
S1
P
B
S
53
RL A
Output
Suppose during first half cycle of input ac signal the terminal S1 is

P2 S2 P II N
positive relative to S and S 2 is negative relative to S, then diode I is
forward biased and diode II is reverse biased. Therefore current flows in diode I and not in diode
II. The direction of current i1 due to diode I in load resistance R L is directed from A to B. In next
half cycle, the terminal S1 is negative relative to S and S 2 is positive relative to S. Then diode I is
reverse biased and diode II is forward biased. Therefore current flows in diode II and there is no
current in diode I. The direction of current i 2 due to diode II in load resistance is again from A to
B. Thus for input a.c. signal the output current is a continuous series of unidirectional pulses. This
output current may be converted in fairly steady current by the use of suitable filters.
Input
wave form
T
Output wave form

of full wave
rectifier
25. Refractive index n = A +
B
l2
2T Time
2T Time
, where l is the wavelength.
1
1
1
= ( n g - 1)
f
R1 R 2
Clearly, power of a lens ( n g - 1). This implies that the power of a lens decreases with increase
1
of wavelength P
nearly . The plot is shown in figure.
2
l
Given f a =15 cm, n g = 1 5, n l = 1 7

Focal length of lens in liquid,
ng -1
1 5 - 1
fl =
fa =
15 cm
ng
1 5
1
P
-1
1 7
nl
Power of a lens
P=
0 5 1 7
15 cm = - 63 75 cm
1 5 - 1 7
F =q v B
26.
Given v = v $i , B = B $j
F = q (v $i) ( B $j) = qvB k$
54
Xam idea PhysicsXII
That is, force is acting along Z-axis.

(i) For a beam of charged particles to pass undeflected crossed electric and magnetic fields, the
condition is that electric and magnetic forces on the beam must be equal and opposite i.e.,
eE = evB
E
v=
B
Given, E =100 kV/m = 100 10 3 V/m, B = 50 mT = 50 10 - 3 T
\
v=
100 10 3
50 10
-3
= 2 10 6 ms - 1
(ii) The beam strikes the target with a constant velocity,

so force exerted on the target is zero.
However, if proton beam comes to rest, it exerts a
force on the target, equal to rate of change of linear
momentum of the beam i.e.,
Dp mv mv mvi mvi
F=
=
=
=
=
Dt Dt q / i
q
ne
E
Fe
v
B
Fm
Target
where n is the number of protons striking the target per second.

h
27. The de Broglie wavelength
(1)
l=
mv
Now for electron in orbit
(for nth orbit)
2pr = n l
Using (1), we get
l
2pr = n
mv
l
mvr = n
2p
This is Bohrs second postulate. As complete the Broglie wavelength may be in certain fixed
orbits; so non-radiating electron can be only in certain fixed orbits.
28. Condition for resonance to occur in series LCR ac circuit:
For resonance the current produced in the circuit and emf applied must always be in the same
phase.
Phase difference ( f) in series LCR circuit is given by
im
XC - X L
tan f=
lm
R
im
For resonance
f= 0
XC - X L = 0
2
or
XC = X L
1
If wr is resonant frequency, then X C =
f1
fr
f2
wr C
and
\
X L = wr L
1
= wr L
wr C
wr =
1
LC
Examination Papers
Linear resonant frequency, f r =
55
wr
1
=
2p 2p LC
The graph of variation of peak current i m with frequency is shown in fig.

Half power frequencies are the frequencies on either side of resonant frequency for which current
reduces to half of its maximum value. In fig. f 1 and f 2 are half power frequencies.
Quality Factor ( Q ) : The quality factor is defined as the ratio of resonant frequency to the width
of half power frequencies.
wr
fr
w L
i.e.,
Q=
=
= r
w2 - w1 f 2 - f 1
R
(i) Potential difference across capacitance, VC = X C I
V
\ Capacitive reactance, X C = C
I
40
=
= 20W
2
V
30
Resistance,
R= R =
= 15 W
I
2
40 V
30 V
2A
Vrms
Z = R 2 + X C2 = (15) 2 + ( 20) 2
Impedance,
= 225 + 400 = 625 W = 25 W

(ii) The phase lead ( f) of current over applied voltage is
Z
X
tan f = C
Xc
R
X
R
Wattless Current, I wattless = I sin f = I . C
Z
20
=2
A = 1 6 A
25
OR
Arrangements of winding of primary and secondary coil in a transformer are shown in fig. (a) and
(b).
Soft iron-core
Np
Ns
Secondary
(a) Two coils on top of each other
Primary
Ns
Secondary
Primary
Np
(b)Two coils on separate limbs of the core
Transformer: Transformer is a device by which an alternating voltage may be decreased or

increased. This is based on the principle of mutual-induction.
56
Xam idea PhysicsXII
Step up Transformer: It transforms the alternating low voltage to alternating high voltage and in
this the number of turns in secondary coil is more than that in primary coil. (i. e., N S > N p ).
Working: When alternating current
(A.C. mains)
source is connected to the ends of
primary coil, the current changes
Primary
continuously in the primary coil; due to
which the magnetic flux linked with the
secondary coil changes continuously,
Primary
therefore the alternating emf of same
Core
laminated
frequency is developed across the
iron
core
secondary.
Secondary
Let N p be the number of turns in
primary coil, NS the number of turns in
secondary coil and f the magnetic flux
(a) Step up
linked with each turn. We assume that
Secondary
there is no leakage of flux so that the
Transformer
flux linked with each turn of primary
coil and secondary coil is the same. According to Faradays laws the emf induced in the primary
coil
Df
...(1)
ep =-Np
Dt
and emf induced in the secondary coil
Df
...(2)
eS = - NS
Dt
From (1) and (2)
eS NS
=
ep Np
...(3)
If the resistance of primary coil is negligible, the emf ( e p ) induced in the primary coil, will be
equal to the applied potential difference (V p ) across its ends. Similarly if the secondary circuit is
open, then the potential difference VS across its ends will be equal to the emf ( e S ) induced in it;
therefore
VS e S N S
...(4)
=
=
= r (say)
Vp e p N p
where r =
NS
is called the transformation ratio. If i p and i s are the instantaneous currents in
Np
primary and secondary coils and there is no loss of energy; then

Power in primary = Power in secondary
V p i p = VS i S
iS V p N p 1
=
=
=
i p VS N S r
...(5)
Examination Papers
57
In step up transformer, N s > N p r >1;

So
VS > V p and i S < i p
i.e. step up transformer increases the voltage but decreases the current.
Reasons for energy losses in a transformer
(i) Joule Heating: Energy is lost in resistance of primary and secondary windings as heat ( I 2 Rt).
(ii) Flux Leakage: Energy is lost due to coupling of primary and secondary coils not being perfect,
i.e., whole of magnetic flux generated in primary coil is not linked with the secondary coil.
V
22
Current is secondary coil, I S = S =
A = 01A
Z 220
For an ideal transformer
\
VS I S = V p I p
V I
Ip = S S
Vp
Current in primary coil,
22 0 1
= 0 01A
220
A
B
29. (a) When a capacitor is charged by a battery, work is done
Q
+ +Q
by the charging battery at the expense of its chemical
+
energy. This work is stored in the capacitor in the form of

+
electrostatic potential energy.

+
VB
Consider a capacitor of capacitance C. Initial charge on VA
+
capacitor is zero. Initial potential difference between

+
capacitor plates = zero. Let a charge Q be given to it in

+
small steps. When charge is given to capacitor, the potential

difference between its plates increases. Let at any instant
VAB = V
when charge on capacitor be q, the potential difference
q
between its plates V =
C
Now work done in giving an additional infinitesimal charge dq to capacitor
q
dW = V dq = dq
C
The total work done in giving charge from 0 to Q will be equal to the sum of all such infinitesimal
works, which may be obtained by integration. Therefore total work
Q
Q q
W = V dq =
dq
0
0
C
=
1 q2
=
C 2
=
0
1
C
Q2 - 0
Q2
=
2C
If V is the final potential difference between capacitor plates, then Q = CV

(CV ) 2 1
1
\
W=
= CV 2 = QV
2C
2
2
58
Xam idea PhysicsXII
This work is stored as electrostatic potential energy of capacitor i.e.,

Electrostatic potential energy, U =
(b)
Q2 1
= CV
2C 2
100pF
1
QV
2
100pF
C1
200pF
200pF
C2
100pF
C3
200pF
200pF
C4
C4
200pF
+
100pF
200pF
C4
\
C eq =100 pF
Now, Q = C eq V = 100 10 - 12 300 = 3 10 - 8 coulomb
Q
Potential difference across C 4 =
C4
=
3 10 - 8
200 10 - 12
= 1 5 10 2 = 150 V
OR
This is a machine that can build up high voltages of the order of a few million volts.
Principle: It is based on the following two electrostatic phenomena:
(i) The charge always resides on the outer surface of a hollow conductor.
(ii) The electric discharge in air or a gas takes place readily at the pointed ends of the conductors.
Construction. It consists of a large hollow metallic sphere S mounted on two insulating columns
A and B and an endless belt of rubber or silk is made to run on two pulleys P1 and P2 by the
means of an electric motor. C1 and C 2 are two sharp metallic spikes in the form of combs. The
lower comb C1 is connected to the positive terminal of a very high voltage source (HTS)
( 104 volts. ) and the upper comb C 2 is connected to the inner surface of metallic sphere S.
Examination Papers
59
Working: When comb C1 is given very high

potential, then it produces ions in its vicinity, due to
S
action of sharp points. The positive ions, so
produced, get sprayed on the belt due to the
C2
P2
repulsion between positive ions and comb C1 . These
positive ions are carried upward by the moving belt.
The pointed end of C 2 just touches the belt. The
comb C 2 collects positive charge from the belt
which immediately moves to the outer surface of
sphere S. As the belt goes on revolving, it continues
to take (+ ) charge upward, which is collected by
comb C 2 and transferred to outer surface of sphere
S. Thus the outer surface of metallic sphere S gains
A
B
positive charge continuously and its potential rises to
a very high value.
When the potential of a metallic sphere gains very
HTS
high value, the dielectric strength of surrounding air
breaks down and its charge begins to leak, to the
C1 P1
surrounding air. The maximum potential is reached
when the rate of leakage of charge becomes equal to
the rate of charge transferred to the sphere. To
prevent leakage of charge from the sphere, the generator is completely enclosed in an earthed
connected steel tank which is filled with air under high pressure.
Van de Graaff generator is used to accelerate stream of charged particles to very high velocities.
Such a generator is installed at IIT Kanpur which accelerates charged particles upto 2 MeV energy.
Due to a charged shell (radius R), the maximum electric field is at the surface of the shell. If
maximum charge is Q, then
Q
1
...(1)
E max =
4p e 0 R 2
min
Also the potential

From (1) and (2)
Q
1
V=
4p e 0 R min
V
= R min
E max
Here V = 15 10 6 V, E max = 5 107 Vm - 1

V
\
R min =
E max
=
15 10 6
5 107
= 3 10 - 1 m = 30 cm.
...(2)
60
Xam idea PhysicsXII

Eye piece
30.
uo
ue
vo
D
Objective
Eye
B
A"
A
Fo
A'
Fe'
Fe
B'
B"
ve
Magnifying power of compound microscope is

v
D
M = - 0 1 +
u0
be
for final image at distance of distinct vision
L
D
1 +
f 0
f e
v D
L D
for final image at infinity
M =- 0
u0 f e
f0 fe
Given f 0 = 2 0 cm, f e = 6 25 cm, L =15 cm, u 0 = ?
(i) When final image is formed at least distance of distinct vision (D = 25 cm) :
For eye lens : Here v e = - 25 cm
1
1
1
\
=
f e ve ue
-1 - 4
1
1
1
1
1
=
==
ue ve f e
25 6 25
25
or
u e = - 5 cm
As
L = | v 0 | + | u e | | v 0 | = L - | u e | = 15 - 5 = 10 cm
For objective lens:
1
1
1
=
f 0 v0 u0
Examination Papers
61
1
1
1
1 1
2
=
= - =u 0 v 0 f 0 10 2
5
5
u 0 = - = - 2 5 cm
2
That is distance of object from objective is 2 5 cm.
v0
u0
10
25
D
1+
= 1+
= - 4 5 = - 20
2 5
6 25
fe
(ii) When final image is formed at infinity :

In this case
L = v 0 + f e v 0 = L - f e = 15 - 6 25 = 8 75 cm
For objective lens :
1
1
1
=
f 0 v0 u0
Magnification,
M =-
1
1
1
1
1 2 - 8 75
=
=
- =
u 0 v 0 f 0 8 75 2 2 8 75
2 8 75
6 75
\
u0 = - 2 59 cm, |u0 | = 2 59 cm
v D
8 75 25
Magnification, M = - 0
=
= - 13 5
u0 f e
2 59 6 25
OR
f0
Magnifying power m = It does not change with increase of aperature of objective lens,
fe
because focal length of a lens has no concern with the aperture of lens.
u0 = -
fo
fe
Fo
A' Fe'
C1
B'
in
At
i
fin
ty
Drawbacks:
(i) It is not free from chromatic aberration.
(ii) The image formed is inverted and fainter.
(a) Given f 0 = 15 m, f e = 1 0 cm = 1 0 10 - 2 m
Angular magnification of telescope,
f
15
m=- 0 == - 1500
fe
1 0 10 - 2
C2
Fe
62
Xam idea PhysicsXII
Negative sign shows that the final image is inverted.

Let D be diameter of moon, d diameter of image of
moon formed by objective and r the distance of moon
from objective lens, then from Fig.
D d
=
r f0
Objective lens
Moon
Image of
moon
a
r
3 48 10
D
d = f0 =
15 m
r
3 8 108
= 0 137 m = 13 7 cm
f0

2.
E k = eV0 6 eV = eV0 V0 = 6V
The stopping potential V0 = 6 volt (negative).

4. (i) wavelength 1 mm belongs to the microwaves.
(ii) wavelength 10 - 11 m = 0 1 belongs to gamma rays.
5. The fractional change due to incident light on minority charge carriers in reverse bias is much
more than that over the majority charge carriers in forward bias. So, photodiodes are used to
measure the intensity in reverse bias condition.
13. Magnetic field due to a toroidal solenoid: A long solenoid shaped in
P
the form of closed ring is called a toroidal solenoid (or endless solenoid).
r
Let n be the number of turns per unit length of toroid and I the current
flowing through it. The current causes the magnetic field inside the turns
O
of the solenoid. The magnetic lines of force inside the toroid are in the
form of concentric circles. By symmetry the magnetic field has the same
magnitude at each point of circle and is along the tangent at every point
on the circle.
I
I
For points inside the core of toroid
Consider a circle of radius r in the region enclosed by turns of toroid. Now we apply Amperes
circuital law to this circular path, i. e.,
Bdl
Bdl
=m I
= Bdl cos 0 = B 2pr
Length of toroid = 2pr

Number of turns in toroid = n ( 2pr )
current in one-turn = I
\
Current enclosed by circular path = ( n 2pr ) I
Equation (1) gives
...(1)
Examination Papers
63
B 2pr = m 0 ( n 2prI )
B = m 0 nI
18. Consider an electric dipole placed in a uniform electric
field of strength E in such a way that its dipole moment
F1 = qE
p makes an angle q with the direction of E . The

charges of dipole are - q and + q at separation 2l the
dipole moment of electric dipole,
...(1)
p = q.2l
r
Force: The force on charge + q is, F1 = qE, along the
2l
F2 = qE
A q
q
2l sin q
+q
direction of field E
The force on charge - q is, F2 = qE , opposite to the direction of field E
Obviously forces F1 and F2 are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction; hence net force on
electric dipole in uniform electric field is
F = F1 - F2 = qE - qE = 0 (zero)
As net force on electric dipole is zero, so dipole does not undergo any translatory motion.
Torque: The forces F1 and F2 form a couple (or torque) which tends to rotate and align the
dipole along the direction of electric field. This couple is called the torque and is denoted by t.
\ torque t = magnitude of one force perpendicular distance between lines of action of forces
= qE ( BN)
= qE ( 2l sin q)
= ( q 2l) E sin q
[using (1)]
....(2)
= pE sin q
Clearly, the magnitude of torque depends on orientation ( q) of the electric dipole relative to
electric field. Torque ( t) is a vector quantity whose direction is perpendicular to both p and E .
In vector form
t =p E
...(3)
Thus, if an electric dipole is placed in an electric field in oblique orientation, it experiences no

force but experiences a torque. The torque tends to align the dipole moment along the direction
of electric field.
Maximum Torque: For maximum torque sin q should be the maximum. As the maximum value
of sin q =1 when q = 90
\ Maximum Torque, t max = pE
64
Xam idea PhysicsXII
19. Refractive index n = A +

Power of a lens
P=
B
l2
, where l is the wavelength.
1
1
1
= ( n g - 1)
f
R
R
2
1
Clearly, power of a lens ( n g - 1). This implies that the power of
1
a lens decreases with increase of wavelength P
nearly .
2
l
The plot is shown in fig.

Given f a = - 20 cm, n g = 1 5, n l = 1 7
Focal length of lens in liquid,
ng -1
1 5 - 1
fl =
fa =
( -20) cm
ng
1 5
-1
-1
1 7
nl
=
0 5 1 7
( -20) cm = + 85 cm
1 5 - 1 7
(Converging)
F =q v B
20.
Given,
v = vk$,
B = B i$
F = q (vk$) ( B i$) = qvBj$
That is, force is acting along y-axis.

(i) For a beam of charged particles to pass undeflected
crossed electric and magnetic fields, the condition
is that electric and magnetic forces on the beam
must be equal and opposite i.e.,
eE = evB
E
v=
B
Given, E = 50 kV/m = 50 10 3 V/m, B = 50 mT = 50 10 - 3 T
\
v=
50 10 3
50 10
-3
E
Fe
v
B
Fm
Target
= 1 10 6 ms - 1
(ii) The beam strikes the target with a constant velocity, so force exerted on the target is zero.
However, if proton beam comes to rest, it exerts a force on the target, equal to rate of change of
linear momentum of the beam i.e.,
Dp mv mv mvi mvi
F=
=
=
=
=
Dt Dt q / i
q
ne
Examination Papers
65

R
l
=
X 100 - l
100 - l
X=
R
l
Given R = 5 W
(100 - l)
(1)
\
X=
5W
l
l + 20
X
=
R 100 - (l + 20)
l + 20
(2)
X=
5W
80 - l
(100 - l)
l + 20
5=
5
l
80 - l
100 - l
100 - 40
5W =
5W
l
40
15
X = = 7.5 W
2
27. Full Wave Rectifier: For full wave rectifier we use two
junction diodes. The circuit diagram for full wave
P1 S1 I N
rectifier using two junction diodes is shown in figure.
P
Suppose during first half cycle of input ac signal the
B RL A
terminal S1 is positive relative to S and S 2 is negative
S
Output
relative to S, then diode I is forward biased and diode II
is reverse biased. Therefore current flows in diode I and
P2 S2 P II N
not in diode II. The direction of current i1 due to diode I
in load resistance R L is directed from A to B. In next half cycle, the terminal S1 is negative relative
to S and S 2 is positive relative to S. Then diode I is reverse biased and diode II is forward biased.
Therefore current flows in diode II and there is no current in diode I. The direction of current i 2
due to diode II in load resistance is again from A to B. Thus for input a.c. signal the output current
is a continuous series of unidirectional pulses. This output current may be converted in fairly
steady current by the use of suitable filters.
OR
Common-Emitter Transistor Amplifier: Common-emitter transistor amplifier gives the highest
gain and hence it is the most commonly employed circuit. Fig. depicts the circuit for a p-n-p
transistor. In this circuit, the emitter is common to both the input (emitter-base) and output
(collector-emitter) circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward biased and the
base-collector circuit is reverse biased.
Output
Input signal
X=
Input A.C. signal
\ Unknown resistance,
66
Xam idea PhysicsXII

C
IC
IB
B
Vi
Ri
IE
VEE
Output
voltage
V0
RL
VCC
In a common-emitter circuit, the collector-current is controlled by the base-current rather than the
emitter-current. Since in a transistor, a large collector-current corresponds to a very small
base-current, therefore, when input signal is applied to base, a very small change in base-current
provides a much larger change in collector-current and thus extremely large current gains are
possible.
Referring to fig., when positive half cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias of
the circuit which causes the collector current to decrease. It decreases the voltage drop across load
R L and thus makes collector voltage more negative. Thus when input cycle varies through a
positive half cycle, the output voltage developed at the collector varies through a negative half
cycle and vice versa. Thus the output voltage in common-emitter amplifier is in antiphase with the
input signal or the output and input voltages are 180 out of phase.

2.
For a complete diverging lens.

1
1 1
= ( n g - 1) - -
F
R R
R
F =2 ( n g - 1)
For each planoconcave lens
1
1 1
= ( n g - 1) - -
F
R
R
F = = 2F
( n g - 1)
4.
i.e., focal length of each half part will be twice the focal length of initial diverging lens.
E k = eV0 5 eV = eV0 V0 = 5V
The stopping potential V0 = 5 volt (negative).
5.
E
Examination Papers
6.
67
(i) Wavelength of light emitted depends on the nature of semiconductor.

(ii) Intensity of light emitted depends on the forward current.
11. Gauss Theorem : The net outward electric flux through a closed surface is equal to
1
times the
e0
net charge enclosed within the surface i.e.,

1
S E dS = e 0 Sq
dS1
Electric field due to infinitely long, thin
E
E
E
E
E
and uniformly charged straight wire:
Consider an infinitely long line charge
having linear charge density l coulomb
S1
90
90
r
metre - 1 (linear charge density means
dS2
dS3
charge per unit length). To find the electric
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
field strength at a distance r, we consider a
S2
S3
cylindrical Gaussian surface of radius r
and length l coaxial with line charge. The
cylindrical Gaussian surface may be
divided into three parts:
(i) Curved surface S1 (ii) Flat surface S 2 and (iii) Flat surface S 3 .
By symmetry the electric field has the same magnitude E at each point of curved surface S1 and is
directed radially outward.
o
We consider small elements of surfaces S1 , S 2 and S 3 . The surface element vector d S 1 is directed
along the direction of electric field (i. e., angle between E and d S 1 is zero); the elements d S 2
and d S 3 are directed perpendicular to field vector E (i. e., angle between d S 2 and E is 90
and so also angle between d S 3 and E).

Electric Flux through the cylindrical surface
E d S =
E d S1 +
S1
S2
S E dS1 cos 0 + S
= E dS1 + 0 + 0
S
= E dS1
S3
E d S2 +
2
E d S3
E dS 2 cos 90 +
E dS 3 cos 90
(since electric field E is the same

at each point of curved surface)
(since area of curved surface = 2p rl)

= E 2p rl
As l is charge per unit length and length of cylinder is l, therefore, charge enclosed by assumed
surface = ( ll)
\ By Gausss theorem
1
E d S = e 0 charge enclosed
68
Xam idea PhysicsXII
E . 2p rl =
E=
1
( ll)
e0
l
2pe 0 r
Thus, the electric field strength due to a line charge is inversely proportional to r.
2l 1
When width of slit a is doubled, the
a
a
size of central band becomes half and the intensity is doubled.
17. The angular size of central diffraction band, 2q =
Intencity
I0
3l/a
2l/a
-l/a
l/a
2l/a
3l/a

100 - l
R
l
=
X=
R
X 100 - l
l
(100 - l)
Given R = 4 W \
(1)
X=
4W
l
l + 20
X
=
R 100 - (l + 20)
l + 20
(2)
X=
4W
80 - l
(100 - l)
l + 20
4=
4
l
80 - l
\ Unknown resistance,
100 - l
100 - 40
4W =
4W
l
40
X =6W
X=
F =q v B
24.
Given,
v = vi$,
B = Bj$
F = q (vi$) ( Bj$) = qvBk$
Examination Papers
69
That is, force is acting along z-axis.

(i) For a beam of charged particles to pass undeflected crossed electric and magnetic fields, the
condition is that electric and magnetic forces on the beam must be equal and opposite i.e.,
eE = evB
E
v=
B
Given, E = 50 kV/m = 50 10 3 V/m, B =100 mT = 100 10 - 3 T
v=
50 10 3
100 10 - 3
v = 5 105 ms - 1
(ii) The beam strikes the target with a constant velocity,
so force exerted on the target is zero.
However, if proton beam comes to rest, it exerts a
force on the target, equal to rate of change of linear
momentum of the beam i.e.,
F=
E
Fe
v
B
Fm
Target
Dp mv mv mvi mvi
=
=
=
=
Dt Dt q / i
q
ne

26. Distinction between diamagnetic, paramagnetic and ferromagnetic substances
Property
Diamagnetic
Paramagnetic
(i) Susceptibility ( c )
- 1 c < 0 (negative and small)
0 < c < e (positive and small)
(ii) Permeability (m r )
0 m r < 1 (less than 1)
1 < m r < 1 + e (slightly greater than

1)
(iii) Coercivity
High
Low
Gold
Platinum
Example
The magnetic field lines near a diamagnetic substance and a paramagnetic substance are shown
below:
(i) Field lines near

a Diamagnetic
(ii) Field lines near

a Paramagnetic
70
Xam idea PhysicsXII
Here, H =1500 A/m, f = 2 4 10 - 5 Wb, A = 0 5 10 - 4 m 2

Q
B =m H
f
2 4 10 - 5
m=
=
AH 0 5 10 - 4 1500
= 3 2 10 - 4 Wb/Am
Now,
Magnetic susceptibility,
mr =
m 3 2 10 - 4
=
= 255
m0
4p 10 - 7
c = m r -1
= 255 1 = 254

DELHI2009
Maximum marks : 70
marks, one question of three marks and all three questions of five marks each. You have to attempt
only one of the given choices in such questions.
c = 3 10 8 ms -
e = 1 602 10 -19 C
1
= 9 109 Nm2C 2
4pe o
h = 6 626 10 -34 Js
m 0 = 4p 10 -7 TmA -1
Boltzmanns constant k = 1 381 10 -23 J K-1

Mass of neutron mn = 1 2 10 -27 kg
Mass of electron me = 9 1 10 -31 kg
CBSE (Delhi) SETI

1.
2.
3.
4.
What is sky wave propagation?

Write the following radiations in ascending order in respect of their frequencies :
X-rays, microwaves, UV-rays and radio waves

1
Magnetic field lines can be entirely confined within the core of a toroid, but not within a
straight solenoid. Why?
1
You are given following three lenses. Which two lenses will you use as an eyepiece and as an
objective to construct an astronomical telescope?
1
Lenses
Power (P)
Aperture (A)
L1
3D
8 cm
L2
6D
1 cm
L3
10 D
1 cm
72
5.
6.
Xam idea PhysicsXII
If the angle between the pass axis of polarizer and the analyser is 45, write the ratio of the
intensities of original light and the transmitted light after passing through the analyser.
1
Photoelectric
The figure shows a plot of three curves a, b, c showing the
current
variation of photocurrent vs. collector plate potential for
I1
I2
three different intensities I 1 , I 2 and I 3 having frequencies
I3
n 1 , n 2 and n 3 respectively incident on a photosenitive
c
b
surface.
a
Point out the two curves for which the incident radiations
have same frequency but different intensities.
1
Collector plate potential
7.
8.
What type of wavefront will emerge from a (i) point source, and (ii) distant light source? 1
Two nuclei have mass numbers in the ratio 1 : 2. What is the ratio of their nuclei densities?
9.
A cell of emf E and internal resistance r is connected across a variable resistor R. Plot a
graph showing the variation of terminal potential V with resistance R. Predict from the
graph the condition under which V becomes equal to E.
10.
(i) Can two equi-potential surfaces intersect each other? Give reasons.
(ii) Two charges - q and + q are located at points A ( 0, 0, - a) and B ( 0, 0, + a) respectively.
How much work is done in moving a test charge from point P (7 , 0, 0) to Q ( -3, 0, 0)?
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
By what percentage will the transmission range of a T.V. tower be affected when the height of
the tower is increased by 21 %?
2
Derive an expression for drift velocity of free electrons in a conductor in terms of relaxation
time.
2
How does a charge q oscillating at certain frequency produce electromagnetic waves?
2
Sketch a schematic diagram depicting electric and magnetic fields for an electromagnetic
wave propagating along the Z-direction.
A charge q moving along the X-axis with a velocity v is subjected to

a uniform magnetic field B acting along the Z-axis as it crosses the
origin O.
2
(i) Trace its trajectory.
(ii) Does the charge gain kinetic energy as it enters the magnetic
field? Justify your anwer.
B
O
Z-axis
q
X
The following figure shows the input waveforms ( A , B) and the output wavefrom (Y) of a
gate. Identify the gate, write its truth table and draw its logic symbol.
A
Y
0
Examination Papers
16.
State Biot-Savart law.

A current I flows in a conductor placed perpendicular to the
plane of the paper. Indicate the direction of the magnetic field
dl
due to a small element d l at point P situated at a distance r

from the element as shown in the figure.
17.
73
Why are high frequency carrier waves used for transmission?

X
OR
What is meant by term modulation? Draw a block diagram of a simple modulator for
obtaining an AM signal.
18.
A radioactive nucleus A undergoes a series of decays according to the following scheme :

b
A A1 A2 A 3 A4
The mass number and atomic number of A are 180 and 72 respectively. What are these
numbers for A4 ?
19.
A thin conducting spherical shell of radius R has charge Q spread uniformly over its surface.
Using Gausss law, derive an expression for an electric field at a point outside the shell.
Draw a graph of electric field E(r) with distance r from the centre of the shell or 0 r .
20.
Three identical capacitors C 1 , C 2 and C 3 of capacitance 6 mF

each are connected to a 12 V battery as shown.
C1
Find:
(i) charge on each capacitor
12 V
C3
(ii) equivalent capacitance of the network

C2
(iii) energy stored in the network of capacitors

21.
(a) The energy levels of an atom are as shown below. Which of them will result in the
transition of a photon of wavelength 275 nm?
A
0 eV
C
2 eV
4.5 eV
10 eV
(b) Which transition corresponds to emission of radiation of maximum wavelength?

22.
A proton and an alpha particle are accelerated through the same potential. Which one of the
two has (i) greater value of de-Broglie wavelength associated with it, and (ii) less kinetic
enrgy? Justify your answers.
23.
In a single slit diffraction experiment, when a tiny circular obstacle is placed in the path of
light from a distant source, a bright spot is seen at the centre of the shadow of the obstacle.
Explain why?
74
Xam idea PhysicsXII
State two points of difference between the interference pattern obtained in Youngs double
slit experiment and the diffraction pattern due to a single slit.
24.
(a) Define self inductance. Write its S.I. units.

(b) Derive an expression for self inductance of a long solenoid of length l, cross-sectional area
A having N number of turns.
25.
26.
The figure shows experimental set up of a meter

bridge. When the two unknown resistances X and Y
are inserted, the null point D is obtained 40 cm from
the end A. When a resistance of 10 W is connected in
series with X, the null point shifts by 10 cm. Find the
position of the null point when the 10 W resistance is
instead connected in series with resistance Y.
Determine the values of the resistances X and Y.
Y
B
G
Derive the expression for force per unit length between two long straight parallel current
carrying conductors. Hence, define one ampere.
OR
Explain the principle and working of a cyclotron with the help of a schematic diagram. Write
the expression for cyclotron frequency.
27.
Three light rays red (R), green (G) and blue ( B) are incident
on a right angled prism abc at face ab. The refractive
indices of the material of the prism for red, green and blue
wavelengths are 1 39, 1 44 and 1 47 respectively. Out of
the three which colour ray will emerge out of face ac?
Justify your answer. Trace the path of these rays after
passing through face ab.
B
G
R
45
b
28.
(a) Derive an expression for the average power consumed in a series LCR circuit connected to
a.c. source in which the phase difference between the voltage and the current in the circuit
is f.
(b) Define the quality factor in an a.c. circuit. Why should the quality factor have high value
in receiving circuits? Name the factors on which it depends.
OR
(a) Derive the relationship between the peak and the rms value of current in an a.c. circuit.
(b) Describe briefly, with the help of a labelled diagram, working of a step-up transformer.
A step-up transformer converts a low voltage into high voltage. Does it not violate the
principle of conservation of energy? Explain.
29.
(i) Draw a circuit diagram to study the input and output characteristics of an n-p-n transistor
in its common emitter configuration. Draw the typical input and output characteristics.
(ii) Explain, with the help of a circuit diagram, the working of n-p-n transistor as a common
emitter amplifier.
Examination Papers
75
OR
How is a zener diode fabricated so as to make it a special purpose diode? Draw I-V
characteristics of zener diode and explain the significance of breakdown voltage.
Explain briefly, with the help of a circuit diagram, how a p-n junction diode works as a
half wave rectifier.
30.
Trace the rays of light showing the formation of an image due to a point object placed on the
axis of a spherical surface separating the two media of refractive indices n1 and n2 . Establish
the relation between the distances of the object, the image and the radius of curvature from
the central point of the spherical surface.
Hence, derive the expression of the lens makers formula.
OR
Draw the labelled ray diagram for the formation of image by a compound microscope.
Derive the expression for the total magnification of a compound microscope. Explain why
both the objective and the eye piece of a compound microscope must have short focal lengths.
CBSE (DELHI) SETII

Questions different from SetI.
1.
Name the electromagnetic radiation to which waves of wavelength in the range of 10 -2 m

belong. Give one use of this part of EM spectrum.
1
2.
What is ground wave propagation?
5.
Unpolarized light is incident on a plane surface of refractive index m at angle i. If the reflected
light gets totally polarized, write the relation between the angle i and refractive index m.
6.
Draw a diagram to show refraction of a plane wavefront incident on a convex lens and hence
draw the refracted wave front.
1
8.
The nuclei have mass numbers in the ratio 1 : 3. What is the ratio of their nuclear densities?1
11.
The output of a 2-input AND gate is fed to a NOT gate. Give the name of the combination and
its logic symbol. Write down its truth table.
2
16.
A radioactive nucleus A undergoes a series of decays according to the following scheme: 2

a
A A 1 A 2 A 3 A 4
The mass number and atomic number of A 4 are 172 and 69 respectively. What are these
numbers for A 4 ?
19.
The equivalent capacitance of the combination between A and B in the given figure is 4 mF. 3
A
20mF
(i) Calculate capacitance of the capacitor C.
76
Xam idea PhysicsXII
(ii) Calculate charge on each capacitor if a 12 V battery is connected across terminals A and B.
(iii) What will be the potential drop across each capacitor?
20.
State Gausss law in electrostatic. Using this law derive an expression for the electric field due
to a uniformly charged infinite plane sheet.
3
22.
An electron and a proton are accelerated through the same potential. Which one and the two
has (i) greater value of de-Broglie wavelength associated with it and (ii) less momentum?
Justify your answer.
3
CBSE (DELHI) SETIII

Questions different from SetI and SetII.
2.
At what angle of incidence should a light beam strike a glass slab of refractive index 3, such
that the reflected and the refracted rays are perpendicular to each other?
1
3.
What is space wave propagation?
5.
Name the part of electromagnetic spectrum which is suitable for :
(i) radar systems used in aircraft navigation

(ii) treatment of cancer tumours.
6.
Two nuclei have mass numbers in the ratio 2 : 5. What is the ratio of their nuclear densities? 1
7.
Differentiate between a ray and a wavefront.
12.
(i) Sketch the output wavefrom from an AND gate for the inputs A and B shown in the
figure.
2
A
B
0
(ii) If the output of the above AND gate is fed to a NOT gate, name the gate of the
combination so formed.
18.
A radioactive nucleus A undergoes a series of decays according to the following scheme : 2

a
A A 1 A 2 A 3 A 4
The mass number and atomic number of A are 190 and 75 respectively. What are these
numbers for A 4 ?
19.
State Guasss law in electrostatics. Use this law to derive an expression for the electric field
due to an infinitely long straight wire of linear charge density l Cm -1 .
3
Examination Papers
23.
Two parallel plate condition X and Y, have the same area of

plates and same separation between them. X has air between
the plates while Y contains a dielectric medium of r = 4.
(i) Calculate capacitance of each capacitor if equivalent
capacitance of the combination is 4 mF.
(ii) Calculate the potential difference between the plates of X
and Y.
(iii) What is the ratio of electrostatic energy stored in X and Y?
77
12 V
Solutions
CBSE (Delhi) SETI
1.
Skywave propagation is a mode of propagation in which communication of radiowaves (in

the frequency range 30 MHz40 MHz) takes place due to reflection from the ionosphere.
2.
Radiowaves, microwaves, UV rays, X-rays.
3.
Magnetic field lines can be entirely confined within the core of a toroid because toroid has no
ends. A solenoid is open ended and the field lines inside it which is parallel to the length of
the solenoid, cannot form closed curved inside the solenoid.
4.
An astronomical telescope has an eyepiece of shorter aperture and shorter focal length while
an objective of longer aperture and longer focal length.
5.
Therefore, we will use L 3 as eyepiece and L 1 as objective.

I
Transmitted intensity, I transmitted = 0 cos 2 q
2
I0/2
I0
I0/2 cos2 q
Polarizer
Analyzer
Here q = 45
\
6.
7.
8.
I Original
I transmitted
I0
I transmitted
2
2
cos 45
4
1
Curves a and b have different intensities but same stopping potential, so curves a and b
have same frequency but different intensities.
Wavefront from a point source spherical
Wavefront from a distant light source plane.
Nuclear density is independent of mass number, so ratio 1 : 1.
78
9.
10.
Xam idea PhysicsXII
E
E
Terminal potential difference, V = IR =
R=
r
R + r
1+
R
When R 0, V = 0
E
When R = r , V =
2
When R = , V = E
The graph is shown in fig.
E
V
E
2
(i) No
Reason: At the point of intersection, there will be two different directions of electric field,
which is not possible.
(ii) Work done in moving test charge atom P to Q is zero.
X
P (7, 0, 0)
A (0, 0, a)
B (0, 0, a)
+q
Y
Q (3, 0, 0)
Reason: Test charge is moved along the equatorial line of an electric dipole. As potential at
every point on equatorial line is zero, so work done, W = q0 (VQ - VP ) = q0 ( 0 - 0) = 0.
11.
Transmission range of a TV tower

d = 2hR
If height is increased by 21 %, new height, h = h +
h
= 1 21 = 1 1
h
d - d
Dd
% increase in range,
100% =
100%
d
d
d
= - 1 100% = (1.1 - 1) 100% = 10%

d
If d is the new range, then
d
=
d
21
h = 1 21 h
100
Examination Papers
12.
Consider a metallic conductor XY of length l

and cross-sectional area A. A potential
difference V is applied across the conductor
XY. Due to this potential difference an electric
79
l
E
X
field E is produced in the conductor. The

V
magnitude of electric field strength E = and
l
its direction is from Y to X. This electric field
exerts a force on free electrons; due to which
electrons are accelerated.
The electric force on electron F = - e E
vd
+
V
(where e = + 1 6 10 -19 coulomb).
If m is the mass of electron, then its acceleration
a =
F
eE
=m
m
(1)
This acceleration remains constant only for a very short duration, since there are random
forces which deflect the electron in random manner. These deflections may arise due to
(i) ions of metallic crystal vibrate simple harmonically around their mean positions.
Different ions vibrate in different directions and may be displaced by different
amounts.
(ii) direct collisions of electrons with atoms of metallic crystal lattice.
In any way after a short duration t called relaxation time, the motion of electrons
become random. Thus, we can imagine that the electrons are accelerated only for a
short duration. As average velocity of random motion is zero, if we consider the
average motion of an electron, then its initial velocity is zero, so the velocity of electron
after time t (i. e. , drift velocity v d ) is given by the relation v = u + a t (here u = 0,
v = v d , t = t, a
= -
vd =-
vd =0-
eE
eE
m
et
E
m
t
(2)
At given temperature, the relaxation time t remains constant, so drift velocity remains
constant.
13.
An oscillating electric charge produces oscillating electric field, which produces oscillating
magnetic field; which in turn produces oscillating electric field and so on; thereby producing
an electromagnetic wave propagating in free space.
80
Xam idea PhysicsXII

Y
Envelope of E
E
B
X
B
Z
Envelope of B
14.
(i) The trajectory is shown in fig.

(ii) No
X'
Reason: Magnetic force F m = q v B
15.
Force ( F m ) is perpendicular to velocity v , so work done by the

magnetic force on charge is zero; so charge does not gain
kinetic energy on entering the magnetic field.
The logic gate is NAND gate.
A
Y
B
Truth Table
Inputs
16.
Output
Biot-Savart Law: It states that the magnetic field strength ( dB)

produced due to a current element (of current I and length dl) at
a point having position vector r relative to current element is
dB =
m 0 I dl r
4p
r3
where m 0 is permeability of free space. Its value is

m 0 = 4p 10 -7 Wb/A-m.
dl
P
r
Examination Papers
81

m Idl sin q
dB = 0
4p
r2
The direction of magnetic field dB is perpendicular to the plane
containing I dl and r .
The direction of current element is along Z-direction and that
dl
of r along Y-direction, so magnetic field

m ( I dl k$) (r j$) m Idl
= 0
( -i$) .
B= 0
3
4p r 2
4p
r
X'
That is magnetic field is directed along negative X-direction.

17.
Use of high frequency carrier wave in transmission of signals:

(i) High frequencey carrier wave reduces the size of antenna as h =
l
l
or
2
4
(ii) High frequency carrier wave radiates more power in space as P n 2 .

(iii) High frequency carrier wave avoids mixing up of message signals.
OR
Meaning of Modulation: The original low frequency message/information signal cannot be
transmitted over long distances. Therefore, at the transmitter end, information contained in
the low frequency message signal, is susperimposed on a high frequency carrier signal by a
process known as modulation.
m(t)
Am sin wmt
(modilating
signal)
Square
law
device
Band pass
filter centered
at wc
AM wave
Bx(t)
+ C x2(t)
c(t)
= Ac sin wct
(Carrier)
Block diagram of simple modulator
18.
b - 176
g 172
a
a 172
180
176
A
A 1
A 2
A 3
A
72
70
71
69
69 4
Thus, mass number of A4 is 172 and atomic number is 69.

19.
Electric field intensity at a point outside a uniformly charged thin spherical shell:
Consider a uniformly charged thin spherical shell of radius R carrying charge Q. To find
the electric field outside the shell, we consider a spherical Gaussian surface of radius r ( > R),
concentric with given shell. If E is electric field outside the shell, then by symmetry electric
field strength has same magnitude E0 on the Gaussian surface and is directed radially
82
Xam idea PhysicsXII
outward. Also the directions of normal at each point is radially outward,
so angle between E i and d S is zero at each point. Hence,

electric flux through Gaussian surface =
= E0 dS cos 0 = E0 . 4pr
Ed S
EO
R
r
dS
Now, Gaussian surface is outside the given charged shell,

so charge enclosed by Gaussian surface is Q.
1
S E 0 d E = e 0 charged enclosed
E0 4pr 2 =
1
1 Q
Q E0 =
e0
4pe 0 r 2
Thus, electric field outside a charged thin spherical

shell is the same as if the whole charge Q is
concentrated at the centre.
If s is the surface charge density of the spherical

shell, then
f = 4 pR 2 s C
\
E0 =
1 4 pR 2 s R 2 s
=
4pe 0
r2
e 0r 2
The graph is shown in fig.

20.
(i)
Capacitors C 1 and C 2 are in series across a 12 V supply while there exists p.d. of 12 V
across capacitor C 3 .
Effective Capacitance of C 1 and C 2 is
C C
66
C 12 = 1 2 =
= 3 mF
C 1+ C 2 6 + 6
Charge on each of capacitors C 1 and C 2 is same:
q1 = q2 = C 12 V = ( 3 mF) (12 V) = 36 mC
Charge on capacitor C 3 , q 3 = C 3 V
= ( 6 mF 12 V) = 72 mC
(ii) Equivalent capacitance of network
C eq = C 12 + C 3 = 3 mF + 6 mF = 9 mF
(iii) Energy stored in the network
1
1
U = C eq V 2 = ( 9 10 -6 ) (12) 2 = 6 48 10 -4 J
2
2
21.
(a)
The energy (E) of a photon of wavelength ( l) is given by
Examination Papers
E=
83
-34
3 10 8
hc 6 626 10
=
J
l
275 10 -9
6 626 10 -34 3 10 8
275 10 -9 1 6 10 -19
eV = 4 5 eV
From fig. this transition corresponds to B since for transition B.

E = 0 - ( - 4 5 eV) = 4 5 eV
hc 1
Energy of Photon Emitted, E =
l
l
(b)
For minimum wavelength of emission, the energy is minimum.

22.
This transition A corresponds to emission of radiation of maximum wavelength.

h
(i ) de-Broglie wavelength, l =
2mqV
lp =
\
h
,
2mp qp V
lp
la
la =
2ma qaV
ma qa
.
mp qp
As ma = 4mp and qa = 2qp

lp
\
= 42 = 8
la
lp > la
i.e., Proton has greater de-Broglie wavelengths.

Kinetic energy, K = qV
Kp q p
e 1
=
=
=
Ka q a 2 e 2
(ii)
Kp < Ka
i.e., proton has less kinetic energy.
23.
The waves diffracted at the edge of circular obstacle produce constructive interference at the
centre of the shadow; producing a bright spot.
Difference between Interference and Diffraction
Interference
Diffraction
1.
All bright fringes are of equal intensity.
The central maximum has maximum intensity

and the intensity of secondary maxima goes on
decreasing with increase of order.
2.
Fringe width of all fringes are equal.
The width of central maximum is maximum

and goes on decreasing with increase of order of
secondary maxima.
84
24.
Xam idea PhysicsXII
(a)
(b)
The self inductance is defined on the magnetic flux linked with the coil when unit
current flows through it.
Or
The self inductance is defined as the emf induced in the coil, when the rate of change of
current in the coil is 1 ampere/second.
The SI unit of self-inductance is henry (H).
Self Inductance of a long air-cored solenoid:
Consider a long air solenoid having `n' number of turns per unit length. If current in
solenoid is I , then magnetic field within the solenoid, B = m 0 nI
...(1)
where m 0 = 4p 10 - 7 henry/metre is the permeability of free space.
If A is cross-sectional area of solenoid, then effective flux linked with solenoid of
length `l '; F = NBA where N = nl is the number of turns in length ' l ' of solenoid.
\
F = (nl BA)
Substituting the value of B from (1)
...(2)
F = nl (m 0 nI ) A = m 0 n 2 AlI
\ Self-inductance of air solenoid
F
L = = m 0 n 2 Al
I
If N is total number of turns in length l , then
N
n=
l
N 2
\ Self-inductance L = m 0
Al
l
=
25.
m0 N 2A
Let r = resistance per cm length of bridge wire

X
40r
X 2
=
=
Y (100 - 40) r
Y 3
(1)
When a resistance of 10 W is connected in series with X, the null point is obtained at

( 40 + 10) = 50 cm.
X + 10 50r
X + 10
\
=
=1
Y
50r
Y
3
Y= X
2
From (1),
\
From (2),
Y = X + 10
3
X = X + 10 X = 20 W
2
Y = 20 + 10 = 30 W
When a resistance 10 W is inserted in series with Y, let the balancing length be l2 .

l2
X
\
=
Y + 10 (100 - l2 )
(2)
Examination Papers
l2
20
=
30 + 10 (100 - l2 )
l2
100 - l2
85
l
2
This gives null point length; l2 = 33 3 cm.

26.
Force per unit length between two long straight parallel conductors:
Suppose two long thin straight
conductors (or wires) PQ and RS are
placed parallel to each other in
vacuum (or air) carrying currents
I 1 and I 2 respectively. It has been
observed experimentally that when
the currents in the wire are in the
same direction, they experience an
attractive force (fig. a) and when they
carry currents in opposite directions,
they experience a repulsive force (fig. b).
I2
DL
DF
I1
Q
Let the conductors PQ and RS carry

currents I 1 and I 2 in same direction
and placed at separation r. (fig.).
a
DL
b
I2
I1
DF
Consider a currentelement ab of length DL of wire RS. The magnetic field produced by

current-carrying conductor PQ at the location of other wire RS
m I
...(1)
B1 = 0 1
2p r
According to Maxwells right hand rule or right hand palm rule no. 1, the direction of B1 will
be perpendicular to the plane of paper and directed downward. Due to this magnetic field,
each element of other wire experiences a force. The direction of current element is
perpendicular to the magnetic field; therefore the magnetic force on element ab of length DL
\
DF = B1 I 2 DL sin 90
m I
= 0 1 I 2 DL
2p r
The total force on conductor of length L will be

m I I
m I I
F = 0 1 2 S DL = 0 1 2 L
2p r
2p r
Force acting on per unit length of conductor

F m I I
f = = 0 1 2 N/ m
L
2p r
...(2)
According to Flemings left hand rule, the direction of magnetic force will be towards PQ i.e.
the force will be attractive.
On the other hand if the currents I 1 and I 2 in wires are in opposite directions, the force will
be repulsive. The magnitude of force in each case remains the same.
86
Xam idea PhysicsXII
Definition of Ampere: In S.I. system of fundamental unit of current ampere' has been
defined assuming the force between the two current carrying wires as standard.
The force between two parallel current carrying conductors of separation r is
F m I I
f = = 0 1 2 N/ m
L
2 pr
If I 1 = I 2 = 1 A , r = 1 m, then
m
f = 0 = 2 10 - 7 N/m
2p
Thus 1 ampere is the current which when flowing in each of parallel conductors placed at
separation 1 m in vacuum exert a force of 2 10 -7 on 1 m length of either wire.
OR
The cyclotron, devised by Lawrence and Livingston, is a
device for accelerating ions to high speed by the repeated
application of accelerating potentials.
Magnetic Pole
N
S
Principle: The positive ions produced from a source

are accelerated. Due to the presence of perpendicular
magnetic field the ion will move in a circular path. The
phenomenon is continued till the ion reaches at the
periphery where an auxiliary negative electrode (deflecting
plate) deflects the accelerated ion on the
target to be bombarded.
Dee
Magnetic Pole
S
Dee-1

If R be the radius of the path and v max the
velocity of the ion when it leaves the
periphery, then
qBR
v max =
m
The kinetic energy of the ion when it leaves
the apparatus is,
K. E. =
Dee
R.F.
oscillator
Dee-2
Beam
q2 B2 R 2
1
2
mv max =
2
2m
When charged particle crosses the gap between dees it gains KE = q V

In one revolution, it crosses the gap twice, therefore if it completes n-revolutions before
emerging the does, the kinetic energy gained
= 2nqV
Thus
K.E. =
q2 B2 R 2
2m
= 2nqV
Working: The principle of action of the apparatus is shown in fig. The positive ions produced
from a source S at the centre are accelerated by a dee which is at negative potential at that
moment. Due to the presence of perpendicular magnetic field the ion will move in a circular
Examination Papers
87
path inside the dees. The magnetic field and the frequency of the applied voltages are so
chosen that as the ion comes out of a dee, the dees change their polarity (positive becoming
negative and vice-versa) and the ion is further accelerated and moves with higher velocity
along a circular path of greater radius. The phenomenon is continued till the ion reaches at
the periphery of the dees where an auxiliary negative electrode (deflecting plate) deflects the
The function of electric field is to accelerate the charged particle and so to impart energy to
the charged particle.
The function of magnetic field is to provide circular path to charged particle and so to
provide the location where charged particle is capable of gaining energy from electric field.
qvB =
mv 2
r
or r =
mv
qB
...(1)
where m is the mass and r the radius of the path of ion in the dee and B is the strength of the
magnetic field.
v qB
(from equation 1)
w= =
r m
...(2)
p pm
...(3)
t= =
w Bq
Thus the time is independent of the speed of the ion i.e., although the speed of the ion goes on
increasing with increase in the radius (from eq. 1) when it moves from one dee to the other,
yet it takes the same time in each dee.
m
From eq. (3) it is clear that for a particular ion,
being known, B can be calculated for
q
producing resonance with the high frequency alternating potential.
27.
Angle of incidence at face ac for all three

colours,
i = 45
Refractive index corresponding to critical
angle 45 is
1
m=
= 2 = 1 414
sin 45
The ray will be transmitted through face ac if
i < ic . This condition is satisfied for red colour
(m = 1 39). So only red ray will be transmitted,
Blue and Green rays will be totally reflected.
B
G
R
R
45
b
c
B
88
28.
Xam idea PhysicsXII
(a) In series LCR circuit.

Voltage, V = V0 sin wt
Current in circuit, I = I 0 sin ( wt + f)
Instantaneous Power, P = VI
= V0 I 0 sin wt sin ( wt + f)
1
1
= V0 I 0 2 sin wt sin ( wt + f) = V0 I 0 [cos f - cos ( 2wt + f)]
2
2
Average value of cos ( 2wt + f) over a complete cycle is zero i.e., cos ( 2wt + f) = 0.
\ Average power over a complete cycle
V I
1
Pav = V0 I 0 cos f = 0 0 cos f
2
2 2
Pav = Vrms I rms cos f
(b) Quality Factor (Q): In series LCR circuit the ratio of the voltage drop across inductor (or
capacitor) to the voltage drop across resistor under resonance condition is called the
quality factor.
w LI
L
1
L
Q= r
= wr
=
.
RI
R
LC R
Also,
1
R
L
C
wr
Q=
w2 - w1
Q=
where w2 - w1 = band width of resonant curve. Smaller is the band width, larger is the
quality factor and selectivity (or sharpness of resonance) of the circuit.
That is why in receiving circuits, quality factor must be very high. The quality factor
depends on the values of resistance, inductance and capacitance of the circuit.
OR
(a) Relationship between Peak and RMS Value of Current:
Current I = I 0 sin wt
I 2 = I 02 sin 2 wt
Mean square current over full cycle
( I 2 ) mean = I 02 (sin 2 wt) mean
Mean value of sin 2 wt over full cycle is
T
i.e.,
(sin wt) mean
= 0
1
.
2
sin 2 wt dt
T
dt
1
2
Examination Papers
( I 2 ) mean = I 02 .
89
1
2
\ Root mean square current

I rms = ( I 2 ) mean =
or
I0
2
I rms = 0 707 I 0
This is required relation.

(A.C. mains)
(b) Transformer: Transformer is a device by

which an alternating voltage may be
decreased or increased. This is based on
the principle of mutual induction.
Primary
Primary
Step up Transformer: It transforms the

alternating low voltage to alternating high
voltage and in this the number of turns in
secondary coil is more than that in primary
coil. (i. e. , N S > N p ).
laminated
iron core
Core
Secondary
Working: When alternating current

Step up
source is connected to the ends of
Secondary
primary coil, the current changes
Transformer
continuously in the primary coil; due to
which the magnetic flux linked with the secondary coil changes continuously, therefore
the alternating emf of same frequency is developed across the secondary.
Let N p be the number of turns in primary coil, NS the number of turns in secondary coil
and f the magnetic flux linked with each turn. We assume that there is no leakage of flux
so that the flux linked with each turn of primary coil and secondary coil is the same.
According to Faradays laws the emf induced in the primary coil
Df
...(1)
e p = - Np
Dt
Df
e S = - NS
Dt
...(2)
From (1) and (2)

eS
ep
NS
Np
...(3)
If the resistance of primary coil is negligible, the emf ( e p ) induced in the primary coil, will
be equal to the applied potential difference (Vp ) across its ends. Similarly if the secondary
circuit is open, then the potential difference VS across its ends will be equal to the emf ( e S )
induced in it; therefore
90
Xam idea PhysicsXII
VS
Vp
where r =
NS
Np
eS
ep
NS
Np
= r (say)
...(4)
is called the transformation ratio. If ip and is are the instantaneous currents in

For about 100% efficiency,
Vp ip = VS iS
iS Vp N p 1
=
=
=
ip VS N S r
...(5)
In step up transformer, Ns > N p r > 1 ;

VS > Vp and iS < ip
So
i.e. step up transformer increases the voltage.

When output voltage increases, the output current automatically decreases to keep the
power same. Thus, there is no violation of conservation of energy in a step up
transformer.
(i) Characteristic Curves: The circuit diagram for determining the static characteristic curves
of an n-p-n transistor in common-emitter configuration is shown in fig.
mA
IB
mA
VBB
VBE
Rh1
IC
C
VCE
E
IE
VCC
=
10
VCE = 5V
CE
(a) Input characteristics: These characteristic curves

are obtained by plotting base current ( I B ) versus
base-emitter voltage VBE for fixed collector-emitter
voltage VCE . Fig. represents these characteristics.
(b) Output characteristics: These characteristics are
obtained by plotting collector current I C versus
collector-emitter voltage VCE at a fixed value of
base current I B . The base current is changed to
some other fixed value and the observations of I C
versus VCE are repeated. Fig. represents the output
characteristics of a common-emitter circuit.
Common Emitter Characteristics:
IB
29.
VBE
Examination Papers
91
(ii) The circuit of common emitter amplifier using n-p-n transistor is shown below:
IC
C1
RB
C2
RL
IB
B
Vi
E
VBB
VCC
IE
V0
Output
waveform
Working: If a small sinusoidal voltage, with amplitude VS , is superposed on dc basic bias

(by connecting the sinusoidal voltage in series with base supply VBB ), the base current
will have sinusoidal variations superposed on the base current I B . As a consequence the
collector current is also sinusoidal variations superimposed on the value of collector
current I C , this will produce corresponding amplified changes in the value of output
voltage V0 . The a.c. variations across input and output terminals may be measured by
blocking the d.c. voltage by large capacitors.
The phase difference between input signal and output voltage is 180.
The input and output waveforms are shown in
Input waveform
Output waveform
figure.
R
Voltage gain Av = b L
Ri
OR
Fabrication: A zener diode is fabricated by heavily doping both p and n sides of the junction,
due to which the depletion layer formed is extremely thin ( < 10 -6 m) and the electric field of the
junction is extremely high (~ 5 10 6 V / m) even for small reverse bias voltage of about 5 V.
I-V Characteristics of Zener Diode are shown in figure.
I (mA)
Forward
bias
Vr
VZ
VF
Reverse
bias
I (mA)
Significance of Breakdown Voltage: After breakdown voltage VZ , any variation in current

through Zener diode, does not cause any chaneg in Zener voltage. This property of Zener
diode is used for regulating supply voltages so that they remain constant.
92
Xam idea PhysicsXII
Half Wave Rectifier: The circuit diagram for junction diode as half wave rectifier is shown in
Fig.
p1
s1
RL
p2
s2
B
(a)
Input
Output voltage
VDC
Input A.C. signal
A
p
Output
(b)
Let during first half the cycle the secondary terminal S1 of trasformer be positive relative to
S2 , then the junction diode is forward biased. Therefore the current flows and its direction in
load resistance R L is from A to B. In next half cycle the terminal S1 is negative relative to S2
then the diode is in reverse bias, therefore no current flows in diode and hence there is no
potential difference across load R L . Therefore the output current in load flows only when S1
is positive relative to S2 . That is during first half cycles of input a.c. signal there is a current in
circuit and hence a potential difference across load resistance R L while no current flows for
next half cycle. The direction of current in load is always from A to B. Thus a single p-n junction
diode acts as a half wave rectifier.
The input and output waveforms of half wave rectifier are shown in fig. (b).
30.
Relation between u, v, n 1 and n 2 for a spherical surface: Let SPS be a spherical refracting
surface, which separates media 1 and 2. Medium 1 is rarer and medium 2 is denser. The
refractive indices of media 1 and 2 are n1 and n2 respectively (n1 < n2 ). Let P be the pole
and C the centre of curvature and PC the principal axis of spherical refracting surface.
O is a point-object on the principal axis. An incident ray OA, after refraction at A on the
spherical surface bends towards the normal CAN and moves along AB. Another incident ray
OP falls on the surface normally and hence passes undeviated after refraction. These two
rays, when produced backward meet at point I on principal axis. Thus I is the virtual image
of O.
N
n1
Rarer medium 1
A
r
n2
h
R
Denser
medium `2'
u
S'
Let angle of incidence of ray OA be i and angle of refraction be r i.e.

OAC = i
and
NAB = r
AOP = a , AIP = b and ACP = g

In triangle OAC,
or i = g - a
g =a +i
Let
In triangle AIC,
g = b + r or
r = g -b
...(1)
...(2)
Examination Papers
sin i
From Snells law
sin r
n2
n1
93
...(3)
If point A is very near to P, then angles i, r , a , b , g will be very small, therefore

sin i = i and sin r = r
i n2
From equation (3)
=
r n1
Substituting values of i and r from (1) and (2) we get
g - a n2
or
=
n1 ( g - a ) = n2 ( g - b)
g - b n1
...(4)
The length of perpendicular AM dropped from A on the principal axis is h i.e. AM = h. As

angles a , b and g are very small, therefore
tan a = a , tan b = b , tan g = g
Substituting these values in equation (4)
n1 (tan g - tan a ) = n2 (tan g - tan b)
As point A is very close to P, point M is coincident with P
perpendicular AM
h
\
tan a =
=
=
base
MO PO
AM
h
AM
h
tan b =
=
,
tan g =
=
MI PI
MC PC
Substituting this value in (5), we get
h
h
n1
= n2
PC PO
n1
n
n
or
- 1 = 2
PC PO PC
h
h
PC PI
n
- 2
PI
...(5)
...(6)
Let u, v and R be the distances of object O, image I and centre of curvature C from pole P. By
sign convention PO, PI and PC are negative i.e. u = - PO , v = - PI and R = - PC
Substituting these values in (6), we get
n1
n
n
n
- 1 = 2 - 2
( - R) ( - u) ( - R) ( - v)
or
or
n1
R
n2
v
n1
u
n1
u
=
=
n2
n2
R
v
n2 - n1
R
Lens Makers Formula: Suppose L is a thin lens. The refractive index of the material of lens is
n2 and it is placed in a medium of refractive index n1 . The optical centre of lens is C and X X
is principal axis. The radii of curvature of the surfaces of the lens are R 1 and R 2 and their
94
Xam idea PhysicsXII
poles are P1 and P2 . The thickness of

lens is t, which is very small. O is a
point object on the principal axis of
the lens. The distance of O from pole
X'
P1 is u. The first refracting surface
forms the image of O at I at a
distance v from P1 . From the
refraction formula at spherical
surface
n2 n1 n2 - n1
=
v
u
R1
L
n1
n1
n2
t
P1 C P2
I'
v'
...(1)
The image I acts as a virtual object for second surface and after refraction at second surface,
the final image is formed at I. The distance of I from pole P2 of second surface is v. The
distance of virtual object ( I ) from pole P2 is (v - t).
For refraction at second surface, the ray is going from second medium (refractive index n2 ) to
first medium (refractive index n1 ), therefore from refraction formula at spherical surface
n1
n2
n - n2
...(2)
= 1
v (v - t)
R2
For a thin lens t is negligible as compared to v , therefore from (2)
n1 n2
n - n1
=- 2
v (v )
R2
...(3)
Adding equations (1) and (3), we get

1
n1 n1
1
= (n2 - n1 )
v
u
R1 R2
or
1
1 1 n2
1
- =
- 1
v u n1
R1 R2
i.e.
1
1 1
1
- = ( 1 n2 - 1)
v u
R1 R2
where
1 n2
n2
n1
...(4)
is refractive index of second medium (i.e. medium of lens) with respect to
first medium.
If the object O is at infinity, the image will be formed at second focus i.e.
if u = , v = f 2 = f
Therefore from equation (4)
1
1 1
1
- = ( 1 n2 - 1)
f
R1 R2
i.e.
1
1
1
= ( 1 n2 - 1)
f
R
R
1
2
...(5)
Examination Papers
95
This is the formula of refraction for a thin lens. This formula is called Lens-Makers formula.
If first medium is air and refractive index of material of lens be n, then 1 n2 = n, therefore
equation (5) may be written as
1
1
1
...(6)
= (n - 1)
f
R1 R2
OR
Compound Microscope: It consists of a long cylindrical tube, containing at one end a convex
lens of small aperture and small focal length. This is called the objective lens (O). At the other
end of the tube another co-axial smaller and wide
tube is fitted, which carries a convex lens (E) at its Objective
Eyepiece
outer end. This lens is towards the eye and is called
the eye-piece. The focal length and aperture of
eyepiece are somewhat larger than those of
objective lens. Cross-wires are mounted at a
O
E
definite distance before the eyepiece. The entire
tube can be moved forward and backward by the rack and pinion arrangement.
Adjustment: First of all the eyepiece is displaced backward and forward to focus it on
cross-wires. Now the object is placed just in front of the objective lens and the entire tube is
moved by rack and pinion arrangement until there is no parallax between image of object
and cross wire. In this position the image of the object appears quite distinct.
Eyepiece
uo
ue
vo
D
Objective
Eye
B
A"
A
Fo
Fe'
A'
B'
B"
ve
Compound microscope
Fe
96
Xam idea PhysicsXII
Magnifying power of a microscope is defined as the ratio

of angle (b) subtended by final image on the eye to the
angle (a ) subtended by the object on eye, when the object is
placed at the least distance of distinct vision, i.e.,
b
Magnifying power
...(1)
M= .
a
A
D
Eye
As object is very small, angles a and b are very small and so tan a = a and tan b = b. By
definition the object AB is placed at the least distance of distinct vision.
AB
\
a = tan a =
EA
AB
By sign convention
EA = - D ,
\ a=
-D
b = tan b =
and from figure
A B
EA
If ue is distance of image A B from eye-piece E, then by sign convention, EA = - ue

A B
and so,
b=
( - ue )
Hence magnifying power, M =
b A B /( - ue ) A B D
=
=
a
AB / ( - D)
AB ue
By sign conventions, magnification of objective lens

v0
A B
=
AB
( - u0 )
\
M=-
Using lens formula
u0
D
ue
Magnifying power
M=-
... (2)
1 1 1
= - for eye-lens, (i.e. using f = f e , v = - v e , u = - ue ),
f v u
1
1
1
=
f e - v e ( - ue )
we get
or
v0
M=-
or
1
1
1
=
+
ue f e v e
1
1
D +
u0 f e v e
v0
v0 D D
+
u0 f e v e
When final image is formed at the distance of distinct vision, v e = D

v
D
Magnification, M = - 0 1 +
\
u0
fe
For greater magnification of a compound microscope, f e should be small. As f 0 < f e , so f q is
small. Hence, for greater magnification both f 0 and f e should be small.
Examination Papers
97
CBSE (Delhi) SETII

1.
Microwave
Use: Miscrowave oven or Radar.
2.
Ground Wave Propagation: Ground wave propagation is one in which electromagnetic

waves glide on the surface of earth between two antennas on the ground.
5.
6.
m = tan i
The behaviour of a thin convex lens is shown in figure.
Transmitted
spherical wavefront
Incident
plane
wavefront
8.
Nuclear density is independent of mass number, so ratio of nuclear densities is 1 : 1.
11.
Name of combination: NAND gate logic symbol.

A
Y
Truth Table of NAND gate is

Inputs
16.
Output
b-
g
a
a
180
176
176
172
172
A
A 1
A 2
A 3
A
72
70
71
69
69 4
The mass number of A is 180 and atomic number is 72.

19.
20mF
(i) Given C AB = 4 mF
Capacitance 20 mF and C (mF) are in series
C 20
\
C AB =
C + 20
20 C
or
4 mF =
C + 20
4C + 80 = 20 C
98
Xam idea PhysicsXII
or
16C = 80
C = 5 mF
(ii) Charge on each capacitor, Q = C AB V
= ( 4 mF) (12 V) = 48 mC
(iii) Potential drop across 20 mF capacitor
48 mC
Q
V1 =
=
= 24 V
20 mF 20 mF
Q 48 mC
Potential drop across C, V2 = =
= 96 V
C
5 mF
20.
Gauss Theorem: The net outward electric flux through a closed surface is equal to
1
times
e0
the net charge enclosed within the surface i.e.,

1
S E dS = e 0 Sq
Let electric charge be uniformly distributed over the surface of a thin, non-conducting
infinite sheet. Let the surface charge density (i.e., charge per unit surface area) be s. We have
to calculate the electric field strength at any point distance r from the sheet of charge.
q=90o
dS3
o
S1 E 90 S3
S2
dS1
E
q=0o
dS2
E
q=0o
B
A
Sheet
To calculate the electric field strength near the sheet, we now consider a cylindrical Gaussian
surface bounded by two plane faces A and B lying on the opposite sides and parallel to the
charged sheet and the cylindrical surface perpendicular to the sheet (fig). By symmetry the
electric field strength at every point on the flat surface is the same and its direction is normal
outwards at the points on the two plane surfaces and parallel to the curved surface.
Total electric flux
SE
or
SE
dS =
dS
SE1
S1
d S1 +
SE2
E dS1 cos 0 +
d S2 +
S2
SE3
d S3
E dS2 cos 0 +
S3
E dS 3 cos 90
= E dS1 + E dS2 = E a + E a = 2E a
\ Total electric flux = 2E a .
As s is charge per unit area of sheet and a is the intersecting area, the charge enclosed by
Gaussian surface = s a
Examination Papers
99
According to Gausss theorem,

1
Total electric flux =
(total charge enclosed by the surface)
e0
2Ea =
i.e.,
\
22.
E=
1
(sa)
e0
s
2e 0
Thus electric field strength due to an infinite flat sheet of charge is independent of the
distance of the point and is directed normally away from the charge. If the surface charge
density s is negative the electric field is directed towards the surface charge.
h
de-Broglie wavelength,
l=
2mqV
For electron q = e , m = me ,
le =
h
2me . eV
For proton, q = e , m = mp ,
lp =
h
2mp eV
mp
le
=
lp
me
(i) As me > mp , l e > l p i.e., electron has greater de-Broglie wavelength.
Momentum, p = 2meV m
(ii) As me < mp ; p e < p p so electron has less momentum.
CBSE (Delhi) SETIII

2.
The reflected and refracted rays are mutually perpendicular at polarising angle; so from
Brewsters law
ip = tan -1 (n) = tan -1 ( 3 ) = 60 .
3.
Space Wave Propagation: It is the straight line propagation of electromagnetic wave from
transmitting antenna to receiving antenna both installed on the ground.
Alternatively, space wave propagation is the line of sight (LOS) communication.
5.
(i) Microwave
(ii) g-rays.
6.
Nuclear density is independent of mass number so ratio is 1 : 1.
7.
A wavefront is a surface of constant phase. A ray is a perpendicular line drawn at any point
on wavefront and represents the direction of propagation of the wave.
100
Xam idea PhysicsXII
12.
(i) Output waveform of AND gate is shown in fig. (output is 1 when both inputs are 1).
(ii) NAND gate.

18.
b - 186
g
a
a
190
186
182
182
A
A 1
A 2
A 3
A
75
73
74
72
72 4
The mass number of A 4 is 182 and atomic number is 72.

19.
Gauss Theorem: The net outward electric flux through a closed surface is equal to
1
times
e0
the net charge enclosed within the surface i.e.,

1
S E dS = e 0 Sq
Electric field due to infinitely long, thin and uniformly charged straight wire: Consider an
infinitely long line charge having linear charge density l coulomb metre - 1 (linear charge
density means charge per unit length). To find the electric field strength at a distance r, we
consider a cylindrical Gaussian surface of radius r and length l coaxial with line charge. The
cylindrical Gaussian surface may be divided into three parts :
(i) Curved surface S1 (ii) Flat surface S2 and (iii) Flat surface S 3 .
E
dS1
E
E
S1
90o
90o
dS2
dS3
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
S2
S3
By symmetry the electric field has the same magnitude E at each point of curved surface S1
and is directed radially outward.
We consider small elements of surfaces S1 , S2 and S 3 . The surface element vector d S 1 is
directed along the direction of electric field (i. e. , angle between E and d S 1 is zero); the
elements d S 2 and d S
are directed perpendicular to field vector E (i. e. , angle between d S 2
and E is 90 and so also angle between d S 3 and E).
Examination Papers
101
Electric Flux through the cylindrical surface
E dS =
=
E d S1 +
S1
S2
S1 E dS1 cos 0
E d S2 +
S3
S2
E dS3
E dS2 cos 90 +
S3
E dS 3 cos 90
S E dS1 + 0 + 0
(since electric field E is the same
= E dS1
=
at each point of curved surface)

(since area of curved surface = 2p rl)
= E 2p rl
As l is charge per unit length and length of cylinder is l, therefore, charge enclosed by
assumed surface = ( ll)
By Gausss theorem
\
1
E d S = e 0 charge enclosed
23.
E . 2p rl =
E=
1
( ll)
e0
l
2pe 0 r
Thus, the electric field strength due to a line charge is inversely proportional to r.
e A
(i) Capacitance of X, CX = 0
d
e e A
e A
Capacitance of Y, CY = r 0 = 4 0
d
d
CY
\
=4
CY = 4CX
CX
(1)
As X and Y are in series, so

CX CY
C eq =
CX + CY
4mF =
CX. 4CX
CX + 4CX
CX = 5 mF
(ii) In series charge on each capacitor is same, so

Q 1
P.d. V =
C C
VX CY
\
=
= 4 VX = 4VY
VY CX
Also
VX + VY = 12
and CY = 4CX = 20 mF
(2)
(3)
102
Xam idea PhysicsXII
From (1) and (2),

4VY + VY = 12
VY = 2 4V
\
VX = 4 2 4 = 9 6 V
Thus potential difference across X, V X = 9 6 V, P.d. across Y, VY = 2 4 V
(ii)
Energy stored in X
Energy stored in Y
UX
UY
Q 2 / 2CX
2
Q / 2CY
=4
CY
CX
=4

ALL INDIA2009
Maximum marks : 70
c = 3 10 8 ms -
e = 1 602 10 -19 C
1
= 9 109 Nm2C 2
4pe o
h = 6 626 10 -34 Js
m 0 = 4p 10 -7 TmA -1


1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
What is the elecrostatic potential due to an electric dipole at an equatorial point?

1
Name the EM waves used for studying crystal structure of solids. What is its frequency
range?
1
An electron does not suffer any deflection while passing through a region of uniform
magnetic field. What is the direction of the magnetic field?
1
How would the angular separation of interference fringes in Youngs double slit experiment
change when the distance between the slits and screen is doubled?
1
Two thin lenses of power +6 D and 2 D are in contact. What is the focal length of the
combination?
1
The stopping potential in an experiment on photoelectric effect is 1 5 V. What is the
maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons emitted?
1
Two nuclei have mass numbers iin the ratio 1 : 8. What is the ratio of their nuclear radii? 1
Give the logic symbol of NOR gate.
104
Xam idea PhysicsXII
9.
10.
Draw 3 equipotential surfaces corresponding to a field that uniformly increases in

magnitude but remains constant along Z-direction. How are these surfaces different from
that of a constant electric field along Z-direction?
2
Define electric flux. Write its S.I. units.
11.
A charge q is enclosed by a spherical surface of radius R. If the radius if reduced to half, how
would the electric flux through the surface change
2
Define refractive index of a transparent medium.
12.
A ray of light passes through a triangular prism. Plot a graph showing the variation of the
angle of deviation with the angle of incidence.
2
Calculate the current drawn from the battery in the given network.
2
R5 = 2 W
R1 = 1 W
R 2 = 5 W R3 = 4 W
R4 = 2 W
+
4V
13.
Answer the following questions :

1
(a) Optical and radio telescopes are built on the ground while X-ray astronomy is possible
only from satellites orbiting the Earth. Why?
(b) The small ozone layer on top of the stratosphere is crucial for human survival. Why?
14.
Define current sensitivity and voltage sensitivity of a galvanometer.
15.
Increasing the current sensitivity may not necessarily increase the voltage sensitivity of a
galvanometer. Justify.
2
Define the term linearly polarised light.
16.
17.
18.
When does the intensity of transmitted light become maximum, when a polaroid sheet is
rotated between two crossed polaroids?
2
A wire of 15 W resistance is gradually stretched to double its original length. It is then cut into
two equal parts. These parts are then connected in parallel across a 3 0 volt battery. Find the
current drawn from the battery.
2
(a) The mass of a nucleus in its ground state is always less than the total mass of its
constituents neutrons and protons. Explain.
(b) Plot a graph showing the variation of potential energy of a pair of nucleons as a function
of their separtion.
2
Write the function of (i) Transducer and (ii) Repeater in the context of communication
system.
OR
Write two factors justifying the need of modulation for transmission of a signal.
Examination Papers
19.
A positive point charge ( +q) is kept in the vicinity of an uncharged conducting plate. Sketch
electric field lines originating from the point on to the surface of the plate.
Derive the expression for the electric field at the surface of a charged conductor.
OR
20.
105
A parallel plate capacitor is charged by a battery. After some time the battery is disconnected
and a dielectric slab of dielectric constant K is inserted between the plates. How would (i) the
capacitance, (ii) the electric field between the plates and (iii) the energy stored in the
capacitor, be affected? Justify your answer.
2
X
(i) State the principle of working of a meter bridge.
R
(ii) In a meter bridge balance point is found at a distance l1

with resistance R and S as shown in the figure.
When an unknown resistance X is connected in parallel
with the resistance S, the balance point shifts to a distance
3
l . Find the expression for X in terms of l1 , l2 and S.
2
S
G
l1
B
21.
4V
(i) State Faradays law of electromagnetic induction.
(ii) A jet plane is travelling towards west at a speed of 1800 km/h. What is the voltage
difference developed between the ends of the wing having a span of 25 m, if the Earths
magnetic field at the location has a magnitude of 5 10 -4 T and the dip angle of 30?
22.
In Youngs double slit experiment, monochromatic light of wavelength 630 nm illuminates

the pair of slits and produces an interference pattern in which two consecutive bright fringes
are separated by 8 1 mm. Another source of monochromatic light produces the interference
pattern in which the two consecutive bright fringes are separated by 7 2 mm. Find the
wavelength of light from the second source.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
What is the effect on the interference fringes if the monochromatic source is replaced by a
source of white light?
3
Draw a schematic arrangement of the Geiger-Marsden experiment. How did the scattering of
a-particles of a thin foil of gold provide an important way to determine an upper limit on the
size of the nucleus? Explain briefly.
3
Distinguish between sky wave and space wave propagation. Give a brief description with the
help of suitable diagrams indicating how these waves are propagated.
With the help of a suitable diagram, explain the formation of depletion region in a p-n
junction. How does its width change when the junction is (i) forward biased, and (ii) reverse
biased?
3
Give a circuit diagram of a common emitter amplifier using an n-p-n transistor. Draw the
input and output waveforms of the signal. Write the expression for its voltage gain.
3
Draw a plot showing the variation of binding energy per nucleon versus the mass number A.
Explain with the help of this plot the release of energy in the processes of nuclear fission and
fusion.
3
Draw a schematic sketch of a cyclotron. Explain briefly how it works and how its is used to
accelerate the charged particles.
(i) Show that time period of ions in a cyclotron is independent of both the speed and radius
of circular path.
106
Xam idea PhysicsXII
(ii) What is resonace condition? How is it used to accelerate the charged particles?
OR
(a) Two straight long parallel conductors carry currents I 1 and I 2 in the same direction.
Deduce the expression for the force per unit length between them.
Depict the pattern of magnetic field lines around them.
(b) A rectangular current carrying loop EFGH is kept in
a uniform magnetic field as shown in the fig.
F
(i) What is the direction of the magnetic moment of
E
the current loop?
S
(ii) When its the torque acting on the loop (a)
N
maximum, (b) zero?
5
H
29.
(a) What are eddy currents? Write their two applications.

(b) Figure shows a rectangular conducting loop PQRS in
which arm RS of length ' l' is movable. The loop is kept in a
uniform magnetic field B directed downward
perpendicular to the plane of the loop. The arm RS is
moved with a uniform speed v.
Deduce an expression for :
(i) the emf induced across the arm RS,
(ii) the external force required to move the arm, and
(iii) the power dissipated as heat.
OR
(a) State Lenzs law. Give one example to illustrate this law. The Lenzs law is a consequence
of the principle of conservation of energy. Justify this statement.
(b) Deduce an expression for the mutual inductance of two long co-axial solenoids but
having different radii and different number of turns.
5
30. (a) (i) Draw a labelled ray diagram to show the formation of image in an astronomical
telescope for a distant object.
(ii) Write three distinct advantages of a reflecting type telescope over a refracting type
telescope.
(b) A convex lens of focal length 10 cm is placed coaxially 5 cm away form a concave lens of
focal length 10 cm. If an object is placed 30 cm in front of the convex lens, find the position
of the final image formed by the combined system.
5
OR
(a) With the help of a suitable ray diagram, derive the mirror formula for a concave mirror.
(b) The near point of a hypermetropic person is 50 cm from the eye. What is the power of the
lens required to enable the person to read clearly a book held at 25 cm from the eye?
5
Examination Papers
107

6.
7.
8.
9.
What is the work done in moving a test charge q through a distance of 1 cm along the
equatorial axis of an electric dipole?
1
Two thin lenses of power + 4 D and 2 D are in contact. What is the focal length of the
combination?
1
Give the logic symbol of NAND gate.
1
Two nuclei have mass numbers in the ratio 8 : 125. What is the ratio of their nuclear radii? 1
The maximum kinetic energy of a photoelectron is 3 eV. What is its stopping potential?
1
(i) State the principle on which the working of an optical fiber is based.
21.
(ii) What are the necessary conditions for this phenomenon to occur?
(i) State the law that gives the polarity of the induced emf.
1.
5.
(ii) A 15 0 mF capacitor is connected to 220 V, 50 Hz source. Find the capacitive reactance and
the rms current.
22.
(a) In a single slit diffraction experiment, a slit of which d is illuminated by red light of
wavelength 650 nm. For what value of d will:
(i) the first minimum fall at an angle of diffraction of 30, and
(ii) the first maximum fall at an angle of diffraction of 30?
(b) Why does the intensity of the secondary maximum become less as compared to the
central maximum?
3
23.
Use Gausss law to derive the expression for the electric field between two uniformly charged
large parallel sheets with surface charge densities s and - s respectively.
3
OR
(a) A charge +Q is placed on a large spherical conducting shell of radius R. Another small
conducting sphere of radius r carrying charge q is introdcued inside the large shell and is
placed at its centre. Find the potential difference between two points, one lying on the
sphere and the other on the shell.
(b) How would the charge between the two flow if they are connected by a conducting wire?
Name the device which works on this fact.
3
25.
(i) With the help of circuit diagrams distinguish between forward biasing and reverse
biasing of a p-n junction diode.
(ii) Draw V-I characteristics of a p-n junction diode in (a) forward bias, (b) reverse bias.
3
CBSE (All India) SetIII

1.
Define the term potential energy of charge q at a distance r in an external electric field. 1
108
Xam idea PhysicsXII
4.
The stopping potential in an experiment on photoelectric effect is 2 V. What is the maximum

kinetic energy of the photoelectrons emitted?
1
Two thin lenses of power +5 D and 2 5 D are in contact. What is the focal length of the
combination?
1
Give the logic symbol of AND gate.
1
Two nuclei have mass numbers in the ratio 27 : 125. What is the ratio of their nuclear radii? 1
(i) What is the relation between critical angle and refractive index of a material?
5.
7.
8.
11.
16.
22.
25.
27.
(ii) Does critical angle depend on the colour of light? Explain.

2
A wire of 20 W resistance is gradually stretched to double its original length. It is then cut into
two equal parts. These parts are then connected in parallel across a 4 0 volt battery. Find the
current drawn from the battery.
2
In Youngs double slit experiment, monochromatic light of wavelength 600 nm illuminates
the pair of slits and produces an interference pattern in which two consecutive bright fringes
are separated by 10 mm. Another source of monochromatic light produces the interference
pattern in which the two consecutive bright fringes are separated by 8 mm. Find the
wavelength of light from the second source.
What is the effect on the interference fringes if the monochromatic source is replaced by a
source of white light?
3
Explain with the help of a circuit diagram how a zener diode works as a DC voltage
regulator. Draw its I-V characteristics.
3
Define the activity of a radionuclide. Write its S.I. units. Give a plot of the activity of a
radioactive species versus time.
How long will a radioactive isotope, whose half life is T years, take for its activity to reduce to
1/8th of its initial value?
3
Solutions
1.
Zero,
2.
X-Rays
Frequency range : 3 10 16 Hz 3 10 19 Hz.
3.
Magnetic field is parallel or antiparallel to velocity of electron i.e., angle between v and B is
0 or 180.
4.
Angular separation between fringes

bq =
l
d
where l = wavelength, d = separation between coherent sources, b q is independent of

distance between the slits and screen; so angular separation (b q ) will remain unchanged.
Examination Papers
5.
Net power of lens combination P = + 6 D - 2 D = + 4 D

1 1
Focal length, F = = m = 25 cm
\
P 4
6.
Kmax = eVs = e (1 5 V) = 1 5 eV
= 1 5 1 6 10 -19 J = 2 4 10 -
7.
Nuclear radius, R = R 0 A 1/ 3
A
= 1
R 2 A2
R1
\
8.
19
109
1/ 3
1 1/ 3 1
=
=
8
2
Symbol of NOR gate.

A
Y
B
9.
For constant electric field E

d1
For increasing electric field
d2
d1
d2
2V
E
V
2V
d 1 = d2
3V
E
3V
d1 > d2
Difference: For constant electric field, the equipotential surfaces are equidistant for same
potential difference between these surfaces; while for increasing electric field, the separation
between these surfaces decreases, in the direction of increasing field, for the same potential
difference between them.
10.
Electric Flux: The total number of electric lines of force diverging normally from a surface is
called the electric flux through that surface.
S.I. unit of electric flux is volt metre.
Electric flux through surface element D S
is Df = E. D S
DS cos q
= EDS cos q, where E is electric field strength.

Electric flux through entire closed surface is
q
DS
f = E .dS
S
As electric flux through the surface =
11.
1
q
e0
On decreasing the radius of the spherical surface to half there will be no effect on the electric
flux.
Refractive Index : Refractive index of a medium is the ratio of speed of light in vacuum to the
c
speed of light in medium i.e., n = .
v
110
Xam idea PhysicsXII
Alternatively : It is defined as the ratio of sine of angle of incidence to the sine of angle of
refraction in medium i.e.,
sin i
n=
sin r
Angle of deviation,d
d
dm
i1
12.
i
i2
Angle of incidence,i
The equivalent circuit is shown in fig.

The five resistors form a balanced Wheatstones bridge. Since
R1 R4
=
R5 R 3
So, R 2 is ineffective.
The effective resistance of R 1 and R5 in series,
R = R 1 + R5 = 1 + 2 = 3 W
The effective resistance of R 4 and R 3 in series is
R = R 4 + R 3 = 2 + 4 = 6 W
\Equivalent resistance of network between A and B
R R
36
R AB =
=
=2W
R + R 3 + 6
Current drawn from battery, I =
R1
1W
A
R5
2W
5W
2W
R2
4W
R4
R3
4V
E
4
= = 2A
R AB 2
13. (a) The visible radiations and radiowaves can penetrate the earth's atmosphere but X-rays are
absorbed by the atmosphere.
(b) The ozone layer absorbs ultraviolet and other low wavelength radiations which are
harmful to living cells of human bodies and plants; hence ozone layer is crucial for human
survival.
14.
Current sensitivity : It is defined as the deflection of coil per unit current flowing in it.
q NAB
Current Sensitivity,
Sq = =
I
C
Examination Papers
111
Voltage sensitivity : It is defined on the deflection of coil per unit potential difference across
its ends.
q NAB
Voltage Sensitivty,
SV = =
V
GC
where G is resistance of galvanometer.
Justification: When number of turns N is doubled, then the current sensitivity ( N) is doubled;
but at the same time, the resistance of galvanometer coil (G) will also be doubled, so voltage
N
sensitivity SV will remain unchanged; hence inreasing current sensitivity does not
G
necessarily increase the voltage sensitivity.
15.
Linearly Polarised Light: The light having vibrations of electric field vector in only one
direction perpendicular to the direction of propagation of light is called plane (or linearly)
polarised light.
The unpolarised and polarised light is represented as
(a) Unpolarised light

(b) Polarised light
(c) Partially polarised light
Intensity of transmitted light is maximum when the polaroid sheet makes an angle of 45
with the pass axis.
This is maximum when sin 2q = 1 or q = 45 .
16.
When length of a given wire is made n-times by strecting it, its resistance becomes n 2 times
i.e., R = n 2 R = ( 2) 2 15 = 60 W
Resistance of each half part =
60
= 30 W
2
When both parts are connected in parallel, final resistance =
30
= 15 W
2
Current drawn from battery,

V
I=
R
30
=
= 02A
15
17.
(a) The mass of a nucleons in ground state is always less than the total mass of its
constituents neutrons and protons; because this mass difference appears in the form of
binding energy to hold the nucleons inside the nucleus.
112
Xam idea PhysicsXII
(b) Part AB represents repulsive force and part BCD represents attractive force.
A
+100
MeV
Repulsive
B
D
Attractive
100
C 1
r (fm)
18.
(i) Transducer: A device which convert one form of energy into the other.
(ii) Repeater: A repeater picks up the signal from the transmitter, amplifies and retransmits it
to the receiver sometimes with a change in a carrier frequency.
OR
Need of Modulation: Modulation is needed for (i) Practicable size of antenna. (ii) More
effective power radiation by an antenna.
19.
The electric field lines are shown in fig.

Electric field on the Surface of a Charged Conductor:
Let electric charge be uniformly distributed over the surface of
a thin, non-conducting infinite sheet. Let the surface charge
density (i.e., charge per unit surface area) be s. We have to
calculate the electric field strength at any point distance r from
the sheet of charge.
+q
To calculate the electric field

strength near the sheet, we now
dS3
consider a cylindrical Gaussian
surface bounded by two plane
S1 E 90 S3
S2
faces A and B lying on the opposite
sides and parallel to the charged
dS1
dS2
sheet and the cylindrical surface
E
E
perpendicular to the sheet (fig). By
B
A
symmetry the electric field
strength at every point on the flat
Sheet
surface is the same and its
direction is normal outwards at the points on the two plane surfaces and parallel to the
curved surface.
o
Examination Papers
113
Total electric flux
SE
SE
or
dS
dS
=
=
SE1
S1
d S1 +
SE2
E dS1 cos 0 +
d S2 +
S2
SE3
dS 3
S3
E dS2 cos 0 +
E dS 3 cos 90
= E dS1 + E dS2 = E a + E a = 2E a
Total electric flux = 2E a .
\
1
e0
2Ea =
i.e.,
\
E=
1
(sa)
e0
s
2e 0
OR
(i) The capacitance of capacitor increases to K times (since C =
(ii) The potential difference between the plates becomes
K e0 A
d
K)
1
times.
K
Q
; Q same, C increases to K times
C
V
V =
K
Reason: V =
\
As E =
V
1
and V is decreased; therefore, electric field decreases to times.
d
K
(iii) Energy stored by the capacitor, U =
Q2
.
2C
As Q = constant, C is increased, and so energy stored by capacitor decreases to
1
times.
K
20. (i) Metre Bridge: Meter bridge is based on the principle of Wheatstones bridge.
The resistance of wire is divided into two resistances P and Q. R is known resistance and
S is unknown resistance.
lr
P R
R
At balance
=
=
Q S
(100 - l) r S
114
Xam idea PhysicsXII
100 - l
unknown resistance, S =
R
l
(ii) In first case

l1
R
=
S 100 - l1
(1)
When X and S are in parallel, let resistance

XS
S =
X+S
In second case
l2
R
=
XS 100 - l2
X + S
Resistance box
... (2)
Dividing (2) by (1), we get

X + S l1 100 - l1
=
X
l2 100 - l2
S
X=
l2 100 - l1
-1
l1 100 - l2
21.
Resistance wire
(S)
(R)
D
G
A
(P)
(Rh)
+
Cell
(Q)
(100l) cm
l cm
Rheostat
(i) Faradays Laws of Electromagnetic Induction:

(a) Whenever there is a change in magnetic flux linked with of a coil, an emf is induced in
the coil. The induced emf is proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux linked
with the coil.
Df
i.e., e
Dt
(b) emf induced in the coil opposes the change in flux, i.e.,
Df
Df
e e =-k
Dt
Dt
where k is a constant of proportionality.
Df
In S.I. system f is in weber, t in second, e in volt, then k = 1, so e = Dt
Df
If the coil contains N-turns, then e = - N
Dt
(ii) The wing of horizontal travelling plane will cut the vertical component of earths
magnetic field, so emf is induced across the wing. The vertical component of earth's field
is given by
V = Be sin q;
where Be is earths magnetic field and q is angle of dip
Induced emf of wing e = V v l = ( Be sin q) v l
Given
Be = 5 0 10 -
T, l = 25 m, q = 30,
Examination Papers
v = 1800 km/h = 1800

\
5
m/s = 500 m/s
18
e = (5 0 10 -
sin 30 ) 500 25
= (5 0 10 -
0 5) 500 25 = 3 1 V
b1 =
22.
b2 =
\
b2
l2 =
b1
115
l 1D
(1)
d
l 2D
(2)
d
l2
l1
b2
b1
l1
Given b 1 = 8 1 mm, b 2 = 7 2 mm, l 1 = 630 mm

7 2 mm
l2 =
630 mm
8 1 mm
= 560 mm
Use of white light: When white light is used to illuminate the slit, we obtain an interference
pattern consisting of a central white fringe having on both sides symmetrically a few
coloured fringes and then uniform illumination.
23.
The Schematic arrangement of Geiger-Marsdon Experiment (also known as Rutherford

Scattering Experiment) is shown in fig.
ZnS screen
Lead bricks
Source of
a-particles
Gold foil
Beam of
a-particles
f
Most of
a-particles
(~ 10 4 m thick)
Detector
Observations: (i) Only a small fraction of number of a-particles rebound back. This
shows that the number of a-particles undergoing head on collision is very small. The
conclusion is that the entire positive charge of atom is concentrated in a small volume
called the nucleus.
116
Xam idea PhysicsXII
At the distance of head on approach, the entire kinetic energy of a-particle is converted into
electrostatic potential energy. This distance of head
on approach gives an upper limit of the size of
Nucleus
nucleus (denoted by r0 ) and is given by
1 ( Ze) ( 2e)
Ek =
r0
4pe 0
r0
r0 =
1 2Ze 2
4pe 0 Ek
This is about 10 -14 m.

24.
Distinction between sky wave and Space wave Propagation:
Ionospheric
layers
Earth
Sky wave propagation
Sky wave propagation is achieved by ionospheric reflection of radiowaves, while space wave
propagation is direct, line of sight propagation from the transmitted to the receiver.
Sky Wave Propagation: In sky wave propagation, the radiowaves transmitted from antenna
get reflected from the ionosphre and thereby reach the receiving antenna.
Space Wave Propagation: In space wave propagation the radiowaves transmitted from
antenna reach the receiving antenna through a line of sight (straight) propagation. The range
of such a tranmission is limited by the curvature of the earth.
dM
dT
hT
Earth
Space wave propagation
hR
Examination Papers
25.
VB
Formatium of Depletion Layer: At the junction there
+
is diffusion of charge carriers due to thermal
+
+
+
agitation; so that some of electrons of n-region
diffuse to p-region while some of holes of p-region
+
+
+
diffuse into n-region. Some charge carriers combine
+
+
+
with opposite charges to neutralise each other. Thus
Ei
near the junction there is an excess of positively
p
Depletion
charged ions in n-region and an excess of negatively
layer
charged ions in p-region. This sets up a potential
difference and hence an internal electric field Ei
across the junctions. The field Ei is directed from n-region to p-region.
This field stops the further diffusion of charge carriers. Thus the layers
( 10 - 4 cm to 10 - 6 cm) on either side of the junction becomes free from
117
mobile charge carriers and hence is called the depletion layer. The symbol
of p-n junction diode is shown in Fig.
Effect of Forward and Reverse Bias:
(i) Under forward biasing the applied potential
difference causes a field which acts opposite to the
potential barrier. This results in reducing the potential
barrier, and hence the width of depletion layer
decreases.
Ei
(b) Forward current
(ii) Under reverse biasing the applied potential difference

causes a field which is in the same direction as the field
due to internal potential barrier. This results in an
increase in barrier voltage and hence the width of
depletion layer increases.
Ei
26.
+
K
(c) Reverse current
Common emitter amplifier using n-p-n transistor
The circuit of common emitter amplifier using n-p-n transistor is shown below:
IC
C1
RB
C
IB
C2
RL
B
Vi
E
VBB
IE
+
VCC
V0
Output
waveform
118
Xam idea PhysicsXII
The phase difference between input signal and output voltage is 180.
The input and output waveforms are shown in
figure.
R
Voltage gain Av = b L
Ri
Output waveform
9.0
Binding Energy per Nucleon (in MeV)
27.
Input waveform
O16
8.0C12
F18
He4 N14
7.0
Fe56
U238
6.0
Li7
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
H2
1.0
0.0
20
40
60
80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240

Mass Number
Inferences from graph

1. The nuclei having mass number below 20 and above 180 have relatively small binding
energy and hence they are unstable.
2. The nuclei having mass number 56 and about 56 have maximum binding energy 58
MeV and so they are most stable.
3. Some nuclei have peaks, e.g., 2 He 4 , 6 C12 , 8 O16 ; this indicates that these nuclei are
relatively more stable than their neighbours.
Explanation: When a heavy nucleus (A 235 say) breaks into two lighter nuclei (nuclear
fission), the binding energy per nucleon increases i.e, nucleons get more tightly bound. This
implies that energy would be released in nuclear fission.
When two very light nuclei ( A 10) join to form a heavy nucleus, the binding is energy per
nucleon of fused heavier nucleus more than the binding energy per nucleon of lighter nuclei,
so again energy would be released in nuclear fusion.
Examination Papers
28.
Working: The principle of action of the apparatus is shown

in fig. The positive ions produced from a source S at the
centre are accelerated by a dee which is at negative
potential at that moment. Due to the presence of
perpendicular magnetic field the ion will move in a circular
path inside the dees. The magnetic field and the frequency
of the applied voltages are so chosen that as the ion comes
out of a dee, the dees change their polarity
(positive becoming negative and vice-versa)
and the ion is further accelerated and moves
with higher velocity along a circular path of
greater radius. The phenomenon is
continued till the ion reaches at the
periphery of the dees where an auxiliary
negative electrode (deflecting plate) deflects
the accelerated ion on the target to be
Beam
bombarded.
119
Magnetic Pole
N
S
Dee
Dee
Magnetic Pole
S
Dee-1
R.F.
oscillator
Dee-2
The function of electric field is to accelerate the charged particle and so to impart energy to
The function of magnetic field is to provide circular path to charged particle and so to provide
the location where charged particle is capable of gaining energy from electric field.
(i) Expression for Period of Revolution
qvB =
mv 2
r
or r =
mv
qB
...(1)
where m is the mass and r the radius of the path of ion in the dee and B is the strength of the
magnetic field.
v qB
(from equation 1)
...(2)
w= =
r m
p pm
...(3)
t= =
w Bq
Thus the time is independent of the speed of the ion.
(ii) Resonance Condition: The condition of working of cyclotron is that the frequency of
radio frequency alternating potential must be equal to the frequency of revolution of
charged particles within the dees. This is called resonance condition.
Now for the cyclotron to work, the applied alternating potential should also have the
same semi-periodic time (T / 2) as that taken by the ion to cross either dee, i.e.,
T
pm
...(4)
=t =
2
qB
120
Xam idea PhysicsXII
or
T=
2p m
...(5)
qB

Obviously, period of revolution is independent of speed of charged particle and radius of
circular path.
OR
(a) Suppose two long thin straight conductors (or wires) PQ and RS are placed parallel to
each other in vacuum (or air) carrying currents I 1 and I 2 respectively. It has been
observed experimentally that when the currents in the wire are in the same direction, they
experience an attractive force (fig. a) and when they carry currents in opposite directions,
they experience a repulsive force (fig. b).
Let the conductors PQ and RS carry currents I 1 and I 2 in same direction and placed at
separation r. (fig.).
m I
...(1)
B1 = 0 1
2p r
According to Maxwells right hand rule or right hand palm rule
no. 1, the direction of B1 will be perpendicular to the plane of paper
and directed downward. Due to this magnetic field, each element
of other wire experiences a force. The direction of current element
is perpendicular to the magnetic field; therefore the magnetic force
on element ab of length DL
m I
DF = B1 I 2 DL sin 90 = 0 1 I 2 DL
2p r
b
DL
DF
I1
\ The total force on conductor of length L will be

m I I
m I I
F = 0 1 2 S DL = 0 1 2 L
2p r
2p r
\ Force acting on per unit length of conductor
F m I I
f = = 0 1 2 N/ m
L
2p r
B
I2
S
r
...(2)
According to Flemings left hand rule, the direction of magnetic force will be towards PQ
i.e. the force will be attractive.
(i) The magnetic field lies due to two current carrying
parallel wires are shown in figure.
F m I I
The force between parallel wires = 0 1 2 N / m
l
2 pr
(ii) We know that parallel currents attract and opposite
1
currents repel and F . As wire of loop carrying
r
opposite current is nearer, so the net froce acting on
the loop is repulsive.
B
I1
I2
Examination Papers
121
(b) (i) Direction of magnetic moment m of the current loop is perpendicular to the plane of
paper and directed downward.
(ii) Torque acting on the current loop is (a) maximum when m is perpendicular to B.
(b) Minimum when M is parallel to B.

29.
(a) Eddy currents: When a metallic plate is placed in a time varying magnetic field, the
magnetic flux linked with the plate changes, the induced currents are set up in the plate;
these currents are called eddy currents. These currents are sometimes so strong, that the
metallic plate becomes red hot.
Application of Eddy Currents:
1. Induction Furnace: In induction furnance, the metal to be heated is placed in a rapidly
varying magnetic field produced by high frequency alternating current. Strong eddy
currents are set up in the metal produce so much heat that the metal melts. This
process is used in extracting a metal from its ore. The arrangement of heating the metal
by means of strong induced currents is called the induction furnace.
2. Induction Motor : The eddy currents may be used to rotate the rotor. Its principle is :
When a metallic cylinder (or rotor) is placed in a rotating magnetic field, eddy currents
are produced in it. According to Lenzs law, these currents tend to reduce to relative
motion between the cylinder and the field. The cylinder, therefore, begins to rotate in
the direction of the field. This is the principle of induction motion.
df d
(b) (i) Induced emf | e| =
= ( BA)
Q
R
dt dt
d
dA
= B = B ( lx)
x
v
l
dt
dt
dx
= Bl
= Blv
dt
P
S
(ii)
Force on arm RS = BIl

e
B2 l 2v
Blv
= B . l = B
l=
R
R
R
where R = resistance.
(iii) Power dissipated on heat

P = Fv =
B2 l 2v
B2 l 2v 2
v=
R
R
OR
(a) Lenz's law: According to this law the direction of induced current in a closed circuit is
always such as to oppose the cause that produces it.
Example: When the north pole of a coil is brought near a closed coil,
the direction of current induced in the coil is such as to oppose the
S
N
N
approach of north pole. For this the nearer face of coil behaves as
north pole. This necessitates an anticlockwise current in the coil,
(a)
when seen from the magnet side [fig. (a)]
122
Xam idea PhysicsXII
Similarly when north pole of the magnet is moved away from the
coil, the direction of current in the coil will be such as to attract the
S
S
N
magnet. For this the nearer face of coil behaves as south pole. This
necessitates a clockwise current in the coil, when seen from the
(b)
magnet side (fig. b).
Conservation of Energy in Lenzs Law: Thus, in each case whenever there is a relative
motion between a coil and the magnet, a force begins to act which opposes the relative
motion. Therefore to maintain the relative motion, a mechanical work must be done. This
work appears in the form of electric energy of coil. Thus Lenzs law is based on conservation
of energy.
(b) Suppose two co-axial solenoids S1 and S2 of
S1
radii r1 and r2 , number of turns N 1 and N 2
each of length l
Suppose I 1 is the current in outer solenoid;
magnetic field at the axis, B1 = m 0 n1 I 1 where
n1 = number of turns/meter of outer
S2
solenoid.
Magnetic flux linked with inner solenoid
( S 2 ).
f 2 = ( N 2 ) B1 A1 = N 2 (m 0 n1 I 1 ) pr12
= m 0 n1 N 2 pr12 I 1
\ Mutual inductance of two solenoid system
f
M = 2 = m 0 n1 N 2 pr12
I1
But
30.
(a) (i)
n1 =
N1
l
\ M=
m 0 N 1 N 2 pr12
l
fo
fe
Fo
A' Fe'
C1
C2
Fe
B'
in
At
i
fin
ty
Astronomical telescope
(ii) Advantages of Reflecting Telescope over Refracting Telescope:

(a) Less chromatic aberration
(c) High resolving power
(b) Less spherical aberration

(d) High intense image
123
Examination Papers
(b) The position of image formed by convex lens is

L1
L2
u = 30 cm
1
1
1
=
f 1 v 1 u1
1
1
1
1
1
=
+
=
v 1 f 1 u1 10 30
For concave lens u2 = 15 - 5 = + 10 cm, f 2 = - 10 cm

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
\
=
=
+
=+
f 2 v 2 u2
v 2 f 2 u2
10 10
v 1 = 15 cm
That is final image is formed at infinity.

OR
(a) Mirror Formula: M 1 M 2 is a concave mirror having
pole P, focus F and centre of curvature C.
A
An object AB is placed in front of mirror with point B
O
on the principal axis. The image formed by mirror is
A B . The perpendicular dropped from point of
B
incidence D on principal axis is DN.
In DABC and DA B C
(each equal
ABC = A B C
to 90)
(opposite
ACB = A CB
angles)
Both triangles are similar.
AB
BC
\
=
A B B C
Now in DDNF and A B F
(each equal to 90)
DNF = A B F
(opposite angles)
DFN = A FB
\ Both triangles are similar
DN
FN
AB
FN
or
(Q AB = DN)
=
=
A B B F
A B B F
Comparing (1) and (2), we get
BC
FN
=
B C B F
v2 =
M1
D
B' F i
r
I
A'
M2
u
(1)
(2)
(3)
124
Xam idea PhysicsXII
If aperture of mirror is very small, the point N will be very near to P, so FN = FP

PB - PC
BC
FP
FP
or
(4)
\
=
=
B C B F
PC - PB PB - PF
By sign convention
Distance of object from mirror PB = - u
Distance of image from mirror PB = - v
Focal length of mirror PF = - f
Radius of curvature of mirror PC = - R = - 2 f
Substituting these values in (4), we get
- u - (- 2 f )
-f
=
- 2 f - ( - v) - v - ( - f )
2f
- vf = - uf + uv + 2 f
- 2 fv
- u + 2f
- 2f + v
or
-f
-v+ f
f v + uf = uv
Dividing both sides by uvf , we get

1 1 1
+ =
u v f
The corresponding formula for thin lens is
1 1 1
= f v u
1 1 1
(b)
= f v u
The corrective lens must form the image of letters of book placed at 25 cm (near point) of
hypermetropic eye.
That is
u = - 25 cm, v = - 50 cm
1
1
1
\
=+
f
50 25
f = 50 cm = 0 50 m
1
1
Power, P = =
D= 2D
f 0 50

1.
5.
6.
At every point on equatorial axis, the potential is zero, so work done W = q DV = 0 (zero).
Net power, P = P1 + P2 = + 4 D - 2 D = + 2 D
1 1
\
F = = = 0 50 m = 50 cm
P 2
Logic symbol of NAND gate.
Examination Papers
125
A
Y
7.
Nuclear radius R = R 0 A 1/ 3
A
= 1
R 2 A2
R1
\
8.
(Ek ) max = eVs

Stopping potential, Vs =
9.
1/ 3
(Ek ) max
e
8
=
125
3 eV
e
1/ 3
2
5
=3V
(i) The working of optical fiber is based on total internal reflection.

Statement: When a light ray goes from denser to rarer medium at an angle greater than
critical angle, the ray is totally reflected in first (denser) medium.
This phenomenon is called total internal reflection.
(ii) Conditions:
(a) Ray of light must go from denser medium to rarer medium.
(b) Angle of incdience must be greater than critical angle (i. e. , i > C).
21. (i) Lenzs Law: The polarity of induced emf is such that it tends to produce a current which
opposes the change in magnetic flux that produces it.
1
(ii) Capacitive reactance, XC =
2pfC
=
1
2 3 14 50 15 10 -6
RMS Current, I =
=
22.
W = 212 1 W
E
XC
220
= 1 03 A
212 1
(a) (i) For nth minima, d sin q = nl

Given l = 650 nm = 650 10 -9 m, n = 1, q = 30
\
d=
1 650 10
nl
=
sin q
sin 30
-9
650 10 -9
0 5
= 1300 10 -9 m = 1 3 10 -6 m
= 1 3 mm
(ii) For nth maxima, d sin q = ( 2n + 1)
n = 1, q = 30, l = 650 10 -9 m
l
2
126
Xam idea PhysicsXII
d=
( 2n + 1) l
2 sin q
3 650 10 -9
2 0 5
= 1 95 10 -6 m = 1 95 mm
(b) To produce secondary maxima, the wavelets from lesser and lesser part of slit produce
constructive interference.
23.
Let electric charge be uniformly distributed over the surface of a thin, non-conducting infinite
sheet. Let the surface charge density (i.e., charge per unit surface area) be s. We have to
calculate the electric field strength at any point distance r from the sheet of charge.
To calculate the electric field
strength near the sheet, we now
dS3
consider a cylindrical Gaussian
S1 E 90 S3
S2
surface bounded by two plane
faces A and B lying on the opposite
sides and parallel to the charged dS
dS2
1
sheet and the cylindrical surface E
E
perpendicular to the sheet (fig). By
B
A
symmetry the electric field
Sheet
strength at every point on the flat
surface is the same and its direction is normal outwards at the points on the two plane
surfaces and parallel to the curved surface.
Total electric flux
o
E dS
S
SE
or
dS
E d S1 +
S1
S1
E d S2 +
S2
E dS1 cos 0 +
S2
E dS 3
S3
E dS2 cos 0 +
S3
E dS 3 cos 90
= E dS1 + E dS2 = Ea + Ea = 2Ea

\ Total electric flux = 2Ea.
+

+
1
+
e0
1
(sa)
e0
i.e.,
2Ea =
s
E=
2e 0
E1 =
s $
s $
i, E2 =
i
2e 0
2e 0
E = E1 + E2 =
s $
i
e0
+
+
+
E1
+
+
+
+
+s
E2
Examination Papers
127
OR
(a) For external points, the charge may be supposed to be concentrated at the centre, so
1 Q + q
V ( R) =
4pe 0 R
+Q
V(r)
For internal points, the potential is same as on the surface

1 q Q
\
V (r) =
+
4pe 0 r R
\ Potential difference, V (r) - V ( R) =
=
25.
r
+q
V(R)
1 q Q Q + q
+ 4pe 0 r R
R
1
1 1
q -
4pe 0 r R
(b) When both shells are connected by a conducting wire, whole charge of inner shell will
flow to outer shell.
Device Working on this principle is Van de Graaff Generator.
(i) Forward Bias: In this arrangement the positive terminal of battery is connected to p-end
and negative terminal to n-end of the crystal, so that an external electric field E is
established directed from p to n-end to oppose the internal field Ei as shown in Fig. The
external field E is much stronger than internal field Ei .
Ei
Ei
n
+
+
(a) No current
(b) Forward current
Reverse Bias: In this arrangement the positive terminal of battery is connected to n-end
and negative terminal to p-end of the crystal, so that the external field is established to
help the internal field Ei as shown in Fig. Under the biasing the holes in p-region and the
electrons in n-region are pushed away from the junction to widen the depletion layer and
hence increases the potential barrier, therefore the current flow stops.
Ei
E
p
n
+
K
(c) Reverse current
+
Reverse biasing
128
Xam idea PhysicsXII
(ii) V-I Characteristics of (a) forward bias and (b) reverse bias:
(a) Forward
bias
I (mA)
Avalanche
breakdown
F
O
() V
(b) Reverse
bias
(+)
I (A)

1.
Potential energy of a charge q in an external electric field is defined as the work-done in

bringing the charge q from infinity to a distance r in an external electric field produced by the
other charge(s).
4.
Maximum kinetic energy, (Ek ) max = eVs = e ( 2 V) = 2 eV = 2 1 6 10 -19 J = 3 2 10 -
5.
Net power, P = P1 + P2 = + 5 - 2 5 = + 2 5 D
1
1
\: Focal length, F = =
m = 0 4 m = 40 cm
P 2 5
7.
Symbol of AND gate.
19
A
Y
8.
11.
A
= 1
R 2 A2
R1
1/ 3
27 1/ 3 3
=
=
125
5
(i) Relation between refractive index (n) and critical angle (C) is
1
n=
sin C
(ii) Yes, critical angle depends on wavelength or colour of light; it increases with increase of
wavelength being maximum for red and minimum for violet.
16.
Resistance of stretched wire R = n 2 R = ( 2) 2 20 = 80 W

When wire is cut into two equal parts, resistance of each part = 40 W
40 40
When there parts are connected in parallel, net resistance Rnet =
= 20 W
40 + 40
V
40
Current, I =
=
A = 02A
Rnet
20
Examination Papers
22.
b=
\
129
Dl
d
b1
b2
l2 =
=
l1
l2
b2
b1
l1
8 mm
10 mm
600 nm = 480 nm
On replacing monochromatic light by white light; the interference pattern will contain
central white fringe surrounded on either side by few coloured fringes.
Zener diode as a Voltage Regulator
When a Zener diode is operated in the

breakdown region, the voltage across it
remains practically constant for a large
change in the current.
IL
IZ
Vin
VZ
RL
V0
Regulated output
The Zener diode makes its use as a voltage

regulator due to the following property :
Unregulated input
25.
A simple circuit of a voltage regulator using

a Zener diode is shown in the figure. The
Zener diode is connected across load such that it is reverse biased.
The series resistance R absorbs the output voltage fluctuations so as to maintain constant
If the input dc voltage increases, the current through R and Zener diode also increases. So,
voltage drop across R increases, without any change in the voltage across zener diode.
I-V Characteristics
I (mA)
VR
Zener
voltage
O
VF
VZ
I(mA)
130
Xam idea PhysicsXII
27.
The activity of a radioactive element at any instant is equal to its rate of decay at that instant.
S.I. unit of activity is becquerel
(= 1 disintegration/second). The plot is shown in figure.
dN
Activity R =
= lN
dt
Decay constant l =
\
Activity
\ R1 =
log e 2
R=
(log e 2) N 1
T1
T
(log e 2) N
A
A0
2
A0
4
T
, R2 =
(log e 2) N 2
T2
N T
For two elements
=
= 1 2
R2
T1
N 2 N 2 T1
R1
Numerical:
Given
A0
N1
T2
R
1 n
=
R0 2
R
1
t Time taken
= ,n= =
R0 8
T
Half life
n
1 = 1

8 2
t
=3
T
1

2
1
=
2
t = 3T years
n= 3
2T

FOREIGN2009
Time allowed: 3 hours
Maximum marks: 70
c = 3 10 8 ms -
e = 1 602 10 -19 C
1
= 9 109 Nm2C 2
4pe o
h = 6 626 10 -34 Js
m 0 = 4p 10 -7 TmA -1

CBSE (Foreign) SETI

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Why is it necessary that the field lines from a point charge placed in the vicinity of a
conductor must be normal to the surface of the conductor at every point?
1
A steady current flows in a metallic conductor of non-uniform cross-section. Which of these
quantities is constant along the conductor:
Current, current density, drift speed, electric field?
1
Name the electromagnetic radiations which are produced when high energy electrons are
bombarded on a metal target.
1
Draw the wavefront coming out of a convex lens when a point source of light is placed at its
focus.
1
Unpolarised light of intensity I is passed through a polaroid. What is the intensity of the light
transmitted by the polaroid?
1
Why are coherent soruces required to create interference of light?
1
132
Xam idea PhysicsXII
7.
In the Rutherford scattering experiment the distance of closest approach for an a-particle is
d 0 . If a-particle is replaced by a proton, how much kinetic energy in comparison to a-particle
will it require to have the same distance of closest approach d 0 ?
1
State the Faradays law of electromagnetic induction.
1
Figure shows a sheet of aluminium foil of negligible thickness placed
between the plates of a capacitor. How will its capacitance be affected if:
8.
9.
(i) the foil is electrically insulated?

10.
(ii) the foil is connected to the upper plate with a conducting wire?
2
Three points A, B and C lie in a uniform electric field (E) of 5 10 3 NC -1 as shown in the
figure. Find the potential difference between A and C.
A
B
3 cm
5 cm
E
C
OR
11.
12.
13.
14.
The sum of two point charges is 7 m C. They repel each other with a force of 1 N when kept 30
cm apart in free space. Calculate the value of each charge.
2
Name the electromagnetic radiations having the wavelength range from 1 mm to 700 nm.
Give its two important applications.
2
A wire of length L is bent round in the form of a coil having N turns of same radius. If a
steady current I flows through it in a clockwise direction, find the magnitude and direction of
the magnetic field produced at its centre.
2
Derive an expression for the de-Broglie wavelength associated with an electron accelerated
through a potential V. Draw a schematic diagram of a localised-wave describing the wave
nature of the moving electron.
2
Figure shows variation of stopping potential (V0 ) with the frequency ( n) for two
photosensitive materials M1 and M2 .
V0
M1
M2
(i) Why is the slope same for both lines?

(ii) For which material will the emitted electrons have greater kinetic energy for the incident
radiations of the same frequency ? Justify your answer.
2
15.
The energy of the electron in the ground state of hydrogen atom is - 13 6 eV .

(i) What does the negative sign signify?
(ii) How much energy is required to take an electron in this atom from the ground state to the
first excited state?
2
Examination Papers
16.
133
Draw the logic symbol of the gate whose truth table is given below:
Input
Output
17.
If this logic gate is connected to NOT gate, what will be output when (i) A = 0, B = 0 and
(ii) A = 1, B = 1? Draw the logic symbol of the combination.
2
(i) What is the line of sight communication?
(ii) Why is it not possible to use sky wave propagation for transmission of TV signals?
(i) How are eddy currents reduced in a metallic core?
18.
19.
(ii) Give two uses of eddy currents.

Define the term electric dipole moment. Is it scalar or vector?
20.
Deduce an expression for the electric field at a point on the equatorial plane of an electric
dipole of length 2a.
3
State Kirchhoffs rules. Use Kirchhoffs rules to show that no current flows in the given
circuit.
e1 = 2 V
e2 = 2 V
r1
r2
2V
21. (a) State the Principle of working of a potentiometer.

(b) Figure shows the circuit diagram of a potentiometer
for determining the emf e of a cell of negligible
internal resistance.
22.
R1
J
B
(i) What is the purpose of using high resistance R 2 ?

(ii) How does the position of balance point ( J ) change
e
G
when the resistance R 1 is decreased?
R2
(iii) Why cannot the balance point be obtained (1)
when the emf e is greater than 2 V, and (2) when
key (K)
the key ( K)i s closed?
3
Deduce the expression for the torque experienced by a rectangular loop carrying a steady
current I and placed in a uniform magnetic field B. Indicate the direction of the torque
acting on the loop.
134
Xam idea PhysicsXII
OR
23.
Deduce the expression for magnetic dipole moment of an electron revolving around the
nucleus in a circular orbit of radius r. Indicate the direction of the magnetic dipole moment.3
Depict the field-line pattern due to a current carrying solenoid of finite length.
(i) In what way do these lines differ from those due to an electric dipole?
24.
(ii) Why cant two magnetic field lines intersect each other?
State the conditions under which total internal reflection occurs.
One face of a prism with a refracting angle of 30 is coated with silver. A ray incident on
another face at an angle of 45 is refracted and reflected from the silver coated face and
retraces its path. Find the refractive index of the material of the prism.
3
25. (a) Why do we not encounter diffraction effects of light in everyday observations?
(b) In the observed diffraction pattern due to a single slit, how will the width of central
maximum be affected if
(i) the width of the slit is doubled;
(ii) the wavelength of the light used is increased?
26.
27.
28.
Justify your answer in each case.

(a) What is meant by half life of a radioactive element?
(b) The half life of a radioactive substance is 30 s. Calculate

(i) the decay constant, and
(ii) time taken for the sample to decay by 3/4th of the initial value.
3
What is meant by detection of a signal in a communication system? With the help of a block
diagram explain the detection of AM signal.
3
State the working principle of an AC generator with the help of a labelled diagram.
Derive an expression for the instantaneous value of the emf induced in coil.
Why is the emf maximum when the plane of the armature is parallel to the magetic field? 5
OR
Draw a labelled diagram of a step-up transformer and explain briefly its working.
Deduce the expressions for the secondary voltage and secondary current in terms of the
number of turns of primary and secondary windings.
How is the power transmission and distribution over long distances done with the use of
transformers?
5
29. (a) Draw a ray diagram for formation of image of a point object by a thin double convex lens
having radii of curvatures R 1 and R 2 and hence derive lens makers formula.
(b) Define power of a lens and give its S.I. units.
If a convex lens of focal length 50 cm is placed in contact coaxially with a concave lens of
focal length 20 cm, what is the power of the combination?
5
OR
Draw a labelled ray diagram to show the image formation by an astronomical telescope.
Derive the expression for its magnifying power in normal adjustment. Write two basic
features which can distinguish between a telescope and a compound microscope.
5
Examination Papers
135
30. (a) Explain the formation of depletion layer' and barrier potential in a p-n junction.
(b) With the help of a labelled circuit diagram explain the use of a p-n junction diode as a full
wave rectifier. Draw the input and output waveforms.
5
OR
Draw a circuit diagram of an n-p-n transistor with its emitter base junction forward biased
and base collector junction reverse biased. Describe briefly its working.
Explain how a transistor in active state exhibits a low resistance at its emitter base junction
and high resistance at its base collector junction.
Draw a circuit diagram and explain the operation of a transistor as a switch.
CBSE (Foreign) SETII

3.
7.
11.
12.
Define self-inductance. Give its S.I. units.

1
Sketch the shape of wavefront emerging from a point source of light and also make the rays. 1
A logic gate is obtained by applying output of OR gate to a NOT gate. Name the gate so
formed. Write the symbol and truth table of this gate.
2
Y
A point charge is moving with a constant velocity
B
perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field as shown in the
figure. What should be the magnitude and direction of the
electric field so that the particle moves undeviated along the
same path?
2
n
+q
X
13. (a) Draw a graph showing variation of photo-electric current ( I ) with anode potential (V ) for
different intensities of incident radiation. Name the characteristic of the incident radiation
that is kept constant in this experiment.
(b) If the potential difference used to accelerate electrons is doubled, by what factor does the
de-Broglie wavelength associated with the electrons change?
2
14.
Three points A, B and C lie in a uniform electric field (E) of

5 10 3 NC -1 as shown in the figure. Find the potential
difference between A and C.
2
B
10 cm
6 cm
OR
The sum of two point charges is 9 C. They repel each other is force of 2 N when kept 30 cm
apart in free space. Calculate the value of each charge.
2
136
Xam idea PhysicsXII
23.
(i) What happens when a diamagnetic substance is placed in a varying magnetic field?
26.
(ii) Name the properties of a magnetic material that make it suitable for making (a) a
permanent magnet and (b) a core of an electromagnet.
3
(a) Define the terms (i) amplitude modulation and (ii) modulation index.
27.
(b) If a low frequency signal in the audio frequency range is to be transmitted over long
distances, explain briefly the need of translating this signal to high frequencies before
transmission.
3
(b) The half life of a radioactive substance is 20 s. Calculate:
(i) the decay constant and
CBSE (Foreign) SETIII

1.
4.
6.
8.
9.
A metal plate is introdcued between the plates of a charged parallel plate capacitor. What is
its effect on the capacitance of the capacitor?
1
Define mutual inductance. Give its S.I. units.
1
Name the electromagnetic radiation which can be produced by klystron or a magnetron
valve.
1
Define a wavefront.
1
P1 P2
Figure shows two large metal plates P1 and P2, tightly held against each other
and placed between two equal and unlike point charges perpendicular to the
line joining them.
(i) What will happen to the plates when they are released?
Q
+
(ii) Draw the pattern of the electric field lines for the system.
2
10.
13.
A 800 pF capacitor is charged by a 100 V battery. After some time the battery is disconnected.
The capacitor is then connected to another 800 pF capacitor. What is the electrostatic energy
stored?
2
OR
The sum of two point charges is 7 m C. They repel each other with a force of 1 N when kept
30 cm apart in free space. Calculate the value of each charge.
2
-3
Name the elecromagnetic radiations having the wavelength range from 1 nm to 10 nm.
Give its two important applications.
2
Examination Papers
14.
16.
137
A logic gate is obtained by applying output of AND gate to a NOT gate. Name the gate so
formed. Write the symbol and truth table of this gate.
2
The graph below shows variation of photo-electric current with collector plate potential for
different frequencies of incident radiations.
Photo-electric
current
n1
n2
n3
(i) Which physical parameter is kept constant for the three curves?
24.
(ii) Which frequency ( n 1 , n 2 or n 3 ) is the highest?

2
(i) How does angle of dip change as one goes from magnetic pole to magnetic equator of the
Earth?
(ii) A uniform magnetic field gets modified as shown below when two specimens X and Y are
placed in it. Identify whether specimens X and Y are diamagnetic, paramagnetic or
ferromagnetic.
Y
X
(iii) How is the magnetic permeability of specimen X different from that of specimen Y?
26.

(b) The half life of a radioactive substance is 30 s. Calculate:
(i) the decay constant, and
138
Xam idea PhysicsXII
Solutions
CBSE (Foreign) SETI
1.
Surface of a conductor is an equipotential surface and field lines are always directed from
higher to lower potential, so field lines in the vicinity of a conductor must be normal to the
surface of conductor.
2.
Current is constant along a conductor.
3.
X-rays.
4.
Wavefront is plane as shown in fig.
Plane wavefront
5.
Intensity of light transmitted through the polaroid =
6.
Coherent sources are required for sustained interference. If sources are incoherent, the
intensity at a point will go on changing with time.
1 ( Ze) ( 2e)
(for a-particle, q = 2e)
Ek =
4pe 0
d0
7.
Ek =
Ek
Ek
1 ( Ze) ( e)
(for proton, q = e)
4pe 0
d0
1
2
Ek =
Ek
2
That is KE of proton must be half on comparison with KE of a-particle.

8.
The magnitude of the induced emf in a circuit is equal to the time rate of change of magnetic
flux through the circuit.
Mathematically, the induced emf is given by
Df
e=Dt
9.
(i) No effect on capacitance if foil is electrically neutral.

(ii) If foil is connected to upper plate with a conducting wire, the effective separation between
plates becomes half, so capacitance is doubled.
10.
The line joining B to C is perpendicular to electric field, so potential of B = potential of C i.e.,

VB = VC .
Distance AB = 4 cm
Examination Papers
139
Potential difference between A and C = E ( AB)

= 5 10 3 ( 4 10 -2 )
= 200 volt
OR
q1 + q2 = 7 10 -6 C
q1 q2
1
=1
4pe 0 ( 0 30) 2
or
q1 q2 =
1
9 10
(1)
q1 q2 = ( 4pe 0 ) ( 0 30) 2
9 10 -2 = 10 -11
(2)
( q1 - q2 ) 2 = ( q1 + q2 ) 2 - 4 q1 q2
= (7 10 -6 ) 2 - 4 10 -11
= 49 10 -12 - 40 10 -12 = 9 10 -12
q1 - q2 = 3 10 -6 C
(3)
Solving (1) and (3), we get

q1 = 5 10 -6 C, q2 = 2 10 -6 C
11.
Infrared radiations
q1 = 5 mC, q2 = 2 mC
Applications: (i) Taking photograph during fog and smoke etc.

12.
(ii) for therapeutic purposes.

L
L = N 2pr r =
2pN
B=
m 0 NI
2r
m 0 NI
2 ( L / 2pN)
B=
m 0 pN 2
L
The direction of magnetic field is normal to plane of coil in downward direction.

13.
Expression for de Broglie Wavelength associated with Accelerated Electrons

The de Broglie wavelength associated with electrons of momentum p is given by
h
h
...(i)
l= =
p mv
where m is mass and v is velocity of electron. If Ek is the kinetic energy of electron, then
EK =
2
p2
1
1 p
mv 2 = m
=
2
2 m
2m
since p = mv v =
p = 2mEK
\ Equation (i) gives l =
h
2mEK
...(ii)
140
Xam idea PhysicsXII
If V volt is accelerating potential of electron, then Kinetic energy,

EK = eV
\ Equation (ii) gives
h
l=
2meV
...(iii)
This is the required expression for de Broglie wavelength associated with electron
accelerated to potential of V volt.
The diagram of wave packet describing the motion of a moving electron is shown.
14.
15.
h
(i) The slope of stopping potential (V0 ) versus frequency ( n) is equal to which is universal
e
constant, so slope is same for both lines.
(ii) K.E. = hn - hn 0
As threshold frequency n 0 is lesser for M 1 , so K.E. will be greater for M 1 for same frequency n.
(i) Negative sign shows that electron in ground state is bound in H-atom due to attractive
force between electron and nucleus.
(ii) Energy of electron in H-atom in nth orbit is
Rhc
13 6
En = =2
n
n2
For first excited state n = 2
13 6
E2 = eV = - 3 4 eV
4
Energy required to take electron from ground state to first excited state
DE = E2 - E1
= - 13 6 eV - ( - 3 4 eV)
= 10 2 eV
16.
The given truth table is of NOR gate. The logic symbol is shown in fig.
A
Y
B
When it is connected to a NOT gate, the gate becomes OR gate.

(i) A = 0, B = 0 gives output 0.
(ii) A = 1, B = 1 gives output 1.
Examination Papers
141
The combination is shown in fig.

A
A+B
A+B
17. (a) LOS Communication: The propagation of a radio wave in a straight line from transmitting
to receiving antenna on the ground is called line of sight communication.
(b) TV signals have high frequency range 100 to 200 MHz. Ionospheric layers do not reflect
back such high frequency signals. Hence, sky waves cannot be used for transmission of TV
signals.
18.
(i) A metallic core cuts the path of eddy currents, this reducing the strength of eddy currents.
(ii) Eddy currents are used in (a) induction furnace (b) induction motor.
19.
The electric dipole moment is a vector quantity whose

magnitude is equal to the product of charge on one dipole and
distance between them. Its direction is from - q to + q.
2l
q
+q
p = q2 l
i.e.,
Electric dipole moment is a vector quantity.

Derivation of electric field at a point of equatorial plane:
E1
Consider a point P on broad side on the position of

dipole formed of charges + q and - q at separation 2l.
From figure,
E = E1cosq + E2cosq
AP = BP = r 2 + l
\
E1 =
E2
q
1
2
4p e 0 r + l
q
1
2
4p e 0 r + l
E = 2E1 cos q = 2
=
E2sinq
E2
r
2
OB
l
=
PB
r2 + l
cos q =
along B to P
along P to A
A
\ Resultant electric field at P is E = E1 cos q + E2 cos q

q
1
But
E1 = E2 =
2
4p e 0 (r + l 2 )
and
E1sinq
l
2
(r + l 2 ) 1/ 2
q
1
l
2
2
2
4p e 0 (r + l ) (r + l 2 ) 1/ 2
2ql
1
4p e 0 (r 2 + l 2 ) 3 / 2
But q.2l = p = electric dipole moment
q
O
q
l
+q
l
2l
142
Xam idea PhysicsXII
E=
p
1
2
4p e 0 (r + l 2 ) 3 / 2
...(iii)
If dipole is infinitesimal and point P is far away, we have l < < r , so l
may be neglected as
compared to r and so equation (3) gives

p
1
E=
2
4p e 0 (r ) 3 / 2
E=
p
1
4p e 0 r 3
i.e. electric field strength due to a short dipole at broadside on position

E=
p
1
parallel to BA
4p e 0 r 3
...(iv)
Its direction is parallel to the axis of dipole from positive to negative charge.
20.
Kirchhoffs Rules:
(i) First law (or junction law): The algebraic sum of currents meeting at any junction is
zero,
i.e.,
SI = 0
This law is based on conservation of charge.
(ii) Second law (or loop law): The algebraic sum of potential differences of different
circuit elements of a closed circuit (or mesh) is zero, i.e.,
SV = 0
This law is based on conservation of energy.
Numerical: Applying Kirchhoffs second law SV = 0 to given
closed circuit along the path abcda.
2V
r1
+ 2 - Ir2 - Ir1 + 2 = 0
I (r1 + r2 ) = 4
I=
4
r1 + r2
r2
2V
This current is non-zero, so given question is wrong.

However, if terminals of one of the batteries are interchanged,
then current is zero.
2V
r1
- 2 - Ir2 - Ir1 + 2 = 0
I=0
b
2V
r2
Examination Papers
143
21. (a) Principle of Potentiometer:

Potentiometer works on the fact that the fall of potential across any portion of the wire is
directly proportional to the length of that portion provided the wire is of uniform area of
cross-section and a constant current is flowing through it.
B1
+
Rh
P2
+
A
P1
J
B
G
+
C
R
HR
()
K1
Suppose A and r are resepectively the area of cross-section and specific resistance of the
material of the wire. Let V be the potential difference across the portion of the wire of
length l whose resistance is R. If I is the current flowing through the wire, then from Ohms
law;
As
V=IR
rl
R=
A
V=Ir
or
V I
l
A
where K = Ir
A
(if I and A are constant)
i.e., potential difference across any portion of potentiometer wire is directly proportional to
length of the wire of that portion.
V
Here,
= K = is called potential gradient,
l
i.e., the fall of potential per unit length of wire.
(b)
(i) The purpose of high resistance R 2 is to reduce the current through the
galvanometer. When jockey is far from balance point, this saves the galvanometer and
the cell (of emf e) from being damaged.
(ii) When resistance R 1 is decreased, the potential gradient of potentiometer wire
increases, so balance point ( J ) shifts to longer length of wire.
(iii) (1) The balance point is not obtained because maximum emf across potentiometer
wire is 2 V.
(2) When key ( K) is closed, the terminal potential difference of cell is zero; so
balance point cannot be between Aand B. (Since V = kl l = 0 for V = 0)
Torque on a current carrying loop: Consider a

rectangular loop PQRS of length l, breadth b
suspended in a uniform magnetic field B . The

length of loop = PQ = RS = l and breadth
= QR = SP = b. Let at any instant the normal to the
plane of loop make an angle q with the direction of
I
F3
P
S
F4
F1=IlB
I
(Upward)
and SP are F1 , F2 , F3 and F4 respectively. The
N
b
forces F2 and F4 acting on these sides has same
I (Downward)
N'
magnitude
F = Blb sin ( 90 - q) = Blb cos q.
According to Flemings left hand rule the forces
sides QR and SP make angle ( 90 - q) with the

direction of magnetic field. Therefore each of the
F1
q
R
magnetic field B and I be the current in the loop.

We know that a force acts on a current carrying
wire placed in a magnetic field. Therefore, each
side of the loop will experience a force. The net
force and torque acting on the loop will be
determined by the forces acting on all sides of the
loop. Suppose that the forces on sides PQ, QR, RS
Axis of loop
or normal to loop
F2
loo
22.
of
Xam idea PhysicsXII
ax
is
144
b sin q
F3=IlB
F2 and F4 are equal and opposite but their line of
action is same. Therefore these forces cancel each other i.e. the resultant of F2 and F4 is zero.
The sides PQ and RS of current loop are perpendicular to the magnetic field, therefore the
magnitude of each of forces F1 and F3 is

F = IlB sin 90 = IlB.
According to Flemings left hand rule the forces F1 and F3 acting on sides PQ and RS are
equal and opposite, but their lines of action are different; therefore the resultant force of
F1 and F3 is zero, but they form a couple called the deflecting couple. When the normal to
plane of loop makes an angle q with the direction of magnetic field B , the perpendicular
distance between F1 and F3 is b sin q.
\ Moment of couple or Torque,
t = (Magnitude of one force F ) perpendicular distance = ( BIl ) (b sin q) = I ( lb) B sin q
But lb = area of loop = A (say)
Torque,
\
t = IAB sin q
If the loop contains N-turns, then t = NI AB sin q
Examination Papers
145
In vector form t = NI A B.
Direction of torque is perpendicular to direction of area of loop as well as the direction of
magnetic field i.e., along I A B.

OR
Magnetic moment of an electron moving in a circle:
Consider an electron revolving around a nucleus ( N) in circular path of radius r with speed v.
The revolving electron is equivalent to electric current
e
I=
L
T
e
2p r
where T is period of revolution =
me
v
r
N
e
ev
...(i)
\
I=
=
2 pr / v 2 pr
Area of current loop (electron orbit), A = pr 2
Magnetic moment due to orbital motion,
ev
evr
M l = IA =
( pr 2 ) =
2 pr
2
...(ii)
This equation gives the magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron. The direction of
magnetic moment is along the axis.
Relation between magnetic moment and angular momentum
Orbital angular momentum of electron
L = me v r
...(iii)
where me is mass of electron,

Dividing (ii) by (iii), we get
M l ev r / 2
e
=
=
L
me v r
2me
Magnetic moment, M l =
e
L
2m e
(iv)
This is expression of magnetic moment of revolving electron in terms of angular momentum

of electron.
In vector form
Ml = -
e
L
2me
...(v)
146
Xam idea PhysicsXII
23.
Axis
Axis
I
Field fines of a current carrying solenoid
Field fines of an electric dipole
(i) Difference: Field lines of a solenoid form continuous current loops, while in the case
of an electric dipole the field lines begin from a positive charge and end on a negative
charge or escape to infinity.
(ii) Two magnetic field lines cannot intersect because at the point of intersection, these will
be two directions of magnetic field which is impossible.
24.
(i) The conditions for total internal reflection are

(a) The ray must travel from a denser into a rarer medium.
(b) The angle of incidence i > critical angle C.
(ii) Numerical: Given A = 30
When ray is incident normally on the other face, it retraces its path, so
r2 = 0.
As
r1 + r2 = A
Refractive index, n =
25.
26.
45
r1
r1 = A - r2 = 30 - 0 = 30
i1 = 45
30
n=
sin i1
sin r1
sin 45
sin 30
1/ 2
= 2 = 1 414
1/2
(a) We do not encounter diffraction effects of light in everyday observations. To observe

diffraction, size of obstacle/aperture must be comparable with wavelength of light but in
daily observations size of obstacle/aperture is much larger than the wavelength of light.
2l
Angular width of central fringe b q =
a
1
(b) (i) If the width of slit is doubled, the (angular) width of central fringe is halved.
a
(ii) When wavelength of light used is increased (b q l), the width of central fringes increases.
(a) The half-life of a radioactive sample is defined as the time in which the mass of sample is
left one half of the original mass.
(b) Give T = 30 s
(i) Decay constant, l =
0 6931 0 6931 -1
=
s = 0 0231s -1
T
30
Examination Papers
(ii)
N 1 n
=
N0 2
This gives
27.
1-
n=
t
=2
T
147
3 1 n
1 2
1 n
= or =
2
2
4 2
or
t = 2T = 2 30 = 60 s
Detection: Detection is the process of recovering the modulating signal from the modulated
carrier wave.
Explanation of Detection with the help of a block diagram:
AM wave
Envelope
Detector
Rectifier
(a)
(b)
time
m(t)
Out put
(c)
time
time
Output
AM input wave
Rectified wave
The modulated carrier wave contains frequencies wc wm . The detection means to obtain
message signal m(t) of frequency wm . The method is shown in the form of a block diagram.
The modulated signal is passed through a rectifier. It produces rectified wave [fig. (b)];' the
envelope of which is the message signal.
The rectified wave is passed through an envelope detector, whose output is the required
message signal m(t).
28.
AC generator: A dynamo or generator is a device which converts mechanical energy into

electrical energy. It is based on the principle of electromagnetic induction.
Construction: It consists of the four main parts:
(i) Field Magnet: It produces the magnetic field. In the case of a low power dynamo, the
magnetic field is generated by a permanent magnet, while in the case of large power
dynamo, the magnetic field is produced by an electromagnet.
(ii) Armature: It consists of a large number of turns of insulated wire in the soft iron drum or
ring. It can revolve round an axle between the two poles of the field magnet. The drum or
ring serves the two purposes : (i) It serves as a support to coils and (ii) It increases the
magnetic field due to air core being replaced by an iron core.
(iii) Slip Rings: The slip rings R 1 and R 2 are the two metal rings to which the ends of armature
coil are connected. These rings are fixed to the shaft which rotates the armature coil so that
the rings also rotate along with the armature.
(iv) Brushes: These are two flexible metal plates or carbon rods ( B1 and B2 ) which are fixed
and constantly touch the revolving rings. The output current in external load R L is taken
through these brushes.
148
Xam idea PhysicsXII

w
Working: When the armature coil is rotated in the
Armature coil
strong magnetic field, the magnetic flux linked
b
with the coil changes and the current is induced in
the coil, its direction being given by Flemings right
c
hand rule. Considering the armature to be in
vertical position and as it rotates in anticlockwise
N B
S
Field magnet
direction, the wire ab moves upward and cd
a
downward, so that the direction of induced current
is shown in fig. In the external circuit, the current
d
B1
flows along B1 R L B2 . The direction of current
R1
remains unchanged during the first half turn of
armature. During the second half revolution, the
Slip rings
Brushes Load
RL
wire ab moves downward and cd upward, so the
R2
direction of current is reversed and in external
B2
circuit it flows along B2 R L B1 . Thus the direction of
induced emf and current changes in the external circuit after each half revolution.
If N is the number of turns in coil, f the frequency of rotation, A area of coil and B the
magnetic induction, then induced emf
df d
e== {NBA (cos 2p f t )} = 2p NBA f sin 2p f t
dt dt
Obviously, the emf produced is alternating and hence the current is also alternating.
Current produced by an ac generator cannot be measured by moving coil ammeter; because
the average value of ac over full cycle is zero.
The source of energy generation is the mechanical energy of rotation of armature coil.
When plane of armature coil is parallel to magnetic field, then sin wt = 1, so emf is maximum,
the maximum value is e 0 = NBAw.
OR
Transformer: Transformer is a device by which an alternating voltage may be decreased or

Construction: It consists of laminated core of
soft iron, on which two coils of insulated
copper wire are separately wound. These coils
are kept insulated from each other and from
the iron-core, but are coupled through mutual
induction. The number of turns in these coils
are different. Out of these coils one coil is
called primary coil and other is called the
secondary coil. The terminals of primary coils
are connected to AC mains and the terminals
of the secondary coil are connected to external
circuit in which alternating current of desired
voltage is required.
(A.C. mains)
Step up Transformer: It transforms the

alternating low voltage to alternating high
Transformer
Primary
Primary
laminated
iron core
Core
Secondary
Step up
Secondary
Examination Papers
149
voltage and in this the number of turns in secondary coil is more than that in primary coil.
(i. e. , N S > N p ).
Working: When alternating current source is connected to the ends of primary coil, the
current changes continuously in the primary coil; due to which the magnetic flux linked with
the secondary coil changes continuously, therefore the alternating emf of same frequency is
developed across the secondary.
Let N p be the number of turns in primary coil, NS the number of turns in secondary coil and f
the magnetic flux linked with each turn. We assume that there is no leakage of flux so that
the flux linked with each turn of primary coil and secondary coil is the same. According to
Faradays laws the emf induced in the primary coil
Df
...(i)
e p = - Np
Dt
Df
e S = - NS
Dt
...(ii)
From (1) and (ii)

eS
ep
NS
...(iii)
Np
equal to the applied potential difference (Vp ) across its ends. Similarly if the secondary circuit
is open, then the potential difference VS across its ends will be equal to the emf ( e S ) induced
in it; therefore
VS e S N S
...(iv)
=
=
= r (say)
Vp e p N p
where r =
NS
Np
is called the transformation ratio. If ip and is are the instantaneous currents in

Vp ip = VS iS
iS Vp N p 1
=
=
=
ip VS N S r
In step up transformer,
...(v)
Ns > N p r > 1 ;
VS > Vp and iS < ip

i.e., step up transformer increases the voltage.
So
Power Transmission Over Long Distances

The power (electrical energy) is transmitted to long distances by the use of transformers. The
voltage output of the generator is stepped up by means of step up transformer, this steps
down the current, so power loss I 2 R is significantly reduced. At the receiving station the
voltage is stepped down to 220 V for domestic supply.
150
Xam idea PhysicsXII
L
29. (a) Lens Makers Formula: Suppose
L is a thin lens. The refractive
n1
n1
n2
index of the material of lens is n2
t
and it is placed in a medium of
X
X'
refractive index n1 . The optical
P1 C P2
I
I'
O
v
centre of lens is C and X X is
u
v'
principal axis. The radii of
curvature of the surfaces of the
lens are R 1 and R 2 and their
poles are P1 and P2 . The thickness of lens is t, which is very small. O is a point object on the
principal axis of the lens. The distance of O from pole P1 is u. The first refracting surface
forms the image of O at I at a distance v from P1 . From the refraction formula at spherical
surface
n2 n1 n2 - n1
...(i)
=
v
u
R1
The image I acts as a virtual object for second surface and after refraction at second
surface, the final image is formed at I. The distance of I from pole P2 of second surface is v.
The distance of virtual object ( I ) from pole P2 is (v - t).
For refraction at second surface, the ray is going from second medium (refractive index n2 )
to first medium (refractive index n1 ), therefore from refraction formula at spherical surface
n1
n2
n - n2
...(ii)
= 1
v (v - t)
R2
For a thin lens t is negligible as compared to v , therefore from (ii)
n1 n2
n - n1
...(iii)
=- 2
v (v )
R2
Adding equations (i) and (iii), we get
n1
v
1
1
= (n2 - n1 )
u
R1 R2
n1
or
1
1 1 n2
1
- =
- 1
v u n1
R1 R2
i.e.
1
1 1
1
- = ( 1 n2 - 1)
v u
R1 R2
where
1 n2
n2
n1
...(iv)
is refractive index of second medium (i.e. medium of lens) with respect to
first medium.
if u = , v = f 2 = f
Examination Papers
151
Therefore from equation (iv)

1
1 1
1
- = ( 1 n2 - 1)
f
R1 R2
1
1
1
= ( 1 n2 - 1)
f
R1 R2
i.e.
...(v)
This is the formula of refraction for a thin lens. This formula is called Lens-Makers formula.
If first medium is air and refractive index of material of lens be n, then 1 n2 = n, therefore
equation (v) may be written as
1
1
1
= (n - 1)
f
R1 R2
...(vi)
(b) Power of a Lens: The power of a lens is its ability to deviate the rays towards its principal
axis. It is defined as the reciprocal of focal length in metres.
1
100
Power of a lens, P =
diopters =
diopters
f ( in metres)
f ( in cm)
The SI unit for power of a lens is dioptre (D).
Numerical:
P1 =
Power of convex lens,
Power of concave lens, P2 =

\
1
1
D=
= 20 D
F1
0 50
1
1
D=
= -50 D
F2
- 0 20
Power of combination of lenses in contact

P = P1 + P2 = 2 0 D - 5 0 D = - 3 0 D
OR
Astronomical Telescope: Magnifying power of astronomical telescope in normal

adjustment is defined as the ratio of the angle subtended at the eye by the final image to the
angle subtended at the eye, by the object directly, when the final image and the object both
lie at infinite distance from the eye.
F0
a
152
Xam idea PhysicsXII
b
a
Magnifying power, m =
(1)
As angles a and b are small, therefore, a tan a and b tan b.

tan b
From equation (1),
m=
tan a
In DA B C 2 ,
tan b =
A B
C2 B
In DA B C 1 ,
tan a =
A B
C 1B
Put in equation (2),
m=
or
m=
(2)
A B C 1 B C 1 B
=
C 2 B A B C 2 B
f0
- fe
where C 1 B = f 0 = focal length of objective lens,

C 2 B = - f e = focal length of eye lens.
Negative sign of m indicates that final image is inverted.
The diameter of objective is kept large to increase (i) intensity of image, (ii) resolving
power of telescope.
Distinction
Telescope
30.
Compound Microscopes
1.
Objective lens is of large focal length and Both objective and eye lenses are of small focal
eye lens is of small focal length.
lengths but focal length of eye lens is larger
than that of objective lens.
2.
Objective is of very large aperature.
Objective is of small aperture.
(a) Formation of Depletion Layer and Potential Barrier

VB
At the junction there is diffusion of charge carriers
+
due to thermal agitation; so that some of electrons
+
+
+
of n-region diffuse to p-region while some of holes
of p-region diffuse into n-region. Some charge
+
+
+
carriers combine with opposite charges to
+
+
+
neutralise each other. Thus near the junction there
Ei
is an excess of positively charged ions in n-region
p
Depletion
and an excess of negatively charged ions in
layer
p-region. This sets up a potential difference called
potential barrier and hence an internal electric field Ei across the
junctions. The field Ei is directed from n-region to p-region. This field
stops the further diffusion of charge carriers. Thus the layers
( 10 - 4 cm to 10 - 6 cm) on either side of the junction becomes free
Examination Papers
153
from mobile charge carriers and hence is called the depletion layer. The symbol of p-n
junction diode is shown in Figure.
P1
Input A.C. signal
(b) Full Wave Rectifier: For full wave rectifier we

use two junction diodes. The circuit diagram
for full wave rectifier using two junction diodes
is shown in figure.
S1
I n
p
RL
Suppose during first half cycle of input ac

S
Output
signal the terminal S1 is positive relative to S
and S2 is negative relative to S, then diode I is
S2
P2
p II n
forward biased and diode II is reverse biased.
Therefore current flows in diode
I and not in diode II. The
direction of current i1 due to
Input
wave form
diode I in load resistance R L is
2T Time
T
directed from A to B. In next half
cycle, the terminal S1 is negative
relative to S and S2 is positive
relative to S. Then diode I is Output wave form
reverse biased and diode II is
of full wave
2T Time
rectifier
T
forward
biased.
Therefore
current flows in diode II and
there is no current in diode I. The direction of current i2 due to diode II in load resistance is
again from A to B. Thus for input a.c. signal the output current is a continuous series of
unidirectional pulses. This output current may be converted in fairly steady current by the
use of suitable filters.
OR
E
Input
n-p-n
R1
R2
Output
+
VEE
+
VCC
n-p-n Comman base configuration
Base Current and Collector Current: Under forward bias of emitter-base junction, the
electrons in emitter and holes in base are compelled to move towards the junction, thus the
depletion layer of emitter-base junction is eliminated. As the base region is very thin, most
electrons (about 98%) starting from emitter region cross the base region and reach the
collector while only a few of them (about 2%) combine with an equal number of holes of
base-region and get neutralised. As soon as a hole (in P-region) combines with an electron, a
covalent bond of crystal atom of base region breaks releasing an electron-hole pair. The
154
Xam idea PhysicsXII
electron
released
is
attracted
by
positive
terminal of emitter battery
VEE , giving rise to a feeble
base current ( I B ). Its
direction in external circuit
is from emitter to base. The
hole released in the base
region compensates the loss
of hole neutralised by
electrons.
Depletion
layer
n
IE
IC
e
+
IB
IE
+
IC
B
The electrons crossing the
e
base and entering the
collector, due to reverse
+
+
O
VEE
VCC
biasing of collector-base
junction, are attracted towards the positive terminal of collector battery VCC . In the process
an equal number of electrons leave the negative terminal of battery VCC and enter the
positive terminal of battery VEE . This causes a current in collector circuit, called the collector
current. In addition to this the collector current is also due to flow of minority charge carriers
under reverse bias of base-collector junction. This current is called the leakage current.
Thus, collector current is formed of two components:

(i) Current ( I nc ) due to flow of electrons (majority charge carriers) moving from emitter to
collector.
(ii) leakage current ( I leakage ) due to minority charge carriers, i. e. , I c = I nc + I leakage .
Emitter Current: When electrons enter the emitter battery VEE from the base causing base
current or electrons enter the collector battery VCC from the collector causing collector
current, an equal number of electrons enter from emitter battery VEE to emitter, causing the
emitter current. The process continues.
Relation between Emitter, Base and Collector Currents:
Applying Kirchhoffs I law at terminal O , we get
I E = I B + IC
That is, the emitter current I E is the sum of base current I B and the collector current I C . This is the
fundamental relation between currents in the bipolar transistor circuit.
Transistor as a Switch
A switch is a device which can turn ON and OFF current is an electrical circuit.
A transistor can be used to turn current ON or OFF rapidly in electrical circuits.
Operation: The circuit diagram of n-p-n transistor in CE configuration working as a switch is
shown in fig. VBB and VCC are two dc supplies which bias base-emitter and emitter collecter
junctions respectively.
Let VBB be the input supply voltage. This is also input dc voltage (VC ). The dc output voltage
is taken across collector-emitter terminals, R L is the load resistance in output circuit.
Examination Papers
IC
C
RB
IB
VCE
+
E
Vi
VBB
VO
RL
VBE
155
2
VCC
Applying Kirchhoffs second law to input and output meshes (1) and (2), we get
VBB = I B R B + VBE
and
(i)
VCC = I C R L + VCE
(ii)
We have VBB = Vi and VCE = V0 , so above equations take the form

Vi = VBE + I B R B
(iii)
and
(iv)Let us see the change in
V0 ( = VCE ) = VCC - I C R L
V0 due to a change in Vi . In case of Si transistor; the barrier voltage across base-emitter
junction is 0 6 V. Therefore, when Vi is less than 0 6 V, there is no collector current ( I C = 0),
so transistor will be in cut off state. Hence, from (iv) with I C = 0; V0 = VCC .
When Vi becomes greater than 0 6 V, I C begins to flow and increase with increase of Vi .
Thus, from (iv), V0 decreases upto Vi = 1 V; the increase in I C is linear and so decrease in
output voltage V0 is linear.
Beyond Vi = 1 V, the change in collector current and
hence in output voltage V0 is non-linear and the
transistor goes into saturation. With further increase
in Vi , the output voltage further decrease towards zero
(though it never becomes zero).
If we plot V0 versus Vi , we get the graph as shown in
fig. [This characteristics curve is also called transfer
characteristic curve of base biased transistor.]
Cut off
Active
region region
V0
Saturation
region
AV
The curve shows that there are non-linear regions.

(i) between cut off state and active state and (ii)
Vi
0.6 V
1.0 V
between active state and saturation state; thus
showing that the transitions (i) from cut off to active state and from active to saturation state
are not sharply defined.
156
Xam idea PhysicsXII
Now we are in the position to explain the action of transistor as a switch. When transistor is
non-conducting ( I C = 0), it is said to be switched off but when it is conducting (I C is not
zero); it is said to be switched ON.
As long as input voltage Vi is low and unable to overcome the barrier voltage of the emitter
base junction, V0 is high (I C = 0 and V0 = VCC ), so the transistor is switched OFF and if it is
high enough to derive the transistor into saturation (I C is high and so V0 ( = VCC - I C R L ) is
low, very near to zero, so the transistor is switched ON. Thus we can say low input switches
the transistor is OFF state and high input switches it ON.
The switching circuits are designed in such a way that the transistor does not remain in active
state.

3.
When the current in a coil is changed, a back emf is induced in the same coil. This
phenomenon is called self-induction.
7.
The rays coming out of the convex lens, when point source is at focus, are parallel, so
wavefront is plane (figure).
Parallel
rays
(b) Plane wavefront
11.
Name of gate formed is NOR gate symbol.

Truth Table
Inputs
A
Y
B
12.
For particle to move undeviated,
qE +q v B =0
E=- v B
Output
Examination Papers
Given v = - v i$ ,
157
B = - B k$
E = - ( -vi$) ( - Bk$) = - vB ( - j$) = vBj$
i.e., magnitude of electric field is vB and its direction is along positive Y-axis.
13.
(a) The frequency of incident radiation was kept constant.

I
(b) de-Broglie wavelength,

h
1
l=
2mqV
V
If potential difference V is doubled, the de-Broglie
1
wavelength is decreased to
times.
2
14.
I3
I2
n0
q1 + q2 = 9 10 -6 C
After OR
I3 > I2 > I1
I1
(1)
1 q1 q2
=2
4pe 0 r 2
q1 q2 =
2 ( 0 30) 2
9 10
= 20 10 -12
( q1 - q2 ) = ( q1 + q2 ) 2 - 4q1 q2 = 81 10 -12 - 80 10 -12 = 1 10 -12

Solving (1) and (2)
16.
(2)
q1 = 5 mC, q2 = 4 mC
Microwaves:
Uses: 1. In Radar for aircraft navigation.
2. In microwave ovens to heat the food.
23.
(i) A diamagnetic substance is attracted towards a region of weaker magnetic field.

(ii) (a) Permanent magnets are made of steel which is characterised by high retentivity and
high coercivity.
(b) Electromagnets are made of soft iron which is characterised by high retentivity and low
coercivity.
26.
(a) (i) Amplitude Modulation

In amplitude modulation, the amplitude of modulated (carrier) wave varies in
accordance with amplitude of information (signal) wave. When amplitude of
information increases, the amplitude of modulated wave increases and vice versa. In
this case the amplitude of modulated wave is not constant.
(ii) Modulation Index: The modulation index of an amplitude modulated wave is defined
as the ratio of the amplitude of modulating signal (Em ) to the amplitude of carrier wave
(Ec ) i.e., amplitude modulation index,
E
ma = m
Ec
158
Xam idea PhysicsXII
For modulated wave,

E
- Emin
ma = max
Emax + Emin
(b) The modulation is needed due to
(i) Transmission of audiofrequency electrical signals need long impracticable antenna.
(ii) The power radiated at audio frequency is quite small, hence transmission is quite
lossy.
(iii) The various information signals transmitted at low frequency get mixed and hence can
not be distinguished.
27.
(a) Half-life period: The half-life period of a radioactive substance is defined as the time in
which one-half of the radioactive substance is disintegrated.
(b)
(i) Given T = 20 s
Decay constant, l =
(ii) Fraction decayed =
0 . 6931
T
0 . 6931
20
s -1 = 0 0346 s -1 = 0.0346 s1
7
8
Fraction remained
N
7 1
=1- =
N0
8 8
N 1 n
= gives
N0 2
1 1 n
=
8 2
Number of half lives, n = 3,
1

2
1 n
=
2
t = 3T = 3 20 s = 60 s

1.
By introducing the metal plate between the plates of charged capacitor, the capacitance of
capacitor increases.
Reason: It t is thickness of metal plate, then
e0 A
C=
1
d - t 1 -
K
e A
For metal plate K = , C = 0
( d - t)
Obviously, effective separation between plates is decreased from d to ( d - t).
Examination Papers
159
4.
Mutual Inductance: The mutual inductance of two coils is defined as the magnetic flux
linked with the secondary coil when the current in primary coil is 1 ampere.
6.
Electromagnetic radiation produced by a Klystron or a Magnetron valve is microwave.
8.i
Wavefront: The locus of particles of a medium vibrating in the same phase is called a
wavefront. From a point source, the wavefront is spherical; while for a line source the
wavefront is cylindrical. The distant wavefront is plane.
9.
(i) Charges induced on outer surfaces of P1 and P2 are -Q and +Q

respectively.
When plates are released, they will tend to move away from one
another; plate P1 moving towards +Q and P2 towards -Q due to
attraction.
+Q
10.
P2
Common potential, V =
=
C 1V1 + 0
C1 + C2
( 800 pF) 100
800 + 800
V = 50 V
Net capacitance, C = C 1 + C 2 = 1600 pF

1
Energy stored = (C 1 + C 2 ) V 2
2
1
= 1600 10 -12 (50) 2 J
2
= 2 10 -6 J
13.
+Q
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Q +Q
(ii) The field pattern is shown in fig.

P1
P1 P2
X-rays
Uses: (i) To study crystal structure.
(ii) to detect fracture in bones, stone in gall bladder and kidney etc.
160
Xam idea PhysicsXII
14.
NAND gate.
Truth Table
A
Y
16.
Intensity of incident radiations was kept constant. Frequency n 1 is highest.
24.
(i) Angle of dip decreases from 90 to 0 as one goes from magnetic pole to magnetic equator
of earth.
(ii) X is diamagnetic and Y is ferromagnetic.

0 6931 -1
26. (b) (i)
l=
s 0 014 s -1
50
(ii)
N 1 n
=
N0 2
n= 2
n
1 = 1

4 2
t = 2T = 2 50 s = 100 s

DELHI2010
Maximum marks: 70
c = 3 108 ms - 1
h = 6 626 10 -34 Js
e = 1 602 10 -19 C
m 0 = 4p 10 -7 TmA -1
1
= 9 109 Nm2C 2
4pe o
CBSE (Delhi) SETI

1. In which orientation, a dipole placed in a uniform electric fields is in (i) stable, (ii) unstable
equilibrium?
2. Which part of electromagnetic spectrum has largest penetrating power?
3. A plot of magnetic flux ( f) versus current ( I ) is shown in the figure for
A
two inductors A and B. Which of the two has larger value of self
inductance?
f
B
4. Figure shows three point charges, +2q, - q and +3q. Two charges
+2q and -q are enclosed within a surface S. What is the electric
flux due to this configuration through the surface S?
I
+2q
+3q
q
162
Xam idea PhysicsXII
5. A glass lens of refractive index 1 45 disappears when immersed in a liquid. What is the value of
refractive index of the liquid?
6. What is the ratio of radii of the orbits corresponding to first excited state and ground state in a
hydrogen atom?
7. A wire of resistance 8 R is bent in the form of a circle. What is the
A
B
effective resistance between the ends of a diameter AB ?
8. State the conditions for the phenomenon of total internal reflection to
occur.
9. Explain the function of a repeater in a communication system.
10.
(i) Write two characteristics of a material used for making permanent magnets.
(ii) Why is core of an electromagnet made of ferromagnetic materials?
OR
Draw magnetic field lines when a (i) diamagnetic, (ii) paramagnetic substance is placed in an
external magnetic field. Which magnetic property distinguishes this behaviour of the field lines
due to the two substances?
11. Draw the circuit diagram of an illuminated photodiode in reverse bias. How is photodiode used to
measure light intensity?
Lamp
C
12. An electric lamp having coil of negligible inductance connected in series
with a capacitor and an AC source is glowing with certain brightness.
How does the brightness of the lamp change on reducing the (i)
capacitance, and (ii) the frequency? Justify your answer.
Source
13. Arrange the following electromagnetic radiations in ascending order of
their frequencies:
(i) Microwave
(ii) Radio wave
(iii) X-rays
(iv) Gamma rays
Write two uses of any one of these.
14. The radii of curvature of the faces of a double convex lens are 10 cm and 15 cm. If focal length of
the lens is 12 cm, find the refractive index of the material of the lens.
15. An electron is accelerated through a potential difference of 100 volts. What is the de-Broglie
wavelength associated with it? To which part of the electromagnetic spectrum does this value of
wavelength correspond?
16. A heavy nucleus X of mass number 240 and binding energy per nucleon 7.6 MeV is split into two
fragments Y and Z of mass numbers 110 and 130. The binding energy of nucleons in Y and Z is
8.5 MeV per nucleon. Calculate the energy Q released per fission in MeV.
17. (a) The bluish colour predominates in clear sky.
(b) Violet colour is seen at the bottom of the spectrum when white light is dispersed by a prism.
State reason to explain these observations.
Examination Papers
163
18. Plot a graph showing the variation of stopping potential with the frequency of incident radiation
for two different photosensitive materials having work functions W1 and W2 (W1 > W2 ). On what
factors does the (i) slope and (ii) intercept of the lines depend?
19. A parallel plate capacitor is charged by a battery. After sometime the battery is disconnected and a
dielectric slab with its thickness equal to the plate separation is inserted between the plates. How
will (i) the capacitance of the capacitor, (ii) potential difference between the plates and (iii) the
energy stored in the capacitor be affected?
20. Write the principle of working of a potentiometer. Describe briefly, with the help of a circuit
diagram, how a potentiometer is used to determine the internal resistance of a given cell.
I1
21. Write the expression for the magnetic moment ( m) due to a planar square
loop of side l carrying a steady current I in a vector form.
l
In the given figure this loop is placed in a horizontal plane near a long
straight conductor carrying a steady current I 1 at a distance l as shown.
I
l
Give reasons to explain that the loop will experience a net force but no
torque. Write the expression for this force acting on the loop.
22. (a) Depict the equipotential surfaces for a system of two identical positive point charges placed a
distance d apart.
(b) Deduce the expression for the potential energy of a system of two point charges q1 and q 2
brought from infinity to the points r1 and r 2 respectively in the presence of external electric
field E .
23. What is an unpolarized light? Explain with the help of suitable ray diagram how an unpolarized
light can be polarized by reflection from a transparent medium. Write the expression for Brewster
angle in terms of the refractive index of denser medium.
24.
(i) Define activity of a radioactive material and write its S.I. unit.
(ii) Plot a graph showing variation of activity of a given radioactive sample with time.
(iii) The sequence of stepwise decay of a radioactive nucleus is
a
b-
D D1 D2
If the atomic number and mass number of D2 are 71 and 176 respectively, what are their
corresponding values for D ?
25. A long straight wire of a circular cross-section of radius a carries a steady current I. The
current is uniformly distributed across the cross-section. Apply Amperes circuital law to calculate
the magnetic field at a point r in the region for (i) r < a and (ii) r > a.
OR
State the underlying principle of working of a moving coil galvanometer. Write two reasons why a
galvanometer can not be used as such to measure current in a given circuit. Name any two factors
on which the current sensitivity of a galvanometer depends.
26. What is space wave propagation? Give two examples of communication system which use space
wave mode.
A TV tower is 80 tall. Calculate the maximum distance upto which the signal transmitted from the
tower can be received.
164
Xam idea PhysicsXII
27. In a meter bridge, the null point is found at a distance of 40 cm from A. If a resistance of 12 W is
connected in parallel with S, the null point occurs at 50 0 cm from A. Determine the values of
R and S.
12W
R
G
A
28. Describe briefly, with the help of a labelled diagram, the basic elements of an AC generator. State
its underlying principle. Show diagrammatically how an alternating emf is generated by a loop of
wire rotating in a magnetic field. Write the expression for the instantaneous value of the emf
induced in the rotating loop.
OR
A series LCR circuit is connected to an ac source having voltage v = v m sin wt. Derive the
expression for the instantaneous current J and its phase relationship to the applied voltage.
Obtain the condition for resonance to occur. Define power factor. State the conditions under
which it is (i) maximum and (ii) minimum.
29. State Huygens principle. Show, with the help of a suitable diagram, how this principle is used to
obtain the diffraction pattern by a single slit.
Draw a plot of intensity distribution and explain clearly why the secondary maxima become
weaker with increasing order ( n) of the secondary maxima.
OR
Draw a ray diagram to show the working of a compound microscope. Deduce an expression for
the total magnification when the final image is formed at the near point.
In a compound microscope, an object is placed at a distance of 1 5 cm from the objective of focal
length 1 25 cm. If the eye piece has a focal length of 5 cm and the final image is formed at the
near point, estimate the magnifying power of the microscope.
30.
(a) Explain the formation of depletion layer and potential barrier in a p-n junction.
(b) In the figure given below, the input waveform is converted into the output wave from a
device X. Name the device and draw its circuit diagram.
Device X
Input
Output
(c) Identify the logic gate represented by the circuit as shown and write its truth table.
A
Y
B
Examination Papers
165
OR
(a) With the help of the circuit diagram explain the working principle of a transistor amplifier as
an oscillator.
(b) Distinguish between a conductor, a semiconductor and an insulator on the basis of energy
band diagrams.
CBSE (Delhi) SETII

Questions uncommon to SetI
3. The radius of innermost electron orbit of a hydrogen atom is 5 3 10 -11 m. What is the radius of
orbit in the second excited state?
6. Which part of electromagnetic spectrum is absorbed from sunlight by ozone layer?
9.
(i) When primary coil P is moved towards secondary coil S (as shown in the figure below) the
galvanometer shows momentary deflection. What is can be done to have larger deflection in
the galvanometer with the same battery?
(ii) State the related law.
P
+
V
10. What is the range of frequencies used for T.V. transmission? What is common between these
waves and light waves?
2
11. A biconvex lens has a focal length times the radius of curvature of either surface. Calculate the
3
refractive index of lens material.
14.
(i) Why does the Sun appear reddish at sunset or sunrise?
(ii) For which colour the refractive index of prism material is maximum and minimum?
17. An electron is accelerated through a potential difference of 144 volts. What is the de-Broglie
wavelength associated with it? To which part of the electromagnetic spectrum does this
19. A parallel plate capacitor, each with plate area A and separation d, is charged to a potential
difference V. The battery used to charge it remains connected. A dielectric slab of thickness d and
dielectric constant k is now placed between the plates. What change, if any, will take place in:
(i) charge on plates?
(ii) electric field intensity between the plates?
(iii) capacitance of the capacitor?
20.
(i) Why is communication using line of sight mode limited to a frequencies above 40 MHz?
(ii) A transmitting antenna at the top of a tower has a height 32 m and the height of the receiving
antenna is 50 m. What is the maximum distance between them for satisfactory
communication in line of sight mode?
166
Xam idea PhysicsXII
22. In a meter bridge, the null point is found at a distance of 60.0 cm from A. If now a resistance of
5 W is connected in series with S, the null point occurs at 50 cm. Determine the values of R and S.
S
R
G
A
CBSE (Delhi) SETIII

Which part of electromagnetic spectrum is used in radar systems?
Calculate the speed of light in a medium whose critical angle is 30.
Write the expression for Bohrs radius in hydrogen atom.
What is the range of frequencies used in satellite communication? What is common between these
waves and light waves?
12. A coil Q is connected to low voltage bulb B and placed near another coil P is shown in the figure.
Give reason to explain the following observations:
4.
5.
7.
11.
13.
14.
15.
20.
A.C Source
(a) The bulb B lights.

(b) Bulb gets dimmer if the coil Q is moved towards left.
Find the radius of curvature of the convex surface of a plano-convex lens, whose focal length is
0 3 m and the refractive index of the material of the lens is 1 5.
An electron is accelerated through a potential difference of 64 volts. What is the de-Broglie
wavelength associated with it? To which part of the electromagnetic spectrum does this value of
(i) Out of blue and red light which is deviated more by a prism? Give reason.
(ii) Give the formula that can be used to determine refractive index of material of a prism in
minimum deviation condition.
In a metre bridge, the null point is found at a distance of l1 cm from A. If now a resistance of X is
connected in parallel with S, the null point occurs at l2 cm. Obtain a formula for X in terms of
l1 , l2 and S.
Examination Papers
167
R
G
A
27. A parallel plate capacitor is charged to a potential difference V by a d.c. source. The capacitor is
then disconnected from the source. If the distance between the plates is doubled, state with reason
how the following will change:
(i) electric field between the plates.
(ii) capacitance, and
(iii) energy stored in the capacitor.
Solutions
CBSE (Delhi) Set-I
(i) In stable equilibrium the dipole moment is parallel to the direction of electric field (i.e., q = 0).
1.
(ii) In unstable equilibrium P.E. is maximum, so q = p so dipole moment is antiparallel to electric field.
2. g-rays have largest penetrating power.
3. f = L I
For same current fA > fB , so L A > L B
i.e., Inductor A has larger value of self-inductance.
1
4. Electric flux, f =
(net charge enclosed by surface S)
e0
q
1
=
( 2q - q) =
e0
e0
5. For disappearance of glass lens in liquid, refractive index of liquid
= refractive index of lens = 1 45
6. r n =
e0 h2 n2
2
n2
pme
For I excited state, n = 2
For ground state, n =1
r2 4
=
r1 1
168
Xam idea PhysicsXII
7. Two parts each of resistance 4R are connected in parallel; so effective resistance across ends of
diameter AB is
4R 4R
=
= 2R
4R + 4R
8. Conditions for total internal reflection are:
(i) Light must travel from denser to rarer medium.
(ii) Angle of incidence must be greater than critical angle (C).
9. A repeater is a combination of a receiver and a transmitter. Repeaters are used to increase the
range of communication of signals. A repeater picks up the signal from the transmitter, amplifiers
and retransmits it to the receiver, sometimes with a change in carrier frequency. A typical example
of repeater station is a communication satellite.
10.
(i) For permanent magnet the material must have high retentivity and high coercivity (e.g.,
steel).
(ii) Ferromagnetic material has high retentivity, so when current is passed in ferromagnetic
material it gains sufficient magnesium immediately on passing a current through it.
OR
(b) Paramagentic subsistence

(a) Diamagnetic subsistence
The magnetic susceptibility of diamagnetic substance is small and negative but that of
paramagnetic substance is small and positive.
11. It is a reversed biased p-n junction, illuminated by radiation. When p-n junction is reversed biased
with no current, a very small reverse saturated current flows across the junction called the dark
current. When the junction is illuminated with light, electron-hole pairs are created at the junction,
due to which additional current begins to flow across the junction; the current is solely due to
minority charge carriers.
Light
n
mA
p
n
Symbol
+
(a)
(b)
Photodiode
Examination Papers
12.
(i) When capacitance is reduced, capacitive reactance X C =
1
wC
169
Lamp
increases, hence impedance of circuit, Z = R 2 + X C2

increases and so current I =
V
decreases. As a result the brightness
Z
of the bulb is reduced.
Source
1
increases and hence
2pnC
impedance of circuit increases, so current decreases. As a result brightness of bulb is reduced.
13. In ascending power of frequencies: radiowaves, microwaves, ultraviolet rays, X-rays and gamma
rays.
Uses of Electromagnetic Spectrum
(i) g-rays are highly penetrating, they can penetrate thick iron blocks. Due to high energy, they
are used to produce nuclear reactions. g-rays are produced in nuclear reactions. In medicine,
they are used to destroy cancer cells.
(ii) X-rays are used in medical diagnostics to detect fractures in bones, tuberculosis of lungs,
presence of stone in gallbladder and kidney. They are used in engineering to check flaws in
bridges. In physics X-rays are used to study crystal structure.
(iii) Radiowaves are used for broadcasting programmes to distant places. According to frequency
range, they are divided into following groups
(1) Medium frequency band or medium waves 03 to 3 MHz
(2) Short waves or short frequency band 3 MHz 30 MHz
(3) Very high frequency (VHF) band 30 MHz to 300 MHz
(4) Ultrahigh frequency (UHF) band 300 MHz to 3000 MHz
(iv) Microwaves are produced by special vacuum tubes, namely; klystrons, magnetrons and gunn
diodes. Their frequency range is 3 GHz to 300 Ghz. They are used in radar systems used in air
craft navigation and microwave users in houses.
14. Given R1 = 10 cm, R 2 = - 15 cm, f =12 cm
(ii) When frequency in decreases; capacitive reactance X C =
Refractive index n = ?
Lens-makers formula is
1
1
1
= ( n - 1)
f
R
R
2
1
1
1
1
= ( n - 1) +
12
10 15
5
= ( n - 1)
30
30 1
30
or n = 1 +
n -1 =
n = 1 + 0 5 = 1 5
5 12
60
15. l =
h
2meV
6 63 10 -34
2 9 1 10 -31 1 6 10 -19 100
170
Xam idea PhysicsXII
= 1 227 10 -10 m = 1 227

This wavelength corresponds to X-ray region of em spectrum.
16. Q = ( M y + M z ) c 2 - M c 2
= 8 5 240 MeV 7 6 240 MeV
= (8 5 - 7 6) 240 MeV
= 0 9 240 MeV = 216 MeV
1
(a) The intensity of scattered light varies inversely as fourth power of wavelength i. e., I .
l4
In visible light blue colour has minimum wavelength, so it is scattered most, that is why
bluish colour predominates in a clear sky.
(b) While light consists of infinite wavelengths starting from 400 nm (violet) to 750 nm (red).
The refractive index of proton is maximum for violet and minimum for red; so prism
separates constituent colours of white light and causes maximum deviation for violet colour.
That is why violet colour is seen at the bottom of spectrum when white light is dispersed
through a prism.
2
1
18. The graph of stopping potential Vs and frequency (n) for two
metals 1 and 2 is shown in fig.
Vs
h
(i) Slope of graph tan q = and depends on h and e.
q
q
e
n
(ii) Intersect of lines depend on the work function.
2 (w2/e)
19.
(i) The capacitance of capacitor increases to K times
Ke 0 A
(since C =
K)
d
1 (w1/e)
1
(ii) The potential difference between the plates becomes
K
times.
Q
V
Reason: V = ; Q same, C increases to K times; V =
C
K
V
1
(iii) As E = and V is decreased; therefore, electric field decreases to times. Energy stored by
d
K
Q2
the capacitor, U =
. As Q = constant, C is increased, and so energy stored by capacitor
2C
1
decreases to times.
K
20.
Principle: If constant current is flowing through a wire of uniform area of cross-section at
constant temperature, the potential drop across- any portion of wire is directly proportional to
the length of that portion
i.e.,
V l
Method: (i) Initially key K is closed and a potential difference is applied across the wire AB.
Now rheostat ( Rh) is so adjusted that on touching the jockey J at ends A and B of
17.
Examination Papers
171
potentiometer wire, the deflection in

B1
K
the galvanometer is on both sides.
Suppose that in this position the
+
Rh
potential gradient on the wire is k.
(ii) Now key K1 is kept open and the
P2
P1
position of null deflection is +
J
B
A
obtained by sliding and pressing
G
the jockey on the wire. Let this
e
+
HR
position be P1 and AP1 = l1 .
C
In this situation the cell is in
R ()
open circuit, therefore the
K1
terminal potential difference
will be equal to the emf of cell,
i.e.,
emf e = kl1
...(i)
(iii) Now a suitable resistance R is taken in the resistance box and key K1 is closed. Again,
the position of null point is obtained on the wire by using jockey J. Let this position on
wire be P2 and AP2 = l2 .
In this situation the cell is in closed circuit, therefore the terminal potential difference
(V ) of cell will be equal to the potential difference across external resistance R, i.e.,
...(ii)
V = kl2
e l1
Dividing (i) by (ii), we get
=
V l2
l
r =
- 1 R = 1 - 1 R
V
l2
From this formula r may be calculated.

21. Magnetic moment due to a planar square loop of side l carrying current I is
\ Internal resistance of cell,
m =I A
For square loop A = l
m = I l 2 n$
where n$ is unit vector normal to loop.

Magnetic field due to current carrying wire at the location of loop is directed downward
perpendicular to plane of loop.
I1
l
y
P
Q
I
z
S
172
Xam idea PhysicsXII
Force on QR and SP are equal and opposite, so net force on these sides is zero.
From on side RS, FRS
FPQ = I l B1 li$
Force no side PQ,
u I
= Ili$ 0 1 ( -k$)
2pl
m 0 II 1 $
=
j;
2p
m I
= m 0 l ( -i$) + 0 1 ( -k$)
2p ( 2l)
m 0 II 1 $
j;
4p

m II
Torque t = r F = - l $j 0 1 $j ;
2p
m
II
0
1 $
+ ( -21$j)
j = zero
4p
Net force F = FPQ FRS =
That is loop experiences a repulsive force but no torque.

22.
(a) Equipotential surfaces due to two identical charges is shown in fig.
(b) Potential energy of a system of two charges in an external electric field.
Suppose q1 and q 2 are two charges brought from infinity at locations r1 and r 2 respectively in
an external electric field.
Let V (r1 ) and V (r 2 ) be the potentials at positions r1 and r 2 due to external electric field E . In
this case work is done in bringing charges q 1 and q 2 against their own electric fields and
external electric fields.
Work done in bringing charge q1 from at location r1 is W1 = q1V (r1 )
Work done in bringing q 2 against the electric field at location r 2 is W2 = q 2 V (r 2 )

Work done on q 2 against the electric field due to q1 is

r
r12 q1 q 2
1
$
W3 = 12 F12 . dr =
r
.
(
dr
)
4pe 0
r2
r
1
1
=q1 q 2 12
dr
4pe 0
r2
Examination Papers
r /2
r -1
1
=q1 q 2
4pe 0
-1
173
1 q1 q 2
4pe 0 r12
where r12 = | r 2 - r1 |
\
Potential energy of system = Work done in assembling the configuration
q1 q 2
1
U = W1 + W2 + W3 = q1V (r1 ) + q 2 V (r 2 ) +
4pe 0
| r 2 - r1 |
23. Unpolarised light: The light having vibrations of electric field vector in all possible directions
perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation is called the ordinary (or unpolarised) light.
Unpolarised
light
ip
r'
Polarised light
Partially polarised light
If unpolarised light falls on a transparent surface of refractive index n at a certain angle i p , called
polarising angle, then reflected light is plane polarised with its electric vector perpendicular to the
plane of incidence when the refracted and reflected rays make a right angle with each other.
Brewsters law: n = tan i p .
24.
(i) The activity of a radioactive substance is the rate of decay or the number of disintegrations
per second of the substance.
(ii)
A0
A
A0
2
A0
4
O
2T
(iii) The sequence is represented as
A
Z
A-4
Z - 2D ,
b-
(i) Given A - 4 = 176 Mass number of D, A =180

(ii) Z - 1 = 71 Atomic number of D, Z = 72.
A-4
Z - 1 D2
174
Xam idea PhysicsXII
25. Magnetic Field due to a straight thick wire of

uniform cross-section: Consider an infinitely long
cylinderical wire of radius a, carrying current I.
Suppose that the current is uniformly distributed over
whole cross-section of the wire. The cross-section of
wire is circular. Current per unit cross-sectional area.
I
(i)
i=
pa 2
Magnetic Field at External Points: We consider a
circular path of radius r ( > a) passing through external
point P concentric with circular cross-section of wire.
By symmetry the strength of magnetic field at every
point of circular path is same and the direction of
magnetic field is tangential to path at every point. So
line integral of magnetic field B around the circular path

B dl = B dl cos 0 = B 2pr
Current enclosed by path = Total current on circular cross-section of
cylinder = I
By Amperes circuital law

B dl = m current enclosed by path
B 2pr = m 0 I
m I
B= 0
2pr
This expression is same as the magnetic field due to a long current carrying straight wire.
This shows that for external points the current flowing in wire may be
supposed to be concerned at the axis of cylinder.
Magnetic Field at Internal Points: Consider a circular path of radius
r ( < a), passing through internal point Q, concentric with circular
cross-section of the wire. In this case the assumed circular path encloses
only a path of current carrying circular cross-section of the wire.
\ Current enclosed by path
= current per unit cross-section cross section of assumed circular path
I
= i pr 2 =
pa 2
Ir 2
pr 2 =
a2
\ By Amperes circuital law

B dl = m 0 current closed by path
Examination Papers
B 2pr = m 0
B=
175
Ir 2
a2
m 0 Ir
2pa 2
Clearly, magnetic field strength inside the current carrying wire is directly proportional to distance
of the point from the axis of wire.
At surface of cylinder r = a, so magnetic field at surface of wire
m I
(maximum value)
Bs = 0
2pa
The variation of magnetic field strength ( B) with distance (r ) from the axis of wire for internal and
external points is shown in figure.
m I
m 0I
m I
B outside = 0 =
= 0
a 3pa
2pr
2p a +
2
m 0 Ir m 0 I ( a / 2) m 0 I
Binside =
=
=
4pa
2pa 2
2pa 2
\
B outside 4
=
Binside
3
Maximum value of magnetic field is at the surface given by B outside =
m 0I
2pa
OR
Principle: When current ( I ) is passed in the coil, torque t acts on the coil, given by
t = NIAB sin q
where q is the angle between the normal to plane of coil and the magnetic field of strength B, N is
the number of turns in a coil.
When the magnetic field is radial, as in the case of cylindrical pole pieces and soft iron core, then
in every position of coil the plane of the coil, is parallel to the magnetic field lines, so that q = 90
and sin 90 = 1
Deflecting torque,
t = NIAB
A galvanometer cannot be used as such to measure current due to following two reasons.
(i) A galvanometer has a finite large resistance and is connected in series in the circuit, so it will
increase the resistance of circuit and hence change the value of current in the circuit.
(ii) A galvanometer is a very sensitive device, it gives a full scale deflection for the current of the
order of microampere, hence if connected as such it will not measure current of the order of
ampere.
Current sensitivity of galvanometer depends on
(i) Number of turns N: It increases with increase of number of turns.
(ii) Area of coil A: It increases with increase of area of coil.
(iii) Strength of magnetic poles (B): It increases with increase of strength of poles.
176
Xam idea PhysicsXII
(iv) Torsional rigidity of suspension: It increases with decrease of torsional rigidity of

suspension.
26. Space wave propagation is a straight line propagation of electromagnetic wave from transmitting
antenna to recieving antenna both installed in the ground.
Maximum coverage distance
d = 2R e h
= 2 6400 10 3 80 = 32 10 3 m = 32 km
27. In first case l1 = 40 cm
l1
R
=
S 100 - l1
R 40 2
=
=
S 60 3
(i)
In second case when S and 12 W are in parallel balancing length l2 = 50 cm, so

12S
(ii)
S =
12 + S
R
50
(iii)
\
=
= 1 S = R
S 100 - 50
3
From (i)
S= R
2
Substituting this value in (ii), we get
3
12 R
2 = 18R
S =
3
3
12 + R 12 + R
2
2
Also from equation (iii), S = R
18R
3
\
=R
18 = 12 + R
3
2
12 + R
2
3
or
R =6
R =4W
2
3
\
S = R =6W
2
R =4W , S =6W
28. AC generator consists of the four main parts:
magnetic field is generated by a permanent magnet, while in the case of large power dynamo,
the magnetic field is produced by an electromagnet.
(ii) Armature: It consists of a large number of turns of insulated wire in the soft iron drum or
ring. It can revolve round an axle between the two poles of the field magnet. The drum or ring
serves the two purposes: (i) It serves as a support to coils and (ii) It increases the magnetic
field due to air core being replaced by an iron core.
Examination Papers
177
(iii) Slip Rings: The slip rings R1 and R 2 are the two metal rings to which the ends of armature
coil are connected. These rings are fixed to the shaft which rotates the armature coil so that
the rings also rotate along with the armature.
(iv) Brushes: These are two flexible metal plates or carbon rods ( B1 and B 2 ) which are fixed and
constantly touch the revolving rings. The output current in external load R L is taken through
these brushes.
Principle: When the armature coil is rotated in the strong magnetic field, the magnetic flux
linked with the coil changes and the current is induced in the coil, its direction being given by
Flemings right hand rule. The direction of current remains unchanged during the first half turn of
armature. During the second half revolution,
w
the direction of current is reversed. Thus, the
Armature coil
direction of induced emf and current changes
b
in the external circuit after each half
c
revolution.
If N is the number of turns in coil, f the
N B
S
Field magnet
frequency of rotation, A area of coil and B the
a
magnetic induction, then induced emf
df d
e== {NBA (cos 2p f t )}
dt dt
= 2p NBA f sin 2p f t
R1
Slip rings
R2
d
B1
Brushes Load
RL
B2
OR
Suppose resistance R, inductance L and capacitance C are connected in series and an alternating
source of voltage V = V0 sin wt is applied across it. (fig. a) On account of being in series, the
current (i ) flowing through all of them is the same.
C
VL
VR
VC
V=V0 sin wt
(a)
Suppose the voltage across resistance R is VR , voltage across inductance L is VL and voltage
across capacitance C is VC . The voltage VR and current i are in the same phase, the voltage VL will
lead the current by angle 90 while the voltage VC will lag behind the current by angle 90 (fig.
b). Clearly VC and VL are in opposite directions, therefore their resultant potential difference
= VC - VL (if VC > VC ).
Thus VR and (VC - VL ) are mutually perpendicular and the phase difference between them is 90.
As applied voltage across the circuit is V, the resultant of VR and (VC - VL ) will also be V. From
fig.
V
= VR 2 + (VC - VL ) 2 V = VR 2 + (VC - VL ) 2
...(i)
178
Xam idea PhysicsXII
But
where X C
\
\
VR = R i , VC = X C i and VL = X L i
1
=
= capacitance reactance and X L = wL = inductive reactance
wC
...(ii)
V = ( R i) 2 + ( X C i - X L i) 2
V
Impedance of circuit, Z = = R 2 + ( X C - X L ) 2
i
i.e.
Instantaneous current I =
Z = R 2 + (X C - X L ) 2 = R 2 +
- wL
w
C
V0 sin ( wt + f)
1
R2 +
- wL
wC
Condition for resonance to occur in series LCR ac circuit:

For resonance the current produced in the circuit and emf applied must always be in the same
phase.
Phase difference ( f) in series LCR circuit is given by
X - XL
tan f= C
R
For resonance
f= 0
XC - X L = 0
or
XC = X L
1
If wr is resonant frequency, then X C =
wr C
and
\
X L = wr L
1
= wr L
wr C
wr =
LC
R
Power factor is the cosine of phase angle f, i.e., cos f = .
Z
For maximum power
cos f =1 or
Z =R
i.e., circuit is purely resistive.
For minimum power
cos f = 0 or R = 0
i.e., circuit should be free from ohmic resistance.
29. Principle:
(i) Every point on a given wavefront may be regarded as a source of new disturbance.
(ii) The new disturbances from each point spread out in all directions with the velocity of light
and are called the secondary wavelets.
(iii) The surface of tangency to the secondary wavelets in forward direction at any instant gives
the new position of the wavefront at that time.
Let us illustrate this principle by the following example:
Examination Papers
179
Let AB shown in the fig. be the section of a wavefront in a homogeneous isotropic medium at
t = 0. We have to find the position of the wavefront at time t using Huygens principle. Let v
be the velocity of light in the given medium.
(a) Take the number of points 1, 2, 3, on the wavefront AB. These points are the sources
of secondary wavelets.
(b) At time t the radius of these secondary wavelets is vt. Taking each point as centre, draw
circles of radius vt.
(c) Draw a tangent A1 B1 common to all these circles in the forward direction.
Propagation of wavefront from a point
A1
A
source:
A
A2
A1
When monochromatic light is made
A2
1
1
incident on a single slit, we get diffraction
pattern on a screen placed behind the slit.
2
2
The diffraction pattern contains bright and
dark bands, the intensity of central band is
3
3
maximum and goes on decreasing on both
S
4
sides.
4
Let AB be a slit of width a and a parallel
5
5
B2
beam of monochromatic light is incident on
B B1
B
it. According to Fresnel the diffraction
B2
B
(a)
(b)
pattern is the result of superposition of a
1
large number of waves, starting from
different points of illuminated slit.
Let q be the angle of diffraction for waves reaching at point P of screen and AN the
perpendicular dropped from A on wave diffracted from B.
The path difference between rays diffracted at points A and B,
D = BP - AP = BN
In D ANB , ANB = 90
\ and BAN = q
BN
or BN = AB sin q
\
sin q =
AB
As AB = width of slit = a
\ Path difference,
....(i)
D = a sin q
To find the effect of all coherent waves at P, we have to sum up their contribution, each with a
different phase. This was done by Fresnel by rigorous calculations, but the main features may
be explained by simple arguments given below:
At the central point C of the screen, the angle q is zero. Hence the waves starting from all
points of slit arrive in the same phase. This gives maximum intensity at the central point C.
If point P on screen is such that the path difference between rays starting from edges A and B
is l , then path difference
l
a sin q = l sin q =
a
180
Xam idea PhysicsXII
If angle q is small,
sin q = q =
l
a
...(ii)
I0
4l
a
3l
a
2l
a
l
a
2l
a
l
a
3l
a
4l
a
The intensity of secondary maxima decreases with increase of order n because with
increasing n, the contribution of slit decreases.
For n = 2, it is one-fifth, for n = 3, it is one-seventh and so on.
OR
Eyepiece
uo
ue
vo
D
Objective
L1
B
A"
A
Eye
Fo
Fe'
A'
B'
B"
ve
Magnifying power of microscope,

v
D
M = - 0 1 +
u0
fe
Fe
Examination Papers
181
Given u 0 = - 1 5 cm, f 0 = 125 cm, f e = 5 cm, D = 25 cm

1
1
1
Formula
gives
=
f 0 v0 u 0
1
1
1
1
1
1
=
+
=
1 25 v 0 1 5
v 0 1 25 1 5
I n
p
B
RL A
Output
P2 S2 p II n
Output
P1 S1
Input signal
(a) Formation of depletion layer and potential barrier:

VB
At the junction there is diffusion of charge
+
carriers due to thermal agitation; so that some of
+
+
+
electrons of n-region diffuse to p-region while
+
+
+
some of holes of p-region diffuse into n-region.
Some charge carriers combine with opposite
+
+
+
Ei
charges to neutralise each other. Thus near the
p
n
Depletion
junction there is an excess of positively charged
layer
ions in n-region and an excess of negatively
charged ions in p-region. This sets up a potential difference called
potential barrier and hence an internal electric field Ei across the
p
n
junctions. The field Ei is directed from n-region to p-region. This field
stops the further diffusion of charge carriers. Thus the layers
( 10 - 4 cm to 10 - 6 cm) on either side of the junction becomes free
from mobile charge carriers and hence is called the depletion layer. The symbol of p-n
junction diode is shown in Fig.
(b) The box contains the circuit of full wave rectifier.
Input A.C. signal
30.
v 0 = 7 5 cm
7 5
25
M =1 +
= - 5 6 = - 30
1 5
5
(c) Logic gate is AND gate. Its truth table is

A
Xam idea PhysicsXII
OR
(a) Principle: An oscillator converts dc into ac. A
fraction of output voltage or current is fed back to the
input circuit in the same phase as the input signal and
the oscillations produced in LC circuit are amplified.
(b) If the valence and conduction bands overlap, the
substance is referred as a conductor.
If the valence and conduction bands have a forbidden
gap more than 3 eV, the substance is an insulator.
If the valence and condition bands have a small
forbidden gap (=1 eV), the substance is a
semiconductor.
npn
C
+
182
CBSE (Delhi) SETII

3. Radius of nth orbit of hydrogen atom
rn =
e0 h2 n2
pme 2
For inner most orbit n =1
e h 2 (1) 2
\
h= 0
pme 2
For second excited state n = 3
e h 2 (3) 2
r3 = 0
pme 2
r
3 = 9 r 3 = 9r1 = 9 5 3 10 -11 m = 3 77 10 -10 m
r1
6. Ozone layers absorbs ultraviolet rays.
9.
(i) For larger deflection to coil P should be moved at a faster rate.
(ii) Faraday law: The induced emf is directly proportional to rate of change of magnetic flux
linked with the circuit.
10. 76890 MHz.
Speed of waves is same for TV waves and light waves.
1
1
1
11.
= ( n - 1)
f
R1 R 2
For biconvex lens R1 = + R, R 2 = - R
2
Given f = R
3
3
3
3 7
2
\
= ( n - 1) ( n - 1) = n = 1 + =
2R
R
4
4 4

Examination Papers
14.
183
(i) The light is scattered by air molecules. According to Lord Rayleigh the intensity of scattered
light
1
1
I
I
4
(wavelength)
l4
As l blue < l red , accordingly blue colour is scattered the most and red the least, so sky
appears blue.
At the time of sunrise and sunset, blue colour is scattered the most and red colour enters our
eyes, so sunrise and sunset appear red.
(ii) Refractive index of prism material is maximum for violet and minimum for red colour.
17. l =
h
2meV
6 63 10 -34
2 9 1 10
-31
1 6 10
= 1 10 -10 m = 1
-19
144
This corresponds to X-rays.

19.
(i) The charge Q = CV , V = same, C = increases; there, charge on plates increases.
V
(ii) A electric field E = , and V = constant, d = constant; therefore, electric field strength
d
remains the same.
(iii) The capacitance of capacitor increases as K >1.
20.
(i) The line of sight (LOS) mode is limited to frequencies above 40 MHz, because at these
frequencies antennas are relatively smaller and can be placed at heights of many wavelengths
above the ground Because of LOS mode direct waves get blocked by the curvature of earth.
For receiving signals beyond horizon, the receiving antenna must be very high to intercept
the LOS wave.
(ii) Maximum LOS distance
d m = 2R e hT + 2R e hR
Given hT = 32 m, hR = 50 m ; R e = 6 4 10 6 m
d m = 2 6 4 10 6 32 + 2 6 4 10 6 50
= 8 10 3
= 18 10
6 4 + 10 10 3
64
6 4 = 18 10 2 53 m
3
= 45 5 10 m = 45 5 km
22.
R
l
=
S (100 - l)
Given balancing length l = 60 0 cm.
R 60
R 3
=
=
S 40
S 2
When a resistance of 5 W is connected in series with S, l = 50 cm
R
50
R
\
=
=1
S + 5 100 - 50
S +5
(i)
184
Xam idea PhysicsXII
or
R =S + 5
Solving (i) and (ii)
R =15 W, S =10 W
(ii)
CBSE (Delhi) SET-III

4. Microwaves are used in operating a RADAR.
1
1
5. n =
=
=2
sin C sin 30
Speed of light in medium v =
c 3 108
=
= 1 5 10 8 m / s
n
2
1 5 108 m/s
e0 h2
= 0 529 10 -10 m
pme 2
11. Range of frequencies used for satellite communication
5 925 - 6 425 GHz (Uplink)
3 7 - 4 2 GHz (Downlink)
Speed of wave is same for these waves and light waves.
12.
(a) The bulb B lights due to induced current in coil Q because of change in magnetic flux linked
with it on a consequence of continuous variation of magnitude of alternating current flowing
in P.
(b) When coil Q moves towards left the rate of change of magnetic flux linked with Q decreases
and so lesser current is induced in Q.
13. For a plano-convex lens R1 = , R 2 = - R
7. Bohrs radius, r1 =
1
1
1
gives
= ( n - 1)
f
R1 R 2
1
1 1
= ( n - 1) +
f
R
1 n -1
=
R = ( n - 1) f
f
R
or
Given f = 0 3 m, n = 1 5
\
R = (1 5 - 1) 0 3 m = 0 15 m = 15 cm
14. de-Broglie wavelength
l=
6 28 10 -34
2 9 1 10 -31 1 6 10 -19 V
2meV
=
12 27
V
Here V = 64 V
10 -10 m =
12 27
V
Examination Papers
12 27
=
= 1 53
8
64
This corresponds to X-ray region of em spectrum.
15.
(i) By a prism blue light is deviated more than red light; because deviation
d = ( n - 1) A
refractive index n is more for blue than red light.
(ii) Refractive index
A + dm
sin
2
n=
A
sin
2
\
l=
12 27
where A = angle of prism

d m = angle of minimum deviation.
20. In first case
l1
R
=
S 100 - l1
When X and S are in parallel, let resistance
XS
S =
X +S
l2
R
In second case
=
XS 100 - l2
X +S
Dividing (ii) by (i), we get
X + S l1 100 - l1
X=
=
X
l2 100 - l2
l2
l1
27.
(i) No change,
(ii) Halved,
(iii) Doubled,
(i)
(ii)
100 - l1
100 - l
2
q
s
Q E=
or
e0
e0 A
e A
1
Q C = 0 or C
d
d
Q W=
Q2
1
or W
2C
C
-1
185

ALL INDIA2010
Maximum marks: 70
c = 3 108 ms - 1
h = 6 626 10 -34 Js
e = 1 602 10 -19 C
1
= 9 109 Nm2C
4pe o
m 0 = 4p 10 -7 TmA -1
2


1. Name the physical quantity whose S.I. unit is JC -1 . Is it a scalar or a vector quantity?
2. A beam of a particles projected along +x-axis, experiences a force due to a magnetic field along
the +y-axis. What is the direction of the magnetic field?
x
e particle
z
y
3. Define self-inductance of a coil. Write its SI units.

4. A converging lens is kept co-axially in contact with a diverging lens both the lenses being of
equal focal lengths. What is the focal length of the combination?
5. Define ionisation energy. What is its value for a hydrogen atom?
Examination Papers
187
6. Two conducting wires X and Y of same diameter but different materials are joined in series across
a battery. If the number density of electrons in X is twice that in Y, find the ratio of drift velocity
of electrons in the two wires.
7. Name the part of electromagnetic spectrum whose wavelength lies in the range of 10 -10 m. Give
its one use.
8. When light travels from a rarer to a denser medium, the speed decreases. Does this decrease in
speed imply a decrease in the energy carried by the light wave? Justify your answer.
9. Deduce the expression for the magnetic dipole moment of an electron orbiting around the central
nucleus.
10. A spherical conducting shell of inner radius r1 and outer radius r 2 has a charge Q. A charge q
is placed at the centre of the shell.
(a) What is the surface charge density on the (i) inner surface, (ii) outer surface of the shell?
(b) Write the expression for the electric field at a point x > r 2 from the centre of the shell.
11. Draw a sketch of a plane electromagnetic wave propagating along the z-direction. Depict clearly
the directions of electric and magnetic fields varying sinusoidally with z.
s
12. Show that the electric field at the surface of a charged conductor is given by E =
n$, where s is
e0
the surface charge density and n$ is a unit vector normal to the surface in the outward direction.
13. Two identical loops, one of copper and the other of aluminium, are rotated with the same angular
speed in the same magnetic field. Compare (i) the induced emf and (ii) the current produced in the
two coils. Justify your answer.
14. An a-particle and a proton are accelerated from rest by the same potential. Find the ratio of their
de-Broglie wavelengths.
15. Write two factors justifying the need of modulating a signal.
A carrier wave of peak voltage 12 V is used to transmit a message signal. What should be the peak
voltage of the modulating signal in order to have a modulation index of 75%?
16. Write Einsteins photoelectric equation. State clearly the three salient features observed in
photoelectric effect, which can be explained on the basis of the above equation.
17. Draw a plot of potential energy of a pair of nucleons as a function of their separation. Write two
important conclusions which you can draw regarding the nature of nuclear forces.
OR
Draw a plot of the binding energy per nucleon as a function of mass number for a large number of
nuclei, 2 A 240. How do you explain the constancy of binding energy per nucleon in the range
30 < A < 170 using the property that nuclear force is short-ranged?
Nuclear forces are short ranged, so every nucleon interacts with their neighbours only; so binding
energy per nucleon remains constant.]
18.
(i) Identify the logic gates marked P and Q in the given logic circuit.
A
P
(ii) Write down the output at X for the inputs A = 0, B = 0 and A = 1, B = 1.
188
Xam idea PhysicsXII
19. Which mode of propagation is used by short wave broadcast services having frequencies range
from a few MHz upto 30 MHz? Explain diagrammatically how long distance communication can
be achieved by this mode. Why is there an upper limit to frequency of waves used in this mode?
+
20. Write any two factors on which internal resistance of a cell depends.
V
The reading on a high resistance voltmeter, when a cell is connected
across it, is 2 2 V. When the terminals of the cell are also connected to a
+
resistance of 5 W as shown in the circuit, the voltmeter reading drops to

1 8 V. Find the internal resistance of the cell.
R = 5W
C2
21. A network of four capacitors each of 12 mF capacitance is

connected to a 500 V supply as shown in the figure. Determine (a)
equivalent capacitance of the network and (b) charge on each
C1
C3
capacitor.
C4
A
22.
500 V
(i) Draw a neat labelled ray diagram of an astronomical telescope in normal adjustment. Explain
briefly its working.
(ii) An astronomical telescope uses two lenses of powers 10 D and 1 D. What is its magnifying
power in normal adjustment?
OR
(i) Draw a neat labelled ray diagram of a compound microscope. Explain briefly its working.
(ii) Why must both the objective and the eye-piece of a compound microscope have short focal
lengths?
23. In Youngs double slit experiment, the two slits 0 15 mm apart are illuminated by monochromatic
light of wavelength 450 nm. The screen is 1.0 m away from the slits.
(a) Find the distance of the second (i) bright fringe, (ii) dark fringe from the central maximum.
(b) How will the fringe pattern change if the screen is moved away from the slits?
24. State Kirchhoffs rules. Use these rules to write the expressions for the currents I 1 , I 2 and I 3 in
the circuit diagram shown.
A
I1
E1 = 2V
r1 = 4W
B
I2
E2 = 1V
I3
E3 = 4V
r2 = 3W
D
r3 = 2W
F
Examination Papers
25.
(a) Write symbolically the b - decay process of
189
32
P.
15
(b) Derive an expression for the average life of a radionuclide. Give its relationship with the
half-life.
26. How does an unpolarised light get polarised when passed through polaroid?
Two polaroids are set in crossed positions. A third polaroid is placed between the two making an
angle q with the pass axis of the first polaroid. Write the expression of the intensity of light
transmitted from the second polaroid. In what orientations will the transmitted intensity be
(i) minimum and (ii) maximum?
27. An illuminated object and a screen are placed 90 cm apart. Determine the focal length and nature
of the lens required to produce a clear image on the screen, twice the size of the object.
28.
(a) With the help of a diagram, explain the principle and working of a moving coil
galvanometer.
(b) What is the importance of a radial magnetic field and how is it produced
(c) Why is it that while using a moving coil galvanometer as a voltmeter a high resistance in
series is required whereas in an ammeter a shunt is used?
OR
(a) Derive an expression for the force between two long parallel current carrying conductors.
(b) Use this expression to define S. I. unit of current.
B
(c) A long straight wire AB carries a current I. A proton P travels
with a speed v, parallel to the wire, at a distance d from it in a
I
direction opposite to the current as shown in the figure. What is
P
Proton
d
the force experienced by the proton and what is its direction?
A
29. State Faradays law of electromagnetic induction.

Figure shows a rectangular conductor PQRS in which
the conductor PQ is free to move in a uniform magnetic
field B perpendicular to the plane of the paper. The field
extends from x = 0 to x = b and is zero for x > b. Assume
that only the arm PQ possesses resistance r. When the
arm PQ is pulled outward from x = 0 to x = 2b and is
then moved backward to x = 0 with constant speed v,
obtain the expressions for the flux and the induced emf.
Sketch the variations of these quantities with distance
0 x 2b.
S
P
Q
R
x=0
x=b
x = 2b
OR
Draw a schematic diagram of a step-up transformer. Explain its working principle. Deduce the
expression for the secondary to primary voltage in terms of the number of turns in the two coils.
In an ideal transformer, how is this ratio related to the currents in the two coils?
How is the transformer used in large scale transmission and distribution of electrical energy over
long distances?
190
Xam idea PhysicsXII
30.
(a) Draw the circuit diagrams of a p-n junction diode in (i) forward bias, (ii) reverse bias. How
are these circuits used to study the V-I characteristics of a silicon diode? Draw the typical V-I
characteristics?
(b) What is a light emitting diode (LED)? Mention two important advantages of LEDs over
conventional lamps.
OR
(a) Draw the circuit arrangement for studying the input and output characteristics of an n-p-n
transistor in CE configuration. With the help of these characteristics define (i) input
resistance, (ii) current amplification factor.
(b) Describe briefly with the help of a circuit diagram how an n-p-n transistor is used to produce
self-sustained oscillations.

1. Find the ratio of energies of photons produced due to transition of an electron of hydrogen atom
from its:
(i) second permitted energy level to the first level, and
(ii) the highest permitted energy level to the first permitted level.
x
4. A beam of electrons projected along +X axis, experiences a force due

to a magnetic field along the +y-axis. What is the direction of the
magnetic field?
e
z
y
5. Which of the following has the shortest wavelength:

Microwaves, Ultraviolet rays, X-rays
12. A rectangular loop and a circular loop are moving out of a uniform magnetic field to a field-free
region with a constant velocity v as shown in the figure. Explain in which loop do you expect the
induced emf to be constant during the passage out of the field region. The magnetic field is normal
to the loops.
Examination Papers
19. A network of four capacitors each of 15 mF capacitance is connected

to a 500 V supply as shown in the figure. Determine (a) equivalent
capacitance of the network and (b) charge on each capacitor.
191
C2
C1
C3
C4
500 V
20. Write any two factors on which internal resistance of a cell depends.
The reading on a high resistance voltmeter, when a cell is connected
across it, is 2 0 V. When the terminals of the cell are also connected to a
resistance of 3 W as shown in the circuit, the voltmeter reading drops to
1 5 V. Find the internal resistance of the cell.
R = 3W
light of wavelength 420 nm. The screen is 1 0 m away from this slits.
(b) How will the fringe pattern change if the screen is moved away from ths slits?
23. State Kirchhoffs rules. Apply Kirchhoffs rules to the loops ACBPA and ACBQA to write the
expressions for the currents I 1 , I 2 and I 3 in the network.
E1 = 6V
P
I1
0.5W
A
B
1W
I2
I3
Q
E2 = 10V
C
R = 12W
27. The image obtained with a convex lens is erect and its length is four times the length of the object.
If the focal length of the lens is 20 cm, calculate the object and image distances.

Questions uncommon to SetI and SetII
5. Arrange the following in descending order of wavelength:
X-rays, Radio waves, Blue light, Infrared light
8. The ground state energy of hydrogen atom is 13 6 eV. What are the kinetic and potential
energies of electron in this state?
192
Xam idea PhysicsXII
21. A convex lens is used to obtain a magnified image of an object on a screen 10 m from the lens. If
the magnification is 19, find the focal length of the lens.
+
24. Write any two factors on which internal resistance of a cell depends. The
V
reading on a high resistance voltmeter, when a cell is connected across it,
is 2 5 V. When the terminals of the cell are also connected to a resistance
+
of 5 W are shown in the circuit, the voltmeter reading drops to 2 0 V.

Find the internal resistance of the cell.
R = 5W
light of wavelength 600 nm. The screen is 1 0 m away from the slits.
(b) How will the fringe pattern change if the screen is moved away from the slits?
26. State Kirchhoffs rules. Apply these rules to the loops PRSP and PRQP to write the expressions
for the currents I 1 , I 2 and I 3 in the given circuit.
200 W
S
5V
60 W
I2
20W
(milliammeter)
I3
I1
4V
Solutions
CBSE (AI) SetI
1. Electric potential. It is a scalar quantity.
2. By Flemings left hand rule magnetic field must be along negative Z-axis
3. The self inductance is defined on the magnetic flux linked with the coil when unit current flows
through it.
Or
The self inductance is defined as the emf induced in the coil, when the rate of change of current in
the coil is 1 ampere/second.
The unit of self-inductance is henry (H).
4. Let focal length of converging and diverging lenses be + f and - f respectively.
1
1
Power of converging lens P1 = , Power of diverging lens P2 = f
f
1 1
Power of combination P = P1 + P2 = - = 0
\
f f
Examination Papers
Focal length of combination F =
193
1 1
= = (infinite)
P 0
F = .
5. The minimum energy required to remove an electron from atom to infinitely for away is called the
ionisation energy. The ionisation energy for hydrogen atom is 13.6 eV.
6. In series current is same i X = iY .
For same diameter, cross-sectional area is same.
\
n x eAv x = n y eAv y
ny
vx n y
1
\
=
=
=
v y n x 2n y 2
v x : v y =1 : 2
7. X-ray; used to study crystal structure

8. No; when light travels from a rarer to denser medium, its frequency remains unchanged.
According to quantities theory, the energy of a light beam depends on frequency and not on speed
9. Consider an electron revolving around a nucleus ( N) in circular path of
L
radius r with speed v. The revolving electron is equivalent to electric
e
current
me
e
r
I=
N
T
2p r
where T is period of revolution =
v
e
ev
\
I=
=
2pr / v 2pr
Area of current loop (electron orbit), A = pr 2
Magnetic moment due to orbital motion,
ev
evr
M l = IA =
( pr 2 ) =
2pr
2
10.
(a) Charge Q resides on outer surface of spherical conducting shell.
Due to charge q placed at centre, charge induced on inner surface
is q and on outer surface it is +q. So, total charge on inner
surface -q and on outer surface it is Q + q.
q
Surface charge density on inner surface = 4pr12
Q+ q
Surface charge density on outer surface =
4pr 22
r2
Q +q
q -q
O r1
(b) For external points, whole charge acts at centre, so electric field at distance x > r 2 ,
1 Q+q
E( x ) =
.
4pe 0 x 2
194
Xam idea PhysicsXII
11. Electric field is along x-axis and magnetic field is along y-axis
x
z
B
y
12. Let a charge Q be given to a conductor, this charge under electrostatic equilibrium will redistribute
and the electric field inside the conductor is zero (i. e., Ein = 0).
Let us consider a point P at which electric field
strength is to be calculated, just outside the surface of
A
dS3
the conductor. Let the surface charge density on the
Conductor
S3
surface of the conductor in the neighbourhood of P be
D
dS2
P
s coulomb / metre 2 . Now consider a small cylindrical
C dS1
E
S2
box CD having one base C passing through P ; the
dS S1
other base D lying inside the conductor and the curved
surface being perpendicular to the surface of the
B
conductor.
Let the area of each flat base be a. As the surface of the conductor is equipotential surface, the
electric field strength E at P, just outside the surface of the conductor is perpendicular to the
surface of the conductor in the neighbourhood of P.
The flux of electric field through the curved surface of the box is zero, since there is no
component of electric field E normal to curved surface. Also the flux of electric field through the
base D is zero, as electric field strength inside the conductor is zero. Therefore the resultant flux of
electric field through the entire surface of the box is same as the flux through the face C. This may
be analytically seen as:
If S1 and S 2 are flat surfaces at C and D and S 3 is curved surface, then
Total electric flux
E d S =
S1
E d S 1 +
S2
S3
S1
E dS1 cos 0 +
E d S 2 +
0 d S 2 +
2
E d S 3
E dS 3 cos 90
= E dS1 = Ea
S
As the charge enclosed by the cylinder is ( sa) coulomb, we have, using Gausss theorem,
1
charge enclosed
e0
1
s
or
...(i)
Ea =
( sa)
E=
e0
e0
Thus the electric field strength at any point close to the surface of a charged conductor of any
shape is equal to 1 / e 0 times the surface charge density s. This is known as Coulombs law. The
electric field strength is directed radially away from the conductor if s is positive and towards the
conductor if s is negative.
Examination Papers
195
If n$ is unit vector normal to surface in outward direction, then
s
E=
n$
e0
Obviously electric field strength near a plane conductor is twice of the electric field strength
near a non-conducting thin sheet of charge.
df
d
13.
(i) Induced emf e = = - ( BA cos wt)
dt
dt
= BAw sin wt
As B, A, w are same for both loops so induced emf is same for both loops.
e
(ii) Current induced I =
R
As resistance R is less for copper loop, so current induced is larger in copper loop.
h
h
14. de Broglie wave length l =
=
2mE
2mqV
For a-particle,
For proton,
lp =
h
2m a q a V
h
2m p q p V
mpqp
la
=
lp
ma qa
\
But
\
la =
ma
q
= 4, a = 2
mp
qp
la
1 1
1
=
=
lp
4 2 2 2
15. The modulation is needed due to

(i) Transmission of audio frequency electrical signals need long impracticable antenna.
(ii) The power radiated at audio frequency is quite small, hence transmission is quite lossy.
(iii) The various information signals transmitted at low frequency get mixed and hence can not be
distinguished.
Modulation index,
E
ma = m
Ec
Peak voltage of modulating signal,
75
em = m a E c =
12 = 9 V
100
16. Einstein's photoelectric equation is E k = hn - W for a single photon ejecting a single electron.
\
(i) Explanation of frequency law: When frequency of incident photon (n), increases, the kinetic
energy of emitted electron increases. Intensity has no effect on kinetic energy of photoelectrons.
196
Xam idea PhysicsXII
(ii) Explanation of intensity law: When intensity of incident light increases, the number of
incident photons increases, as one photon ejects one electron; the increase in intensity will
increase the number of ejected electrons. In other words, photocurrent will increase with
increase of intensity. Frequency has no effect on photocurrent.
(iii) Explanation of no time lag law: When the energy of incident photon is greater than work
function, the photoelectron is immediately ejected. Thus there is no time lag between
incidence of light and emission of photoelectrons.
17. Part AB represents repulsive force and Part BCD represents attractive force.
A
+100
MeV
Repulsive
B
0
Attractive
100
r (fm)
Conclusions:
(i) Nuclear forces are attractive and stronger, then electrostatic force.
(ii) Nuclear forces are charge-independent.
OR
9.0
O16
8.0C12
F18
He4 N14
7.0
Fe56
U238
6.0
Li7
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
H2
1.0
0.0
20
40
60
80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240

Mass Number
Examination Papers
197
Since nuclear forces are short-ranged, every nucleon interacts with their neighbours only.
Therefore, binding energy per nucleon remains constant.
18.
(i) P is NAND gate and Q is OR gate.
A
C
P
(ii) C = A B \ X = C + B = A B + B
B
When A = 0, B = 0, C = A B = 0 0 = 1
\
X =1 + 0 =1
When A = 1, B = 1
C = A B =1 1 = 1 = 0
\
X = 0 + 1 =1
19. The mode of propagation used by short wave
broadcast services having frequency range from a few
MHz upto 30 MHz is sky wave propagation.
The diagram is shown in fig.
There is an upper limit of frequency because for
frequency higher than 30 MHz the radiowaves
penetrate through the ionosphere and escape.
20. The internal resistance of a cell depends on

(i) distance (l) between electrodes.
(ii) area ( A) of immersed part of electrode, and
(iii) nature and concentration of electrolyte.
Given, E = 2 3 V, V = 1 8 V, R = 5 W
E
r = - 1 R
V
10
22
\
r =
- 1 5 W = W = 1 1 W
9
1 8
21.
Ionospheric
layers
Sky wave communication
(a) C1 , C 2 and C 3 are in series, their equivalent capacitance C is given by

1
1
1
1
=
+
+
C C1 C 2 C 3
1
1
1
= +
+
12 12 12
C = 4 mF
C 4 is in parallel with C , so equivalent capacitance of network
C eq = C + C 4
= 4 + 12 =16 mF
(b) Charge on capacitor C 4 is
q4 = C 4V
= (16 mF) 500 V
= 8000 mC = 8 mC
198
Xam idea PhysicsXII
22.
(i) Working: Suppose AB is the point object whose end A is on the axis of telescope. The
objective lies ( L1 ) forms image A B of object AB at the second principal focus F0 . The image
A B is real, inverted and diminished. For normal adjustment position this image also lies at
first focus ( Fe ) of eye lens ( L 2 ). This image acts as an object for eye lens and final image is
formed at infinity. The final image A B (say), is magnified and inverted.
B
fo
fe
Fo
A' Fe'
C1
C2
Fe
B'
in
At
(ii) M = -
i
fin
ty
f0
P
10 D
=- e == - 10
fe
P0
1D
OR
(i)
Eyepiece
uo
ue
vo
D
Objective
Eye
B
A"
A
Fo
Fe'
A'
Fe
B'
B"
ve
Working: Suppose a small object AB is placed slightly away from the first focus F0 of the
objective lens. The objective lens forms the real, inverted and magnified image A B , which
acts as an object for eyepiece. The eyepiece is so adjusted that the image A B lies between
the first focus Fe and the eyepiece E. The eyepiece forms its image A B which is virtual,
erect and magnified. Thus the final image A B formed by the microscope is inverted and
magnified and its position is outside the objective and eyepiece towards objective lens.
Magnifying power of compound microscope is
Examination Papers
M =-
v0
u0
L
f0
M =-
v0
u0
199
D
1 +
be
for final image at distance of distinct vision
D
1 +
f e
D
L D
for final image at infinity
fe
f0 fe
(ii) For large magnifying power, f 0 and f e both have to be small.

23. Given d = 0 25 mm = 0 15 10 -3 m,
l = 450 nm = 450 10 -9 m, D = 1 0 m
(a) Distance of second bright maximum from central maximum ( n = 2)
y2 =
nDl 2 1 0 450 10 -9
=
m = 6 10 -3 m = 6 mm
-3
d
0 15 10
Distance of second dark fringe from central maximum ( n = 2)

1 Dl
1 1 0 450 10 -9
y2 = n -
=2 -
2 2
2 0 15 10 -3
= 4 5 10 -3 m = 4 5 mm
(b) If screen is moved away from the slits, D increases, so fringe width b =
Dl
increases.
d
24. Kirchhoffs Rules:

(i) The algebraic sum of currents meeting at any junction is zero, i.e.,
SI = 0
(ii) The algebraic sum of potential differences across circuit elements of a closed circuit is zero,
i.e.,
SV = 0
E1 = 2V
r1 = 4W
From Kirchhoffs first law
I1
(i)
I 3 = I1 + I 2
For applying Kirchhoffs second law to mesh ABDC
E2 = 2V
r2 = 3W
I2
-2 - 4 I 1 + 3 I 2 + 1 = 0
(ii)
4I 1 - 3I 2 = - 1
Applying Kirchoffs II law to mesh ABCEA
E3 = 4V
r3 = 2W
I3
-2 - 4 I 1 - 2 I 3 + 4 = 0
4I 1 + 2I 3 = 2 or 2I 1 + I 3 = 1
Using (i) we get
2I 1 + ( I 1 + I 2 ) = 1
or
(iii)
3I 1 + I 2 = 1
Solving (ii) and (iii), we get
2
7
I 1 = A, I 2 = 1 - 3I 1 = A
3
13
9
so,
I 3 = I1 + I 2 =
A
13
200
Xam idea PhysicsXII
25.
(a)
32
P
15
32
16 S
- 1e
+n
(b) If N 0 is the total number of nuclei at t = 0, then mean life time

Total life time of all the nuclei St . dN
t=
=
Total number of nuclei
N0
St lNdt
=
N0
Also we have N = N 0 e - lt
\
t=
S tl ( N 0 e - lt ) dt
= l S t e - lt dt
N0
As nuclei decay indefinitely, we may replace the summation into integation with limits from
t = 0 to t = i.e.,
t=l
t e - lt dt.
Integrating by parts, we get

- lt
e - lt
te
dt
t = l
- 0 1

- l
0
-l
1 e - lt
=l 0+
l - l
0
1 - lt
1
1
=e
= - [ 0 - 1] =
0
l
l
l
1
Thus, t = .
l
i.e., the mean life time of a radioactive element is reciprocal of its decay constant.
Relation Between Mean Life and Half Life
0 6931
Half life
...(i)
T=
l
1
Mean life
...(ii)
t=
l
Substituting value of l from (ii) in (i), we get

T = 0 6931 t
26. Polaroid: A polaroid consists of long chain molecules aligned in a particular direction. The
electric vectors (associated with the propagating light wave) along the direction of the aligned
molecules get absorbed. Thus, if an unpolarised light wave is incident on such a polaroid then the
light wave will get linearly polarised with the electric vector oscillating along a direction
perpendicular to the aligned molecules.
Examination Papers
P1
I0
I1 =
I0/2
P3
q
201
P2
I2
I3
Let intensity of incident unpolarised light on first polaroid be I 0 .

I
Intensity of light transmitted through 1st polaroid P1 is I 1 = 0 .
2
Intensity of light transmitted through polaroid P3 is
I
I 2 = 0 cos 2 q
2
Angle between pass-axis of P3 and P2 is ( 90 - q)
\ Intensity of light transmitted through polaroid P2 is
I
I 3 = I 2 cos 2 ( 90 - q) = 0 cos 2 q sin 2 q

2
I0
I
=
( 2 cos q sin q) 2 = 0 sin 2q
8
8
(i) Intensity I 3 will be minimum, when
sin 2q = 0 q = 0
(ii) Intensity I 3 will be maximum when
sin 2q = 1
q = 45
27. Given
(i)
u + v = 90 cm
O
I v
= gives
O u
|v|
2=
u
|u |
Screen
I = 20
v
or
(numerically)
(ii)
| v| =2|u|
From (i) and (ii)
| u | = 30 cm, | v | = 60 cm
By sign convention u = - 30 cm, v = 60 cm
1 1 1
gives
= f v u
1+ 2
1
1
=
+
=
60 30
60
(convex lens)
f = 20 cm
28. (a) Priciple and working: When current ( I ) is passed in the coil, torque t acts on the coil, given
by
t = NIAB sin q
where q is the angle between the normal to plane of coil and the magnetic field of strength B,
N is the number of turns in a coil.
202
Xam idea PhysicsXII

H
Suspension wire
M
T1
T2
Coil
NIBl
b
NIBl
Coiled strip
(a)
(b)
Magnetic lines of
force of radial magnetic field
(c)
When the magnetic field is radial, as in the case of cylindrical pole pieces and soft iron core,
then in every position of coil the plane of the coil, is parallel to the magnetic field lines, so
that q = 90 and sin 90 = 1
Deflecting torque,
t = NIAB
If C is the torsional rigidity of the wire and q is the twist of suspension strip, then restoring
torque = C q
For equilibrium, deflecting torque = restoring torque
i.e.
NIAB = C q
NAB
...(i)
\
q=
I
C
i.e.
qI
deflection of coil is directly proportional to current flowing in the coil and hence we can
construct a linear scale.
(b) Importance (or function) of uniform radial magnetic field: In radial magnetic field
sin q =1, so torque is t = NIAB. This makes the deflection ( q) proportional to current. In other
words, the radial magnetic field makes the scale linear.
To produce radial magnetic field pole pieces of permanent magnet are made cylindrical and a
soft iron core is placed between them. The soft iron core helps in making the field radial and
reduce energy losses produced due to eddy currents.
(c) A voltmeter is used to measure p.d. across a resistance in an electrical circuit. It is connected
in parallel across the resistance. If a voltmeter has very high resistance, it will not affect the
resistance of circuit, hence reading will be true. That is why while using a moving coil
galvanometer on a voltmeter, a high resistance in series is required.
An ammeter is used to measure current in circuit, hence it is connected in series with the
circuit. If an ammeter has very low resistance it will not affect the circuit - resistance and so
reading will be true. That is why while using a moving coil galvanometer as an ammeter, a
shunt (small resistance in parallel) is used.
Examination Papers
203
OR
(a) Suppose two long thin straight conductors (or wires) PQ and RS are placed parallel to each
other in vacuum (or air) carrying currents I 1 and I 2 respectively. It has been observed
experimentally that when the currents in the wire are in the same direction, they experience
an attractive force (fig. a) and when they carry currents in opposite directions, they experience a
repulsive force (fig. b).
Let the conductors PQ and RS carry currents I 1 and I 2 in same direction and placed at
separation r. (fig.).
m I
...(i)
B1 = 0 1
2p r
According to Maxwells right
hand rule or right hand palm rule
no. 1, the direction of B1 will be
perpendicular to the plane of
paper and directed downward.
Due to this magnetic field, each
element
of
other
wire
experiences a force. The
direction of current element is
perpendicular to the magnetic
field; therefore the magnetic
force on element ab of length DL
DF = B1 I 2 DL sin 90 =
I2
DL
DF
I1
Q
a
DL
b
I2
I1
DF
m 0 I1
I 2 DL
2p r

m I I
m I I
F = 0 1 2 S DL = 0 1 2 L
2p r
2p r
F m I I
f = = 0 1 2 N/ m
L
2p r
...(ii)
(b) Definition S.I. unit of Current (Ampere): In S.I. system of fundamental unit of current
ampere' has been defined assuming the force between the two current carrying wires as
standard.
The force between two parallel current carrying conductors of separation r is
F m I I
f = = 0 1 2 N/ m
L
2pr
If I 1 = I 2 = 1 A, r =1 m, then
m
f = 0 = 2 10 - 7 N/m
2p
204
Xam idea PhysicsXII
Thus 1 ampere is the current which when flowing in each of parallel conductors placed at
separation 1 m in vacuum exert a force of 2 10 -7 on 1 m length of either wire.
(c) Magnetic field due to current carrying wire is perpendicular to plane of paper downward.
m I
i.e.,
B = - 0 k$
2pd
Force F = q v B
m I m evI $
= e ( -v$j) - 0 k$ = 0
i
2pd
2pd
m evI
That is the magnetic force has magnitude 0
and is directed along positive x-axis ie., in
2pd
the plane of paper perpendicular to direction of v and to the right.

29. Faradays law of electromagnetic induction states that whenever there is a change in magnetic flux
linked with of a coil, an emf is induced in the coil. The induced emf is proportional to the rate of
change of magnetic flux linked with the coil.
Df
i.e., e
Dt
Df
If the coil contains N-turns, then e = - N
Dt
Let length of conductor PQ = l
As x = 0, magnetic flux f = 0.
When PQ moves a small distance from x to x + dx , then magnetic flux linked = BdA = Bldx
The magnetic field is from x = 0 to x = b, so final magnetic flux = SBldx = Bl S dx
(increasing)
= Blb
1
Mean magnetic flux from x = 0 to x = b is Blb.
2
The magnetic flux from x = b to x = 2b is zero.
S
P
Q
R
x=0
Induced emf, e = -
df
d
= - ( Bldx )
dt
dt
dx
x=b
x = 2b
Examination Papers
= - Bl
205
dx
= - Blv
dt
dx
= velocity of arm PQ from x = 0 to x = b.
dt
During return from x = 2b to x = b, the induced emf is zero; but now area is decreasing so
magnetic flux is decreasing, and induced emf will be in opposite direction.
e = Blv
Graph is shown in figure.
where v =
From x = b to x = 0
f
x=0
e
x=b
x = 2b
x=0
x=b
x = 2b
From x = 0 to x = b
OR
Principle: When alternating current source is
connected to the ends of primary coil, the
current changes continuously in the primary
coil; due to which the magnetic flux linked with
the secondary coil changes continuously,
therefore the alternating emf of same frequency
is developed across the secondary.
Let N p be the number of turns in primary coil,
NS the number of turns in secondary coil and f
the magnetic flux linked with each turn. We
assume that there is no leakage of flux so that
the flux linked with each turn of primary coil
and secondary coil is the same. According to
Faradays laws the emf induced in the primary
coil
Df
ep =-Np
Dt
Df
eS = - NS
Dt
From (i) and (ii)
eS NS
=
ep Np
(A.C. mains)
Primary
Primary
laminated
iron core
Core
Secondary
Step up
Secondary
Transformer
...(i)
...(ii)
...(iii)
equal to the applied potential difference (V p ) across its ends. Similarly if the secondary circuit is
open, then the potential difference VS across its ends will be equal to the emf ( e S ) induced in it;
therefore
206
Xam idea PhysicsXII
VS e S N S
=
=
= r (say)
Vp e p N p
where r =
...(iv)
NS
Np

For about 100% efficiency, Power in primary = Power in secondary
V p i p = VS i S
iS V p N p 1
=
=
=
i p VS N S r
...(v)
In step up transformer, N s > N p r >1;

So

When output voltage increases, the output current automatically decreases to keep the power
same. Thus, there is no violation of conservation of energy in a step up transformer.
Step up transformer is used at power house to transmit power at high voltage 11000 V or 33000 V. The
current in wires at this voltage is quite small, so power loss I 2 R is negligible. At town, the step down
transformer is used to supply power at 220 V. This saves enormous electrical energy.
30.
(a) (i) Forward Bias:
Ei
E
p
p
+
Forward current
(ii) Reverse Bias:

Ei
E
p
n
+
Reverse current
+
Reverse biasing
Examination Papers
207
The battery is connected to the diode through a potentiometer (or rheostat) so that the applied
voltage to the diode can be changed. For different values of voltages, the value of the current
is noted. A graph between V and I is obtained as in figure. Note that in forward bias
measurement, we use a milliammeter since the expected current is large while a micrometer
is used in reverse bias to measure current.
I (mA)
100
80
60
40
20
100 80
60 40
20
O
Vbr
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

10
V (volt)
20
30
I (mA)
V-I characteristics of a silicon diode

(b) Light Emitting Diode (LED):
Light
R
+
LED symbol
A light emitting diode is simply a forward biased p-n junction which emits spontaneous light
radiation. When forward bias is applied, the electron and holes at the junction recombine and
energy released is emitted in the form of light. For visible radiation phosphorus doped GaAs
is commonly used.
The advantages of LEDs are:
(i) Low operational voltage and less power.
(ii) Fast action with no warm up time.
(iii) Emitted light is nearly monochromatic radiation.
(iv) They have long life.
Xam idea PhysicsXII
OR
(a) Characteristic Curves: The circuit diagram for determining the static characteristic curves
of an n-p-n transistor in common-emitter configuration is shown in figure.
mA
IB
mA
VBB
+
Rh1
VBE
IC
VCE
E
IE
VCC
=
10
Common Emitter Characteristics:

(i)Input characteristics: These characteristic curves
are obtained by plotting base current ( I B ) versus
base-emitter voltage VBE for fixed collector-emitter
voltage VCE . Fig. represents these characteristics.
(ii) Output characteristics: These characteristics are
VCE = 5V
obtained by plotting collector current I C versus
V
collector-emitter voltage VCE at a fixed value of base
current I B . The base current is changed to some other
fixed value and the observations of I C versus VCE are
VBE
repeated. Fig. represents the output characteristics of a
common-emitter circuit.
Input Resistance. It is the ratio of change in base-emitter voltage ( DVBE ) to the
corresponding change in base current ( DI B ) at constant collector-emitter voltage VCE , i. e.,
DVBE
ri =
DI B VCE = constant
CE
IB
208
The input resistance of a common emitter circuit is of the order of a few hundred ohms.
Current amplification factors of a transistor (a and b):
The current gain a is defined as the ratio of change in collector current to the change in
emitter current for constant value of collector voltage in common base configuration i.e.,
DI C
(i)
a =
DI E VC = constant
Practical value of a ranges from 0 9 to 0 99 for junction transistor.
The current gain b is defined as the ratio of change in collector current to the change in base
current for constant value of collector voltage in common emitter configuration i. e.,
DI C
(ii)
b =
DI B V = constant
C
The value of b ranges from 20 to 200.

The current gains a and b are related as
b
a
or b =
a=
1+b
1-a
(iii)
Examination Papers
(b) A transistor as an Oscillator:

Circuit Operation. When the
collector supply voltage is
switched on by closing switch S,
collector
current
starts
increasing and the capacitor C is
charged. When the capacitor
attains maximum charge, it
discharges through coil L ,
setting up oscillations of natural
frequency.
1
f =
2p ( LC)
209
R1
L'
+
VCC
C1
R2
n-p-n
S
RE
CE
These oscillations induce a

small voltage in coil L by mutual induction. This induced voltage is the feed back voltage; its
frequency is same as that of resonant LC circuit but its magnitude depends on the number of
turns in L and coupling between L and L . The feedback voltage is applied between the base
and emitter and appears in the amplified form in the collector circuit. A part of this amplifier
energy is used to meet losses taking place in oscillatory circuit to maintain oscillations in tank
circuit and the balance is radiated out in the form of electromagnetic waves.
Positive Feed back. The feed back applied in tuned collector oscillator circuit is positive.
This may be seen as follows: A phase shift of 180 is created between the voltages of L and L
due to transformer action. A further phase shift of 180 arises between base-emitter and
collector circuit due to transistor action in CE configuration. Thus the net phase becomes
360 (or zero); which is the required condition for a positive feed back. Due to positive feed
back the energy fed back to the tank circuit is in phase with the generated oscillations, thus
maintaining oscillations.

1
1 3
= Rhc
1. E I = Rhc
2
22 4
1
1
1
= Rhc
E II = Rhc
2
2
1
E
3
Ratio I =
E II 4
4. Fm = q v B Fm $j = - evi$ B
For validity of this equation, the direction of magnetic field must be along z-axis, since
(i$ k$) = - $j
5. X-rays has shortest wavelength.
210
Xam idea PhysicsXII

x
x
x
x
x
x
12. In rectangular coil the induced

x
x
x
x
x
x
x
emf will remain constant
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
because in this the case rate of x x x x x x x
v
change of area in the magnetic x x x x x x x
field region remains constant,
(a)
while in circular coil the rate of
change of area in the magnetic field region is not constant.
19.
(i) Equivalent capacitance of C1 , C 2 and C 3 in series is C
1
1
1
1
=
+
+
C C1 C 2 C 3
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
(b)
C = 5 mC
C eq = C + C 4 = 5 mF + 15 mF = 20 mF
(ii) Charge on C 4
q 4 = C 4 V = 500 15 mC = 7 5 mC
(iii) Charge on C1 , C 2 and C 3 is
q1 = q 2 = q 3
= C V = 5 mF 500 V = 2500 mC = 2 5 mC
E
20
20. r = - 1 R =
- 1 3 = 1W
1 5
C1
C3
C4
500 V
22. Given d = 0 12 mm = 0 12 10 -3 m
l = 420 nm = 420 10 -9 m, D = 1 0 m
nDl 2 1 0 420 10
y2 =
=
d
0 12 10 -3
-9
= 7 10 -3 m = 7 mm
h l
1 1 0 420 10 -9
y2 = n - = 2 -
2 d
2 0 12 10 -3
3 1 0 4 2 10 -7
= 5 25 10 -3 m = 5 25 mm
-4
2
1 2 10
E1 = 6V
23. From Kirchhoffs law

(i)
I 3 = I1 + I 2
Applying Kirchhoffs II law to loop ACBPA
-12I 3 - 0 5I 1 + 6 = 0
(ii)
0 5I 1 + 12I 3 = 6
Applying Kirchhoffs II law to loop ACBQA
- 12I 3 - 1I 2 + 10 = 0
(iii)
I 2 + 12I 3 = 10
C2
(a) (i)
x
x
x
x
x
P
I1
0.5W
A
B
1W
I2
I3
Q
E2 = 10V
C
R = 12W
Examination Papers
I v
= = 4 v = 4u
0 u
From lens formula
1 1 1
= - ,
f v u
1
1 1
=
20 4u u
u = -15 cm
thus,
v = 4 ( -15) = - 60 cm
Object distance = 15 cm
Image distance from lens = 60 cm.
27. Given
I
O
F'
u
v
CBSE (AI) SetIII

5. Radiowaves, Infrared light, Blue light, X-rays.
8. Kinetic energy,
K=
1
1
e2
mv 2 =
2
4pe 0 2r
Potential energy, U = Total energy
1 e2
4pe 0 r
E =K +U =-
(i)
(ii)
1 e2
4pe 0 2r
(iii)
Comparing equations (i), (ii), (iii), we have

K = - E and U = 2E
Given
(in ground state)
E = - 13 6 eV
\ Kinetic energy,
K = 13 6 eV
Potential energy
U = 2 ( - 13 6 eV) = - 27 2 eV
21. v =10 m
Real image is formed on screen, so image is inversed.
v
\
= -19,
u
v
10
u=- =- m
19
19
1 1 1
Lens formula = - gives
f v u
1 1 19 20
= +
=
=2
f 10 10 10
1
f = m = 50 cm
2
211
212
Xam idea PhysicsXII
E
2 5
24. r = - 1 R =
- 1 5 W
4
20
5
= W = 1 25 W
4
25. (a) (i) For II bright fringe,
mDl 2 1 0 600 10
y2 =
=
d
0 20 10 -3
-9
= 6 10 -3 m = 6 mm
For II dark fringe,
1 Dl
1 1 0 600 10 -9
y2 = n -
=2 -
2 d
2 0 20 10 -3
= 4 5 10 -3 m = 4 5 mm
26. From Kirchhoffs I law
I 3 = I1 + I 2
Applying Kirchhoffs II law to loop PRSP

- 20I 3 - 200I 2 + 5 = 0
40I 2 + 4I 3 = 1
Applying Kirchhoffs II law to loop PRQP
- 20I 3 - 60I 1 + 4 = 0 15I 1 + 5I 3 = 1
(i)
(ii)
(iii)

FOREIGN2010
Maximum marks: 70
c = 3 108 ms - 1
h = 6 626 10 -34 Js
e = 1 602 10 -19 C
m 0 = 4p 10 -7 TmA -1
1
= 9 109 Nm2C 2
4pe o
CBSE (Foreign) SETI

1. A charge Q mC is placed at the centre of a cube. What is the electric flux coming out from any one
surface?
2. What is the characteristic property of a diamagnetic material?
3. Which part of the electromagnetic spectrum is used in satellite communciation?
4. A metallic sphere is placed in a uniform electric field a
as shown in the figure. Which path is followed by b
electric field lines and why?
c
d
5. Why does the sky appear blue?

6. Name an experiment which shows wave nature of electrons. Which phenomenon was observed in
this experiment using an electron beam?
214
Xam idea PhysicsXII
7. Two loops of different shapes are moved in a region of

c
g
uniform magnetic field in the directions marked by arrows
as shown in the figure. What is the direction of the induced a
d
f
b
current in each loop?
e
8. State Bohrs quantisation condition for defining stationary
B
orbits.
9. In standard AM broadcast, what mode of propagation is used for transmitting a signal? Why is
this mode of propagation limited to frequencies upto a few MHz?
10. Write the truth table for the following circuit. Name the equivalent gate that this circuit represents.
A
Y
B
11. Define drift velocity. Write its relationship with relaxation time in terms of the electric field E
applied to a conductor.
A potential difference V is applied to a conductor of length L. How is the drift velocity affected
when V is doubled and L is halved?
OR
Define ionic mobility. Write its relationship with relaxation time.
How does one understand the temperature dependence of resistivity of a semiconductor?
12. If both the number of protons and the number of neutrons are conserved in a nuclear reaction like
12
6 C
12
6C
20
10 Ne
4
2 He,
in what way is mass converted into energy? Explain.

13. Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of the image in a myopic eye. Show with the help of a
ray diagram how this defect is corrected.
14. An a-particle and a proton moving with the same speed enter the same
magnetic field region at right angles to the direction of the field. Show
the trajectories followed by the two particles in the region of the
p
magnetic field. Find the ratio of the radii of the circular paths which
a
the two particles may describe.
15. State the principle of working of a potentiometer. Define potential
B
gradient and write its S.I. unit.
16. Define the resolving power of a microscope. How is this affected when
(i) the wavelength of illuminating radiations is decreased, and
(ii) the diameter of the objective lens is decreased?
Justify your answer.
17. Two long co-axial solenoids of the same length but different radii and different number of turns
are wound one over the other. Deduce the expression for the mutual inductance of this
arrangement.
18. How are X-rays produced? Write their two important uses.
Examination Papers
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
215
(a) Plot a graph comparing the variation of potential V and electric field E due to a point
charge Q as a function of distance R from the point charge.
(b) Find the ratio of the potential differences that must be applied across the parallel and the
series combination of two identical capacitors so that the energy stored, in the two cases,
becomes the same.
A parallel beam of monochromatic light of wavelength 500 nm falls normally on a narrow slit and
the resulting diffraction pattern is obatined on a screen 1 m away. It is observed that the first
minimum is at a distance of 2.5 mm from the centre of the screen. Find
(a) the width of the slit.
(b) the distance of the second maximum from the centre of the screen.
(c) the width of the central maximum.
OR
A beam of light consisting of two wavelengths, 650 nm and 520 nm, is used to obtain interference
fringes in a Youngs double slit experiment. What is the least distance from the central maximum
where the bright fringes due to the both the wavelengths coincide? The distance between the slits
is 2 mm and the distance between the plane of the slits and screen is 120 cm.
Draw a schematic arrangement of the Geiger Marsden experiment for studying a-particle
scattering by a thin foil of gold. Dsecribe briefly, by drawing trajectories of the scattered
a-particles, how this study can be used to estimate the size of the nucleus.
(a) How is the focal length of a spherical mirror affected when the wavelength of the light used is
increased?
(b) A convex lens has 20 cm focal length in air. What is its focal length in water? (Refractive
index of air-water = 1 33, refractive index of air-glass = 1 5).
A network of resistors is connected to a 16 V battery of internal resistance of 1 W as shown in the
figure.
4W
A
12 W
B
1W
4W
16 V
6W
1W
(a) Compute the equivalent resistance of the network.

(b) Obtain the voltage drops VAB and VCD .
24.
(a) How is the electric field due to a charged parallel plate capacitor affected when a dielectric
slab is inserted between the plates fully occupying the intervening region?
(b) A slab of material of dielectric constant K has the same area as the plates of a parallel plate
1
capacitor but has thickness d, where d is the separation between the plates. Find the
2
expression for the capacitance when the slab is inserted between the plates.
25. Draw a schematic diagram of a reflecting telescope (Cassegrain). Write two important advantages
that the reflecting telescope has over a refracting type.
216
Xam idea PhysicsXII
26. Define the terms threshold frequency and stopping potential in the study of photoelectric
emission.
Explain briefly the reasons why wave theory of light is not able to explain the observed features in
photoelectric effect.
27.
(a) State briefly any two reasons explaining the need for modulating a signal.
(b) Draw a labelled block diagram of a simple modulator for obtaining an AM signal.
28.
(a) State Amperes circuital law.
(b) Use it to derive an expression for magnetic field insdie, along the axis of an air cored
solenoid.
(c) Sketch the magnetic field lines for a finite solenoid. How are these field lines different from
the electric field lines from an electric dipole?
OR
(a) Using Biot-Savart Law, deduce an expression for the magnetic field on the axis of a circular
current loop.
(b) Draw the magnetic field lines due to a current carrying loop.
(c) A straight wire carrying a current of 12 A is bent into a
semi-circular arc of radius 2 0 cm as shown. What is the
29.
30.
magnetic field B at O due to (i) straight segments (ii) the

semi-circular arc?
5
50
(a) A resistor of 400 W, an inductor of H and a capacitor of mF are connecetd in series across
p
p
a source of alternating voltage of 140 sin 100 pt volts.
Find the voltage (rms) across the resistor, the inductor and the capacitor. Is the algebraic sum
of these voltages more than the source voltage? If yes, resolve the paradox. (Given 2 = 1 4)
(b) An ideal capacitor having a charge q = q 0 cos wt is connected across an ideal inductor L
through a switch S. On closing the switch, show that the sum of the energies in the capacitor
and inductor is constant in time in the free oscillations of the LC circuits.
OR
(a) What are eddy currents? How are these currents reduced in the metallic cores of transformers?
(b) A step down transformer operates on a 2 5 KV line. It supplies a load with 20 A. The ratio of
the primary winding to the secondary is 10: 1. If the transformer is 90% efficient, calculate:
(i) the power output,
(ii) the voltage, and
(iii) the current in the secondary.
(a) Draw I-V characteristics of a Zener diode.
(b) Explain with the help of a circuit diagram, the use of a Zener diode as a voltage-regulator.
(c) A photodiode is operated under reverse bias although in the forward bias the current is known
to be more than the current in the reverse bias. Explain giving reason.
OR
(a) Draw the circuit diagram of a base-biased n-p-n transistor in C-E configuration. Explain how
this circuit is used to obtain the transfer characteristic (Vo - Vi characteristics). How do we
explain the working of a transistor as a switch using the characteristic?
Examination Papers
217
Collector current (IC) in mA
(b) The typical output characteristics ( I C - VCE ) of an n-p-n transistor in C-E configuration is
shown in the figure. Calculate (i) the output resistance r 0 and (ii) the current amplification
factor b ac .
Base current (IB)
10
8.5
60 mA
50 mA
6
40 mA
30 mA
20 mA
10 mA
0
4
6
8
10
12
14 16
Collector to emitter voltage (VCE) in volts

4. A circular loop is moved through the region of uniform magnetic
field. Find the direction of induced current (clockwise or
anticlockwise) when the loop moves:
(i) into the field, and
(ii) out of the field.
B
8. Name the electromagnetic radiation used to destroy cancer cells and
write its frequency range.
10. How are infra-red rays produced? Write their two important uses.
11. State the principle on which the working of a meter bridge is based. Under what condition is the
error in determining the unknown resistance minimized?
12. An electron and a proton moving with the same speed enter the same
magnetic field region at right angles to the direction of the field. Show p
the trajectory followed by the two particles in the magnetic field. Find
the ratio of the radii of the circular paths which the particles may e
describe.
B
13. Wrtie the truth table for the following circuit. Name the gate that this
circuit represents.
A
Y
B
218
Xam idea PhysicsXII
18. Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of the image in a myopic eye. Show with the help of a
ray diagram how this defect is corrected.
E1
E2
21. Two cells E1 and E 2 of EMFs 5 V and 9 V and internal resistances
0.3 W
1.2 W
of 0.3 W and 1.2 W respectively are connected to a network of
5V 9V
resistances as shown in the figure. Calculate the value of current
flowing through the 3 W resistance.
6W
4.5 W
3W
22.
23.
(b) Find the ratio of the poetntial differences that must be applied acros the parallel and the series
combination of two capacitors C1 and C 2 with their capacitances in the ratio 1: 2 so that the
energy stored, in the two cases, becomes the same.
(a) How is the focal length of a spherical mirror affected when it is immersed in water.
(b) A convex lens has 10 cm focal length in air. What is its focal length in water? (Refractive
index of air-water = 1 33, refractive index of air-glass = 1 5).

Questions uncommon to SetI and SetII
5. To which part of the electromagnetic spectrum do the waves emitted by radioactive nuclei belong?
What is its frequency range?
6. A rectangular loop of wire is pulled to the right, away from the long straight
wire through which a steady current I flows upwards. What is the direction
of induced current in the loop?
I
9. Draw the output wavefrom for the following gate. Also, name the gate.
1
A 0
t1 t2
t3
t4
t5
A
1
B 0
B
t1
t2
t3
t4
t5
13. How are microwaves produced? Write their two important uses.
15. Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of the image in a far-sighted (hypermetropic) eye.
Show with the help of a ray diagarm how this defect is corrected.
19.
Examination Papers
219
(b) Find the ratio of the potential differences that must be applied across the parallel and the
series combination of two capacitors C1 and C 2 with their capacitances in the ratio 1: 3 so that
the energy stored, in the two cases, becomes the same.
20. Calculate the steady current through the 2 W resistor in the circuit shown below.
2W
A
3W
2 mF
6V
4W
2.8 W
Solutions
CBSE (Foreign) SETI
1.
Q
mV - m
6e 0
2. Diamagnetic substances: These are the substances in which feeble magnetism is produced in a
direction opposite to the applied magnetic field. These substances are repelled by a strong magnet.
These substances have small negative values of magnetism M and susceptibility c and positive
low value of relative permeability m r , i.e.,
1 c 0, 0 < m r < 1
The examples of diamagnetic substances are bismuth, antimony, copper, lead, water, nitrogen (at
STP) and sodium chloride.
3. Short radiowaves l <10 m or v > 30 MHz are used in satellite communication.
4. Path (d) is followed by electric field line.
Reason: There are no electric field lines within a metallic sphere and field lines are normal at each
point of the surface.
5. The light is scattered by air molecules. According to Lord Rayleigh the intensity of scattered light
1
1
I
I
4
(wavelength)
l4
As l blue < l red , accordingly blue colour is scattered the most and red the least, so sky appears
blue.
6. Davission-Germer experiment shows wave nature of electrons.
The phenomenon of diffraction of electron beam was observed in this experiment to produce
magnetic field upward.
7. The induced current always opposes the change in magnetic flux. Loop abc is entering the
magnetic field; so magnetic flux linked with loop tends to increase, so current induced in loop abc
is anticlockwise to produce magnetic field upward to oppose the increase in flux. Loop defg is
220
Xam idea PhysicsXII
leaving the magnetic field; so flux linked with it tends to decrease, the induced current will be
clockwise to produce magnetic field downward to oppose the decrease in magnetic flux.
8. Quantum Condition: The stationary orbits are those in which angular momentum of electron is an
h
integral multiple of
i.e.,
2p
h
(ii)
mvr = n
,
n =1, 2, 3, K
2p
Integer n is called the principal quantum number. This equation is called Bohrs quantum
condition.
9. Sky wave propagation.
Above a frequency of few MHz, the electromagnetic wave penetrate and escape.
10. Y = A + B = A + B
The equivalent gate is OR gate.
The Truth Table.
Input
Output
11. Drift velocity is defined as the average velocity with which the free electrons get drifted towards
the positive end of the conductor under the influence of an external electric field applied. It is
given by
vd
eE
=t
m
where m = mass of electron, e = charge of electron
E = electric field applied
Becomes 4 times.
OR
Mobility of an ion is defined as the drift velocity per unit electric field i.e.,
v
et
m= d =
E
m
2
Its unit is m /Vs.
When temperature increases, covalent bonds of neighbouring atoms break and charge carrier
become free to cause conductive, so resistivity of semi-conductor decreases with rise of
temperature.
12. In fact the number of protons and number of neutrons are same before and after a nuclear reaction,
but the binding energies of nuclei present before and after a nuclear reaction are different. This
difference is called the mass defect. This mass defect appears as energy of reaction. In this sense a
nuclear reaction is an example of mass-energy interconversion.
Examination Papers
221
13. Myopia or shortsightedness: Myopia is the defect of eye in which a person can see only nearby
objects, but fails to see the far away objects distinctly. This defect is due to
Corrective
lens
Eye lens
Parallel rays
from object
Retina
I
I
Eye
lens
(a) Image formation
by myopic eye
(b) Corrected myopia
(a) decrease in focal length of the eye lens.

(b) Spreading of the eye-sphere.
Due to these reasons the image is formed in front of the retina.
14. Radius of charged particle in magnetic field
mv
r=
qB
m
for same v and B.
q
r p ( m / q) p
( m p / e)
1
=
=
=
r a ( m / q) a (( 4m p ) / 2e) 2
B1
p
a
p
15. It is a device to measure the potential

K
difference across a circuit element

+
Rh
Driver battery
accurately. The circuit containing battery
Primary circuit
B1 is the main circuit and the circuit
P
P
P2
B
1
containing battery B 2 is the secondary A
+
J
circuit. For the working of potentiometer
Secondary
E
circuit
emf of battery B1 > emf of battery B 2 .
G
When a steady current is passed through a
+
E
potentiometer wire AB, there is a fall of
potential along the wire from A to B. The fall of potential per unit length along potentiometer wire is
called the potential gradient. If L is length of wire AB and V is the potential difference across it then
V
Potential gradient k =
L
The S.I. unit of potential gradient is volt/metre.
16. Unit of resolution of microscope
1 22l
dq =
2n sin q
1
Resolving power
unit of resolution
n sin q
222
Xam idea PhysicsXII
(i) When wavelength l decreases, resolving power increases.

(ii) When diameter of obejctive lens decreases, q decreases; so resolving power decreases.
r1
17. Mutual Inductance of Two Co-axial Solenoids :
N1
Consider two long co-axial solenoid each of
length l with number of turns N1 and N 2 wound
r2
N2
one over the other. Number of turns per unit
N
length in order (primary) solenoid, n = 1 If I 1 is
l
l
the current flowing in primary solenoid, the
magnetic field produced within this solenoid.
m N I
...(ii)
B1 = 0 1 1
l
The flux linked with each turn of inner solenoid coil is f2 = B1 A 2 , where A 2 is the cross-sectional
area of inner solenoid. The total flux linkage with inner coil of N 2 -turns.
m N N
m N I
F2 = N 2 f2 = N 2 B1 A 2 = N 2 0 1 1 A 2 = 0 1 2 A 2 I 1
l
l
F
m N N A
By definition
Mutual Inductance, M 21 = 2 = 0 1 2 2
I1
l
If n1 is number of turns per unit length of outer solenoid and r 2 is radius of inner solenoid, then
M = m 0 n1 N 2 pr 22 .
18. Production of X-rays: When high energetic electrons strike a metallic target of high atomic
weight and high melting point, X-rays are produced. In production of X-rays mechanical energy of
electrons is converted with electromagneitic energy of X-rays.
Uses: X-rays are used in medical diagnostics to detect fractures in bones, tuberculosis of lungs,
presence of stone in gallbladder and kidney. They are used in engineering to check flaws in
bridges. In physics X-rays are used to study crystal structure.
19.
(a) The graph of variation of potential and electric field due to a point
charge Q with distance R from the point charge is shown in fig.
E
(b) Let C be capacitance of each capacitor.
E V
or
C
In series arrangement net capacitance C s = .
V
V
2
E
R
In parallel arrangement, net capacitance, C p = 2C
1
Energy stored U = CV 2
2
If VS and VP are potential differences applied across series and parallel arrangements, then
given
Us =U p
1
1
C S VS2 = C p V p2
2
2
Vp
Cs
C/2 1
=
=
=
Vs
Cp
2C
2
Examination Papers
20.
223
(a) Given l = 500 nm = 5 10 -7 m, D =1 m

If a is width of slit, then for first minimum
l
sin q1 =
a
y
For small q1 , sin q1 = q1 = 1
D
y1 l
\
=
D a
y1 = 2 5 mm = 2 5 10 -3 m
\
a=
lD 5 10 -7 1
=
= 2 10 -4 m = 0 2 mm
-3
y1
2 5 10
1 Dl
(b) Position of nth maximum, y n = n +

2 a
For second maximum, n = 2

1 1 5 10 -7
\
( y 2 ) max = 2 +
= 5 10 -4 m = 0 5 mm
2 2 5 10 -3
2Dl
(c) Width of central maximuim, =
= Separation between first minima on either side of centre of screen

= 2 5 + 2 5 = 5 mm
OR
For least distance of coincidence of fringes, there must be a difference of 1 in order of l1 and l 2 .
As
l1 > l 2 ,
n1 < n 2
If
n1 = n, n 2 = n + 1
nDl1 ( n + 1) Dl 2
\
( y n ) l1 = ( y n + 1 ) l2
=
d
d
l2
520 nm
520
or n =
nl1 = ( n + 1) l 2
n=
=
=4
l1 - l 2 ( 650 - 520) nm
130
\ Least distance,
y min =
nDl1 4 1 650 10 - 9
=
d
1 10 - 3
= 2 6 10 - 3 m = 2 6 mm
Here D =120 cm = 1 20 m
and
d = 2 mm = 2 10 -3 m
y min =
nDl1 4 1 2 650 10 -9
=
m
d
2 10 -3
= 1 56 10 -3 m = 1 56 mm
224
Xam idea PhysicsXII
21. At the suggestion of Rutherford, in 1911, H. Geiger, and E. Marsden performed an important
experiment called Geiger-Marsden experiment (or Rutherfords scattering experiment). It consists
of
1. Source of a-particles : The radioactive source polonium emits high energetic alpha ( a )
particles. Therefore, polonium is used as a source of a-particles. This source is placed in an
enclosure containing a hole and a few slits A1 , A 2 , K etc. are placed in front of the hole. This
arrangement provides a fine beam of a-particles.
2. Thin gold foil : It is a gold foil* of thickness nearly 10 - 6 m, a-particles are scattered by this
foil. The foil taken is thin to avoid multiple scattering of a-particles, i. e., to ensure that
a-particle be deflected by a single collision with a gold atom.
3. Scintillation counter : By this the number of a-particles scattered in a given direction may
be counted. The entire apparatus is placed in a vacuum chamber to prevent any energy loss of
a-particles due to their collisions with air molecules.
Method: When a-particle beam falls on gold foil, the a-particles are scattered due to collision
with gold atoms. This scattering takes place in all possible directions. The number of a-particles
scattered in any direction is counted by scintillation counter.
Observations and Conclusions
(i) Most of a-particles pass through the gold foil undeflected. This implies that most part of the
atom is hollow.
(ii) a-particles are scattered through all angles. Some a-particles (nearly 1 in 2000), suffer
scattering through angles more than 90, while a still smaller number (nearly 1 in 8000)
retrace their path. This implies that when fast moving positively charged a-particles come
near gold-atom, then a few of them experience such a strong repulsive force that they turn
back. On this basis Rutherford concluded that whole of positive charge of atom is
concentrated in a small central core, called the nucleus.
ZnS
Screen
Incident
beam of
a-particles
Nucleus
Detector
The distance of closest approach of a-particle gives the estimate of nuclear size. If Ze is
charge of nucleus E k kinetic energy of a particle 2e charge on a-particle the size of nucleus
r 0 is given by
Examination Papers
Ek =
r0 =
225
1 ( Ze) ( 2e)
4pe 0
r0
1 2Ze 2
4pe 0 E k
Calculations show that the size of nucleus is of the order of 10 - 14 m, while size of atom is of
10 - 14
1
the order of 10 - 10 m; therefore the size of nucleus is about
times the size of
=
- 10 10, 000
10
atom.
(iii) The negative charges (electrons) do not influence the
scattering process. This implies that nearly whole mass
f
of atom is concentrated in nucleus.
22.
(a) Wavelength of light has no effect on focal length of a spherical mirror.

4
(b) Given, fa = 20 cm, ng = 1.5, n l =
3
ng -1
1 5 - 1
20 cm 80 cm
fl =
fa =
ng
1 5
- 1
-1
1 33
nl
23.
(a) R AB =
R BC
4 4
= 2 W,
4+4
12 6
=1W, RCD =
=4W
12 + 6
Equivalent resistance of network

R AD = R AB + R BC + RCD
= 2 + 1 + 4 = 7 W,
E
16
(b) Current in circuit I =
=
=2A
R + r 7 +1
VAB = R AB I = 2 2 = 4 V
VCD = RCD . I = 4 2 = 8 V
24.
(a) Initial electric field between the plates, E 0 =
q
s q/ A
=
=
e0
e0
A e0
After introduction of dielectric; the permittivity of medium becomes Ke 0 ;

E
q
so final electric field between the plates, E =
= 0
AK e 0
K
1
i.e., electric field reduces to times.
K
226
Xam idea PhysicsXII
(b) Consider a parallel plate capacitor, area of each plate being A,

the separation between the plates being d. Let a dielectric slab of
dielectric constant K and thickness t < d be placed between the
plates. The thickness of air between the plates is ( d - t ). If
charges on plates are + Q and - Q, then surface charge density
Q
s=
A
Q
s
The electric field between the plates in air, E =
=
e0 e0 A
Q
s
The electric field between the plates in slab, E 2 =
=
Ke 0 K e 0 A
\ The potential difference between the plates
VAB = work done in carrying unit positive charge from one plate to another
= SEx (as field between the plates is not constant).
Q
Q
= E1 ( d - t ) + E 2 t =
(d - t ) +
t
e0 A
K e0 A
\ VAB =
Q
t
d -t +
e 0 A
K
\ Capacitance of capacitor, C =
or,
C=
Here, t =
\
e0 A
t
d -t +
K
Q
Q
=
Q
t
VAB
d -t +
e0 A
K
e0 A
1
d -t 1 -
K
d
2
C=
e0 A
e0 A
=
d
1 d
1
d - 1 -
1 +
2 K 2
K
25.
Objective
mirror
Secondary
mirror
Eyepiece
Advantages : (i) It is free from chromatic aberration.

Examination Papers
227
26. Threshold Frequency : The minimum frequency of incident light which is just capable of
ejecting electrons from a metal is called the threshold frequency. It is denoted by v 0 .
Stopping Potential : The minimum retarding potential applied to anode of a photoelectric tube
which is just capable of stopping photoelectric current is called the stopping potential. It is
denoted by V0 (or VS ).
The observed characteristics of photoelectric effect could not be explained on the basis of wave
theory of light due to the following reasons.
(i) According to wave theory, the light propagates in the form of wavefronts and the energy is
distributed uniformly over the wavefronts. With increase of intensity of light, the amplitude
of waves and the energy stored by waves will increase. These waves will then, provide more
energy to electrons of metal; consequently the energy of electrons will increase.
Thus, according to wave theory, the kinetic energy of photoelectrons must depend on the
intensity of incident light; but according to experimental observations, the kinetic energy
of photoelectrons does not depend on the intensity of incident light.
(ii) According to wave theory, the light of any frequency can emit electrons from metallic surface
provided the intensity of light be sufficient to provide necessary energy for emission of
electrons, but according to experimental observations, the light of frequency less than
threshold frequency can not emit electrons; whatever the intensity of incident light may be.
(iii) According to wave theory, the energy transferred by light waves will not go to a particular
electron, but it will be distributed uniformly to all electrons present in the illuminated surface.
Therefore, electrons will take some time to collect the necessary energy for their emission.
The time for emission will be more for light of less intensity and vice versa. But experimental
observations show that the emission of electrons take place instantaneously after the light is
incident on the metal; whatever the intensity of light may be.
27.
(a) The modulation is needed due to
(i) Transmission of audiofrequency electrical signals need long impracticable antenna.
(iii) The various information signals transmitted at low frequency get mixed and hence can
not be distinguished.
(b) Amplitude Modulation:
The block diagram is shown in fig.
m(t)
x(t)
+
Am sin wmt
c(t)
(Modulating signal )
AC sin wct
(carrier wave)
Square
law device
y(t)
Bandpass
Filter
centred at wc
AM wave
B x(t) + cx2(t)
The modulating signal is superposed on carrier wave of high frequency ( MHz). The
resultant wave so obtained is sent to square law device which producses wave
y(t) = Bx (t) + Cx 2 (t)
This is finally sent to Bandpass filter which rejects dc and sinusoids of frequencies
wm , 2wm , 2wc and allows wave of frequency wc , wc - wm and wc + wm . The output of
Bandpass filter is AM wave.
228
Xam idea PhysicsXII
28.
(a) It states that the line integral of magnetic field induction along a closed path is equal to
m 0 -times the current enclosed by the path i.e.,

B . dl = m 0 I
(b) Magnetic Field Due to a Current Carrying Long
Solenoid:
S
N
A solenoid is a long wire wound in the form of a
close-packed helix, carrying current. To construct a
solenoid a large number of closely packed turns of
+
insulated copper wire are wound on a cylindrical
tube of card-board or china clay. When an
d c s
r
electric current is passed through the solenoid,
a magnetic field is produced within the
solenoid. If the solenoid is long and the
B
p
q
successive insulated copper turns have no
l
gaps, then the magnetic field within the
B
solenoid is uniform; with practically no
magnetic field outside it. The reason is that the
solenoid may be supposed to be formed of a
large number of circular current elements. The
a b
magnetic field due to a circular loop is along
its axis and the current in upper and lower straight parts of solenoid is equal and opposite.
Due to this the magnetic field in a direction perpendicular to the axis of solenoid is zero and
so the resultant magnetic field is along the axis of the solenoid.
If there are n number of turns per metre length of solenoid and I amperes is the current
flowing, then magnetic field at axis of long solenoid
B = m 0 nI
If there are N turns in length l of wire, then
N
n=
l
m 0 NI
or
B=
l
Derivation: Consider a symmetrical long solenoid having number of turns per unit length
equal to n.
Let I be the current flowing in the solenoid, then by right hand rule, the magnetic field is
parallel to the axis of the solenoid.
Field outside the solenoid: Consider a closed path abcd. Applying Amperes law to this path
B dl = m 0 (since net current enclosed by path is zero)
As
dl 0 \ B = 0
This means that the magnetic field outside the solenoid is zero.
Field Inside the solenoid: Consider a closed path pqrs. The line integral of magnetic field B
along path pqrs is
Examination Papers
pqrs
B dl =
B dl +
pq
qr
B dl +
rs
B dl +
sp
229
B dl
...(i)
For path pq, B and dl are along the same direction,
( pq = l say)
B dl = B dl = Bl
pq
For paths qr and sp, B and d l are mutually perpendicular.
B d l = B dl cos 90 = 0
B dl =
qr
sp
For path rs, B = 0 (since field is zero outside a solenoid)
rs
B dl = 0
In view of these, equation (i) gives
pqrs
B dl =
pq
...(ii)
B dl = Bl
By Amperes law B dl = m 0 net current enclosed by path

\
Bl = m 0 ( nl I )
\ B = m 0 nI
This is the well known result.
(c)
I
Axis
I
The magnetic field lines of magnet (or current carrying solenoid) form continuous closed
loops and are directed from N to S pole outside the magnet and S to N pole inside the magnet
and forms closed loops while in the case of an electric dipole the field lines begin from
positive charge and end on negative charge or escape to infinity.
OR
(a) Magnetic field at the axis of a circular loop:
Consider a circular loop of radius R carrying current I,
with its plane perpendicular to the plane of paper. Let P
be a point of observation on the axis of this circular
loop at a distance x from its centre O. Consider a small
element of length dl of the coil at point A. The
magnitude of the magnetic induction dB at point P due

to this element is given by
230
Xam idea PhysicsXII
dB =
m 0 I dl sin a
4p
r2
...(i)
The direction of dB is perpendicular to the plane containing dl and r and is given by right
hand screw rule. As the angle between I dl and r is 90, the magnitude of the magnetic
induction dB is given by,

m I dl sin 90 m 0 I dl
dB = 0
=
4p
r2
4p r 2
...(ii)
In figure dB has been represented by P Q. The vector dB or ( P Q) can be resolved into two
components, namely PM and PN along and perpendicular to the axis respectively. Now
consider another small current element `of length dI at A . The magnetic induction dB due
m I dl
to this element has been represented by P Q whose magnitude is 0
and which can also
4p r 2
be resolved into two components; PM and PN along the axis and perpendicular to the axis
respectively. Thus if we consider the magnetic induction produced by the whole of the
circular coil, then by symmetry the components of magnetic induction perpendicular to the
axis will be cancelled out, while those parallel to the axis will be added up. Thus the resultant
magnetic induction B at axial point P is along the axis and may be evaluated as follows:
The component of dB along the axis,

m I dI
dB x = 0
sin a
4p r 2
R
But sin a = and r = ( R 2 + x 2 ) 1/ 2
r
\
dB x =
m 0 I dl R m 0 IR
m 0 IR
=
dl =
dl
2
3
r 4p r
4p r
4p ( R 2 + x 2 ) 3 / 2
...(iii)
...(iv)
Therefore the magnitude of resultant magnetic induction at axial point P due to the whole
circular coil is given by
m 0 IR
m 0 IR
B=
dl =
dl
2
2 3/ 2
4p ( R + x )
4p ( R 2 + x 2 ) 3 / 2
But
dl = length of the loop = 2pR
Therefore, B =
=
m 0 IR
4p ( R 2 + x 2 ) 3 / 2
m 0 IR 2
2 (R 2 + x 2 ) 3/ 2
If the coil contains N turns, then
( 2 p R)
tesla.
...(v)
Examination Papers
B=
m 0 NIR 2
2 (R 2 + x 2 ) 3/ 2
tesla.
...(vi)
(b) Magnetic field lines due to a circular current loop:
(c) Magnetic field due to a current carrying element.
m I dl r
dB= 0
4p r 3
(i) For straight segments q = 0 or p
dl r = dl r sin 0 n$ = 0
B1 = 0
(ii) For semicircular arc S dl = pr , q =
p
2
p

I S dl sin
m 0 SI d l r m 0
2 n$ = m 0 Ipr n$
\
=
=
3
2
4p
4p
4p r 2
r
r
m I
= 0 ,
4r
directed perpendicular to plane of paper downward.
5
50
50
29. R = 400 W, L = H, C = mF = 10 -6 F
p
p
p
E =140 sin 140pt
Comparing with V = V0 sin wt, we get
V0 = 140 V, w =100p 2pn = 100p
n = 50 Hz
V
140
Vrms = 0 =
= 100 V
2 1 4
5
Inductive reactance X L = wL = 100 p = 500 W
p
B2
231
232
Xam idea PhysicsXII
Capacitive reactance, X C =
1
=
wC
1
= 200 W
50
-6
100p 10
p
Impedance Z = R 2 + ( X L - X C ) 2 = ( 400) 2 + (500 - 200) 2 = 500 W

Vrms 100
=
= 02 A
Z
500
Voltage across resistor, VR = RI = 400 0 2 = 80 V
Voltage across inductor, VL = X L I = 500 0 2 = 100 V
Voltage across capacitor, VC = X C I = 200 0 2 = 40 V
Algebraic sum of voltages = 80 + 100 - 40 = 160 V
Yes algebraic sum of voltages (160 V) is more than the source voltage (100 V).
rms current in circuit, I =
This is because VR and (VL - VC ) are not in phase but (VL - VC ) leads VR by an angle
V = VR2 + (VL - VC ) 2 = (80) 2 + ( 60) 2 = 100 V

This resolves the paradox.
OR
x x x x x x x
(a) Eddy Currents: When a conductor is placed in a varying
Conductor
x x
x x
magnetic field the magnetic flux linked with the conductor
x x
x x Varying
magnetic
changes, so induced currents are induced in the body of
x x
x x field
conductor, which causes heating of conductor. The x x
x x
currents induced in the conductor are called the eddy x x x x x x x
currents. In varying magnetic field, the free electrons of
conductor experience Lorentz force and traverse closed paths; which are equivalent to small
current loops. These currents are the eddy currents; they cause heating effect and sometimes
the conductor becomes red-hot.
Eddy current losses may be reduced by using laminated soft iron cores in galvanometers,
transformers, etc. and making holes in conductor.
(b) Given V p = 2 5 kV = 2 5 10 -3 V, I p = 20 A
Input power, Pin = V p I p = 2 5 10 3 20 = 50 10 3 W = 50 kW
Turn ratio, r =
(i) h =
Vs
1
= , Efficiency h = 90% = 0 9
V p 10
Pout
Pin
Power output, Pout = hPin = 0 9 50 kW = 45 kW

1
(ii) Voltage across secondary Vs = rV p = 2 5 10 3 V = 250 V
10
P
45 10 3
(iii) Current in secondary I s = out =
= 180 A
Vs
250
Examination Papers
(a) I-V Characteristics of Zener diode:

I (mA)
100
80
60
40
20
100 80
Vbr
60 40
20
O
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

10
V (volt)
20
30
I (mA)
Regulated output
(b) Zener diode as a Voltage Regulator

The Zener diode makes its use as a voltage regulator due to the following property :
When a Zener diode is operated in the breakdown region, the voltage across it remains
practically constant for a large change in the current.
A simple circuit of a voltage regulator using a Zener diode is shown in the Fig. The Zener
diode is connected across load such that it is reverse biased.
The series resistance R absorbs the output voltage fluctuations so as to maintain constant
The operation of the circuit may be explained as follows :
I
IL
R
Let Vin be the unregulated input dc
voltage and V0 be the output voltage
IZ
across R L to be regulated and VZ be the
Zener voltage of the diode. The value
Vin
VZ
RL V0
of the series resistance is so chosen that
the diode operates in the breakdown
region under the Zener voltage VZ
across it.
Let I be the current drawn from supply, I Z the current through Zener diode and I L the current
through load. Then obviously
I = I Z + I L or I Z = I - I L
If R Z is Zener diode resistance, then
V0 = VZ = I Z R Z = I L R L
Applying Kirchhoffs law to the mesh containing resistance R, Zener diode and supply
voltage Vin , we have
Unregulated input
30.
233
Xam idea PhysicsXII
RI + VZ = Vin
i.e.,
(i)
VZ = Vin - RI .
When the input voltage Vin is lower than the Zener voltage VZ of diode, there is no current
conduction
i.e.,
I Z = 0.
This implies
V0 = Vin .
As input voltage Vin is increased so that it becomes equal to VZ , the breakdown point is
reached and the voltage across the diode VZ = (Vin - RI ) becomes constant.
A further increase of input voltage Vin does not result in the corresponding increase in V0 or
VZ but merely increases the voltage drop across R.
Thus in breakdown region, we have
(ii)
V0 = VZ = Vin - RI
Fig. represents the plot of output voltage V0 versus
Regulated output voltage
input voltage Vin . It is clear from the graph that the
VZ
output voltage remains constant when the diode is in
Zener region.
It may be pointed out that for maintaining constant
regulated output, the series resistance R for a given
range of input voltage be so chosen that
(i) the diode operates in Zener region and
VZ
(ii) current should not exceed a certain value to cause
Input voltage
burn out of diode.
(c) A photodiode is used in reverse bias, although in forward bias current in more, then current in
reverse bias because in reverse bias it is easier to observe change in current with change in
light intensity.
OR
DVCE
(b) (i) Output resistance r 0 =
DI C I = constant
Output voltage
V0
234
Taking I B = 60 mA = constant
For DVCE = (16 - 4) V= 12 V
Corresponding DI C = (8 5 - 8) mA = 0 5 mA
12
\
r0 =
W = 24 10 3 W = 24 kW
-3
0 5 10
(ii) Current amplification factor
DI
b ac = c
DI B VCE = cosntant
Taking VCE = 8 V, DI C = (5 8 - 3 8) mA = 2 mA
DI B = ( 40 - 30) mA = 10 mA
2 mA 2 10 -3
\
b ac =
=
= 200
10 mA 10 10 -6
Examination Papers
235

4. (i) anticlockwise (ii) clockwise
8. g-rays.
Frequency range 1019 Hz10 22 Hz.
10. Infrared rays produced by hot bodies and molecules. These waves are used for long distance
photography and for therapeutic purposes.
11. Working of meter bridge is based on Wheatstone bridge.
The error may be minimised by taking balancing length near the middle of the bridge.
12. Trajectories are shown in fig.
mv
As r =
r m
p
qB
Ratio of radii of electron path and proton path.

re m e
=
rp mp
As mass of proton m p 1840 mass of electron ( m e )

me
1
\
m p 1840
re
1
=
r p 1840
13. The output Y = A + B = A B = AB

That is equivalent gate is AND gate.
The symbol and truth table are shown in fig.
Truth Table
A
18. Myopia or shortsightedness: Myopia is the defect of eye in which a person can see only nearby
objects, but fails to see the far away objects distinctly. This defect is due to
Corrective
lens
Eye lens
Parallel rays
from object
Retina
I
I
Eye
lens
(a) Image formation
by myopic eye
(b) Corrected myopia
236
Xam idea PhysicsXII
(a) decrease in focal length of the eye lens.

(b) spreading of the eye-sphere.
Due to these reasons the image is formed in front of the retina.
Remedy: To eliminate this defect a concave lens of suitable focal length is used. The equivalent focal
length of concave lens and eye lens should be increased to a value such that the distinct image of far
away objects is formed at the retina. If a myopic eye has a far point at F, then the parallel rays from
infinity will be incident on concave lens and form its vertical image at F. This image will act as an
object for eye lens and the final image ( I ) will be formed at the retina [Fig (b)]. Clearly, for elimination
of myopia the focal length of corrective concave lens will be equal to the distance of far point
of myopic eye from the eye lens.
21. Net emf of circuit E = E 2 - E1 = 9 - 5 = 4V
Net resistance of circuit,
R eq = 4 5 +
63
+ 0 3 + 1 2 = 8 W
6+3
E 4
= = 0 5 A
R 8
Potential difference across parallel combination of 3 W and 6 W
63
= 1 V
V = IR = 0 5
6 +3
Curernt in circuit, I =
\ Current in R1 = 3 W resistance
V 1
I1 =
= A
R1 3
22.
(b) C1 = C, C 2 = 2C
In series combination of C1 and C 2 , equivalent capacitance
CC
C 2C 2
CS = 1 2 =
= C
C1 + C 2 C + 2C 3
In parallel combination of C1 and C 2 , equivalent capacitance,
C p = C1 + C 2
= C + 2C = 3C
1
Energy stored,
U series = C sVs2
2
1
U parallel = C p V p2
2
Given
U series = U parallel
1
1
\
C sVs2 = C p V p2
2
2
Vp
C s 2C / 3 2
=
=
=
Vs
C p 3C 9
23.
(a) No change. The focal length of a concave mirror does not depend on the nature of the
medium.
Examination Papers
237
(b) Given, fa = 10 cm, ng = 1.5, nl = 1.33

n g -1
1.5 -1
fe =
fa =
10 cm
ng
1.5
1
-1
1.33
nl
0.5 1.33 10
=
cm = 39.12 cm
0.17

5. g-rays
Frequency range 1019 Hz10 22 Hz.
6. Direction of induced current in loop is clockwise.
Reason: Induced current opposes the motion of loop away from wire; as similar currents attracts,
so in nearer side of loop the current will be upward i.e., in loop current in clockwise.
9. Output waveform is shown in fig.
Y = AB
t1 t2
The gate is NAND gate.

14. The paths of proton ( p) and deuteron ( d) are shown in figure.
mv
Radius, r =
qB
m pv
rp =
eB
md v
rd =
eB
rp mp 1
=
=
rd m d 2
p
d
t3
t4
t5
13. Microwaves are produced by special vacuum tubes, namely; klystrons, magnetrons and gunn
diodes. Their frequency range is 3 GHz to 300 Ghz.
They are used in radar systems used in air craft navigation and microwave users in houses.
15. Farsightedness or Hypermetropia: Hypermetropia is the defect of eye in which a person can see
only farther objects but fails to see nearer objects distinctly. This defect is due to
(a) Increase in focal length of eye lens.
(b) Contraction of eye-sphere.
Due to these reasons the image of a nearby object is formed behind the retina.
Remedy: The near point of hypermetropic eye is displaced from D = 25 cm to some distant point.
To eliminate this defect a convex lens of suitable focal length is used. The equivalent focal length
of corrective convex lens and eye lens should be decreased to a value such that the distinct image
of nearby objects is formed at the retina.
Suppose the near point of a normal eye is at N and that of a hypermetropic eye is at O. The
corrective convex lens forms the image of near point ( N) at point O, then this image will act as the
238
Xam idea PhysicsXII
object for eye lens and the final image ( I ) will be formed at the retina. Therefore the corrective
lens enables to form the distinct image of near point ( N) at retina.
Retina
Normal near point
Normal
near point
I
Near point of
defective eye
D = 25 cm
(a) Image formation
by hypermetropic eye
19.
Corrective
convex lens
(b) Corrected hypermetropia
(b) Let C1 = C, C 2 = 3C
In series combination C s =
C1C 2
3 3C 3
=
= C
C1 + C 2 C + 3C 4
In parallel combination, C p = C1 + C 2 = C + 3C = 4C
Given
Us =U p
1
1
C sVs2 = C p V p2
2
2
Vp
C s 3C / 4 3
=
=
=
Vs
Cp
4C
16
20. In steady state there is no current in capacitor branch, so
equivalent circuit is shown in fig.
Net resistance of circuit,
23
R eq =
+ 2 8 = 1 2 + 2 8 = 4 W
2+3
2W
A
3W
I
Net emf, E = 6 V
Current in circuit, I =
E
6
= = 1 5 A
R eq 4
I1
I
6V
Potential difference across parallel combination of 2 W and 3 W resistances.

V = IR = 1 5 1 2 = 1 8 V
Current in R1 = 2 W resistance
V 1 8
I1 =
=
= 09 A
R1
2
2.8 W

DELHI2011
Maximum marks: 70
c = 3 108 ms - 1
h = 6 626 10 -34 Js
e = 1 602 10 -19 C
1
= 9 109 Nm2C
4pe o
m 0 = 4p 10 -7 TmA -1
2

CBSE (Delhi) SETI

1. A point charge Q is placed at point O as shown in the figure. Is the potential difference VA VB
positive, negative, or zero, if Q is (i) positive (ii) negative?
Q
O
2. A plane electromagnetic wave travels in vacuum along z-direction. What can you say about the
direction of electric and magnetic field vectors ?
3. A resistance R is connected across a cell of emf e and internal resistance r. A potentiometer now
measures the potential difference between the terminals of the cell as V. Write the expression for
r in terms of e, V and R.
4. The permeability of a magnetic material is 0.9983. Name the type of magnetic materials it
represents.
5. Show graphically, the variation of the de-Broglie wavelength (l) with the potential (V) through
which an electron is accelerated from rest.
240
Xam idea PhysicsXII
6. In a transistor, doping level in base is increased slightly. How will it affect (i) collector current and
(ii) base current?
7. Define the term wattless current.
8. When monochromatic light travels from one medium to another, its wavelength changes but
frequency remains the same. Explain.
9. Two uniformly large parallel thin plates having charge densities +s and s are kept in the X-Z plane
at a distance d apart. Sketch an equipotential surface due to electric field between the plates. If a
particle of mass m and charge q remains stationary between the plates, what is the magnitude
and direction of this field?
OR
Two small identical electrical dipoles AB and CD, each of dipole moment p are kept at an angle
of 120 as shown in the figure. Whatr is the resultant dipole moment of this combination? If this
system is subjected to electric field ( E) directed along + X direction, what will be the magnitude
and direction of the torque acting on this?
D
q
Y
A +q
120
X
+q
B q C
Y
10. A magnetic needle free to rotate in a vertical plane parallel to the magnetic meridian has its north tip
down at 60 with the horizontal. The horizontal component of the earths magnetic field at the place
is known at to be 0.4 G. Determine the magnitude of the earths magnetic field at the place.
11. Figure shows two identical capacitors, C1 and C2, each of 1 mF capacitance connected to a battery
of 6 V. Initially switch S is closed. After sometimes S is left open and dielectric slabs of
dielectric constant K = 3 are inserted to fill completely the space between the plates of the two
capacitors. How will the (i) charge and (ii) potential difference between the plates of the
capacitors be affected after the slabs are inserted?
S
6V
1 mF
C1
1 mF
C2
12. Two convex lenses of same focal length but of aperture A1 and A2 (A2 < A1), are used as the
objective lenses in two astronomical telescopes having identical eyepieces. What is the ratio of
their resolving power? Which telescope will you prefer and why? Give reason.
Examination Papers
241
13. Draw the output waveform at X, using the given inputs A and B for the logic circuit shown below.
Also, identify the logic operation performed by this circuit.
t1
t2
t3
t4
t5
t6
t7
14. Name the semiconductor device that can be used to regulate an unregulated dc power supply.
With the help of I-V characteristics of this device, explain its working principle.
15. How are infrared waves produced? Why are these referred to as heat waves? Write their one
important use.
16. Draw the transfer characteristic curve of a base biased transistor in CE configuration. Explain clearly
how the active region of the Vo versus Vi curve in a transistor is used as an amplifier.
17.
(i) Define modulation index.
(ii) Why is the amplitude of modulating signal kept less than the amplitude of carrier wave?
18. A current is induced in coil C1 due to the motion of current carrying coil C2. (a) Write any two
ways by which a large deflection can be obtained in the galvanometer G. (b) Suggest an
alternative device to demonstrate the induced current in place of a galvanometer.
C1
C2
19. Define the terms (i) drift velocity, (ii) relaxation time.
A conductor of length L is connected to a dc source of emf e. If this conductor is replaced by
another conductor of same material and same area of cross-section but of length 3L, how will the
drift velocity change?
20. Using Gausss law obtain the expression for the electric field due to a uniformly charged thin
spherical shell of radius R at a point outside the shell. Draw a graph showing the variation of
electric field with r, for r > R and r < R.
21. An electron and a photon each have a wavelength 1.00 nm. Find
(i) their momenta,
242
Xam idea PhysicsXII
22.
23.
24.
25.
(ii) the energy of the photon and

(iii) the kinetic energy of electron
Draw a schematic diagram showing the (i) ground wave (ii) sky wave and (iii) space wave
propagation modes for em waves.
Write the frequency range for each of the following:
(i) Standard AM broadcast
(ii) Television
(iii) Satellite communication
Describe Youngs double slit experiment to produce interference pattern due to a monochromatic
source of light. Deduce the expression for the fringe width.
OR
Use Huygens principle to verify the laws of refraction.
(a) Describe briefly, with the help of suitable diagram, how the transverse nature of light can be
demonstrated by the phenomenon of polarization.
(b) When unpolarized light passes from air to a transparent medium, under what condition does the
reflected light get polarized?
The energy levels of a hypothetical atom are shown below. Which of the shown transitions will
result in the emission of a photon of wavelength 275 nm?
Which of these transitions correspond to emission of radiation of (i) maximum and (ii) minimum
wavelength?
0 eV
A
2 eV
B
4.5 eV
10 eV
26. State the law of radioactive decay.

Plot a graph showing the number (N) of undebased nuclei as a function of time (t) for a given
radioactive sample having half life T1/ 2 . Depict in the plot the number of undecayed nuclei at (i)
t = 3T1/ 2 and (ii) t = 5T1/ 2 .
27. In the circuit shown, R1 = 4 W, R2 = R3 = 15 W, R4 = 30 W and E = 10 V. Calculate the equivalent
resistance of the circuit and the current in each resistor.
R1
I1
A
I2
R2
I1
I4
R4
I3
R3
Examination Papers
243
28. State Biot-Savart law, giving the mathematical expression for it.
Use this law to derive the expression for the magnetic field due to a circular coil carrying current
at a point along its axis.
How does a circular loop carrying current behave as a magnet?
OR
With the help of a labelled diagram, state the underlying principle of a cyclotron. Explain clearly
how it works to accelerate the charged particles.
Show that cyclotron frequency is independent of energy of the particle. Is there an upper limit on
the energy acquired by the particle? Give reason.
29.
(a) Draw a ray diagram to show refraction of a ray of monochromatic light passing through a glass
prism.
Deduce the expression for the refractive index of glass in terms of angle of prism and angle of
minimum deviation.
(b) Explain briefly how the phenomenon of total internal reflection is used in fibre optics.
OR
(a) Obtain lens makers formula using the expression
n 2 n1 ( n 2 - n1 )
=
v
u
R
Here the ray of light propagating from a rarer medium of refractive index (n1) to a denser
medium of refractive index (n2), is incident on the convex side of spherical refracting surface
of radius of curvature R.
(b) Draw a ray diagram to show the image formation by a concave mirror when the object is kept
between its focus and the pole. Using this diagram, derive the magnification formula for the
image formed.
30.
(i) With the help of a labelled diagram, describe briefly the underlying principle and working of
a step up transformer.
(ii) Write any two sources of energy loss in a transformer.
(iii) A step up transformer converts a low input voltage into a high output voltage. Does it violate
law of conservation of energy? Explain.
OR
Derive an expression for the impedance of a series LCR circuit connected to an AC supply of
variable frequency.
Plot a graph showing variation of current with the frequency of the applied voltage.
Explain briefly how the phenomenon of resonance in the circuit can be used in the tuning
mechanism of a radio or a TV set.
CBSE (Delhi) SETII

2. The susceptibility of a magnetic material is 1.9 105. Name the type of magnetic materials it
represents.
244
Xam idea PhysicsXII
4. A plane electromagnetic wave travels in vacuum along x-direction. What can you say about the
direction of electric and magnetic field vectors?
10. A magnet is quickly moved in the direction indicated by an arrow between two coils C1 and C2 as
shown in the figure. What will be the direction of induced current in each coil as seen from the
magnet? Justify your answer.
C1
C2
N
A
A
11. Figure shows two identical capacitors C1 and C2 each of 1 mF capacitance, connected to a battery
of 5 V. Initially switch S is closed. After sometimes S is left open and dielectric slabs of
dielectric constant K = 5 are inserted to fill completely the space between the plates of the two
S
5V
2m F
C1
2m F
C2
13. Draw the output wave form at X, using the given inputs A and B for the logic circuit shown below.
Also, identify the logic operation performed by this circuit.
A
B
16. How is forward biasing different from reverse biasing in a p-n junction diode?
Examination Papers
245
20. In the circuit shown, R1 = 4 W, R2 = R3 = 5 W, R4 = 10 W and E = 6 V. Work out the equivalent

R1
I1
A
I4
I2
R2
I1
R4
I3
R3
23. An electron and a photon each have a wave length of 1.50 nm. Find (i) their momenta, (ii) the
energy of the photon and (iii) kinetic energy of the electron.
24. State the law of radioactive decay.
Plot a graph showing the number (N) of undecayed nuclei as a function of time (t) for a given
radioactive sample having half life T1 .
2
Depict in the plot the number of undecayed nuclei at (i) t = 2 T1 and (ii) t = 4T1 .
2
CBSE (Delhi) SETIII

Questions uncommon to SetI & II
2. A plane electromagnetic wave travels in vacuum along y-direction. What can you say about the
direction of electric and magnetic field vectors?
7. The susceptibility of a magnetic materials is 4.2 10 -6 . Name the type of magnetic materials
it represents.
9. Explain how a depletion region is formed in a junction diode.
14. Figure shows two identical capacitors C1 and C2 each of 1.5 mF capacitance, connected to a
battery of 2 V. Initially switch S is closed. After sometimes S is left open and dielectric slabs
of dielectric constant K = 2 are inserted to fill completely the space between the plates of the two
S
2V
1.5 mF
C1 1.5 mF
246
Xam idea PhysicsXII
16. Write the truth table for the logic circuit shown below and identify the logic operation performed
by this circuit.
A
C
Y
17. Predict the polarity of the capacitor when the two magnets are quickly moved in the directions
market by arrows.
A
B
S
23. In the circuit shown, R1 = 2 W, R 2 = R 3 = 10 W, R 4 = 20 W and E = 6 V. Work out the equivalent

R1
I1
A
I2
R2
I1
I4
R4
I3
R3
25. An electron and a photon each have a wavelength of 2 nm. Find

(i) their momenta
(ii) the energy of the photon
(iii) the kinetic energy of the electron.
Examination Papers
247
Solutions
CBSE (Delhi) SETI
1. The potential due to a point charge decreases with increase of distance. So, in case (i) VA - VB is
positive.
For case (ii) VA - VB is negative.
2. Electric field vector along X-axis
Magnetic field vector along Y-axis.
e
3. r = -1 R
V
4. mr < 1, so magnetic material is diamagnetic.
1
5. l , so graph is shown in figure below.
V
6. When doping level in base is increased slightly, (i) collector current decreases slightly and
(ii) base current increases slightly.
7. Current flowing in an ac circuit without any net dissipation of power is called wattless current.
8. When monochromatic light travels from one medium to another its wavelength and speed both
change such that
v1 v 2
=
= frequency
l1 l 2
so frequency remains unchanged.
9. The equipotential surface is at a distance d/2
+s
from either plate in X-Z plane. For a particle
Equipotential
of charge (q) at rest between the plates, then
surface
(i) weight mg acts, vertically downward
(ii) electric force qE acts vertically upward.
d/2
s
so mg = qE
mg
E=
, vertically downward, i.e., along () Y-axis.
q
+ + + + + + +
V=0
+ + + + + + +
y
x
d
z
248
Xam idea PhysicsXII
OR
Resultant dipole moment
pr
D
q
= p 2 + p 2 + 2 pp cos120 o
= 2 p + 2 p 2 cos120 o
Y
A +q
120
1
= 2 p + (2 p ) -
2
2
+q
B q C
= 2 p 2 - p 2 = p,
making an angle 60 with Y-axis or 30 with X-axis.
Torque, t = P E ( t is perpendicular to both P and E )

1
= p E sin 30 = pE.
2
Direction of torque is along negative Z-direction.
10. Angle of dip, q = 60
H = 0.4 G = 0.4 104 T
If Be is earths magnetic field, then
H = Be cosq.
H
0.4 10 -4 T 0.4 10 -4 T
Be =
=
=
cos q
0 5
cos 60 o
60 p
120
= 0.8 104 T = 0.8 G

11. When switch S is closed, p.d. across each capacitor is 6V
V1 = V2 = 6 V
C1 = C 2 = 1 m C
S
\ Charge on each capacitor

q1 = q 2 ( = CV ) = (1 mF) (6 V) = 6 mC
When switch S is opened, the p.d. across C1 remains 6 V, 6 V
while the charge on capacitor C2 remains 6 mC. After
insertion of dielectric between the plates of each capacitor,
the new capacitance of each capacitor becomes
C1 = C 2 = 3 1 mF = 3 mF
(i) Charge on capacitor C1, q1 = C1 V1 = (3 mF) 6 V = 18 mC
Charge on capacitor C2 remains 6 mC
(ii) Potential difference across C1 remains 6 V.
Potential difference across C2 becomes
q
6 mC
=2V
V2 = 2 =
C 2 6 mF
1 mF
C1
1 mF
C2
Examination Papers
12. Resolving power R =

\
249
A
, where A is aperture
122l
R1 A1
=
R2 A2
fo
= same for both. We prefer telescope of higher resolving
fe
power to view the fine details of the object, i.e., telescope having convex lens of aperture A1.
A B
13. Y = A + B =
= A B = A + B = A + B
(A B ) + A B
Magnification of telescope, m =
That is logic operation is OR.
Output Waveform
14. Zener diode can be used to regulate an unregulated dc power supply.
Forward biased
Vz
I
(mA)
VF (volt)
VR (volt)
Reverse
biased
I (mA)
V-I characteristics of zener diode
Principle: In reverse breakdown (zener) region, a very small change in voltage across the zener
diode produces a very large change in current through the circuit but the voltage across the zener
remains constant.
15. Infrared waves are produced by hot bodies and molecules.
They are referred as heat waves because they are readily absorbed by water molecules in most
materials, which increases their thermal motion, so they heat up the material.
Use: For therapeutic purpose and long distance photography.
16. In the active region, a small increase of Vi results in a large (almost linear) increase in I C . This
results in an increase in the voltage drop across RC .
250
Xam idea PhysicsXII
Active
region
V0
Cut off
region
Saturation region
q
AV
17.
Vi
(i) Modulation Index: The modulation index of an amplitude modulated wave is defined as the
ratio of the amplitude of modulating signal ( E m ) to the amplitude of carrier wave ( E c ) i.e.,
amplitude modulation index,
E
ma = m
Ec
For modulated wave,
E
- E min
m a = max
E max + E min
E m < E c , to avoid distortion

(ii) The amplitude of modulating signal is kept less than the amplitude of carrier wave to avoid
distortion.
18.
(a) The deflection in galvanometer may be made large by
(i) moving coil C2 towards C1 with high speed.
(ii) by placing a soft iron laminated core at the centre of coil C1.
(b) The induced current can be demonstrated by connecting a torch bulb (in place of
galvanometer) in Coil C1. Due to induced current the bulb begins to glow.
19.
(i) Drift Velocity: When a potential difference is applied across a conductor, the free electrons
drift towards the direction of positive potential. The small average velocity of free electrons
along the direction of positive potential is called the drift velocity.
(ii) Relaxation Time: The time of free travel of a free electron between two successive collisions
of electron with lattice ions/atoms is called the relaxation time.
et e 1
Drift velocity, Vd =
a
m L L
When length L is made 3L, drift velocity becomes one-third.
20. Electric field intensity at a point outside a uniformly charged thin spherical shell: Consider a
uniformly charged thin spherical shell of radius R carrying charge Q. To find the electric field
outside the shell, we consider a spherical Gaussian surface of radius r ( > R), concentric with
given shell. If E is electric field outside the shell, then by symmetry electric field strength has
Examination Papers
251
same magnitude E 0 on the Gaussian surface and is directed radially outward. Also the directions
of normal at each point is radially outward, so angle between
E i and d S is zero at each point. Hence, electric flux

through Gaussian surface =
E0
S
EO
d S.
dS
= E 0 dS cos 0 = E 0 . 4pr 2
Now, Gaussian surface is outside the given charged shell, so
charge enclosed by Gaussian surface is Q.
1
S E 0 d E = e 0 charged enclosed
1
1 Q
E 0 4pr 2 =
Q E0 =
e0
4pe 0 r 2
Thus, electric field outside a charged thin spherical shell is the same as if the whole charge Q is
concentrated at the centre.
If s is the surface charge density of the spherical shell, then
f = 4pR 2 s C
\
E0 =
1 4pR 2 s R 2 s
=
4pe 0 r 2
e 0r 2
Electric field inside the shell (hollow charged conducting sphere): The charge resides on the
surface of a conductor. Thus a hollow charged conductor is equivalent to a charged spherical
shell. To find the electric field inside the shell, we consider a spherical Gaussian surface of radius
r ( < R), concentric with the given shell. If E is the electric field inside the shell, then by symmetry
electric field strength has the same magnitude Ei on the Gaussian surface and is directed radially
outward. Also the directions of normal at each point is radially outward, so angle between E i and
d S is zero at each point. Hence, electric flux through Gaussian surface
= Ei . d S
S
= Ei dS cos 0 = Ei . 4pr 2
Now, Gaussian surface is inside the given charged shell,
so charge enclosed by Gaussian surface is zero.
Hence, by Gausss theorem
S Ei . dS
Ei 4pr 2 =
1
0
e0
1
charge enclosed
e0
Ei = 0
252
Xam idea PhysicsXII
21. Given l = 1 00 nm = 1 00 10 - 9 m
(i) Momenta of electron and photon are equal; given by
p=
h 6 63 10 - 34
=
= 6 63 10 - 25 kg ms - 1
l 1 00 10 - 9
(ii) Energy of photon, E = hn = h
c h
= c
l l
= pc = 6 63 10 - 25 3 108 J = 19 89 10 - 17 J
=
19 89 10 - 17
1 6 10
- 19
eV = 1 24 10 3 eV = 1 24 keV
p2
1
me v 2 =
2
2m e
(iii) Kinetic energy of electron E k =

=
( 6 63 10 - 25 ) 2
2 9 1 10 - 31
= 2 42 10 - 19 J =
J
2 42 10 - 19
1 6 10 - 19
eV = 1 51 eV
22.
LOS
Three propagation modes of em waves
Frequency Range of Different Services

(i) Standard AM broadcast 5401600 kHz
Examination Papers
253
(ii) Television 54890 MHz

(iii) Satellite Communication 5.9256.425 GHz uplink
3.74.2 GHz downlink.
23. Youngs Double slit experiment:
Coherent sources are those which have exactly the same frequency and are in this same phase or
have a constant difference in phase.
Conditions: (i) The sources should be monochromatic and originating from common single source.
(ii) The amplitudes of the waves should be equal.
Expression for Fringe Width: Let S1 and S 2 be two coherent sources separated by a distance d.
Let the distance of the screen from the coherent sources be D. Let M be the foot of the
perpendicular drawn from O, the midpoint of S1 and S 2 on the screen. Obviously point M is
equidistant from S1 and S 2 . Therefore the path difference between the two waves at point M is
zero. Thus the point M has the maximum intensity. Consider a point P on the screen at a distance y
from M. Draw S1 N perpendicular from S1 on S 2 P.
P
S1
S
O
S2
y
q
q
M
The path difference between two waves reaching at P from S1 and S 2 is D = S 2 P - S1 P S 2 N

As D > > d, therefore S 2 S1 N = q is very small
\
S 2 S1 N = MOP = q
S N
In D S1S 2 N ,
sin q = 2
S1S 2
MP
In DMOP,
tan q =
OM
As q is very small
\
sin q = q = tan q
S 2 N MP
\
=
S1S 2 OM
y
MP
\
S 2 N = S1S 2
=d.
OM
D
yd
Path difference D = S 2 P - S1 P = S 2 N =
...(i)
\
D
(i) Positions of bright fringes (or maxima): For bright fringe or maximum intensity at P, the
path difference must be an integral multiple of wavelength ( l) of light used. i.e. D = nl
yd
\
= nl , n = 0, 1, 2, 3, K
D
254
Xam idea PhysicsXII
nDl
.
d
This equation gives the distance of nth bright fringe from the point M. Therefore writing
y n for y, we get
nDl
...(ii)
yn =
.
d
(ii) Positions of dark fringes (or minima): For dark fringe or minimum intensity at P, the path
l
difference must be an odd number multiple of half wavelength. i.e. D = ( 2n - 1)
2
y.d
l
where n =1, 2, 3, .....
\
= ( 2n - 1)
D
2
( 2n - 1) lD
1 Dl
or
y=
= (n - )
.
2d
2 d
This equation gives the distance of nth dark fringe from point M. Therefore writing y n for y,
we get
1 Dl
...(iii)
yn = ( n - )
2 d
(iii) Fringe Width b : The distance between any two consecutive bright fringes or any two
consecutive dark fringes is called the fringe width. It is denoted by w.
For Bright Fringes: If y n + 1 and y n denote the distances of two consecutive bright fringes
\
y=
from M, then we have

Dl
nDl
and y n =
d
d
Dl nDl Dl
...(iv)
\ Fringe width, b = y n + 1 - y n = ( n + 1)
=
.
d
d
d
For Dark Fringes: If y n + 1 and y n are the distances of two consecutive dark fringes from
y n + 1 = ( n + 1)
M, then we have
1 Dl
1 Dl
yn + 1 = ( n + )
, yn = ( n - )
2 d
2 d
\ Fringe width, b = y n + 1 - y n
1 Dl
1 Dl
= (n + )
- (n - )
2 d
2 d
Dl
1
1 Dl
=
(n + - n + ) =
d
2
2
d
Thus, fringe width is the same for bright and dark fringes equal to
Dl
b=
d
The condition for the interference fringes to be seen is
s l
<
b d
...(v)
Examination Papers
255
OR
The assumptions of Huygens theory are: (i) A source sends waves in all possible directions. The
locus of particles of a medium vibrating in the same phase is called a wavefront. From a point
source, the wavefront is spherical; while for a line source the wavefront is cylindrical. The distant
wavefront is plane.
(ii) Each point of a wavefront acts as a source of secondary wavelets. The envelope of all wavelets
at a given instant gives the position of a new wavefront.
Rectilinear Propagation of Light: According to Newtons corpuscular theory, the path of light is
a straight line, but according to wave theory the rectilinear propagation of light is only
approximate.
Proof of Snells law of Refraction using Huygens wave theory: When a wave starting from
one homogeneous medium enters the another homogeneous medium, it is deviated from its path.
This phenomenon is called refraction. In transversing from first medium to another medium, the
frequency of wave remains unchanged but its speed and the wavelength both are changed. Let XY
be a surface separating the two media 1 and 2. Let v1 and v 2 be the speeds of waves in these
media.
Suppose a plane wavefront AB in first medium is incident obliquely on the boundary surface XY
and its end A touches the surface at A at time t = 0 while the other end B reaches the surface at
point B after time-interval t. Clearly BB = v1t. As the wavefront AB advances, it strikes the points
between A and B of boundary surface. According to Huygens principle, secondary spherical wavelets
originate from these points, which travel with speed v1 in the first medium and speed v 2 in the
second medium.
BB ( = v1t) in first medium and reaches B , from, where the secondary wavelet now starts. Clearly
BB = v1t and AA = v 2 t.
First law: As AB, A B and surface XY are in the plane of paper, therefore the perpendicular
drawn on them will be in the same plane. As the lines drawn normal to wavefront denote the rays,
therefore we may say that the incident ray, refracted ray and the normal at the point of incidence
all lie in the same plane.
This is the first law of refraction.
Second law: Let the incident wavefront AB and refracted wavefront A B make angles i and r
respectively with refracting surface XY.
vt
BB
...(i)
\
sin i = sin BAB =
= 1
AB
AB
256
Xam idea PhysicsXII
sin r = sin AB A =
AA v 2 t
=
AB AB
Dividing equation (i) by (ii), we get

v
sin i
= 1 = constant
sin r
v2
...(ii)
..(iii)
As the rays are always normal to the wavefront, therefore

B
the incident and refracted rays make angles i and r with the
o
90
i
normal drawn on the surface XY i.e. i and r are the angle of
i
B'
Y
incidence and angle of refraction respectively. According X
r
A
o
r
90
to equation (iii):
The ratio of sine of angle of incidence and the sine of
A'
angle of refraction is a constant and is equal to the ratio
of velocities of waves in the two media. This is the second
law of refraction, and is called the Snells law.
24.
(a) Light from a source S is allowed to fall normally on the flat surface of a thin plate of a
tourmaline crystal, cut parallel to its axis. Only a part of this light is transmitted through A.
If now the plate A is rotated, the character of transmitted light remains unchanged. Now
another similar plate B is placed at some distance from A such that the axis of B is parallel to
that of A. If the light transmitted through A is passed through B, the light is almost completely
transmitted through B and no change is observed in the light coming out of B.
Polarised
light
Unpolarised
light
Polarised
light
S
A
Unpolarised
light
(a)
Polarised
light
No light
S
(b)
If now the crystal A is kept fixed and B is gradually rotated in its own plane, the intensity of
light emerging out of B decreases and becomes zero when the axis of B is perpendicular to
that of A. If B is further rotated, the intensity begins to increase and becomes maximum when
the axes of A and B are again parallel.
Thus, we see that the intensity of light transmitted through B is maximum when axes of A and
B are parallel and minimum when they are at right angles.
From this experiment, it is obvious that light waves are transverse and not longitudinal; because,
if they were longitudinal, the rotation of crystal B would not produce any change in the intensity
of light.
(b) The reflected ray is totally plane polarised, when reflected and refracted rays are
perpendicular to each other.
Examination Papers
257
25. Energy of photon wavelength 275 nm

E=
6 63 10 -34 3 108
hc
eV = 4.5 eV.
=
l 275 10 -9 1 6 10 -19
This corresponds to transition B.

hc
hc
(i) DE = l =
l
DE
For maximum wavelength DE should be minimum. This corresponds to transition A.
(ii) For minimum wavelength DE should be maximum. This corresponds to transition D.
26. The number of nuclei undergoing the decay per unit time, at any instant, is proportional to the
total number of nuclei present in the sample at that instant.
No
N = No elt
N
No
2
No
No 8
32
T1/2
2T1/2
3T1/2
4T1/2
5T1/2
No
N
and at t = 5T1/2, it is o .
8
32
27. Given R1 = 4W, R2 = R3 = 15W, R4 = 30W, E = 10 V.
Equivalent Resistance:
R2, R3 and R4 are in parallel, so their effective resistance (R) is given by
1
1
1
1
1 1 1
=
+
+
= + +
R R 2 R 3 R 4 15 15 30
R =6 W
Number of undecayed nuclei at t = 3T1/2 is
F
I1
R1
C
I4
I2
I3
E
R2
I1
R4
R3
258
Xam idea PhysicsXII
R1 is in series with R, so equivalent resistance

Req = R + R1 = 6 + 4 = 10 W.
Currents:
E
10
I1 =
= =1 A
R eq 10
...(i)
This current is divided at A into three parts I2, I3 and I4.

\
I2 + I3 + I4 = 1 A
....(ii)
Also, I2 R2 = I3R3 = I4R4
I2 15 = I3 15 = I4 30
I2 = I3 = 2I4
...(iii)
Substituting values of I2, I3 in (ii), we get

2I4 + 2I4 + I4 = 1 A
I4 = 0.2 A
\
I2 = I3 = 2 0.2 = 0.4 A
Thus, I1 = 1A, I2 = I3 = 0.4A and I4 = 0.2A
28. Biot-Savart Law
It states that the magnetic field strength ( dB) produced due to a current element (of current I and
length dl) at a point having position vector r relative to current element is
where m 0
m I dl r
dB = 0
4p r 3
is permeability of free space. Its value is m 0 = 4p 10 -7 Wb/A-m.

m Idl sin q
dB = 0
4p
r2
The direction of magnetic field dB is perpendicular to the plane containing I dl and r .

Magnetic field at the axis of a circular loop: Consider a circular loop of radius R carrying
current I, with its plane perpendicular to the plane of paper. Let P be a point of observation on the
axis of this circular loop at a distance x from its centre O. Consider a small element of length dl of
the coil at point A. The magnitude of the magnetic induction dB at point P due to this element is
given by
m I dl sin a
...(i)
dB = 0
4p
r2
The direction of dB is perpendicular to the plane containing dl and r and is given by right hand
screw rule. As the angle between I dl and r is 90, the magnitude of the magnetic induction dB is
given by,
Examination Papers
dB =
m 0 I dl sin 90 m 0 I dl
=
4p
r2
4p r 2
259
...(ii)
In figure dB has been represented by P Q. The vector dB or ( P Q)

can be resolved into two components, namely PM and PN along
and perpendicular to the axis respectively. Now consider another
small current element `of length dI at A . The magnetic induction
dl
P
r
dB due to this element has been represented by P Q whose I

m I dl
magnitude is 0
and which can also be resolved into two
4p r 2
components; PM and PN along the axis and perpendicular to the axis respectively. Thus if we
consider the magnetic induction produced by the whole of the circular coil, then by symmetry the
components of magnetic induction perpendicular to the axis will be cancelled out, while those
parallel to the axis will be added up. Thus the resultant magnetic induction B at axial point P is
along the axis and may be evaluated as follows:
The component of dB along the axis,

m I dI
dB x = 0
sin a
4p r 2
R
But sin a = and r = ( R 2 + x 2 ) 1/ 2
r
m I dl R m 0 IR
\
dB x = 0
=
dl
4p r 2 r 4p r 3
dB x =
m 0 IR
4p ( R 2 + x 2 ) 3 / 2
...(iii)
...(iv)
dl
Therefore the magnitude of resultant magnetic induction at

axial point P due to the whole circular coil is given by
m 0 IR
m 0 IR
B=
dl =
dl
2
2 3/ 2
4p ( R + x )
4p ( R 2 + x 2 ) 3 / 2
But
dl = length of the loop = 2pR
Therefore,
B=
=
...(v)
m 0 IR
4p ( R 2 + x 2 ) 3 / 2
m 0 IR 2
2 (R 2 + x 2 ) 3/ 2
( 2 p R)
tesla.
If the coil contains N turns, then

B=
m 0 NIR 2
2 (R 2 + x 2 ) 3/ 2
tesla.
...(vi)
260
Xam idea PhysicsXII
A magnetic needle placed at the center and axis of a circular coil shows deflection. This implies
that a circular coil behaves as a magnet.
Infact every current carrying coil is equivalent to a magnetic dipole (or magnet) of magnetic
moment m = IA = I pr 2 .
OR
Principle: When a charged particle is kept in a magnetic field
Magnetic Pole
it experiences a force and the perpendicular magnetic field
N
causes the particle to spiral many times.
S
Dee
Dee
Working: The principle of action of the apparatus is shown in
fig. The positive ions produced from a source S at the centre
Magnetic Pole
are accelerated by a dee which is at negative potential at that
S
moment. Due to the presence of perpendicular magnetic field
the ion will move in a circular path inside the dees. The
magnetic field and the frequency of the applied voltages are so
chosen that as the ion comes out of a dee, the dees change their polarity (positive becoming
negative and vice-versa) and the ion is further accelerated and moves with higher velocity along a
circular path of greater radius. The
phenomenon is continued till the ion reaches at
Dee-1
the periphery of the dees where an auxiliary
negative electrode (deflecting plate) deflects
the accelerated ion on the target to be
S
R.F.
oscillator
bombarded.
The function of electric field is to accelerate
Dee-2
the charged particle and so to impart energy to
Beam
The function of magnetic field is to provide
circular path to charged particle and so to
provide the location where charged particle is capable of gaining energy from electric field.
qvB =
mv 2
r
or r =
mv
qB
...(i)
where m is the mass and r the radius of the path of ion in the dee and B is the strength of the magnetic
field.
v qB
(from eq. i)
...(ii)
w= =
r m
p pm
...(iii)
t= =
w Bq
Thus the time is independent of the speed of the ion i.e., although the speed of the ion goes on
increasing with increase in the radius (from eq. i) when it moves from one dee to the other, yet it
takes the same time in each dee.
Examination Papers
261
m
being known, B can be calculated for producing
q
resonance with the high frequency alternating potential.
Resonance Condition: The condition of working of cyclotron is that the frequency of radio
frequency alternating potential must be equal to the frequency of revolution of charged particles
within the dees. This is called resonance condition.
Now for the cyclotron to work, the applied alternating potential should also have the same
semi-periodic time (T / 2) as that taken by the ion to cross either dee, i.e.,
T
pm
...(iv)
=t =
2
qB
2p m
or
...(v)
T=
qB
From eq. (iii) it is clear that for a particular ion,

Obviously, period of revolution is independent of speed of charged particle and radius of circular
path.
\ Frequency of revolution of particles
qB
1
f = =
T 2pm
This frequency is called the cyclotron frequency. Clearly the cyclotron frequency is independent
of speed of particle.
P
29.
(a) Let PQR be the principal section of the prism. The
refracting angle of the prism is A.
A
A ray of monochromatic light EF is incident on N1
N2
O
d (i r )
(i1r1)
2 2
face PQ at angle of incidence i1 . The refractive
index of material of prism for this ray is n. This
i1
i2
r1
r
F
q 2 G
ray enters from rarer to denser medium and so is
deviated towards the normal FN and gets
N
E
H
refracted along the direction FG. The angle of
Q
R
refraction for this face is r1 . The refracted ray
FG becomes incident on face PR and is refracted
away from the normal GN 2 and emerges in the
direction GH. The angle of incidence on this
face is r 2 (into prism) and angle of refraction
d
(into air) is i 2 . The incident ray EF and emergent
ray GH when produced meet at O. The angle
dm
between these two rays is called angle of d
deviation d.
OFG = i1 - r1 and OGF = i 2 - r 2
In D FOG, d is exterior angle
x
i1
i
i2
\ d = OFG + OGF = (i1 - r1 ) + (i 2 - r 2 )
i
...(i)
= (i1 + i 2 ) - (r1 + r 2 )
The normals FN1 and GN 2 on faces PQ and PR respectively, when produced meet at N. Let
FNG = q
262
Xam idea PhysicsXII
In D FGN,
r1 + r 2 + q = 180
In quadrilateral PFNG, PFN = 90 , PGN = 90
\
A + 90 + q + 90 = 360 or A + q = 180
Comparing (ii) and (iii),
r1 + r 2 = A
Substituting this value in (i), we get
d = i1 + i 2 - A
or
i1 + i 2 = A + d
sin i1 sin i 2
From Snells law n =
=
sin r1 sin r 2
...(ii)
...(iii)
...(iv)
...(v)
...(vi)
...(vii)
Minimum Deviation: From equation (v), it is clear that the angle of deviation depends upon
the angle of incidence i1 . As the path of light is reversible, therefore if angle of incidence be
i 2 , then angle of emergence will be i1 . Thus for two angles of incidence i1 and i 2 , there will be
one angle of deviation.
If we determine experimentally, the angles of deviation corresponding to different angles of
incidence and then plot i (on X-axis) and d (on Y-axis), we get a curve as shown in figure.
Clearly if angle of incidence is gradually increased, from a small value, the angle of deviation
first decreases, becomes minimum for a particular angle of incidence and then begins to
increase. Obviously for one angle of deviation ( d), there are two angles of incidences i1 and i 2 ,
but for one and only one particular value of angle of incidence (i), the angle of deviation is
the minimum. This minimum angle of deviation is represented by d m . For minimum
deviation i1 and i 2 become coincident, i.e.,i1 = i 2 = i (say)
So from (vii)
r1 = r 2 = r (say)
Hence from (iv) and (vi), we get
r + r = A or r = A / 2
A + dm
and
i + i = A + d m or i =
2
A + dm
sin
sin i
Hence from Snells law,
n=
=
sin r
A
sin
2
(b) An optical fibre is a device based on total internal reflection by which a light signal may be
transmitted from one place to another with a negligible loss of energy. When a light ray is
incident on one end at a small angle of incidence, it suffers refraction from air to quartz and
strikes the quartz-coating interface at an angle more than the critical angle and so suffers total
internal reflection and strikes the opposite face again at an angle greater than critical angle and
so again suffers total internal reflection. Thus the ray within the fibre suffers multiple total
internal reflections and finally strikes the other end at an angle less than critical angle for
quartz-air interface and emerges in air.
Examination Papers
263
Coating n = 1.5
n = 1.7
OR
L
(a) Lens Makers Formula:
Suppose L is a thin lens. The
n1
n1
n2
refractive index of the
t
material of lens is n 2 and it is
X
placed in a medium of X'
P1 C P2
I
I'
O
v
refractive index n1 . The
u
v'
optical centre of lens is C and
X X is principal axis. The
radii of curvature of the
surfaces of the lens are R1 and R 2 and their poles are P1 and P2 . The thickness of lens is t,
which is very small. O is a point object on the principal axis of the lens. The distance of O
from pole P1 is u. The first refracting surface forms the image of O at I at a distance v from
P1 . From the refraction formula at spherical surface
n 2 n1 n 2 - n1
...(i)
=
v
u
R1
The image I acts as a virtual object for second surface and after refraction at second surface,
the final image is formed at I. The distance of I from pole P2 of second surface is v. The
distance of virtual object ( I ) from pole P2 is (v - t).
For refraction at second surface, the ray is going from second medium (refractive index n 2 )
to first medium (refractive index n1 ), therefore from refraction formula at spherical surface
n1
n2
n - n2
...(ii)
= 1
v (v - t)
R2
For a thin lens t is negligible as compared to v , therefore from (ii)
n1 n 2
n - n1
...(iii)
=- 2
v (v )
R2
Adding equations (i) and (iii), we get
1
n1 n1
1
= ( n 2 - n1 )
v
u
R1 R 2
or
1
1 1 n2
1
- =
- 1
v u n1
R1 R 2
264
Xam idea PhysicsXII
1
1 1
1
...(iv)
- = ( 1 n 2 - 1)
v u
R1 R 2
n
where 1 n 2 = 2 is refractive index of second medium (i.e. medium of lens) with respect to
n1
first medium.
if u = , v = f 2 = f
Therefore from equation (iv)
1
1 1
1
- = ( 1 n 2 - 1)
f
R1 R 2
i.e.
1
1
1
...(v)
= ( 1 n 2 - 1)
f
R1 R 2
This is the formula of refraction for a thin lens. This formula is called Lens-Makers
formula.
If first medium is air and refractive index of material of lens be n, then 1 n 2 = n, therefore
equation (v) may be written as
1
1
1
...(vi)
= ( n - 1)
f
R1 R 2
(b) Ray Diagram: The ray diagram of image formation for an object between focus (F) and pole
(P) of a concave mirror is shown in fig.
i.e.
A'
M
h'
A
h
C
F
Q
Magnification: m =
i
i
B
u
i
P
B'
v
Size of image (A B )
Size of object (AB)
From fig. APB = BPQ = i

Also, BPQ = A PB = i
AB
In D APB, tan i =
BP
A B
In D A PB , tan i =
B P
...(1)
...(2)
Examination Papers
265
From (1) and (2)
30.
AB A B
=
BP B P
A B B P
Magnification, m =
=
AB
BP
v
v
or
m=
or m = u
u
(i) Principle: It is based on the principle of mutual inductance and transforms the alternating
low voltage to alternating high voltage and in this the number of turns in secondary coil is
more than that in primary coil. (i. e., N S > N p ).
Df
...(i)
ep =-Np
Dt
Df
...(ii)
eS = - NS
Dt
From (i) and (ii)
eS NS
...(iii)
=
ep Np
equal to the applied potential difference (V p ) across its ends. Similarly if the secondary circuit
in it; therefore
VS e S N S
...(iv)
=
=
= r (say)
Vp e p N p
where r =
NS
Np

V p i p = VS i S
iS V p N p 1
...(v)
\
=
=
=
i p VS N S r
266
Xam idea PhysicsXII
N s > N p r >1;
So
Soft iron-core
Ns
Secondary
Primary
Np
Two coils on separate limbs of the core
(ii) Reasons for energy losses in a transformer:

(a) Joule Heating: Energy is lost in resistance of primary and secondary windings as heat
( I 2 Rt).
(b) Flux Leakage: Energy is lost due to coupling of primary and secondary coils not being
perfect, i.e., whole of magnetic flux generated in primary coil is not linked with the
secondary coil.
(iii) When output voltage increases, the output current automatically decreases to keep the power
same. Thus, there is no violation of conservation of energy in a step up transformer.
OR
(a) Expression for Impedance in LCR series circuit: Suppose resistance R, inductance L and
capacitance C are connected in series and an alternating source of voltage V = V0 sin wt is
applied across it. (fig. a) On account of being in series, the current (i ) flowing through all of
them is the same.
R
VL
VR
VL
90o
V=V0 sin wt
(a)
VC
(VCVL)
90
VR
f
VC
(b)
Suppose the voltage across resistance R is VR , voltage across inductance L is VL and voltage
across capacitance C is VC . The voltage VR and current i are in the same phase, the voltage VL
will lead the current by angle 90 while the voltage VC will lag behind the current by angle
90 (fig. b). Clearly VC and VL are in opposite directions, therefore their resultant potential
difference = VC - VL (if VC > VC ).
Thus VR and (VC - VL ) are mutually perpendicular and the phase difference between them is
90. As applied voltage across the circuit is V, the resultant of VR and (VC - VL ) will also be
V. From fig.
Examination Papers
V
But
where X C
\
= VR 2 + (VC - VL ) 2 V = VR 2 + (VC - VL ) 2
267
...(i)
1
=
wC
...(ii)
V = ( R i) 2 + ( X C i - X L i) 2
\ Impedance of circuit, Z =
i.e.
V
= R 2 + (X C - X L ) 2
i
Z = R 2 + (X C - X L ) 2 = R 2 +
- wL
wC
V0 sin ( wt + f)
1
R2 +
- wL
wC
The phase difference ( f) between current and voltage f is given by

X -XL
tan f = C
R
Resonant Frequency:
For resonance f = 0, so X C - X L = 0
1
1
= wL w2 =
wC
LC
1
Resonant frequency wr =
\
LC
Graph of variation of current (i) with frequency (f):
The resonance in series LCR circuit occurs when inductive reactance is equal to capacitance
reactance i.e., X L = X C . Alternatively when the frequency of applied a.c. source becomes
1
.
fr
2p LC
Graph is shown in fig.
im = V/R
i
fr
268
Xam idea PhysicsXII
Use of phenomenon of resonance in tuning a ratio or TV set:

A radio or a TV set has a L-C circuit with capacitor of variable capacitance C. The circuit
remains connected with an areal coil through the phenomenon of mutual inductance. Suppose a
radio or TV station is transmitted a programme at frequency f, then waves produce alternating
voltage of frequency f, in areal, due to which an emf of same frequency is induced in LC circuit,
1
When capacitor C is in circuit is varied then for a particular value of capacitance C, f =
,
2p LC
the resonance occurs and maximum current flows in the circuit; so the radio or TV gets tunned.
CBSE (Delhi) SETII

2. Susceptibility is small positive, so material is paramagnetic.
4. Electric field along Y-direction. Magnetic field along Z-direction.
r r r
(so that K, E, B form a right handed system)
10. According to Lenzs law, the direction of induced current is such that it opposes the relative
motion between coil and magnet.
The near face of coil C1 will become S-pole, so the direction of current in coil C1 will be
clockwise.
The near face of coil C2 will also become S-pole to oppose the approach of magnet, so the current
in coil C2 will also be clockwise.
11. Initial charge on C1 and C2 is
q1 = q2 = C1V = (2 mF) 5 V = 10 mC
S
5V
2 mF
C1
2 mF
C2
(i) When switch S is opened the p.d. across C1 remains 5V and charge on C2 remains 10 mC.
New capacitance of C1 and C2 after filling dielectric, C1 = C 2 = 5 2 = 10 mF.
Charge on C1 , q1 = C1 V1 = (10 mF) 5 V = 50 mC
Charge on C2, q2 = q 2 = 10 mC
(ii) Potential difference across, C1 = V1 = V1 = 5V
Potential difference across C2,
q 10 mC
V2 = 2 =
=1 V
C 2 10 mF
13. Y = AB
X = AB AB = AB = AB
That is the logic operation is AND operation. Therefore output is 1 only, when both inputs are 1.
The output waveform is shown in figure.
Examination Papers
269
A
B
t1
t2
t3
t4
t5
t6
t7
Output X
16. 1. Forward Bias:

(i) Within the junction diode the direction of applied voltage is opposite to that of built-in
potential.
(ii) The current is due to diffusion of majority charge carriers through the junction and is of
the order of milliamperes.
(iii) The diode offers very small resistance in the forward bias.
2. Reverse Bias:
(i) The direction of applied voltage and barrier potential is same.
(ii) The current is due to leakage of minority charge carriers through the junction and is very
small of the order of mA.
(iii) The diode offers very large resistance in reverse bias.
1
1
1
1 1 1 1 2 + 2 +1
20. Effective resistance of R2, R3 and R4 in parallel, is =
+
+
= + +
=
R R 2 R 3 R 4 5 5 10
10
R=2W
R1 is in series with R, so equivalent resistance.

Req = R1 + R = 4 + 2 = 6 W
E
6
Current in R1 , I 1 =
= = 1A
R eq 6
Also, I 2 + I 3 + I 4 = 1 A
and
I 2 R2 = I 3 R3 = I 4 R4
5I 2 = 5I 3 = 10I 4
I 2 = I 3 = 2I 4
Using equation (iv), equation (iii) gives
I4 =
2I 4 + 2I 4 + I 4 = 1
...(ii)
...(iii)
...(iv)
1
A = 0.2 A
5
I 2 = I 3 = 2 0.2 = 0.4 A
\ I 1 = 1A, I 2 = I 3 = 0.4A, I 4 = 0.2 A
9
...(i)
23. Given l = 1.50 nm = 1.50 10 m.

(i) As momentum of electron = momentum of photon
h 6.63 10 -34
= =
= 4.42 10 -25 kg m s -1
-9
l 150
. 10
...(v)
270
Xam idea PhysicsXII
hc
= pc
l
= 4.42 1025 3 108 J
= 13.26 1017 J
(ii) Energy of photon, E =
13.26 10 -17
1.6 10 -19
(iii) Kinetic energy of electron
eV = 828.7 eV
P 2 ( 4.42 10 -25 ) 2
=
J
2m e
2 9 1 10 -31
= 1.07 1019 J
EK =
1.0.7 10 -19
eV = 0.67 eV
1.6 10 -19
24. The number of nuclei undergoing the decay per unit time, at any instant, is proportional to the
total number of nuclei present in the sample at that instant. This is the law of radioactive decay.
No
N = No elt
N
No
2
No
4
No
16
T1/2
2T1/2
3T1/2
4T1/2
Number of undecayed nuclei at t = 2T1/2 is
No
N
and at t = 4T1/2, it is o .
4
16
CBSE (Delhi) SETIII

2. Electric field along X-direction.
Magnetic field along Z-direction.
7. Susceptibility of material is negative, so given material is diamagnetic.
9. Formation of depletion layer:
At the junction there is diffusion of charge carriers due to thermal agitation; so that some of
electrons of n-region diffuse to p-region while some of holes of p-region diffuse into n-region.
Some charge carriers combine with opposite charges to neutralise each other. Thus near the
junction there is an excess of positively charged ions in n-region and an excess of negatively
Examination Papers
271
charged ions in p-region. This sets up a potential difference called potential barrier and hence an
internal electric field Ei across the junctions. The field Ei is directed from n-region to p-region.
This field stops the further diffusion of charge carriers. Thus the layers ( 10 - 4 cm to 10 - 6 cm)
on either side of the junction becomes free from mobile charge carriers and hence is called the
depletion layer.
14. (i) Charge on C1 , q1 = 6 mC, Charge on C 2 , q2 = 3 mC
q 3 mC
(ii) P.D. across C1 , V1 = 2 V, P.D. across C 2 , V2 = 2 =
=1 V
C 2 3 mF
16. C = A , D = B
Y = CD = A B = A + B = A + B
The logic circuit performs OR-operation.
Truth table.
A
17. Current induced in coil will oppose the approach of magnet; therefore, left face of coil will act as
N-pole and right face as S-pole. For this the current in coil will be anticlockwise as seen from left,
therefore, the plate A of capacitor will be positive and plate B will be negative.
A
S
23. R1 = 2 W, R 2 = R 3 = 10 W, R 4 = 20 W, E = 6 V
Equivalent Resistance: R 2 = R 3 and R 4 are in parallel, their effective resistance R is
1
1
1
1
1 1
1 2 + 2 +1
=
+
+
= + +
=
R R 2 R 3 R 4 10 10 20
20
20
R=
=4 W
5
Req = R1 + R = 2 + 4 = 6 W
E
6
Current in R1, I1 =
= =1A
R eq 6
Also,
and
I2R2 = I3R3 = I4R4

I2.10 = I3.10 = I4.20
I2 = I3 = 2I4
I2 + I3 + I4 = 1 A
L
C
...(i)
...(ii)
272
Xam idea PhysicsXII
Solving (i) and (ii)

I2 = I3 = 0.4A, I4 = 0.2 A
25. l = 2 nm = 2 109 m
(i) Momentum of electron = Momentum of photon = p
=
(ii) Energy of photon, E =
h 6.63 10 -34
= 3.315 1025 kg m s1
=
l
2 10 -9
hc
= pc
l
= 3.315 10 -25 3 108 J

= 9.945 10 -17 J =
9.945 10 -17
1.6 10 -19
= 6.216 102 eV = 0.62 keV
(iii) Kinetic energy of electrons
EK =
p2
(3.315 10 -25 ) 2
1
m eV 2 =
=
J
2
2m e
2 9.1 10 -31
= 0.604 1019 J = 0.38 eV
eV

ALL INDIA2011
Maximum marks: 70
c = 3 108 ms - 1
h = 6 626 10 -34 Js
e = 1 602 10 -19 C
1
= 9 109 Nm2C
4pe o
m 0 = 4p 10 -7 TmA -1
2


1. Define electric dipole moment. Write its S.I. unit.
2. Where on the surface of Earth is the angle of dip 90?
3. A hollow metal sphere of radius 5 cm is charged such that the potential on its surface is 10 V.
What is the potential at the centre of the sphere?
4. How are radio waves produced?
5. Write any two characteristic properties of nuclear force.
6. Two bar magnets are quickly moved towards a metallic loop connected across a capacitor C
as shown in the figure. Predict the polarity of the capacitor.
C
S
274
Xam idea PhysicsXII
7. What happens to the width of depletion layer of a p-n junction when it is (i) forward biased,
(ii) reverse biased?
8. Define the term stopping potential in relation to photoelectric effect.
9. A thin straight infinitely long conducting wire having charge density l is enclosed by a cylindrical
surface of radius r and length l, its axis coinciding with the length of the wire. Find the expression
for the electric flux through the surface of the cylinder.
1
, where r is the distance
10. Plot a graph showing the variation of coulomb force (F) versus
r 2
between the two charges of each pair of charges: (1 mC, 2 mC) and (2 mC 3 mC). Interpret the
graphs obtained.
11. Write the expression for Lorentz magnetic force on a particle of charge q moving with velocity
v in a magnetic field B . Show that no work is done by this force on the charged particle.
OR
A steady current (I1) flows through a long straight wire. Another wire carrying steady current (I2)
in the same direction is kept close and parallel to the first wire. Show with the help of a diagram
how the magnetic field due to the current I1 exerts a magnetic force on the second wire. Write the
expression for this force.
12. What are eddy currents? Write any two applications of eddy currents.
13. What is sky wave communication? Why is this mode of propagation restricted to the frequencies
only up to few MHz?
14. In the given circuit, assuming point A to be at zero potential, use Kirchhoffs rules to determine
the potential at point B.
1A
2V
2A
R
R11
2W
1V
2A
15. A parallel plate capacitor is being charged by a time varying current. Explain briefly how
Amperes circuital law is generalized to incorporate the effect due to the displacement current.
16. Net capacitance of three identical capacitors in series is 1 mF. What will be their net capacitance if
connected in parallel?
Find the ratio of energy stored in the two configurations if they are both connected to the same
source.
17. Using the curve for the binding energy per nucleon as a function of mass number A, state clearly
how the release in energy in the processes of nuclear fission and nuclear fusion can be explained.
18. In the meter bridge experiment, balance point was observed at J with AJ = l.
Examination Papers
275
(i) The values of R and X were doubled and then interchanged. What would be the new position
of balance point?
(ii) If the galvanometer and battery are interchanged at the balance position, how will the balance
point get affected?
R
G
l
A
19. A convex lens made up of glass of refractive index 1.5 is dipped, in turn, in (i) a medium of
refractive index 1.65, (ii) a medium of refractive index 1.33.
(a) Will it behave as a converging or a diverging lens in the two cases?
(b) How will its focal length change in the two media?
20. Draw a plot showing the variation of photoelectric current with collector plate potential for two
different frequencies, v1 > v 2 , of incident radiation having the same intensity. In which case will
the stopping potential be higher? Justify your answer.
21. Write briefly any two factors which demonstrate the need for modulating a signal.
Draw a suitable diagram to show amplitude modulation using a sinusoidal signal as the modulating
signal.
22. Use the mirror equation to show that
(a) an object placed between f and 2f of a concave mirror produces a real image beyond 2f.
(b) a convex mirror always produces a virtual image independent of the location of the object.
(c) an object placed between the pole and focus of a concave mirror produces a virtual and
enlarged image.
23. Draw a labelled diagram of a full wave rectifier circuit. State its working principle. Show the
input-output waveforms.
24.
(a) Using de Broglies hypothesis, explain with the help of a suitable diagram, Bohrs second
postulate of quantization of energy levels in a hydrogen atom.
(b) The ground state energy of hydrogen atom is 13.6 eV. What are the kinetic and potential
energies of the electron in this state?
25. You are given a circuit below. Write its truth table. Hence, identify the logic operation carried out
by this circuit. Draw the logic symbol of the gate it corresponds to.
A
X
Z
276
Xam idea PhysicsXII
26. A compound microscope uses an objective lens of focal length 4 cm and eyepiece lens of focal
length 10 cm. An object is placed at 6 cm from the objective lens. Calculate the magnifying power
of the compound microscope. Also calculate the length of the microscope.
OR
A giant refracting telescope at an observatory has an objective lens of focal length 15 m. If an
eyepiece lens of focal length 1.0 cm is used, find the angular magnification of the telescope.
If this telescope is used to view the moon, what is the diameter of the image of the moon formed
by the objective lens? The diameter of the moon is 3.42 106 m and the radius of the lunar orbit is
3.8 108 m.
27. Two heating elements of resistance R1 and R2 when operated at a constant supply of voltage, V,
consume powers P1 and P2 respectively. Deduce the expressions for the power of their
combination when they are, in turn, connected in (i) series and (ii) parallel across the same voltage
supply.
28.
(a) State the principle of the working of a moving coil galvanometer, giving its labelled diagram.
(b) Increasing the current sensitivity of a galvanometer may not necessarily increase its voltage
sensitivity. Justify this statement.
(c) Outline the necessary steps to convert a galvanometer of resistance RG into an ammeter of a
given range.
OR
(a) Using Amperes circuital law, obtain the expression for the magnetic field due to a long
solenoid at a point inside the solenoid on its axis.
(b) In what respect is a toroid different from a solenoid? Draw and compare the pattern of the
magnetic field lines in the two cases.
(c) How is the magnetic field inside a given solenoid made strong?
29. State the working of a.c. generator with the help of a labelled diagram.
The coil of an a.c. generator having N turns, each of area A, is rotated with a constant angular
velocity w . Deduce the expression for the alternating e.m.f. generated in the coil.
What is the source of energy generation in this device?
OR
(a) Show that in an a.c. circuit containing a pure inductor, the voltage is ahead of current by p/2
in phase.
(b) A horizontal straight wire of length L extending from east to west is falling with speed v at
right angles to the horizontal component of Earths magnetic field B.
(i) Write the expression for the instantaneous value of the e.m.f. induced in the wire.
(ii) What is the direction of the e.m.f.?
(iii) Which end of the wire is at the higher potential?
30. State the importance of coherent sources in the phenomenon of interference.
In Youngs double slit experiment to produce interference pattern, obtain the conditions for
constructive and destructive interference. Hence, deduce the expression for the fringe width.
How does the fringe width get affected, if the entire experimental apparatus of Young is immersed
in water?
Examination Papers
277
OR
(a) State Huygens principle. Using this principle explain how a diffraction pattern is obtained on
a screen due to a narrow slit on which a narrow beam coming from a monochromatic source
of light is incident normally.
(b) Show that the angular width of the first diffraction fringe is half of that of the central fringe.
(c) If a monochromatic source of light is replaced by white light, what change would you
observe in the diffraction pattern?

1. A hollow metal sphere of radius 10 cm is charged such that the potential on its surface is 5V.
2. How are X-rays produced?
4. Where on the surface of Earth is the angle of dip zero?
9. Net capacitance of three identical capacitors in series is 2 mF. What will be their net capacitance if
connected in parallel?
Find the ratio of energy stored in the two configurations if they are both connected to the same
source.
12. State the principle of working of a transformer. Can a transformer be used to step up or step down
a d.c. voltage? Justify your answer.
1A
3A
4V
B
R
R11
2W
2V
3A
17. What is ground wave communication? On what factors does the maximum range of propagation
in this mode depend?
A
X
Z
278
Xam idea PhysicsXII

Questions uncommon to Set I & II
1. A hollow metal sphere of radius 6 cm is charged such that the potential on its surface is 12 V.
3. How are microwaves produced?
7. Where on the surface of Earth is the vertical component of Earths magnetic field zero?
12. Mention various energy losses in a transformer.
1A
6V
4A
R1
2W
3V
4A
16. What is space wave communication? Write the range of frequencies suitable for space wave
communication.
20. A converging lens has a focal length of 20 cm in air. It is made of a material of refractive index
1,6. It is immersed in a liquid of refractive index 1.3. Calculate its new focal length.
A
X
Z
Examination Papers
279
Solutions
CBSE (All India) SET-I
1. Electric dipole moment is defined as the numerical product of either charge and the distance
between the charges, and is directed from negative to positive charge.
The SI unit of electric dipole moment is coulomb metre (Cm).
2. Angle of dip is 90 at the poles.
3. Potential at centre of sphere = 10 V.
4. Radio waves are produced by the accelerated motion of charges in conducting wires.
5.
(i) Nuclear forces are short range attractive forces.
(ii) Nuclear forces are charge - independent.
6. Current induced in coil will oppose the approach of magnet; therefore, left face of coil will act as
N-pole and right face as S-pole. For this the current in coil will be anticlockwise as seen from left,
therefore, the plate A of capacitor will be positive and plate B will be negative. The upper plate is
positive and lower plate is negative.
A
S
(i) When forward biased, the width of depletion layer decreases.

(ii) When reverse biased, the width of depletion layer increases.
8. The minimum retarding (negative) potential of anode of a photoelectric tube for which
photoelectric current stops or becomes zero is called the stopping potential.
9. Charge enclosed by the cylindrical surface = ll
1
By Gauss Theorem, electric flux =
charge enclosed.
eo
1
=
( l l)
eo
q1 q 2
1
10. F =
.
4pe o
r2
1
1
The graph between F and
is a straight line of slope
q1 q 2 passing through origin.
2
4
pe
r
o
7.
280
Xam idea PhysicsXII

1/r2
F
Repulsive
Attractive
F
1/r2
Since, magnitude of the slope is more for attraction, therefore, attractive force is greater than
repulsive force.

11. Lorentz magnetic force, Fm = q v B

r

Work done, W = F m S = Fm . v dt =
q ( v B ) . v dt
As
( v B) . v = 0
Work, W = 0
OR
Suppose two long thin straight
conductors (or wires) PQ and RS are
P
R
P
R
placed parallel to each other in
vacuum (or air) carrying currents
b
I2
I 1 and I 2 respectively. It has been
DL
observed experimentally that when the
a
B
DF
DF
currents in the wire are in the same
a B
DL
direction, they experience an attractive
b
I2
I1
force and when they carry currents in I1
opposite directions, they experience a
repulsive force.
Q
S
Q
S
r
Let the conductors PQ and RS carry
currents I 1 and I 2 in same direction
and placed at separation r. Consider a currentelement ab of length DL of wire RS. The magnetic
field produced by current-carrying conductor PQ at the location of other wire RS
m I
B1 = 0 1
2p r
m I
DF = B1 I 2 DL sin 90 = 0 1 I 2 DL
2p r
m I I
m I I
F = 0 1 2 S DL = 0 1 2 L
2p r
2p r
F m I I
f = = 0 1 2 N/ m
L
2p r
Examination Papers
281
12. Eddy currents: When a metallic plate is placed in a time varying magnetic field, the magnetic
flux linked with the plate changes, the induced currents are set up in the plate; these currents are
called eddy currents. These currents are sometimes so strong, that the metallic plate becomes red
hot. In transformer frames there is a huge loss of energy due to production of eddy currents, so
these currents are undesirable in transformer.
Application of Eddy Currents:
1. Induction Furnace: In induction furnance, the metal to be heated is placed in a rapidly
varying magnetic field produced by high frequency alternating current. Strong eddy currents
are set up in the metal produce so much heat that the metal melts. This process is used in
extracting a metal from its ore. The arrangement of heating the metal by means of strong
induced currents is called the induction furnace.
2. Induction Motor: The eddy currents may be used to rotate the rotor. Its principle is: When a
metallic cylinder (or rotor) is placed in a rotating magnetic field, eddy currents are produced
in it. According to Lenzs law, these currents tend to reduce to relative motion between the
cylinder and the field. The cylinder, therefore, begins to rotate in the direction of the field.
This is the principle of induction motion.
13. Sky wave propagation is a mode of propagation in which communication of radiowaves in
frequency range 30 MHz40 MHz takes place due to reflection from the ionosphere.
For frequencies higher than few MHz, the sky waves penetrate the ionosphere and are not
reflected back.
14. Current in 2 W resistor is 1 A. Applying Kirchhoffs II law along the path ACDB,
VA + 1 + 2 1 2 = VB.
As VA = 0
\ VB = 1 + 2 2 = 1 V.
IA
R
R
2W
1V
C
15. Displacement current and generalised Amperes

Circuital Law: Consider a parallel plate capacitor,
being charged by a battery. A time varying current is
flowing through the capacitor. If we consider only the
conduction current I, then we apply Amperes
Circuital Law to two closed loops C1 and C2, then we
get

B dl = m 0 I
...(i)
and
B dl = 0
2
...(ii)
C1
I
C2
I
282
Xam idea PhysicsXII
Since there cannot be any conduction current in region between the capacitor plates. As C1 and C2
are very close, we must expect

C1
...(iii)
B dl = C B dl
2
But this condition is violated by equations (i) and (ii). Hence Amperes Circuital Law seems to be
inconsistent in this case. Therefore, Maxwell postulated the existence of displacement current
which is produced by time varying electric field. If s (t) is the surface charge density on capacitor
s (t) q (t)
plates and q(t) is the charge, then time varying electric field E (t) =
, where A is area of
=
e0
Ae 0
each plate.
dE
1 dg(t)
=
dt Ae 0 dt
dg(t)
dE
or
= e0 A
dt
dt
This is expression for displacement current (ld).
Applying Kirchhoffs first law at power P, we get I = Id
Hence, equation (i) and (ii) take the forms

C1
B dl = m 0 I and
C2
B dl = m 0 I d = m 0 I
The total current is the sum of the conduction current and displacement
current. Thus, modified form of Amperes circuital law is

dE
B. dl = m 0 ( I + I d ) = m 0 I + e 0 A dt
But
EA = Electric flux fE

df E
\
B
. dl = m 0 ( I + m 0 e 0 dt )
16. Let C be the capacitance of each capacitor, then in series
1
1 1 1 3
= + + =
Cs C C C C
Id
I
P
( )
or
C = 3Cs = 3 1 mF = 3 mF
When these capacitors are connected in parallel, net capacitance, Cp = 3 C = 3 3 = 9 mF
When these two combinations are connected to same source the potential difference across each
combination is same.
Ratio of energy stored,
2
1
U s 2 C SV
C
1 mF 1
=
=
= s =
2
9 mF 9
U p 1 C pV
Cp
2
Us: Up = 1: 9
Examination Papers
283
17. The variation of binding energy per nucleon versus mass number is shown in figure.
9.0
O16
8.0C12
F18
He4 N14
7.0
Fe56
U238
6.0
Li7
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
H2
1.0
0.0
20
40
60
80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240

Mass Number
Explanation: When a heavy nucleus (A 235 say) breaks into two lighter nuclei (nuclear fission),
the binding energy per nucleon increases i.e, nucleons get more tightly bound. This implies that
energy would be released in nuclear fission.
When two very light nuclei ( A 10) join to form a heavy nucleus, the binding is energy per
nucleon of fused heavier nucleus more than the binding energy per nucleon of lighter nuclei, so
again energy would be released in nuclear fusion.
R
rl
18.
(i)
=
X r (100 - l)
R
l
...(i)
=
X 100 - l
When both R and X are doubled and then interchanged, the new balance length becomes l
given by
2X
l
=
2R (100 - l)
X
l
=
R 100 - l
From (i) and (ii),
100 - l
l
=
l
100 - l
l = (100 - l)
(ii) If galvanometer and battery are interchanged, there is no effect on the balance point.
...(ii)
284
Xam idea PhysicsXII
19. Focal length of lens in liquid (l)

ng -1
a n g -1
fl =
fa =
fa
ng
l n g -1
-1
nl
(a) (i) ng = 1.5, n l = 1.65
ng
15
.
=
< 1, so f l and f a are of opposite sign, so convex lens in liquid nl = 1.65 behaves as
n l 1.65
a diverging lens
(ii) ng = 1.5, nl = 1.33
ng
15
.
\
=
>1
n l 133
.
so fl and fa are of same sign, so convex lens in liquid (nl = 1.33) behaves as a convergent lens
1.5 -1
(b) (i) Focal length, f 1 =
f a = -5.5f a (Focal length becomes negative and its magnitude
1.5
-1
1.65
increases)
1.5 -1
(ii) Focal length, f 2 =
f a = 4f a (Focal length increases)
1.5
-1
1.33
20. The plots are shown in fig. The stopping potential (Vs) is higher for radiations of frequency n1 .
Stopping potential is directly proportional to the frequency of incident radiation.
I
n1 = n2
L = Constant
Saturation
photocurrent
n1
n2
(Vs)1
(Vs)2
Collector potential
21. The modulation is needed due to

(i) Transmission of audio frequency electrical signals need long impracticable antenna.
(iii) The various information signals transmitted at low frequency get mixed and hence can not be
distinguished.
Examination Papers
285
EC
(a) Carrier wave ec = Ec sin wct

Em
(b) Modulating wave (em)
Envelope
Em
Ec
(c) Modulated wave e(t)
22. Mirror equation is
1 1 1
= +
f v u
or
1 1 1
= v f u
(a) For a concave mirror, f is negative, i.e., f < 0.

For a real object (on the left of mirror).
1
1
1
1 1 1
For u between f and 2f implies lies between and
i.e.,
> > (as u, f are negative)
u
f
2f
2f u f
1
1
1
or
<- <2f
u
f
1 1 1 1
or
< - <0
f 2f f u
1 1
or
< <0
2f v
1
i.e.,
is negative.
v
This implies that v is negative and greater than 2f . This means that the image lies beyond 2f
and it is real.
(b) For a convex mirror, f is positive i.e., f > 0.
For a real object on the left u is negative.
1 1 1
1 1 1
= + implies = f v u
v f u
1
As u is negative and f is positive; must be positive, so v must be positive i. e., image lies
v
behind the mirror. Hence, image is virtual whatever the value of u may be.
286
Xam idea PhysicsXII
(c) For a mirror,

1 1 1
= v f u
...(i)
For a concave mirror, f is negative f < 0

As u is also negative, so f < u < 0
1 1
This implies, - > 0
f u
1
Then from (1) > 0 or v is positive.
v
i.e., image is on the right and hence virtual.
f
v
Magnification, m = - = u
u-f
As u is negative and f is positive, magnification m =
|f |
>1
| f | -| u |
i.e., image is enlarged.

23. Full Wave Rectifier
D1 diode
Input
RL
Tapped
secondary
Output
D2 diode
Principle: It works on the principle that p-n junction conducts when it in forward bia and does not
do so when it in reverse bias.
Input
wave form
T
Output wave form

of full wave
rectifier
2T Time
2T Time
24. (a) According to de Broglies hypothesis,

h
...(i)
l=
mv
According to de Broglies condition of stationary orbits, the stationary orbits are those which
contain complete de-Broglie wavelength.
...(ii)
2pr = nl
Examination Papers
Substituting value of l from (ii) in (i), we get

h
2pr = n
mv
h
...(iii)
mvr = n
2p
This is Bohrs postulate of quantisation of energy levels.
n=3
(b) Kinetic energy,
K=
1
1
e2
mv 2 =
2
4pe 0 2r
(i)
U =-
1 e2
4pe 0 r
(ii)
Total energy E = K + U = -
1 e2
4pe 0 2r
(iii)
Potential energy,
Comparing equations (i), (ii), (iii), we have

K = - E and U = 2E
Given
E = - 13 6 eV
\ Kinetic energy,
Potential energy
(in ground state)
K = 13 6 eV
U = 2 ( - 13 6 eV) = - 27 2 eV
25. The output Y = A + B = A B = AB

That is equivalent gate is AND gate.
The logic symbol and truth table are shown:
Truth Table
A
B
287
288
Xam idea PhysicsXII
26. Given fo = 4 cm, fe = 10 cm

u o = 6 cm
Magnifying power of microscope
1v 1
D
M = - o 1 +
1u o 1 f e
From lens formula
1
1
1
=
f o vo uo
1
1
1 1 1 3 -2
=
=
+
= - =
v o f o u o 4 6 12
vo = 12 cm
12 25
m = 1 + = -2 3.5 = -7
6 10
Negative sign shows that the image is inverted.

Length of microscope L = v o + u e
1
1 1
For eye lens
=
f e ve ue
1
1 1
1 1
=
=
- =- ue ve f e
25 10
50
u e = - ( cm) = -7 14
7
\
L = v o + u e = 12 + 7 14 = 19 14 cm
( v e = D = - 25 cm, u e = ?)
OR
Given f 0 = 15 m, f e = 1 0 cm = 1 0 10
-2
Angular magnification of telescope,

f
15
m= 0 =
= 1500
fe
1 0 10 - 2
Let D be diameter of moon, d diameter of image of moon formed by objective and r the distance
of moon from objective lens, then from Fig.
D d
=
r f0
27.
d=
3 48 10 6
D
f0 =
15 m = 0 137 m = 13 7 cm
r
3 8 108
(i) In series combinations

Net resistance, R = R1 + R2
As heating elements are operated at same voltage V, we have
V
V2
V2
and R 2 =
R = 2 , R1 =
P
P1
P2
...(i)
Examination Papers
289
\ From equation (i)

V2
V2 V2
1 1
1
=
+
=
+
P
P1
P2
P P1 P2
(ii) In parallel combination
1
1
1
Net resistance =
+
R R1 R 2
P
P
P
=
P = P1 + P2
= 1 + 2
2
2
V
V
V2
28. (a) Principle: It works on the principle that a current carrying coil when kept inside a uniform
magnetic field, can experience a torque.
When current ( I ) is passed in the coil, torque t acts on the coil, given by
t = NIAB sin q
where q is the angle between the normal to plane of coil and the magnetic field of strength B,
N is the number of turns in a coil.
When the magnetic field is radial, as in the case of cylindrical pole pieces and soft iron core,
then in every position of coil the plane of the coil, is parallel to the magnetic field lines, so that
q = 90 and sin 90 = 1
Deflecting torque,
t = NIAB
If C is the torsional rigidity of the wire and q is the twist of suspension strip, then restoring
torque = C q
i.e.
NIAB = C q
NAB
...(i)
\
q=
I
C
i.e.
qI
H
Suspension wire
M
T1
T2
Coil
NIBl
b
NIBl
Coiled strip
(a)
(b)
Magnetic lines of
(c)
290
Xam idea PhysicsXII
q NAB
(b) Current sensitivity, S I = =
C
I
q NAB
Voltage sensitivity, SV = =
V GC
Dividing (ii) by (i)
SV 1
=
SI G
SV =
... (i)
... (ii)
1
SI
G
Clearly the voltage sensitivity depends on current sensitivity and the resistance of
galvanometer. If we increase current sensitivity and resistance G is larger, then it is not
certain that voltage sensitivity will be increased. Thus, the increase of current sensitivity does
not imply the increase of voltage sensitivity.
(c) Conversion of galvanometer into ammeter:
Rg
An ammeter is a low resistance galvanometer and
i
ig
G
is connected in series in a circuit to read current
directly in a.
The resistance of an ammeter is to be made as low
as possible so that it may read current without any
appreciable error. Therefore to convert a
(i ig)
S
galvanometer into ammeter a shunt resistance.
(i.e. small resistance in parallel) is connected across the coil of galvanometer.
Let G be the resistance of galvanometer and I g the current required for full scale deflection.
Suppose this galvanometer is to converted into ammeter of range I ampere and the value of
shunt required is S. If I S is current in shunt, then from fig.
...(i)
I = I g + I S I S = (I - I g )
Also potential difference across A and B
(VAB ) = I S . S = I g . G
Substituting value of I S from (i), we get
or
(I - I g ) S = I g G
or
IS - I g S = I g G
or
IS = I g (S + G )
S
or
...(ii)
Ig =
I
S +G
GI g
i.e. shunt required, S =
...(iii)
I - Ig
This is the working equation of conversion of galvanometer into ammeter.
OR
(a) Magnetic Field Due to a Current Carrying Long Solenoid:
A solenoid is a long wire wound in the form of a close-packed helix, carrying current. To
construct a solenoid a large number of closely packed turns of insulated copper wire are
wound on a cylindrical tube of card-board or china clay. When an electric current is passed
through the solenoid, a magnetic field is produced within the solenoid. If the solenoid is long
Examination Papers
291
and the successive insulated copper turns have

d c s
r
no gaps, then the magnetic field within the
solenoid is uniform; with practically no
magnetic field outside it. The reason is that the
B
p
q
solenoid may be supposed to be formed of a
l
large number of circular current elements. The
B
magnetic field due to a circular loop is along its
axis and the current in upper and lower straight
parts of solenoid is equal and opposite. Due to
this the magnetic field in a direction
a b
perpendicular to the axis of solenoid is zero and
so the resultant magnetic field is along the axis of the solenoid.
If there are n number of turns per metre length of solenoid and I amperes is the current
flowing, then magnetic field at axis of long solenoid
B = m 0 nI
If there are N turns in length l of wire, then
N
n=
l
m 0 NI
or
B=
l
Derivation: Consider a symmetrical long solenoid having number of turns per unit length
equal to n.
Let I be the current flowing in the solenoid, then by right hand rule, the magnetic field is
parallel to the axis of the solenoid.
Field outside the solenoid: Consider a closed path abcd. Applying Amperes law to this path
B dl = m 0 (since net current enclosed by path is zero)
As
dl 0 \ B = 0
This means that the magnetic field outside the solenoid is zero.
Field Inside the solenoid: Consider a closed path pqrs. The line integral of magnetic field B
along path pqrs is
pqrs
B dl =
B dl +
pq
qr
B dl +
rs
B dl +
sp
For path pq, B and dl are along the same direction,
pq
B dl = B dl = Bl
( pq = l say)
For paths qr and sp, B and d l are mutually perpendicular.
qr
B dl =
sp
B d l = B dl cos 90 = 0
B dl
...(i)
292
Xam idea PhysicsXII
For path rs, B = 0 (since field is zero outside a solenoid)
rs
B dl = 0
In view of these, equation (i) gives
pqrs
By Amperes law
B dl =
pq
...(ii)
B dl = Bl
B dl = m 0 net current enclosed by path
\
Bl = m 0 ( nl I )
\ B = m 0 nI
(b) In a toroid, magnetic lines do not exist outside the body./Toroid is closed whereas solenoid is
open on both sides./Magnetic field is uniform inside a toroid whereas for a solenoid, it is
different at the two ends and cenre.
(Any one)
Q
S
(c) The magnetic field lines of toroid are circular having common centre. Inside a given solenoid,
the magnetic field may be made strong by
(i) passing large current and
(ii) using laminated coil of soft iron.
w
29. Working: When the armature coil is rotated in the
Armature coil
strong magnetic field, the magnetic flux linked with
b
the coil changes and the current is induced in the
c
coil, its direction being given by Flemings right
hand rule. Considering the armature to be in vertical
position and as it rotates in anticlockwise direction,
N B
S
Field magnet
the wire ab moves upward and cd downward, so that
a
the direction of induced current is shown in fig. In
d
the external circuit, the current flows along B1 R L B 2 .
B1
The direction of current remains unchanged during
R1
the first half turn of armature. During the second half
Slip rings
Brushes Load
revolution, the wire ab moves downward and cd
RL
upward, so the direction of current is reversed and in
R2
external circuit it flows along B 2 R L B1 . Thus the
B2
direction of induced emf and current changes in the
external circuit after each half revolution.
Examination Papers
293
If N is the number of turns in coil, f the frequency of rotation, A area of coil and B the magnetic
induction, then induced emf
df d
dt dt
Current produced by an ac generator cannot be measured by moving coil ammeter; because the
average value of ac over full cycle is zero.
OR
(a) AC circuit containing pure inductance: Consider a coil of self-inductance L and negligible
ohmic resistance. An alternating potential difference is applied across its ends. The magnitude
and direction of AC changes periodically, due to which there is a continual change in
magnetic flux linked with the coil. Therefore according to Faradays law, an induced emf is
produced in the coil, which opposes the applied voltage. As a result the current in the circuit is
reduced. That is inductance acts like a resistance in ac circuit. The instantaneous value of
alternating voltage applied
...(i)
V = V0 sin wt
di
If i is the instantaneous current in the circuit and , the rate of change of current in the circuit
dt
at that instant, then instantaneous induced emf
di
e=-L
dt
According to Kirchhoffs second law in closed circuit.
L
di
V + e=0 V -L
=0
dt
di
di V
or
or
V =L
=
dt
dt L
V sin w t
di V0 sin wt
V=V0 sin wt
or
or
=
di = 0
dt
(a)
dt
L
L
Integrating with respect to time t,
V
V cos wt
V0
i = 0 sin wt dt = 0 cos wt
=L
L
w
wL
V
p
= - 0 sin - wt
wL
2
or
i=
V0
p
sin wt -
wL
2
This is required expression for

p
or
i = i 0 sin wt 2
current
(ii)
...(iii)
294
Xam idea PhysicsXII
V0
wL
is the peak value of alternating current
where
i0 =
...(iv)
p
Also comparing (i) and (iii), we note that current lags behind the applied voltage by an angle .
2
(b) (i) Induced emf e = B H vL
Where BH is horizontal component of earths magnetic field directed from S to N.
(ii) West to east.
(iii) East-send will be at higher potential.
30. If coherent sources are not taken, the phase difference between two interfering waves, will change
continuously and a sustained interference pattern will not be obtained. Thus, coherent sources
provide sustained interference pattern.
Suppose two coherent waves travel in the same direction along a straight line, the frequency of
w
each wave is
and amplitudes of electric field are a1 and a 2 respectively. If at any time t, the
2p
electric fields of waves at a point are y1 and y 2 respectively and phase difference is f, then
equation of waves may be expressed as
...(i)
y1 = a1 sin wt
...(ii)
y 2 = a 2 sin ( wt + f)
According to Youngs principle of superposition, the resultant displacement at that point will be
...(iii)
y = y1 + y 2
Substituting values of y1 and y 2 from (i) and (ii) in (iii), we get
y = a1 sin wt + a 2 sin ( wt + f)
Using trigonometric relation
sin ( wt + f) = sin wt cos f + cos wt sin f ,
we get
y = a1 sin wt + a 2 (sin wt cos f + cos wt sin f)
...(iv)
= ( a1 + a 2 cos f) sin wt + ( a 2 sin f) cos wt
Let
...(v)
a1 + a 2 cos f = A cos q
And
...(vi)
a 2 sin f = A sin q
where A and q are new constants.
Then equation (iv) gives
...(vii)
y = A cos q sin wt + A sin q cos wt = A sin ( wt + q)
This is the equation of the resultant disturbance. Clearly the amplitude of resultant disturbance is A
and phase difference from first wave is q. The values of A and q are determined by (v) and (vi).
Squaring (v) and (vi) and then adding, we get
( a1 + a 2 cos f) 2 + ( a 2 sin f) 2 = A 2 cos 2 q + A 2 sin 2 q
or
a12 + a 22 cos 2 f + 2a1 a 2 cos f + a 22 sin 2 f = A 2 (cos 2 q + sin 2 q)
As cos 2 q + sin 2 q = 1, we get

A 2 = a12 + a 22 (cos 2 f + sin 2 f) + 2a1 a 2 cos f
or
A 2 = a12 + a 22 + 2a1 a 2 cos f
Examination Papers
Amplitude, A = a12 + a 22 + 2a1 a 2 cos f
295
...(viii)
As the intensity of a wave is proportional to its amplitude i.e. I A 2 or I = KA 2 watt / m 2 where

K is a constant which depends on properties of medium and the frequency of wave. In interference
the frequencies of two waves are same and medium is same, therefore for convenience, we may
take, K =1, then the units of intensity I will not be watt / m 2 but arbitrary.
\ Intensity of resultant wave
I = A 2 = a12 + a 22 + 2a1 a 2 cos f
...(ix)
Clearly the intensity of resultant wave at any point depends on the amplitudes of individual waves
and the phase difference between the waves at the point.
Constructive Interference: For maximum intensity at any point cos f = + 1
or
phase difference f = 0, 2p , 4p , 6p .........

= 2np ( n = 0, 1, 2, ....)
The maximum intensity,
I max = a12 + a 22 + 2a1 a 2 = ( a1 + a 2 ) 2
...(x)
...(xi)
l
l
...(xii)
Phase difference =
2 np = nl
2p
2p
Clearly the maximum intensity is obtained in the region of superposition at those points where
waves meet in the same phase or the phase difference between the waves is even multiple of p or
path difference between them is the integral multiple of l and maximum intensity is ( a1 + a 2 ) 2
which is greater than the sum intensities of individual waves by an amount 2a1 a 2 .
Destructive Interference: For minimum intensity at any point cos f = -1
Path difference
D=
or
phase difference, f = p , 3p , 5p , 7p ....

= ( 2n - 1) p , n = 1, 2, 3 ....
In this case the minimum intensity,
I min = a12 + a 22 - 2a1 a 2 = ( a1 - a 2 ) 2
...(xiii)
...(xiv)
l
Phase difference
2p
l
l
...(xv)
=
( 2n - 1) p = ( 2n - 1)
2p
2
Clearly, the minimum intensity is obtained in the region of superposition at those points where
waves meet in opposite phase or the phase difference between the waves is odd multiple of p or
l
path difference between the waves is odd multiple of
and minimum intensity = ( a1 - a 2 ) 2
2
which is less than the sum of intensities of the individual waves by an amount 2a1 a 2 .
Path difference,
D=
296
Xam idea PhysicsXII

I
Imax
Imin
2l
O
x
2l
From equations (xii) and (xvi) it is clear that the intensity 2a1 a 2 is transferred from positions of
minima to maxima. This implies that the interference is based on conservation of energy.
Variation of Intensity of light with position x is shown in fig.
Expression for Fringe Width: Let S1 and S 2 be two coherent sources separated by a distance d.
Let the distance of the screen from the coherent sources be D. Let M be the foot of the
perpendicular drawn from O, the midpoint of S1 and S 2 on the screen. Obviously point M is
equidistant from S1 and S 2 . Therefore the path difference between the two waves at point M is
zero. Thus the point M has the maximum intensity. Consider a point P on the screen at a distance y
from M. Draw S1 N perpendicular from S1 on S 2 P.
P
S1
S
O
S2
y
q
q
M
The path difference between two waves reaching at P from S1 and S 2 is D = S 2 P - S1 P S 2 N

As D > > d, therefore S 2 S1 N = q is very small
\
S 2 S1 N = MOP = q
S N
In D S1S 2 N ,
sin q = 2
S1S 2
MP
In DMOP,
tan q =
OM
As q is very small
\
sin q = q = tan q
S 2 N MP
\
=
S1S 2 OM
y
MP
\
S 2 N = S1S 2
=d.
OM
D
yd
Path difference D = S 2 P - S1 P = S 2 N =
...(i)
\
D
(i) Positions of bright fringes (or maxima): For bright fringe or maximum intensity at P, the
path difference must be an integral multiple of wavelength ( l) of light used. i.e. D = nl
Examination Papers
297
yd
= nl , n = 0, 1, 2, 3, K
D
nDl
\
y=
.
d
This equation gives the distance of nth bright fringe from the point M. Therefore writing
y n for y, we get
nDl
...(ii)
yn =
.
d
(ii) Positions of dark fringes (or minima): For dark fringe or minimum intensity at P, the path
l
difference must be an odd number multiple of half wavelength. i.e. D = ( 2n - 1)
2
y.d
l
where n =1, 2, 3, .....
\
= ( 2n - 1)
D
2
( 2n - 1) lD
1 Dl
or
y=
= (n - )
.
2d
2 d
This equation gives the distance of nth dark fringe from point M. Therefore writing y n for y,
we get
1 Dl
...(iii)
yn = ( n - )
2 d
(iii) Fringe Width b : The distance between any two consecutive bright fringes or any two
consecutive dark fringes is called the fringe width. It is denoted by w.
For Bright Fringes: If y n + 1 and y n denote the distances of two consecutive bright fringes
\
from M, then we have

Dl
nDl
y n + 1 = ( n + 1)
and y n =
d
d
\ Fringe width,
Dl nDl Dl
...(iv)
=
.
d
d
d
and y n are the distances of two consecutive dark fringes from
b = y n + 1 - y n = ( n + 1)
For Dark Fringes: If y n + 1

M, then we have
1 Dl
1 Dl
yn + 1 = ( n + )
, yn = ( n - )
2 d
2 d
\ Fringe width, b = y n + 1 - y n
1 Dl
1 Dl
= (n + )
- (n - )
2 d
2 d
Dl
1
1 Dl
=
(n + - n + ) =
d
2
2
d
Thus, fringe width is the same for bright and dark fringes equal to
Dl
b=
d
When entire apparatus is immersed in water, the fringe-width decreases ( l w < l a ).
...(v)
298
Xam idea PhysicsXII
OR
(a) Huygens principle is useful for determining the position of a given wavefront at any time in
the future if we know its present position. The principle may be stated in three parts as
follows:
(i) Every point on a given wavefront may be regarded as a source of new disturbance.
(ii) The new disturbances from each point spread out in all directions with the velocity of
light and are called the secondary wavelets.
(iii) The surface of tangency to the secondary wavelets in forward direction at any instant
gives the new position of the wavefront at that time.
Diffraction of light at a single slit: When monochromatic light is made incident on a single
slit, we get diffraction pattern on a screen placed behind the slit. The diffraction pattern
contains bright and dark bands, the intensity of central band is maximum and goes on
decreasing on both sides.
Explanation: Let AB be a slit of width a and a parallel beam of monochromatic light is
incident on it. According to Fresnel the diffraction pattern is the result of superposition of a
large number of waves, starting from different points of illuminated slit.
P
A
Light from
source
M1
q
q
O
M2 90o N
C
q
D = BP - AP = BN
In D ANB , ANB = 90 and BAN = q
BN
or BN = AB sin q
\
sin q =
AB
\ Path difference,
...(i)
D = a sin q
be explained by simple arguments given below:
Examination Papers
299
l
a sin q = l sin q =
a
l
If angle q is small,
...(ii)
sin q = q =
a
a
Minima: Now we divide the slit into two equal halves AO and OB, each of width . Now for
2
a
every point, M 1 in AO, there is a corresponding point M 2 in OB, such that M 1 M 2 = ; Then
2
path difference between waves arriving at P and starting from M 1 and M 2 will be
a
l
sin q = . This means that the contributions from the two halves of slit AO and OB are
2
2
opposite in phase and so cancel each other. Thus equation (2) gives the angle of diffraction at
which intensity falls to zero. Similarly it may be shown that the intensity is zero for
nl
sin q =
, with n as integer. Thus the general condition of minima is
a
...(iii)
a sin q = nl
Secondary Maxima: Let us now consider angle q such that
3l
sin q = q =
2a
which is midway between two dark bands given by
l
2l
sin q = q = and sin q = q =
a
a
I0
4l
a
3l
a
2l
a
l
a
l
a
2l
a
3l
a
4l
a
300
Xam idea PhysicsXII
2l
a
2l l l
Angular width of first maximum, (b I ) =
- =
a a a
bI
1
=
(b q ) C 2
(b) Angular width of central maximum (b q ) C =
Hence, the fringe width of the first diffraction fringe is half that of the central fringe.
(c) If monochromatic light is replaced by white light, each diffraction band gets splited into
the number of coloured bands, the angular width of violet is least and that of red is
maximum.

1. 5 V.
2. X-rays are produced by sudden deceleration or acceleration of electrons./In an X-ray tube.
4. Angle of dip is zero at equator of earths surface.
C
9. In series, C S =
3
In parallel, CP = 3C
CP
=9
CS
12.
14.
17.
C P = 9 2 mF = 18 mF
1
C sV 2
Es
C
2 1
2
Required ratio =
=
= s = = .
Ep 1
C p 18 9
C pV 2
2
Working of a transformer is based on the principle of mutual induction. Transformer cannot step
up or step down a dc voltage.
Reason: No change in magnetic flux.
Explanation: When dc voltage source is applied across a primary coil of a transformer, the
current in primary coil remains same, so there is no change in magnetic flux and hence no voltage
is induced across the secondary coil.
Current in 2W resistor, I = 2 A
Applying Kirchhoffs law along the path ACDB
VA + 2 + 2 2 - 4 = VB
VB = VA + 2 = 0 + 2 = 2V
The mode of wave propagation in which wave glides over the surface of the earth is called ground
wave communication.
The maximum range of propagation in this mode depends on
(i) transmitted power and
(ii) frequency (less than a few MHz)
Examination Papers
301
21. The circuit represents OR gate.

Truth table
A
Y
B
X=A
Y=B

1. 12 V
3. Microwaves are produced by special vacuum tubes, namely, klystrons, Gunn diodes, magnetrons,
etc.
7. At magnetic equator.
12. Energy losses in a transformer are due to
(i) Flux leakage
(ii) Joule heating in resistance of winding
(iii) Eddy currents
(iv) Hysteresis
14. Current in 2 W resistor is 3 A
VA + 3 + 3 2 6 = VB
VB = VA + 3 = 0 + 3 = 3 V
16. When a wave propagates in a straight line, from the transmitting antenna to the receiving antenna,
its mode of propagation is called space wave communication.
Frequency range: Above 40 MHz.
a n g -1
20. f l =
fa
a ng
-1
P
a nl
1 6 -1
=
20 cm cm
A
q
1 6
q
Light from
M1
-1
O
C
1 3
M2 90 N
source
q
0 6 1 3
=
20 cm
B
0 3
= 52 cm
o
302
Xam idea PhysicsXII
22. y = A + B = A . B = AB
The circuit represents AND gate.
Logic symbol:
A
y
B
Truth table:
A
0
B
0
Y
0

FOREIGN2011
Maximum marks: 70
c = 3 108 ms - 1
h = 6 626 10 -34 Js
e = 1 602 10 -19 C
1
= 9 109 Nm2C
4pe o
m 0 = 4p 10 -7 TmA -1
2

CBSE (Foreign) SETI

1. Define the term threshold frequency in relations to photoelectric effects.
2. The peak value of e.m.f. in a.c. is E 0 . Write its (i) rms (ii) average value over a complete cycle.
3. Two insulated charged copper spheres A and B if identical size have charges q A and q B
respectively. A third sphere C of the same size but uncharged is brought in contact with the first
and then in contact with the second and finally removed from both. What are the new charges on
A and B?
4. A narrow beam of protons and deuterons, each having the same momentum, enters a region of
uniform magnetic field directed perpendicular to their direction of momentum. What would be the
ratio of the circular paths described by them?
5. What is the function of 'Repeater' in communication system?
6. Draw the logic circuit of NAND gate and write its truth table.
7. How is the mean life of a radioactive sample related to its half life?
8. Write two uses of microwaves.
304
Xam idea PhysicsXII
9. Calculate the amount of work done in rotating a dipole, of dipole moment 3 10 -8 cm, from its
position of stable equilibrium to the position of unstable equilibrium, in a uniform electric field of
intensity 10 4 N/C.
10. Plot a graph showing temperature dependence of resistivity for a typical semiconductor. How is
this behaviour explained?
11. When four hydrogen nuclei combine to form a helium nucleus, estimate the amount of energy in
MeV released in this process of fusion (Neglect the masses of electrons and neutrinos) Given:
(i) mass of 11 H = 1.007825 u
(ii) mass of helium nucleus = 4.002603 u, 1u = 931 MeV / c 2
12. For an amplitude modulated wave, the maximum amplitude is found to be 10 V while the
minimum amplitude is 2.V. Calculate the modulation index. Why is modulation index generally
kept less than one?
13. Draw a block diagram showing the important components in a communication system. What is the
function of a transducer?
14. Explain the following:
(i) Why do magnetic lines of force form continuous closed loops?
(ii) Why are the field lines repelled (expelled) when a diamagnetic material is placed in an
external uniform magnetic field?
OR
(i) Name the three elements of the Earth's magnetic field.
(ii) Where on the surface of the Earth is the vertical component of the Earth's magnetic field
zero?
15. Show how the equation for Ampere's circuital law, viz.

B . dl = m I
16. Current in a circuit falls steadily from 5.0 A to 0.0 A in 100 ms. If an average e.m.f. of 200 V is
induced, calculate the self-inductance of the circuit.
17.
(a) You are required to select a carbon resistor of resistance 47 kW 10% from a large collection.
What should be the sequence of colour bands used to code it?
(b) Write the characteristics of manganin which make it suitable for making standard resistance.
18. Two identical parallel plate (air) capacitors C1 and C 2 have capacitances C each. The between
their plates is now filled with dielectrics as shown. If the two capacitors still have equal
capacitance, obtain the relation between dielectric constants K, K1 and K 2 .
C1
l/2
K
K1
l
K2
C2
Examination Papers
305
19. State the principal of the device that can build up high voltages of the order of a few million volts.
Draw its labelled diagram. A stage reaches in this device when the potential at the outer sphere
cannot be increased further by piling up more charge on it. Explain why?
20. Light of wavelength 2000 falls on a metal surface of work functions 4.2 eV. What is the kinetic
energy (in eV) of the fastest electrons emitted from the surface?
(i) What will be the change in the energy of the emitted electrons if the intensity of light with
same wavelength is doubled?
(ii) If the same light falls on another surface of work functions 6.5 eV, what will be the energy of
emitted electrons?
21. Name the important process that occur during the formation of a p-n junction. Explain briefly,
with the help of a suitable diagram, how a p-n junction is formed. Define the term 'barrier
potential'.
22. The intensity at the central maxima (O) in a Young's double slit experiment is I 0. If the distance OP
I
equals one-third of the fringe width of the pattern, show that the intensity at point P would be 0 .
4
P
S1
O
S2
D
OR
In the experiment on diffraction due to a single slit, show that
(i) the intensity of diffraction fringes decreases as the order (n) increases.
(ii) angular width of the central maximum is twice that of the first order secondary maximum.
23. Find the position of the image formed of the object 'O by the lens combination given in the
figure.
f = +10
10
+ 30 cm
O
30 cm
5 cm
10 cm
24. Draw transfer characteristics of common emitter n-p-n transistor. Point out the region in which the
transistor operates as an amplifier. Define the following terms used in transistor amplifiers:
(i) Input resistance
(ii) Output resistance
(iii) Current amplification factor
25.
(i) Light passes through two polaroids P1 and P2 with axis of P2 making an angle q with the pass
axis of P1 . For what value of q is the intensity of emergent light zero?
306
Xam idea PhysicsXII
(ii) A third polaroid is placed between P1 and P2 with its pass axis making an angle b with the
I
pass axis of P1 . Find a value of b for which the intensity of light emerging from P2 is 0 ,
8
where I 0 is the intensity of light on the polaroid P1 .
26. Using the postulates of Bohr's model of hydrogen atom, obtain an expression for the frequency of
radiation emitted when atom make a transition from the higher energy state with quantum number
ni to the lower energy state with quantum number n f ( n f < ni ).
27. State the underlying principal of potentiometer.
Describe briefly, giving the necessary circuit diagram, how a potentiometer is used to measure the
internal resistance of a given cell.
28.
(a) Show that a planar loop carrying a current I, having N closely wound turns and area of
cross-section A, possesses a magnetic moment m = N I A .
29.
30.
(b) When this loop is placed in a magnetic field B, find out the expression for the torque acting
on it.
(c) A galvanometer coil of 50 W resistance shows full scale deflection for a corrent of 5 mA. How
will you convert this galvanometer into a voltmeter of range 0 to 15 V?
OR
(a) Draw a schematic sketch of a cyclotron, explain its working principal and deduce the
expression for the kinetic energy of the ions accelerated.
(b) Two long and parallel straight wires carrying currents of 2 A and 5 A in the opposite
directions are separated by a distance of 1 cm. Find the nature and magnitude of the magnetic
force between. them.
(a) Derive the expression for the mutual inductance of two long coaxial solenoids of same length
l having radii r1 and r 2 (r 2 > r1 and l >> r2 ).
(b) Show that mutual inductance of solenoid 1 due to solenoid 2, M 12 , is the same as that of 2 due
to 1 i.e., M 21 .
(c) A power transmission line feeds power at 2200 V with a current of 5 A to s step down
transformer with its primary winding having 4000 turns. Calculate the number of turns and
the current in the secondary in order to get output power at 220 V.
OR
(a) An alternating voltage v = v m sin w t applied to a series LCR circuit drives a current given by
i = i m sin ( w t + f). Deduce an expression for the average power dissipated over a cycle.
(b) For circuits used for transporting electric power, a low power factor implies large power loss
in transmission. Explain.
(c) Determine the current quality factor at resonance for a series LCR circuit with L = 1.00 mH,
1.00 nF and R =100 W connected to an a.c. source having peak voltage of 100 V.
(i) A plane wavefront approaches a plane surface separating two media. If medium 'one is
optically denser and medium 'two is optically rarer, using Huygens principle, explain and
show how a refracted wavefront is constructed.
(ii) Hence verify Snell's law.
(iii) When a light wave travels from rarer to denser medium, the speed decreases. Does it imply
reduction its energy? Explain.
Examination Papers
307
OR
(i) A ray of monochromatic light is incident on one of the faces of an equilateral triangular prism
of refracting angle A. Trace the path of ray passing through the prism. Hence, derive an
expression for the refractive index of the material of the prism in terms of the angle minimum
deviation and its refracting angle.
a
(ii) Three light rays red (R), green (G) and blue (B) are
incident on the right angled prism abc at face ab. The
B
refractive indices of the material of the prism for red, G
green and blue wavelengths are respectively 1.39, 1.44 R
and 1.47. Trace the paths of these rays reasoning out
45
the difference in their behaviour.
b
c

Questions uncommon to Set-I.
1. The current flowing through a pure inductor of inductance 4 mH is i =12 cos 300 t ampere. What is
(i) rms and (ii) average value of the current for a complete cycle?
2. Show the variation of photocurrent with collector plate potential for different frequencies but same
intensity of incident radiation.
3. Two insulated charged copper spheres A and B of identical size have charges q A and q B
respectively. When they are brought in contact with each other and finally separated, what are the
new charges on them?
4. What is the function of a transmitter in a communication system?
5. Write two uses of infrared rays.
7. Draw the logic circuit of AND gate and write its truth table.
position of stable equilibrium to the position of unstable equilibrium, in electric field of intensity
10 4 N/C.
12. For an amplitude wave, the maximum amplitude is found to be 12 V while the minimum the
amplitude is 2V. Calculate the modulation index. Why is modulation index generally kept low?
13. You are given an air filled parallel plate capacitor C1 . The space between its plates is now filled
with slabs of dielectric constants K1 and K 2 as shown in C 2 . Find the capacitances of the
capacitor C 2 if area of the plates is A distance between the plates is d.
d/2
C2
K1
K2
d
308
Xam idea PhysicsXII
15. Current in a circuit steadily from 2.0 A to 0.0 A in 10 ms. If an average e.m.f. of 200V is induced,
calculate the self-inductance of the circuit.
27. Light of wavelength 2500 falls on a metal surface of work function 3.5 V. What is the kinetic
energy (in eV) of (i) the fastest and (ii) the slowest electronic emitted from the surface?
If the same light falls on another surface of work function 5.5 eV, what will be the energy of
emitted electrons?

Questions uncommon to Set-I & II.
2. Show the variation of photocurrent with collector plate potential for different intensity but same
frequency of incident radiation.
3. Two insulated charged copper spheres A and B of identical size have charges q A and -3q A
respectively. When they are brought in contact with each other and then separated, what are the
new charges on them?
4. The current flowing through a pure inductor of inductance 2 mH is i =15 cos 300 t ampere. What is
the (i) rms and (ii) average value of current for a complete cycle?
6. Draw the logic circuit of NOT gate and write its truth table.
7. What is the function of a Receiver in a communication system?
8. Write two uses of X-rays.
position of stable equilibrium to the position of unstable equilibrium, in uniform electric field of
intensity 5 10 4 N/C.
12. You are given an air filled parallel plate capacitor C1 . The
space between its plates is now filled with slabs of
dielectric constants K1 and K 2 as shown in C 2 . Find the
capacitances of the capacitor C 2 if area of the plates is A
and distance between the plates is d.
C1
C2
K1
K2
14. Current in a circuit falls steadily from 3.0 to 0.0 A in 300 ms. If an average e.m.f. of 200 V is
induced, the self-inductance of the circuit.
15. For an amplitude modulated wave the maximum amplitude is found to be 15 V While the
minimum amplitude is 3V. Calculate the modulation index. Why is modulation index generally
kept less than one?
26. Light of wavelength 2400 falls on a metal surface of work function 3.6 eV. What is the kinetic
energy (in eV) of (i) the fastest and (ii) the slowest electrons emitted from the surface?
If the same light falls on another surface of work function 5.5 eV, what will be the energy of
emitted electrons?
Examination Papers
309
Solutions
CBSE (Foreign) SETI
1. Threshold frequency is defined as the minimum frequency of incident radiation which can cause
photoelectric emission. It is different for different metal .
2. E 0 = peak value of emf
E
(i) rms value [ E rms ] = 0
2
(ii) average value [ E av ] = zero
q
q + 2q B
3. New charge on A is A and New charge on B is A
2
4
4. Charge on deutron ( q d ) = charge on proton ( q p )
qd = q p
Radius of circular path (r ) =
r
so,
rp
rd
1
q
=
Q qvB = mv
p
Bq
[for constant momentum (P)]

qd q p
=
=1
qp qp
Hence,
r p : r d =1 :1
5. A repeater which is a combination of a transmitter, on amplifier and a receiver which picks up
signal from the transmitter, amplifies and retransmits it to the receiver.
6. Logic circuit of NAND gate:
A
Y
B
Truth table
Input
Output
7. Mean life ( t) and half life (T1/ 2 ) are related as:

T
t = 1/ 2
0.6931
310
Xam idea PhysicsXII
8. Uses of microwaves:
(i) In long distance communications.
(ii) In radar
9. P = 3 10 -8 cm ; E =10 4 N/C
At stable equilibrium ( q1 ) = 0
At unstable equilibrium ( q 2 ) = 180
Work done in rotating dipole is given by:
W = PE (cos q1 - cos q 2 )
= (3 10 -8 ) (10 4 ) [cos 0 - cos180 ]
= 3 10 -4 [1 - ( -1)]
W = 6 10 -8 J
10. Variation of resistivity (r) with temperature (T ) is shown below:
r
Explanation: In semiconductor the number density of free electrons ( n) increases with increase in
temperature (T ) and consequently the relaxation period decreases. But the effect of increase in n
has higher impact than decrease of t. So, resistivity decreases with increase in temperature.
11. Energy released = Dm 931 MeV
Dm = 4m ( 11 H) - m ( 42 He)
Energy released ( Q) = [ 4. m ( 11 H) - m ( 42 He)] 931 MeV
= [ 4 1.007825 - 4.002603] 931 MeV = 26.72 MeV.
12. A max = 10V
A min = 2 V
Modulation index =
A max - A min 10 - 2 8
=
= = 0 67
A max + A min 10 + 2 12
Generally, the modulation index is kept less then one to avoid distortion.
13. Block diagram of communication system:
Communication System
Information Message
source
signal
Transmitter
Transmitted
Received
User of
Channel
Receiver
signal
signal
Message information
signal
Noise
Function of a transducer is to convert one form of energy into another form.
Examination Papers
311
(i) Magnetic lines of force form continuous closed loops because a magnet is always a dipole
and as a result, the net magnetic flux of a magnet is always zero.
(ii) When a diamagnetic substance is placed in an external magnetic field, a feeble magnetism is
induced in opposite direction. So, magnetic lines of force are repelled.
14.
OR
(i) Elements of earths magnetic field:
(a) Angle of declination ( q)
(b) Angle of dip ( d)
(c) Horizontal component of earths magnetic field ( B H )
(ii) At equator.
15. Displacement current and generalised Amperes
I
Circuital Law: Consider a parallel plate capacitor,
being charged by a battery. A time varying current is
flowing through the capacitor. If we consider only the
conduction current I, then we apply Amperes
Circuital Law to two closed loops C1 and C2, then we
get
C1
C2
I
CB dl = m
1
...(i)
and
...(ii)
CB dl = 0
2
Since there cannot be any conduction current in region between the capacitor plates. As C1 and C2
are very close, we must expect

C1
...(iii)
B dl = C B dl
2
But this condition is violated by equations (i) and (ii). Hence Amperes Circuital Law seems to be
inconsistent in this case. Therefore, Maxwell postulated the existence of displacement current
which is produced by time varying electric field. If s (t) is the surface charge density on capacitor
s (t) q (t)
plates and q(t) is the charge, then time varying electric field E (t) =
, where A is area of
=
e0
Ae 0
each plate.
dg(t)
dE
1 dg(t)
dE
or
=
= e0 A
dt Ae 0 dt
dt
dt
This is expression for displacement current (ld).
Applying Kirchhoffs first law at power P, we get I = Id
Hence, equation (i) and (ii) take the forms

C1
B dl = m 0 I and
C2
B dl = m 0 I d = m 0 I
312
Xam idea PhysicsXII
The total current is the sum of the conduction current and displacement current. Thus, modified
form of Amperes circuital law is

dE
B. dl = m 0 ( I + I d ) = m 0 I + e 0 A dt
But
EA = Electric flux fE

df E
\
B. dl = m 0 ( I + m 0 e 0 dt )
16. Change in current ( DI ) = ( 0 0 - 5 0) A = - 5 0 A
Time taken ( Dt) = 100 10 -3 S
Induced emf ( e) = 200 V
Induced emf ( e) is given by
Df
e=Dt
D ( LI )
=Dt
DI
e = -L
Dt
or
L = -e.
Id
I
P
( )
(f = LI)
( 200) . (100 10 -3 )
Dt
=DI
( - 5 0)
L = 40 H
17. (a) Resistance = 47 kW 10% = 47 10 3 W 10%
Sequence of colour should be:
Yellow, Violet, Orange and Silver
(b) (i) Very low temperature coefficient of resistance.
(ii) High resistivity
18. Let A area of each plate.
A
Let initially C1 = C = 0 = C 2
d
After inserting respective dielectric slabs:
C1 = KC
( A / 2) K 2 0 ( A / 2)
and
C 2 = K1 0
+
d
d
0 A
=
( K1 + K 2 )
2d
C
C 2 = ( K1 + K 2 )
2
From (i) and (ii)
C1 = C 2
C
KC = ( K1 + K 2 )
2
(i)
(ii)
Examination Papers
1
( K1 + K 2 )
2
19. This device is Van de Graaff generator.
Principle: Suppose we have a large spherical conducting shell of
radius R, carrying charge Q. The charge spreads uniformly over
whole surface of the shell. Now suppose a small conducting
sphere of radius r is introduced inside the spherical shell and
placed at its centre, so that both the sphere and shell have same
centre O. The electric field in the region inside the small sphere
and large shell is due to charge +q only, so electric field strength
at a distance x from the centre O is
q
1
E=
, directed radially outward
4pe 0 x 2
313
K=
Q
R
O
r
+q
P
x
The potential difference between the sphere and the shell

V (r ) - U ( R) = -
r
R
E .d x
r
=-
r
R
q
q
q x -1
1
dx =
=
2
4pe 0
4pe 0 x
4pe 0 -1
R
1 1
-
r R
This is independent of charge Q on the large

spherical shell. As r < R ; V (r ) - U ( R) is positive. As
charge flows from higher to lower potentials
S
therefore, if we connect the small sphere and large
C2
shell by a conducting wire, the charge flows from
P2
sphere to outer shell whatsoever the charge on outer
shell may be. This forms the principle of Van de
Graaff generator. The maximum charge that may be
given to outer shell which may cause discharge in
air.
action of sharp points. The positive ions, so produced,
A
B
get sprayed on the belt due to the repulsion between
positive ions and comb C1 . These positive ions are
carried upward by the moving belt. The pointed end
of C 2 just touches the belt. The comb C 2 collects
HTS
positive charge from the belt which immediately
moves to the outer surface of sphere S. As the belt
C1 P1
goes on revolving, it continues to take (+ ) charge
upward, which is collected by comb C 2 and
transferred to outer surface of sphere S. Thus the
outer surface of metallic sphere S gains positive charge continuously and its potential rises to a very
high value.
314
Xam idea PhysicsXII
When the potential of a metallic sphere gains very high value, the dielectric strength of surrounding
air breaks down and its charge begins to leak, to the surrounding air. The maximum potential is
reached when the rate of leakage of charge becomes equal to the rate of charge transferred to the
sphere. To prevent leakage of charge from the sphere, the generator is completely enclosed in an
earthed connected steel tank which is filled with air under high pressure.
Such a generator is installed at IIT Kanpur which accelerates charged particles upto 2 MeV
energy.
20. l = 2000 = 2000 10 -10 m
W0 = 4 2 eV
h = 6 63 10 -34
hc
= W0 + KE
l
hc
or
K.E. =
- W0
l
=
( 6 63 10 -34 ) (3 108 )
( 2000 10
-10
1
1 6 10 -19
eV - 4 2 eV
= ( 6 2 - 4 2) eV = 2 0 eV
(i) The energy of the emitted electrons does not depend upon intensity of incident light, hence
the energy remains unchanged.
(ii) For this surface, electrons will not be emitted as the energy of incident light ( 6 2 eV) is less
than the work function (6 5 eV) of the surface.
VB
21. At the junction there is diffusion of charge carriers due
+
to thermal agitation; so that some of electrons of
+
+
+
n-region diffuse to p-region while some of holes of
p-region diffuse into n-region. Some charge carriers
+
+
+
combine with opposite charges to neutralise each
+
+
+
other. Thus near the junction there is an excess of
Ei
positively charged ions in n-region and an excess of
p
n
Depletion
negatively charged ions in p-region. This sets up a
layer
potential difference called potential barrier and hence
an internal electric field Ei across the junctions.
Barrier potential: During the formation of a p-n junction the electrons diffuse from n region to
p-region and holes diffuse from p-region to n-region. This forms recombination of charge carriers.
In this process immobile positive ions are collected at a junction toward n region and negative
ions at a junction toward p-region. This causes a p.d. across the unbiased junction. This is called
potential barrier or barrier potential.
lD
22. Fringe width (b) =
d
b lD
y= =
3 3d
Examination Papers
315
yd
lD d l
Dp =
=
D
3d D 3
2p
2p p 2p
Df =
. Dp =
=
l
l 3 3
Intensity at point P = I 0 cos 2 Df
Path diff ( Dp) =
2p
= I 0 cos
3
1
= I0
2
I0
=
4
OR
(i) In diffraction due to a single slit the path difference is given by:
where, a is the width of the slit
Dx = a sin q
l
For maxima:
Dx = ( 2x + 1)
2
l
Dx = a sin q = ( 2x + 1)
2
3.l
For n = 2,
Dx =
2
Let us divide the slit into three equal parts. If we take first two parts of slit, the path difference
between rays diffracted from the extreme ends of first two parts
2
2
3l
a sin q = a
=l
3
3
2a
l
Then the first two parts will have a path difference of and cancel the effect of each other.
2
The remaining third part will contribute to the intensity at a point between two minima. This
is called first secondary maxima. In similar manner we can show that the intensity of the
other secondary maxima will go on decreasing.
(ii) The general maxima has between first minima on either side of the central maxima. We know
for first minima.
a sin q = l aq = l
Q for small angle sin q ~- q
y
tan q = 1
D
y1
q=
D
l
D = y1 = y 2
a
lD
Hence, whole width on secondary maxima on one side is
.
d
316
Xam idea PhysicsXII
2 lD
.
a
So, angular width of the central maxima is twice that of the first order secondary maximum.
The angular width of the central maxima =
Ist Minima
y1
q
Central max
D
y2
Ist Minima
23. For first lens, u1 = - 30 cm, f 1 = + 10 cm

1
1
1
\ From lens formula,
=
f 1 v1 u1
1
1
1
1
1 3 -1
= +
= =
v1 f 1 u1 10 30 30
v1 = 15 cm
This means that the image formed by first lens is at a distance of 15 cm to the right of first lens.
This image serves as a virtual object for second lens.
For second lens, f 2 = - 10 cm, u 2 = 15 - 5 = + 10 cm
1
1
1
1
1
\
=
+
=- +
v2 =
v2 f 2 u 2
10 10
This means that the real image is formed by second lens at infinite distance. This acts as an object
for third lens.
For third lens, f 3 = + 30 cm, u 3 =
1
1
1
1
1
From lens formulae,
=
+
=
+
v 2 f 3 u 3 30
v 3 = 30 cm
i.e., final image is formed at a distance 30 cm to the right of third lens.
The ray diagram of formation of image is shown in figure.
f1= 10 cm
I2 at
I1
30 cm
5 cm
10 cm
I3
Examination Papers
24.
317
Active
region
V0 Cut off
region
Saturation
region
Vi
In active region the transistor is used as an amplifier.

(i) Input Resistance: It is the ratio of change in emitter base voltage ( DVEB ) to the
corresponding change in emitter current ( DI E ) at constant collector-base voltage (VCB ) i. e.
DVEB
Input resistance ri =
DI E VCB = constant
Physically input resistance is the hindrance offered to the signal current. The input resistance
is very small, of the order of a few ohms, because a small change in VEB causes a large
change in I E .
(ii) Output Resistance: It is the ratio of change in collector-base voltage to the corresponding
change in collector current at constant emitter current I E
DVCB
i.e.,
r 0 =
DI C I E = constant
The output resistance is very high, of the order of several-tens kilo ohm because a large
change in collector-base voltage causes a very small change in collector current.
(iii) Current amplification factors of a transistor (a and b):
The current gain a is defined as the ratio of change in collector current to the change in
emitter current for constant value of collector voltage in common base configuration, i.e.,
DI C
(i)
a =
DI E VC = constant
Practical value of a ranges from 0.9 to 0.99 for junction transistor.
The current gain b is defined as the ratio of change in collector current to the change in base
current for constant value of collector voltage in common emitter configuration i. e.,
DI C
(ii)
b =
DI B VC = constant
The value of b ranges from 20 to 200.
The current gains a and b are related as
b
a
or b =
a=
1+b
1-a
25.
(i) At q = 90, the intensity of emergent light is zero.

I
(ii) Intensity of light coming out polariser P1 = 0
2
(iii)
318
Xam idea PhysicsXII
I
Intensity of light coming out from P3 = 0 cos 2 b
2
I
Intensity of light coming out from P2 = 0 cos 2 b cos 2 ( 90 - b)
2
I0
2
2
=
cos b. sin b
2
I ( 2 cos b . sin b) 2
= 0
2
2
I0
I=
(sin 2 b) 2
8
But it is given that intensity transmitted from P2 is
I
I= 0
8
I0 I0
So,
=
(sin 2 b) 2
8
8
or,
(sin 2 b) 2 = 1
p
p
sin 2 b = sin
b=
2
4
26. Suppose m be the mass of an electron and v be its speed in nth orbit of radius r. The centripetal force
for revolution is produced by electrostatic attraction between electron and nucleus.
mv 2
1 ( Z e) ( e)
(i)
=
r
4p e 0
r2
or,
So,
1 Z e2
4p e 0 r
1
Kinetic energy [ K ] = mv 2
2
mv 2 =
1 Z e2
4p e 0 2 r
1 ( Z e) ( -e)
Potential energy =
4p e 0
r
K=
=-
1 Ze 2
4p e 0 r
Total energy, E = KE + PE
=
1 Z e 2
1 Z e2
+ 4p e 0 r
4p e 0 2r
E =-
1 Z e2
4p e 0 2r
Examination Papers
319
For nth orbit, E can be written as E n

1 Z e2
so,
En = 4p e 0 2 rn
Again from Bohr's postulate for quantization of angular momentum.
nh
mvr =
2p
nh
v=
2p mr
Substituting this value of v in equation (i), we get
2
m nh
1 Ze 2
=
r 2pmr
4p e 0 r 2
or,
r=
or,
rn =
e0 h2 n2
p m Ze 2
e0 h2 n2
(ii)
p m Ze 2
Substituting value of r n in equation (ii), we get

En = -
or,
En = -
Ze 2
1
4p e 0
e h2n2
2 0
p mZ e 2
Z 2 Rhc
n2
=-
m Z 2 e4
8 e0 h2 n2
where R =
me 4
8 e 20 ch 3
R is called Rydberg constant.

For hydrogen atom Z =1,
-Rch
En =
n2
B1
+
Rh
P2
+
A
P1
J
B
G
e
+
C
R
HR
()
K1
If ni and n f are the quantum numbers of initial and final states and Ei & E f are energies of
electron in H-atom in initial and final state, we have
320
Xam idea PhysicsXII
Ei =
-Rhc
ni2
and
Ef =
-Rhc
n f2
If n is the frequency of emitted radiation.

we get
Ei - E f
n=
h
-Rc - Rc
n=
ni2 n f2
1
1
n = Rc
n f2 ni2
27. Principle of potentiometer: If constant current is flowing through a wire of uniform area of
cross-section at constant temperature, the potential drop across- any portion of wire is directly
proportional to the length of that portion
V l
Determination of internal resistance of potentiometer.
(i) Initially key K is closed and a potential difference is applied across the wire AB. Now rheostat
( Rh) is so adjusted that on touching the jockey J at ends A and B of potentiometer wire, the
deflection in the galvanometer is on both sides. Suppose that in this position the potential
gradient on the wire is k.
(ii) Now key K1 is kept open and the position of null deflection is obtained by sliding and
pressing the jockey on the wire. Let this position be P1 and AP1 = l1 .
In this situation the cell is in open circuit, therefore the terminal potential difference will be
equal to the emf of cell, i.e.,
emf e = kl1
...(i)
(iii) Now a suitable resistance R is taken in the resistance box and key K1 is closed. Again, the
position of null point is obtained on the wire by using jockey J. Let this position on wire be P2
and AP2 = l2 .
In this situation the cell is in closed circuit, therefore the terminal potential difference (V ) of
cell will be equal to the potential difference across external resistance R, i.e.,
...(ii)
V = kl2
e l1
Dividing (i) by (ii), we get
=
V l2
28.
\ Internal resistance of cell, r =

- 1 R = 1 - 1 R
V
l
From this formula r may be calculated.

(a) Torque ( t) on the loop is given by:
t = NI A B
which can be written as,
Examination Papers
321
t =M B
where, M is the magnetic dipole moment given by
M =N I A
N
(b) Torque on a current carrying loop:

Consider a rectangular loop PQRS of length l,
breadth b suspended in a uniform magnetic
field B . The length of loop = PQ = RS = l and

breadth = QR = SP = b. Let at any instant the
normal to the plane of loop make an angle q
F1
I
F3
P
S
F4
of
is
I
(Upward)
lo o
F1=IlB
ax
with the direction of magnetic field B and I

be the current in the loop. We know that a
force acts on a current carrying wire placed in
a magnetic field. Therefore, each side of the
loop will experience a force. The net force and
torque acting on the loop will be determined
by the forces acting on all sides of the loop.
Suppose that the forces on sides PQ, QR, RS
b
q
and SP are F1 , F2 , F3 and F4 respectively.

The sides QR and SP make angle ( 90 - q)
with the direction of magnetic field. Therefore
I (Downward)
N'
each of the forces F2 and F4 acting on these
b sin q
F3=IlB
sides
has
same
magnitude
F = Blb sin ( 90 - q) = Blb cos q. According
Axis of loop
or normal to loop
F2
to Flemings left hand rule the forces F2 and F4 are equal and opposite but their line of action
is same. Therefore these forces cancel each other i.e. the resultant of F2 and F4 is zero.

322
Xam idea PhysicsXII

t = (Magnitude of one force F ) perpendicular distance = ( BIl ) ( b sin q) = I (lb) B sin q
\ Torque, t = IAB sin q
magnetic field i.e., along I A B .

(c) G = 50 W
I g = 5 m A = 5 10 -3 A
V =15 V
The galvanometer can be converted into a voltmeter when a high resistance R is connected in
series with it.
Value of R is given by:
V
15
R=
-G =
- 50
Ig
5 10 -3
= 3000 - 50
= 29 50 W = 2.95 kW.
(a)
OR
Principle: The positive ions produced
from a source are accelerated. Due to
Dee-1
the presence of perpendicular magnetic
field the ion will move in a circular
path. The phenomenon is continued till
S
R.F.
oscillator
the ion reaches at the periphery where
an auxiliary negative electrode
Dee-2
(deflecting
plate)
deflects
the
accelerated ion on the target to be Beam
bombarded.
If R be the radius of the path and v max the velocity of the ion when it leaves the periphery,
then
qBR
v max =
m
The kinetic energy of the ion when it leaves the apparatus is,
q2B 2R 2
1
2
mv max
=
2
2m
When charged particle crosses the gap between dees it gains KE = q V
In one revolution, it crosses the gap twice, therefore if it completes n-revolutions before
emerging the does, the kinetic energy gained
K. E. =
Examination Papers
Thus
323
= 2nqV
q2B 2R 2
K.E. =
= 2nqV
2m
(b) I 1 = 2 A , I 2 = 5 A , a = 1 cm = 1 10 -2 m
Force between two parallel wires per unit length is given by
m
I I
F= 0 1 2
2p
a
25
-7
= 2 10
= 20 10 -5 N (Repulsive)
-2
1 10
29.
(a) Suppose there are two coils C1 and C 2 . The current I 1 is flowing in primary coil C1 ; due to
which an effective magnetic flux F2 is linked with secondary coil C 2 . By experiments
...(i)
F2 I 1 or F2 = MI 1
where M is a constant, and is called the coefficient of mutual induction or mutual
inductance. From (i)
F
M= 2
I1
If I 1 = 1 ampere, M = F2
i.e., the mutual inductance between two coils is numerically equal to the effective flux
linkage with secondary coil, when current flowing in primary coil is 1 ampere.
Mutual Inductance of Two Co-axial
r1
N1
Solenoids: Consider two long co-axial
solenoid each of length l with number of
r2
N2
turns N1 and N 2 wound one over the other.
Number of turns per unit length in order
N
l
(primary) solenoid, n = 1 If I 1 is the
l
current flowing in primary solenoid, the magnetic field produced within this solenoid.
m N I
...(ii)
B1 = 0 1 1
l
The flux linked with each turn of inner solenoid coil is f2 = B1 A 2 , where A 2 is the
cross-sectional area of inner solenoid. The total flux linkage with inner coil of N 2 -turns.
m N N
m N I
F2 = N 2 f2 = N 2 B1 A 2 = N 2 0 1 1 A 2 = 0 1 2 A 2 I 1
l
l
F
m N N A
By definition
Mutual Inductance, M 21 = 2 = 0 1 2 2
I1
l
If n1 is number of turns per unit length of outer solenoid and r 2 is radius of inner solenoid,
then M = m 0 n1 N 2 pr 22 .
(b) Due to current I 1 through solenoid of radius r1 , flux linked with second solenoid
N 2 f2 = M 21 I 1
(i)
324
Xam idea PhysicsXII
But flux due to current I 1 in first solenoid (using Amperes circuital law) will be =
N
N 2 f2 = N 2 ( pr12 ) m 0 1 I 1
l
Hence
m 0 N1 I 1
.
l
as l >> r 2 and r 2 >> r1
Using (1)
m 0 N1 N 2
pr12
l
which is same as expression of mutual inductance derived in part (a) above.
\
M 21 = M 12
(c) V p = 2200V , I 0 = 5A, N p = 4000
Vs = 220 V , N s = ? I s = ?
Vs I p N s
=
=
Vp I s N p
M 21 =
N
220
5
= = s
2200 I s 4000
22 p
5
=
220 p I s
1 5
=
p Is
I s = 50 A
N
5
= s
I s 4000
N
5
= s
50 4000
N s = 400
OR
(a) V = Vm sin wt
i = i m ( wt + f)
and instantaneous power,
P = Vi
= Vm sin wt . i 0 sin ( wt + f) = Vm i m sin wt sin ( wt + f)
1
= Vmi m 2 sin wt . sin ( wt + f)
2
From trigonometric formula
2 sin A sin B = cos ( A - B) - cos ( A + B)
1
\ Instantaneous power,
P = Vmi m [cos ( wt + f - wt) - cos ( wt + f + wt)]
2
1
(i)
= Vm i m [cos f - cos ( 2wt + f)]
2
Average power for complete cycle
Examination Papers
325
1
Vm i m [cos f - cos ( 2wt + f) ]
2
where cos ( 2wt + f) is the mean value of cos ( 2wt + f) over complete cycle. But for a
complete cycle, cos ( 2wt + f) = 0
P=
\ Average power,
1
P = Vmi m cos f
2
V0 i 0
=
cos f
2 2
P = Vrms i rms cos f

(b) The power is P = Vrms I rms cos f . If cos f is small, then current considerably increases when
voltage is constant. Power loss, we know is I 2 R. Hence, power loss increases.
(c) I v = ? , Q = ?
L = 1 00 mH = 1 10 -3 H, C = 1.00 nF = 1 10 -9 F
R =100 W , E 0 = 100 V
I0 =
E0
=
2
E0
Z
R 2 + wL
wC
V 100
I= =
R 100
I 0 =1 A
I
1
2 1.44
Iv = 0 =
=
=
= 0 707 A
2
2
2
2
at resonance wL =
wC
Hence Z = R
I v = 0 707 A
Q=
30.
1
R
L
1 1 0 10 -3
1
=
=
10 3 = 10
9
C 100 1 0 10
100
Q =10
(i) When a wave starting from one homogeneous
medium enters the another homogeneous medium, it
is deviated from its path. This phenomenon is called
refraction. In transversing from first medium to
another medium, the frequency of wave remains
unchanged but its speed and the wavelength both are
changed. Let XY be a surface separating the two
media 1 and 2. Let v1 and v 2 be the speeds of
waves in these media.
B
i
X
90o
i
B'
r
90
A'
326
Xam idea PhysicsXII
Suppose a plane wavefront AB in first medium is incident obliquely on the boundary surface
XY and its end A touches the surface at A at time t = 0 while the other end B reaches the
surface at point B after time-interval t. Clearly BB = v1t. As the wavefront AB advances, it
strikes the points between A and B of boundary surface. According to Huygens principle,
secondary spherical wavelets originate from these points, which travel with speed v1 in the first
medium and speed v 2 in the second medium.
BB ( = v1t) in first medium and reaches B , from, where the secondary wavelet now starts.
Clearly BB = v1t and AA = v 2 t.
Assuming A as centre, we draw a spherical arc of radius AA ( = v 2 t) and draw tangent B A on
this arc from B . As the incident wavefront AB advances, the secondary wavelets start from
points between A and B , one after the other and will touch A B simultaneously. According
to Huygens principle A B is the new position of wavefront AB in the second medium. Hence
A B will be the refracted wavefront.
(ii) Proof of Snells law of Refraction using Huygens wave theory: When a wave starting
from one homogeneous
First law: As AB, A B and surface XY are in the plane of paper, therefore the perpendicular
drawn on them will be in the same plane. As the lines drawn normal to wavefront denote the
rays, therefore we may say that the incident ray, refracted ray and the normal at the point of
incidence all lie in the same plane.
Second law: Let the incident wavefront AB and refracted wavefront A B make angles i and r
vt
BB
...(i)
\
sin i = sin BAB =
= 1
AB
AB
AA v 2 t
...(ii)
\
sin r = sin AB A =
=
AB AB
v
sin i
...(iii)
= 1 = constant
sin r
v2
As the rays are always normal to the wavefront, therefore the incident and refracted rays
make angles i and r with the normal drawn on the surface XY i.e. i and r are the angle of
incidence and angle of refraction respectively. According to equation (3):
The ratio of sine of angle of incidence and the sine of angle of refraction is a constant and
is equal to the ratio of velocities of waves in the two media. This is the second law of
refraction, and is called the Snells law.
(iii) No. Because energy of wave depends on its frequency and not on its speed.
Examination Papers
327
OR
(i) Let PQR be the principal section of the prism. The refracting angle of the prism is A.
P
A ray of monochromatic light EF is incident on
face PQ at angle of incidence i1 . The refractive
A
index of material of prism for this ray is n. This N1
N2
O
d (i r )
(i1r1)
ray enters from rarer to denser medium and so is
2 2
deviated towards the normal FN and gets
i1
i2
r1
r
F
refracted along the direction FG. The angle of
q 2 G
refraction for this face is r1 . The refracted ray FG
N
H
becomes incident on face PR and is refracted E
Q
R
away from the normal GN 2 and emerges in the
direction GH. The angle of incidence on this face is r 2 (into prism) and angle of refraction
(into air) is i 2 . The incident ray EF and emergent ray GH when produced meet at O. The angle
between these two rays is called angle of deviation d.
OFG = i1 - r1
and OGF = i 2 - r 2
In D FOG, d is exterior angle
\
d = OFG + OGF = (i1 - r1 ) + (i 2 - r 2 )
...(i)
= (i1 + i 2 ) - (r1 + r 2 )
The normals FN1 and GN 2 on faces PQ and PR respectively, when produced meet at N. Let
FNG = q
In D FGN,
...(ii)
r1 + r 2 + q = 180
In quadrilateral PFNG, PFN = 90 , PGN = 90
...(iii)
\
A + 90 + q + 90 = 360 or A + q = 180
Comparing (ii) and (iii),
...(iv)
r1 + r 2 = A
Substituting this value in (i), we get
...(v)
d = i1 + i 2 - A
or
...(vi)
i1 + i 2 = A + d
sin i1 sin i 2
From Snells law n =
...(vii)
=
sin r1 sin r 2
For minimum deviation i1 and i 2 become coincident, i.e.,i1 = i 2 = i (say)
So from (vii)
r1 = r 2 = r (say)
Hence from (iv) and (vi), we get
r + r = A or r = A / 2
A + dm
and
i + i = A + d m or i =
2
A + dm
sin
sin i
Hence from Snells law,
n=
=
sin r
A
sin
328
Xam idea PhysicsXII

a
(ii)
a
B
Blue
G
R
Green
R
Red
90
45
45
Angle of incidence at face ac for all three colours,

i = 45
Refractive index corresponding to critical angle 45 is
1
m=
= 2 = 1 414
sin 45
c
B
The ray will be transmitted through face ac if i < i c . This condition is satisfied for red colour
(m = 1 39). So only red ray will be transmitted, Blue and Green rays will be totally reflected.

1. Peak value (i 0 ) = 12 A
(i) i rms =
(ii) i av
i0
2
=0A
12
2
12
2
=6 2A
Photo current
2.
n03
n 02
n01
V03
V02
V01
n03 >n02 >n01

Collector potential
qA + qB
.
2
4. The function of transmitter is to convert the message signal produced by the source of information
into a form suitable for transmission through the channel.
3.
The charge on both spheres would be =
Examination Papers
329
(i) Doctors use infrared lamps to treat skin diseases and releave the pain of sore muscles
(ii) In electronic devices for example semiconductor light emitting diodes.
7. Logic circuit of AND gate:
Truth Table
5.
Inputs
A
Y
B
Output
10. Dipole moment P = 5 10 -4 Cm.

Electric field ( E) =10 4 N/C
At stable equilibrium q1 = 0
At unstable equilibrium q 2 = 180
Work done = - PE (cos q 2 - cos q1 )
= - (5 10 -8 ) (10 4 ) (cos 180 - cos 0)
= 10 10 -4 J
12. A max = 12 V
A min = 2 V
A max - A min
A max + A min
12 - 2 10
=
= = 0 714
12 + 2 4
Modulation index =
To minimize distortion of signal due to noise signal from atmosphere and electrical disturbances
modulation index is kept less than one.
e A
13. C1 = 0
d
1
1
1
d
d
=
+
=
+
e A
e A 2 K1 e 0 A 2 K 2 e 0 A
C2
K1 0
K2 0
d/2
d/2
2 e 0 A K1 K 2
1
d 1
1
=
+
C2 =
C 2 2 e 0 A K1 K 2
d
K1 + K 2
K K
C 2 = 2C1 1 2
K1 + K 2
2 K1 K 2
C 2 = C1
K1 + K 2
330
Xam idea PhysicsXII
15. Change in current ( DI ) = ( 0 0 - 2 0) A = - 2 0 A

Time taken ( D t) = 10 ms = 10 10 -3 s
From law of induction
Induced emf is given by:
Df
D( LI )
e==Dt
Dt
DI
e = -L
Dt
L =-
e Dt
( 200) (10 10 -3 )
=DI
( -2)
L =1 0 H
27. Wavelength of incident radiation ( l) = 2500
Work function (W0 ) = 3 5 eV
hc
= W0 + KE max
l
hc
KE max =
- W0
l
( 6 63 10 -34 ) (3 108 )
1
=
- 3 5 eV
2500 10 -10
1 6 10 -19
= ( 4 97 - 3 5) eV = 1 47 eV
(i) KE of fastest electron = 1 47 eV
(ii) KE of slowest electron = 0 eV
If the same light (having energy 4. 97 eV) falls on the surface (of work function 5.5 eV), then
no photoelectrons will emit.

Photo current
2.
I3
I2
I1
I3 >I2 >I1
V0
3. Change on each =
q A - 3q A
= - qA
2
Examination Papers
331
4. Peak value of current (i 0 ) = 15 A

i
15 15
(i) i rms = 0 =
=
2 =7 5 2 A
2
2
2
2
(ii) i av = 0
6. Logic circuit of NOT gate
A
Input
Output
Truth Table
Input
A
Output
Y
7. The function of receiver is to receive the modulated wave and it demodulates, amplifies and
reproduces the original message signal from it.
8. (i) In the detection of fracture, deformity of the bones/skeletal system.
(ii) In study of crystal structure.
9. Dipole moment ( P) = 2 10 -8 Cm
Electronic field ( E) = 5 10 4 N/C
q1 = 0 , q 2 = 180
Work done = PE (cos q1 - cos q 2 )
= ( 2 10 -8 ) (5 10 4 ) [cos 0 - cos 180]
= (10 10 -4 ) [1 - ( -1))
= 20 10 -4 J.
e0 A
d
K1 e 0 ( A / 2) K 2 e 0 ( A / 2)
C2 =
+
d
d
e0 A
=
[ K1 + K 2 ]
2d
[K + K 2 ]
C 2 = C1 1
z
14. Charge in current ( D I ) = ( 0 0 - 3 0) A = - 3 0 A
12. C1 =
Time taken ( D t) = 300 ms = 300 10 -3 s

Df
Induced emf ( e) = Dt
- D ( LI )
=
Dt
332
Xam idea PhysicsXII
DI
DI
Dt
L = -e.
DI
e=-L
- [ 200] [300 10 -3 ]
[ -3 0 ]
L = 20. 0 H
15. A max = 15 V, A min = 3 V
A
- A min
Modulation index ( m) = max
A max + A min
15 - 3 12
=
= = 0 67
15 + 3 18
The modulation index is kept low to reduce distortion.
26. l = 2400 = 2400 10 -10 m, work function (W0 ) = 3 6 eV
hc
K.E. =
- W0
l
( 6 63 10 -34 ) (3 108 )
1
=
- 3 6 eV
-10
-19
2400 10
1 6 10
= (5 18 - 3 6) eV
= 1 58 eV
(i) K.E. of fastest electron = 1 58 eV
(ii) K.E. of slowest electron = 0 eV
If the same light (having energy 5. 18 eV) falls on the surface of work function 5. 5 eV, then
no photoelectron will emit.

DELHI2012
Maximum marks: 70
General Instructions: As given in CBSE Examination Papers Delhi2011.
CBSE (Delhi) SetI

1. When electrons drift in a metal from lower to higher potential, does it mean that all the free
electrons of the metal are moving in the same direction?
2. The horizontal component of the earths magnetic field at a place is B and angle of dip is 60.
What is the value of vertical component of earths magnetic field at equator?
3. Show on a graph, the variation of resistivity with temperature for a typical semiconductor.
4. Why should electrostatic field be zero inside a conductor?
5. Name the physical quantity which remains same for microwaves of wavelength 1 mm and UV
radiations of 1600 in vacuum.
6. Under what condition does a biconvex lens of glass having a certain refractive index act as a plane
glass sheet when immersed in a liquid?
7. Predict the directions of induced currents in metal rings 1 and 2 lying in the same plane where
current I in the wire is increasing steadily.
1
I
2
8. State de-Broglie hypothesis.

9. A ray of light, incident on an equilateral glass prism (m g = 3 ) moves parallel to the base line of
the prism inside it. Find the angle of incidence for this ray.
10. Distinguish between Analog and Digital signals.
OR
Mention the function of any two of the following used in communication system:
(i) Transducer
(ii) Repeater
(iii) Transmitter
(iv) Bandpass Filter
11. A cell of emf E and internal resistance r is connected to two external resistances R1 and R2 and a
perfect ammeter. The current in the circuit is measured in four different situations:
(i) without any external resistance in the circuit.
(ii) with resistance R1 only
(iii) with R1 and R2 in series combination
(iv) with R1 and R2 in parallel combination.
The currents measured in the four cases are 0.42 A, 1.05 A, 1.4 A and 4.2 A, but not necessarily in
that order. Identify the currents corresponding to the four cases mentioned above.
334
Xam idea PhysicsXII
12. The susceptibility of a magnetic material is 2.6 105. Identify the type of magnetic material and
state its two properties.
13. Two identical circular wires P and Q each of radius R and carrying current I are kept in
perpendicular planes such that they have a common centre as shown in the figure. Find the
magnitude and direction of the net magnetic field at the common centre of the two coils.
Q
I
P
I
14. When an ideal capacitor is charged by a dc battery, no current flows. However, when an ac source
is used, the current flows continuously. How does one explain this, based on the concept of
displacement current?
15. Draw a plot showing the variation of (i) electric field (E) and (ii) electric potential (V) with
distance r due to a point charge Q.
16. Define self-inductance of a coil. Show that magnetic energy required to build up the current I in a coil of
1
self inductance L is given by LI2.
2
17. The current in the forward bias is known to be more (~mA) than the current in the reverse bias
(~mA). What is the reason, then, to operate the photodiode in reverse bias?
18. A metallic rod of L length is rotated with angular frequency of w with one end hinged at the
centre and the other end at the circumference of a circular metallic ring of radius L, about an axis
passing through the centre and perpendicular to the plane of the ring. A constant and uniform
magnetic field B parallel to the axis is present everywhere. Deduce the expression for the emf
between the centre and the metallic ring.
19. The figure shows a series LCR circuit with L = 5.0 H, C = 80 mF, R = 40 W connected to a variable
frequency 240V source. Calculate.
R
C
L
(i) The angular frequency of the source which drives the circuit at resonance.
(ii) The current at the resonating frequency.
(iii) The rms potential drop across the capacitor at resonance.
Examination Papers
20. A rectangular loop of wire of size 4 cm 10 cm carries a steady current of

2A. A straight long wire carrying 5A current is kept near the loop as
shown. If the loop and the wire are coplanar, find
(i) the torque acting on the loop and
(ii) the magnitude and direction of the force on the loop due to the
current carrying wire.
I = 5A
2A
335
4 cm
10 cm
2A
(a) Using Bohrs second postulate of quantization of orbital angular

momentum show that the circumference of the electron in the nth
orbital state in hydrogen atom is n times the de Broglie wavelength
1cm
associated with it.
(b) The electron in hydrogen atom is initially in the third excited state.
What is the maximum number of spectral lines which can be emitted when it finally moves to
the ground state?
22. In the figure a long uniform potentiometer wire AB is having a constant potential gradient along its
length. The null points for the two primary cells of emfs e1 and e 2 connected in the manner shown
are obtained at a distance of 120 cm and 300 cm from the end A. Find (i) e1 / e 2 and (ii) position of
null point for the cell e1 .
How is the sensitivity of a potentiometer increased?
21.
300 cm
120 cm
A
e1
e2
e1
e2
OR
Using Kirchoffs rules determine the value of unknown resistance R in the circuit so that no
current flows through 4 W resistance. Also find the potential difference between A and D.
F
1W
D
4W
R
1W
6V
I
A
9V
3V
336
Xam idea PhysicsXII
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
(i) What characteristic property of nuclear force explains the constancy of binding energy per
nucleon (BE/A) in the range of mass number A lying 30 < A < 170?
(ii) Show that the density of nucleus over a wide range of nuclei is constant independent of mass
number A.
Write any two factor which justify the need for modulating a signal.
Draw a diagram showing an amplitude modulated wave by superposing a modulating signal over
a sinusoidal carrier wave.
Write Einsteins photoelectric equation. State clearly how this equation is obtained using the
photon picture of electromagnetic radiation.
Write the three salient features observed in photoelectric effect which can be explained using this
equation.
(a) Why are coherent sources necessary to produce a sustained interference pattern?
(b) In Youngs double slit experiment using monochromatic light of wavelength l, the intensity
of light at a point on the screen where path difference is l, is K units. Find out the intensity of
light at a point where path difference is l / 3.
Use Huygens principle to explain the formation of diffraction pattern due to a single slit
illuminated by a monochromatic source of light.
When the width of slit is made double the original width, how this affect the size and intensity of
the central diffraction band?
Explain the principle of a device that can build up high voltages of the order of a few million
volts.
Draw a schematic diagram and explain the working of this device.
Is there any restriction on the upper limit of the high voltages set up in this machine? Explain.
OR
(a) Define electric flux. Write its S.I. units.
(b) Using Gausss law, prove that the electric field at a point due to a uniformly charged infinite
plane sheet is independent of the distance from it.
(c) How is the field directed if (i) the sheet is positively charged, (ii) negatively charged?
Define magnifying power of a telescope. Write its expression.
A small telescope has an objective lens of focal length 150 cm and an eye piece of focal length
5 cm. If this telescope is used to view a 100 m high tower 3 km away, find the height of the
final image when it is formed 25 cm away from the eye piece.
OR
How is the working of a telescope different from that of a microscope?
The focal lengths of the objective and eyepiece of a microscope are 1.25 cm and 5 cm
respectively. Find the position of the object relative to the objective in order to obtain an angular
magnification of 30 in normal adjustment.
Draw a simple circuit of a CE transistor amplifier. Explain its working. Show that the voltage gain
b R
AV, of the amplifier is given by A V = - ac L ,where b ac is the current gain, RL is the load
ri
resistance and ri is the input resistance of the transistor. What is the significance of the negative
sign in the expression for the voltage gain?
Examination Papers
337
OR
(a) Draw the circuit diagram of a full wave rectifier using p-n junction diode. Explain its working
and show the output, input waveforms.
(b) Show the output waveforms (Y) for the following inputs A and B of
(i) OR gate
(ii) NAND gate
t1
t2
t3
t4
t5
t6
t7
t8
CBSE (Delhi) SetII

1. Why must electrostatic field be normal to the surface at every point of a charged conductor?
6. Predict the direction of induced current in a metal ring when the ring is moved towards a straight
conductor with constant speed v. The conductor is carrying current I in the direction shown in the
figure.
I
10. Derive the expression for the self inductance of a long solenoid of cross sectional area A and
length l, having n turns per unit length.
14. The susceptibility of a magnetic material is 2.6 105. Identify the type of magnetic material and
state its two properties.
16. Two identical circular loops, P and Q, each of radius r and carrying currents I and 2I respectively
are lying in parallel planes such that they have a common axis. The direction of current in both the
loops is clockwise as seen from O which is equidistant from the both loops. Find the magnitude of
the net magnetic field at point O.
2r
2I
338
Xam idea PhysicsXII
20. A series LCR circuit with L = 4.0 H, C = 100 mF and R = 60 W is connected to a variable
frequency 240 V source as shown in
R
C
L
Calculate:
(i) the angular frequency of the source which derives the circuit at resonance;
(ii) the current at the resonating frequency;
(iii) the rms potential drop across the inductor at resonance.
21.
(a) Why are coherent sources necessary to produce a sustained
interference pattern?
I = 4A
(b) In Youngs double slit experiment using mono-chromatic light of
wavelength l, the intensity of light at a point on the screen where
path difference is l, is K units. Find out the intensity of light at a
2l
point where path difference is .
3
22. A rectangular loop of wire of size 2 cm 5 cm carries a steady current of
1 A. A straight long wire carrying 4 A current is kept near the loop as
shown in the figure. If the loop and the wire are coplanar, find (i) the
torque acting on the loop and (ii) the magnitude and direction of the force
on the loop due to current carrying wire.
2 cm
5 cm
1A
1cm
27. Name the three different modes of propagation of electromagnetic waves. Explain, using a proper
diagram the mode of propagation used in the frequency range above 40 MHz.
CBSE (Delhi) SetIII

Questions uncommon to SetI & II
6. Why is electrostatic potential constant throughout the volume of the conductor and has the same
value (as inside) on its surface?
8. Predict the direction of induced current in metal rings 1 and 2 when current I in the wire is steadily
decreasing?
1
I
2
Examination Papers
339
9. The relative magnetic permeability of a magnetic material is 800. Identify the nature of magnetic
material and state its two properties.
12. Define mutual inductance between two long coaxial solenoids. Find out the expression for the
mutual inductance of inner solenoid of length l having the radius r1 and the number of turns n1 per
unit length due to the second outer solenoid of same length and n 2 number of turns per unit
length.
16. Two identical circular loops, P and Q, each of radius r and carrying equal currents are kept in the
parallel planes having a common axis passing through O. The direction of current in P is
clockwise and in Q is anti-clockwise as seen from O which is equidistant from the loops P and Q.
Find the magnitude of the net magnetic field at O.
2r
21. Name the three different modes of propagation of electromagnetic waves. Explain, using a proper
diagram the mode of propagation used in the frequency range from a few MHz to 40 MHz.
23. A rectangular loop of wire of size 2.5 cm 4 cm carries a steady current of 1 A. A straight wire
carrying 2 A current is kept near the loop as shown. If the loop and the wire are coplanar, find the
(i) torque acting on the loop and (ii) the magnitude and direction of the force on the loop due to
the current carrying wire.
2A
2.5 cm
1A
4 cm
2cm
25. The figure shows a series LCR circuit with L = 10.0 H, C = 40 mF, R = 60 W connected to a
variable frequency 240 V source, calculate
(i) the angular frequency of the source which drives the circuit at resonance,
(ii) the current at the resonating frequency,
(iii) the rms potential drop across the inductor at resonance.
R
C
L
340
Xam idea PhysicsXII
Solutions
CBSE (Delhi) SetI
1. No.
2. Zero
3.
r
4. The charge inside the conductor is zero, so electric field is zero.

5. Velocity (c = 3108 m/s)
This is because both are electromagnetic waves.
6. When m L = m g
where m L = Refractive index of liquid and mg = Refractive index of glass
7.
1
Clockwise
Anti clockwise
8. According to hypothesis of de Broglie "The atomic particles of matter moving with a given
velocity, can display the wave like properties."
h
i.e.,
(mathematically)
l=
mv
9.
60
i
r 30
60
From the figure, we see

r = 30
Examination Papers
341
We know
sin i
sin r
n 21 =
sin i = 3 sin 30 = 3
3=
sin i
sin 30
1
2
i = 60
10. Analog signals: They are the continuous variations of voltage or current.
Digital signals: They are the signals which can take only discrete values
OR
(i) Transducer: A device which converts energy from one form to another form.
(ii) Repeater: It is a combination of a receiver and a transmitter.
(iii) Transmitter: A device which processes the incoming message signal so as to make it
suitable for transmission through a channel and for its subsequent reception.
(iv) Bandpass filter: A bandpass filter blocks lower and higher frequencies and allows only a
band of frequencies to pass through.
e
11.
(i) i =
r
where e = emf
r = Internal resistance
In this situation, effective resistance of circuit is minimum so current is maximum.
So, i = 4.2 A
e
(ii) i =
R1 + r
Here, effective resistance is more than (i) and (iv) but less than (iii)
So, i = 1.05 A
e
(iii) i =
r + R1 + R 2
In this situation effective resistance is maximum so current is minimum.
So, i = 0.42 A
e
(iv) i =
R R
r+ 1 2
R1 + R 2
In this situation, the effective resistance is more than (i) but less than (ii) and (iii).
Hence, i = 1.4 A
12. The magnetic material having negative susceptibility is diamagnetic in nature.
Two properties:
(i) This material expels the magnetic field lines.
(ii) They have the tendency to move from stronger to weaker part of the external magnetic
field.
342
Xam idea PhysicsXII
13.
Q
I
BP
B
BQ
q = 45
P
I
Bp directed vertically upward

BQ horizontally directed
\
B = B 2p + BQ2
We have
B P = BQ =
m 0I
2R
B = 2 Bp =
m 0I
2R
B=
m 0I
2R
The net magnetic field is directed at angle of 45 with either of the fields.
14. When an ideal capacitor is charged by dc battery, charge flows (momentarily) till the capacitor
gets fully charged.
dq
When an ac source is connected then conduction current i c =
keep on flowing in the
dt
connecting wire. Due to changing current, charge deposited on the plates of the capacitor changes
with time. This causes change in electric field between the plates of the capacitor which causes the
electric flux to change and gives rise to a displacement current in the region between the plates of
the capacitor.
As we know, displacement current
df
and
id = ic at all instants.
id = e 0 E
dt
1
1
15. Here e
and V
2
r
r
Y
3.0
2.5
E
V
e or V
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
E
0.5
1.0
1.5
r
2.0
2.5
3.0
Examination Papers
343
16. Self inductance of a coil is numerically equal to the magnetic flux linked with the coil when the
current through coil is 1A.
Energy stored in an inductor:
Consider a source of emf connected to an inductor L. As the current starts growing, the opposing
di
induced emf is given by e = -L
dt
If the source of emf sends a current i through the inductor for a small time dt, then the amount of
work done by the source, is given by
di
dw = e i dt = L i dt = Li di
dt
Hence, the total amount of work done by source of emf when the current increases from its initial
values (i = 0) to its final value (I) is given by
I
i 2
W = Li di = L i di = L
2 0
0
0
1
W = LI2
2
This work done gets stored in the inductor in the form of energy.
1
\
U = LI2
2
17. Consider the case of n-type semiconductor. The majority carrier (electron) density is larger than
the minority hole density, i.e., n >> p.
On illumination, the no. of both types of carriers would equally increase in number as
n' = n + Dn, p' = p + Dp
But Dn = Dp and n >> p
Dp
Dn
Hence, the fractional change in majority carrier, i.e.,
<<
(fractional change in minority
n
p
carrier)
Fractional change due to photo-effects on minority carrier dominated reverse bias current is more
easily measurable than the fractional change in majority carrier dominated forward bias current.
Hence photodiodes are used in reverse bias condition for measuring light intensity.
df
18. The induced emf = B
dt
d
e = ( BA)
\ fB = BA cos f
Q
dt
dA
Q f = 0
=B
w
dt
q = wt
fB = BA
dA
O
where
= Rate of change of area of loop formed by the
dt
sector OPQ. Let q be the angle between the rod and the radius
of the circle at P at time t.
344
Xam idea PhysicsXII
The area of the sector OPQ = pR 2
19.
20.
where
R = Radius of the circle.
Hence
e = B
q
1
= R2q
2p 2
2
d 1 2 1
2 dq B w R
=
R q = BR
dt 2
dt
2
2
(i) We know
wr = Angular frequency at resonance
1
1
= 50 rad/s
wr =
=
LC
5 80 10 -6
(ii) Current at resonance
V
240
=6A
I rms = rms =
R
40
(iii) Vrms across capacitor
Vrms = I rms X C
1
6 10 6
= 1500 V
= 6
=
50 80 10 -6 4 10 3
(i) Torque 't' = MB sin q where q = 0
Therefore, t = 0
(ii) Force acting on the loop
mI I 1 1
F = 1 2 l -
2p r1 r 2
[Q As M and B are parallel]
1
1
= 2 107 2 5 101
-2
5 10 -2
10
20 10 -8 1
-6 4
5
1 - N = 20 10 N = 1.6 10 N.
-2
5
5
10
Direction: Towards the conductor or attractive
(i) According to Bohr's second postulate
h
mvr n = n
2p
nh
2pr n =
mv
h
h
But
By de Broglie hypothesis
= =l
mv p
=
21.
\ 2pr n = nl
(ii) For third excited state n = 4
For ground state n = 1
Hence possible transitions are
ni = 4 to
nf = 3, 2, 1
ni = 3 to
nf = 2, 1
Examination Papers
ni = 2 to
nf = 1
Total no. of transitions = 6
n=4
n=3
n=2
n=1
22.
23.
(i) Let k = potential gradient in V/cm

e1 + e 2 = 300k
e1 e 2 = 120k
e
7
We can solve, 1 =
e2 3
(ii) From equation (i)
e1 + e 2 = 300k
3
\
e1 + e1 = 300k
e1 = 210k
7
Therefore, balancing length for cell e1 is 210 cm.
(iii) By decreasing potential gradient
OR
Applying Kirchhoff's loop rule for loop ABEFA,
9 + 6 + 4 0 + 2I = 0
I = 1.5 A
For loop BCDEB

3 + IR + 4 0 6 = 0
IR = 3
\
Putting the value of I from (i) we have
3
R =3
R = 2W
2
Potential difference between A and D
through path ABCD
9 3 IR = VAD
3
or
9 3 2 = VAD
VAD = 3V
2
(i) Saturation or short range nature of nuclear forces.
(ii) We have
R = R0 A
Let m = mass of nucleon
...(i)
...(ii)
...(i)
345
346
Xam idea PhysicsXII
mA
mA
m
=
=
3
4
4
1
3
4
p R0 A
p R 03
p R 0 A 3
3
3
3
Hence r is independent of A.
24. Two factors justifying the need for modulation:
(i) Practical size of antenna
(ii) To avoid mixing up of signals from different transmitters.
\ Density (r) =
0.5
Envelope
1.5
0.5
1.5
Em
Ec
(amplitude modulated wave)

25. Einstein photo electric equation is hn = f0 + K max ,
The energy (hn) carried by a photon of frequency n is absorbed by electrons on the surface to
(i) overcome the work function of metal f0 .
(ii) impart maximum K.E. to the emitted electron (Kmax.)
\
hn = f0 + K max
Three salient features are:
(i) Cut-off potential of the emitted electrons is proportional to n.
f
(ii) Photo electric emission of electrons is possible only when v > v0 = 0
h
(iii) Max. K.E. is independent of intensity of incident radiations.
26.
(a) This is because coherent sources are needed to ensure that the positions maxima and minima
do not change with time.
(b) We know
I = 4 I 0 cos 2
f
2
for path difference l, phase difference f = 2p

Intensity of light = K
Hence, K = 4I 0 cos 2 p = 4I 0
l
2p
For path difference , Phase difference f=
3
3
f
p
Intensity of light I ' = 4I 0 cos 2 = 4I 0 cos 2 = I 0
2
3
K
I =
4
Examination Papers
347
27. According to Huygen's principle "The net effect at

any point due to a number of wavelets is equal to
P
sum total of contribution of all wavelets with
proper phase difference.
S1
The point O is maxima because contribution from
each half of the slit S1S2 is in phase, i.e., the path a S
O
difference is zero.
S2
At point P
(i) If S2P S1P = nl the point P would be
D
minima.
Slit
Screen
l
(ii) If S 2 P S1 P = ( 2n + 1) the point would be
2
maxima but with decreasing intensity.
2lD
The width of central maxima =
a
When the width of the slit is made double the original width, then the size of central maxima
will be reduced to half and intensity will be four times.
28. Van de Graaff, in 1931 designed an electrostatic generator which is capable of producing very
high potential of the order of 10 MV.
Principle: Suppose we have a large spherical conducting shell of radius R, carrying charge Q. The
charge spreads uniformly over whole surface of the shell. Now suppose a small conducting sphere
of radius r is introduced inside the spherical shell and placed at its centre, so that both the sphere
and shell have same centre O. The electric field in the region inside the small sphere and large shell
is due to charge +q only, so electric field strength at a distance x from the centre O is
q
1
E=
, directed radially outward
4pe 0 x 2
The potential difference between the sphere and the shell
V (r ) - U ( R) = -
=-
r
R
r
R
E .d x
q
q
1
dx = 4pe 0 x 2
4pe 0
x -1
q
=
4
pe
1
R
0
1 1
-
r R
This is independent of charge Q on the large spherical shell. As r < R ; V (r ) - U ( R) is positive. As

charge flows from higher to lower potentials therefore, if we connect the small sphere and large
shell by a conducting wire, the charge flows from sphere to outer shell whatsoever the charge on
outer shell may be. This forms the principle of Van de Graaff generator. The maximum charge that
may be given to outer shell which may cause discharge in air.
Construction. It consists of a large hollow metallic sphere S mounted on two insulating columns A
and B and an endless belt of rubber or silk is made to run on two pulleys P1 and P2 by the means of
an electric motor. C1 and C 2 are two sharp metallic spikes in the form of combs. The lower comb C1
is connected to the positive terminal of a very high voltage source (HTS) ( 104 volts. ) and the
upper comb C 2 is connected to the inner surface of metallic sphere S.
348
Xam idea PhysicsXII

S
action of sharp points. The positive ions, so produced,
C2
get sprayed on the belt due to the repulsion between
P2
positive ions and comb C1 . These positive ions are
carried upward by the moving belt. The pointed end
of C 2 just touches the belt. The comb C 2 collects
positive charge from the belt which immediately
moves to the outer surface of sphere S. As the belt
goes on revolving, it continues to take (+ ) charge
upward, which is collected by comb C 2 and
transferred to outer surface of sphere S. Thus the
outer surface of metallic sphere S gains positive
A
B
charge continuously and its potential rises to a very
high value.
When the potential of a metallic sphere gains very
HTS
high value, the dielectric strength of surrounding air
breaks down and its charge begins to leak, to the
C1 P1
surrounding air. The maximum potential is reached
when the rate of leakage of charge becomes equal to
the rate of charge transferred to the sphere. To
prevent leakage of charge from the sphere, the generator is completely enclosed in an earthed
connected steel tank which is filled with air under high pressure.
Such a generator is installed at IIT Kanpur which accelerates charged particles upto 2 MeV
energy.
Yes, the high voltages can be built up to the breakdown field of the surrounding medium.
OR
(a) Electric flux: It is defined as the total number of electric field lines passing through an area
normal to them:
Also, f= E . d s
The SI unit is Nm2/C or volt-metre.

(b) Gausss Theorem
It states that the total electric flux through a closed surface is equal to
1
times the net charge
e0
enclosed by the surface

i.e.,
E
s
.dS =
1
Sq
e0
Let electric charge be uniformly distributed over the surface of a thin, non-conducting infinite
sheet. Let the surface charge density (i.e., charge per unit surface area) be s. We have to
calculate the electric field strength at any point distance r from the sheet of charge.
Examination Papers
349
q=90o
dS3
o
S1 E 90 S3
S2
dS1
E
q=0o
dS2
E
o
q=0
B
A
Sheet
To calculate the electric field strength near the sheet, we now consider a cylindrical Gaussian
surface bounded by two plane faces A and B lying on the opposite sides and parallel to the
charged sheet and the cylindrical surface perpendicular to the sheet (fig). By symmetry the
electric field strength at every point on the flat surface is the same and its direction is normal
outwards at the points on the two plane surfaces and parallel to the curved surface.
Total electric flux
SE
or
SE
dS
SE
1
dS
S1
d S1 +
SE
2
E dS1 cos 0 +
d S2 +
SE
3
d S3
E dS 2 cos 0 +
E dS 3 cos 90
= E dS1 + E dS 2 = E a + E a = 2E a
\ Total electric flux = 2E a .
1
e0
1
i.e.,
2Ea =
( sa)
e0
s
\
E=
2e 0
29.
(c) (i) Away from the charged sheet.
(ii) Towards the plane sheet.
(a) Magnifying power of telescope is the ratio of the angle subtended at the eye by the image to
the angle subtended at the unaided eye by the object.
f f
b f
or
m= = 0
m = 0 1 + e
a fe
fe
D
350
Xam idea PhysicsXII
(b) Using, the lens equation for objective lens.

1
1
1
=
f 0 v0 u0
1
1
1
=
150 v 0 -3 105
1
1
1
=
5
150 3 10
v0
v0 =
3 105
cm ~
150 cm
1999
Hence, magnification due to the objective lens

m0 =
v 0 150 10 -2 m 10 -2
~
=
u0
3000 m
20
m 0 = 0.05 10 -2
Using lens formula for eye piece
1
1 1
=
f e ve ue
1
1
1
=
5 -25 u e
ue =
\ Magnification due to eyepiece m e =
-25
cm
6
-25
=6
25
6
Hence, total magnification m = m e m 0

m = 6 5 104 = 30 104
Hence, size of final image = 30 104 100 m = 30 cm
OR
(a) Difference in working of telescope and microscope
(i) Objective of telescope forms the image of a very far off object at or within the focus of
its eyepiece. The microscope does the same for a small object kept just beyond the focus
of its objective.
(ii) The final image formed by a telescope is magnified relative to its size as seen by the
unaided eye while the final image formed by a microscope is magnified relative to its
absolute size.
(iii) The objective of a telescope has large focal length and large aperture while the
corresponding for a microscope have very small values.
(b) Given fo = 1.25 cm, fe = 5 cm
Angular magnification m = 30
Now, m = me mo
Examination Papers
351
In normal adjustment, angular magnification of eyepiece

d
25
=5
me = = +
fe
5
Hence m 0 = 6
v
But m 0 = 0
u0
v
-6 = 0
u0
v 0 = - 6u 0
Applying lens equation to the objective lens

1
1
1
1
1
1
=
=
f 0 v0 u0
1.25 - 6u 0 u 0
u 0 = -1. 46 cm = 1.5 cm
30. Circuit diagram of CE transistor Amplifier.
IC
C1
RB
IB
C2
RL
B
Vi
VBB
IE
+
VCC
V0
Output
waveform
When an ac input signal Vi (to be amplified) is superimposed on the bias VBB, the output, which is
measured between collector and ground, increases.
We first assume that Vi = 0. Then applying Kirchhoff's law to the output loop.
VCC = VCE + I C R L
Similarly the input loop gives
VBB = VBE + I B R B
When Vi is not zero, we have
VBE + Vi = VBE + I B R B + DI B ( R B + Ri )
Vi = DI B ( R B + Ri )
Vi = rDI B
Change in IB causes a change in IC
DI
I
Hence, b ac = C = C
DI B I B
As DVCC = DVCE + R L DI C = 0
DVCE = -R L DI C
The change in VCE is the output voltage V0
V0 = -R L DI C = b ac DI B R L
The voltage gain of the amplifier is
Xam idea PhysicsXII
V0 DVCE
-b ac DI B R L
R
=
= -b ac L
=
Vi
rDI B
rDI B
r
Negative sign in the expression shows that output voltage and input voltage have phase difference
of p.
AV =
OR
(a)
P1 N1
p1
Input AC signal
to be rectified
352
i1
s1
D1
Centre tap
+
A
s2
P2 N2
i2
RL
Output
p2
B
D2
Working: The AC input voltage across secondary s1 and s 2 changes polarity after each half
cycle. Suppose during the first half cycle of input AC signal, the terminal s1 is positive
relative to centre tap O and s 2 is negative relative to O. Then diode D1 is forward biased and
diode D2 is reverse biased. Therefore, diode D1 conducts while diode D2 does not. The
direction of current (i1 ) due to diode D1 in load resistance R L is directed from A to B. In next
half cycle, the terminal s1 is negative and s 2 is positive relative to centre tap O. The diode D1
is reverse biased and diode D2 is forward biased. Therefore, diode D2 conducts while D1
does not. The direction of current (i 2 ) due to diode D2 in load resistance R L is still from A to
B. Thus the current in load resistance R L is in the same direction for both half cycles of input
AC voltage. Thus for input AC signal the output current is a continuous series of
unidirectional pulses.
Waveform
at P1
Waveform
at P2
2T
O
T
2
3
T
2
O
T
2
Due to
D1
Output
waveform O
(across RL)
Due to
D2
T
2
3
T
2
T
Due to
D1
T
3
T
2
2T
Due to
D2
2T
In a full wave rectifier, if input frequency is f hertz, then output frequency will be 2f hertz
because for each cycle of input, two positive half cycles of output are obtained.
Examination Papers
353
(b) Output waveforms for the following inputs A and B of OR gate and NAND gate.
t1
t2
t3
t4
t5
t6
t7
t8
OR
output
NAND
output
CBSE (Delhi) SetII
1. In the static situation, E has to ensure that the free charges on the surface do not experience any
force.
6. Clockwise
10. Magnetic field inside the solenoid
B = m 0 nI
n number of turns per unit length, I current flowing,
f = Magnetic field through each turn = BA = m 0 nIA
Total magnetic flux linked with solenoid
f = Nf = nl m 0 nIA = m 0 n 2 AlI = LI
L = m 0 n 2 Al
L self inductance of solenoid and l length of solenoid.
14. The material having positive susceptibility is paramagnetic material.
Properties
(i) They have tendency to move from a region of weak magnetic field to strong magnetic field,
i.e., they get weakly attracted to a magnet.
(ii) When a paramagnetic material is placed in an external field the field lines get concentrated
inside the material, and the field inside is enhanced.
16.
2r
Clockwise
Clockwise
BP
P
I Current
BQ
X-axis
Q
2I Current
354
Xam idea PhysicsXII
m 0r 2 I
| BP| =
| BQ| =
2(r + r )
m 0 ( 2I )r 2
2(r 2 + r 2 )
=
=
| B| = | B Q | | B p | =
Pointing towards P
4 2r
u0 I
m 0I
Pointing towards Q
4 2r
m 0I
4 2r
So, magnetic field at point O has a magnitude
m 0I
4 2r
20.
(i) w =
= 50 rad/s
4 100 10 -6
LC
e 240
=
= 4A
R 60
(iii) VL = I X L = Iw L = 4 50 4 = 800V
(a) Coherent sources are needed to ensure that the positions of maxima and minima do not
change with time.
(b) We know that
I = I 1 + I 2 + 2 I 1 I 2 cos f
(ii) I =
21.
I = 4I 0 cos 2
(I1 = I2 = I0)
For path difference l, phase difference f = 2p

Thus,
K = 4I 0 cos 2 p = 4I 0
2l
When path difference =
3
2p
Phase difference, f =
3
Hence, intensity, I ' = 4I 0 cos 2
22.
4p
K
1
= 4I 0 = I 0 =
3
4
2
(i) Torque = MB sin q
As M and B are parallel. So t = 0.

(ii) Force acting on the loop
m ii 1 1
F = 0 1 2 l -
2p r1 r 2
1
= 2 107 4 1 5 102
-2
-2
3 10
10
2
80
= 40 10 -7 N = 10 -7 N = 26.66 107N = 2.67 mN
3
3
Direction: Towards the conductor or attractive.
Examination Papers
355
27. Three mode of propagation of electromagnetic waves are: (i) Ground waves, (ii) Sky waves,
(iii) Space waves
(a) LOS (Line of Sight) Communication
dM
dT
dR
Earth
hT
hR
(b) Satellite communication

Communication satellite
ave
ce w
a
p
S
Transmitting
antenna
Earth
Receiving
antenna
Above 40 MHz, the mode of propagation used is via space waves a space wave travels in
a straight line from the transmitting antenna to the receiving antenna.
Space waves are used for the line of sight (LOS) communication as well as satellite
communication.
CBSE (Delhi) SetIII

6. Electric field intensity is zero throughout the volume and the potential just inside, has to be equal
to potential on the surface.
Magnetic field along X-direction.
8. In coil 1, clockwise
In coil 2, anticlockwise
9. The magnetic material is paramagnetic in nature.
For properties
The material having positive susceptibility is paramagnetic material.
Properties
(i) They have tendency to move from a region of weak magnetic field to strong magnetic field,
i.e., they get weakly attracted to a magnet.
(ii) When a paramagnetic material is placed in an external field the field lines get concentrated
inside the material, and the field inside is enhanced.
12. Mutual Inductance: It is defined as the magnetic flux linked to the second coil when unit current is
flowing in the first coil.
356
Xam idea PhysicsXII

N2
r2
r1
N1
r1 < r2
l
N1 f1 = M 12 I 2
N1 f1 = ( n, l) ( pr12 )(m 0 n 2 I 2 )
M 12 =m 0 n1 n 2 pr12 l
16.
2r
Clockwise
Anticlockwise
O
BP
X-axis
BQ
Q
2I
| BP |
m 0r 2 I
2(r 2 + r 2 )
=
2
| B | = | B P | + | BQ | = 2
m 0I
4 2r
m 0I
4 2r
| BQ |
Pointing towards P
m 0I
2 2r
So, the net magnetic field at the point O has magnitude
m 0I
2 2r
21. Three mode of propagation of electromagnetic wave
(i) Ground wave propagation
(ii) Sky wave propagation
(iii) Space wave propagation.
Ionospheric
layers
Examination Papers
357
The Ionospheric layers act as a reflector for a certain range of frequencies (from few MHz to
40MHz). Hence these waves reach from the transmitting antenna to the receiving antenna via
their reflection from the ionosphere.
23. (i) Torque on the loop 't' = MB sin q = M B
[Q M and B are parallel]

t=0
(ii) Magnitude of force
m I I l 1 1
F = 0 1 2 -
2p r1 r 2
1
1
= 2 107 2 1 4 102
-2
-2
4.5 10
2 10
4.5 - 2 8 5 10 -7
= 16 107
= 4.44 107N
=
2
4
.
5
9
Direction of force is towards conductor (attractive).

1
1
25.
(i) w =
= 50 rad/s
=
LC
10 40 10 -6
(ii) Current at resonance
V
240
= 4A
I rms = rms =
R
60
(iii) Vrms across inductor
Vrms = I rms L = I rms ( wL) = 4 50 10 = 2000V

ALL INDIA2012
Maximum marks: 70
CBSE (AIl India) SetI

1. Two wires of equal length, one of copper and the other of manganin have the same resistance.
Which wire is thicker?
2. What are the directions of electric and magnetic field vectors relative to each other and relative to
the direction of propagation of electromagnetic waves?
3. How does the angular separation between fringes in single-slit diffraction experiment change
when the distance of separation between the slit and screen is doubled?
4. A bar magnet is moved in the direction indicated by the arrow between two coils PQ and CD.
Predict the directions of induced current in each coil
P
5. For the same value of angle incidence, the angles of refraction in three media A, B and C are 15,
25 and 35 respectively. In which medium would the velocity of light be minimum?
6. A proton and an electron have same kinetic energy. Which one has greater de-Broglie wavelength
and why?
7. Mention the two characteristic properties of the material suitable for making core of a transformer.
8. A charge q is placed at the centre of a cube of side l. What is the electric flux passing through
each face of the cube?
9. A test charge q is moved without acceleration from A to C along the path from A to B and then
from B to C in electric field E as shown in the figure. (i) Calculate the potential difference between
A and C. (ii) At which point (of the two) is the electric potential more and why?
(2, 3)
B
(2, 0)
C
(6, 0)
A
Examination Papers
359
10. An electric dipole is held in a uniform electric field.

(i) Show that the net force acting on it is zero.
(ii) The dipole is aligned parallel to the field. Find the work done in rotating it through the angle
of 180
11. State the underlying principle of a transformer. How is the large scale transmission of electric
energy over long distances done with the use of transformers?
12. A capacitor of capacitance of C is being charged by connecting it across a dc source along with
an ammeter. Will the ammeter show a momentary deflection during the process of charging? If so,
how would you explain this momentary deflection and the resulting continuity of current in the
circuit? Write the expression for the current inside the capacitor.
13. An object AB is kept in front of a concave mirror as shown in the figure.
A
(i) Complete the ray diagram showing the image formation of the object.
(ii) How will the position and intensity of the image be affected if the lower half of the mirrors
reflecting surface is painted black?
14. Draw a labelled ray diagram of a reflecting telescope. Mention its two advantages over the
refracting telescope.
15. Describe briefly with the help of a circuit diagram, how the flow of current carries in a p-n-p
transistor is regulated with emitter-base junction forward biased and base-collector junction
reverse biased.
16. In the given block diagram of a receiver, identify the boxes labelled as X and Y and write their
functions.
Receiving
antenna
Received
signal
Amplifier
Detector
17. A light bulb is rated 100 W for 220 V ac supply of 50 Hz. Calculate
(i) the resistance of the bulb;
(ii) the rms current through the bulb
Output
360
Xam idea PhysicsXII
OR
An alternating voltage given by V = 140 sin 314 t is connected across a pure resistor of 50 W. Find
(i) the frequency of the source.
(ii) the rms current through the resistor.
18. A circular coil of N turns and radius R carries a current I. It is unwound and rewound to make
another coil of radius R/2, current I remaining the same. Calculate the ratio of the magnetic
moments of the new coil and the original coil.
19. Deduce the expression for the electrostatic energy stored in a capacitor of capacitance C and
having charge Q.
How will the (i) energy stored and (ii) the electric field inside the capacitor be affected when it is
completely filled with a dielectric material of dielectric constant K?
20. Calculate the value of the resistance R in the circuit shown in the figure so that the current in the
circuit is 0.2 A. What would be the potential difference between points B and E?
8V
0.2 A
15W
5W
C
10W
30W
10W
3V
R
0.2 A E
21. You are given three lenses L1, L2 and L3 each of focal length 20 cm. An object is kept at 40 cm in
front of L1, as shown. The final real image is formed at the focus I of L3. Find the separations
between L1, L2 and L3.
L1
L2
L3
I
40cm
20cm
22. Define the terms (i) cut-off voltage and (ii) threshold frequency in relation to the phenomenon
of photoelectric effect.
Using Einsteins photoelectric equation show how the cut-off voltage and threshold frequency for
a given photosensitive material can be determined with the help of a suitable plot/graph.
23. A series LCR circuit is connected to an ac source. Using the phasor diagram, derive the expression
for the impedance of the circuit. Plot a graph to show the variation of current with frequency of
the source, explaining the nature of its variation.
24. Mention three different modes of propagation used in communication system. Explain with the
help of a diagram how long distance communication can be achieved by ionospheric reflection of
radio waves.
Examination Papers
361
25. Draw a plot of potential energy of a pair of nucleons as a function of their separations. Mark the
regions where the nuclear force is (i) attractive and (ii) repulsive. Write any two characteristic
features of nuclear forces.
26. In a GeigerMarsden experiment, calculate the distance of closest approach to the nucleus of
Z = 80, when an a-particle of 8 MeV energy impinges on it before it comes momentarily to rest
and reverses its direction.
How will the distance of closest approach be affected when the kinetic energy of the a-particle is
doubled?
OR
The ground state energy of hydrogen atom is 13.6 eV. If an electron makes a transition from an
energy level 0.85 eV to 3.4 eV, calculate the wavelength of the spectral line emitted. To which
series of hydrogen spectrum does this wavelength belong?
27. Define relaxation time of the free electrons drifting in a conductor. How is it related to the drift
velocity of free electrons? Use this relation to deduce the expression for the electrical resistivity of
the material.
28. (a) In Youngs double slit experiment, derive the condition for (i) constructive interference and
(ii) destructive interference at a point on the screen.
(b) A beam of light consisting of two wavelengths, 800 nm and 600 nm is used to obtain the
interference fringes in a Youngs double slit experiment on a screen placed 1.4 m away. If the
two slits are separated by 0.28 mm, calculate the least distance from the central bright
maximum where the bright fringes of the two wavelengths coincide.
OR
(a) How does an unpolarised light incident on a polaroid get polarised?
Describe briefly, with the help of a necessary diagram, the polarisation of light by reflection
from a transparent medium.
(b) Two polaroids A and B are kept in crossed position. How should a third polaroid C be
placed between them so that the intensity of polarised light transmitted by polaroid B reduces
to 1/8th of the intensity of unpolarised light incident on A?
29.
(a) Describe briefly, with the help of a diagram, the role of the two important processes involved
in the formation of a p-n junction.
(b) Name the device which is used as a voltage-regulator. Draw the necessary circuit diagram
and explain its working.
OR
(a) Explain briefly the principle on which a transistor-amplifier works as an oscillator. Draw the
necessary circuit diagram and explain its working.
(b) Identify the equivalent gate for the following circuit and write its truth table.
A
A'
Y
B'
B
362
Xam idea PhysicsXII
30.
(a) Write the expression for the force, F , acting on a charged particle of charge q, moving with
a velocity v in the presence of both electric field E and magnetic field B . Obtain the
condition under which the particle moves undeflected through the fields.
(b) A rectangular loop of size l b carrying a steady current I is placed in a uniform magnetic
field B. Prove that the torque t acting on the loop is given by t = m B, where m is the
magnetic moment of the loop.
OR
(a) Explain, giving reasons, the basic difference in converting a galvanometer into (i) a voltmeter
and (ii) an ammeter.
(b) Two long straight parallel conductors carrying steady current I1 and I2 are separated by a
distance d. Explain briefly, with the help of a suitable diagram, how the magnetic field due
to one conductor acts on the other. Hence deduce the expression for the force acting between
the conductors. Mention the nature of this force.
CBSE (All India) SetII

2. A charge q is placed at the centre of a cube of side l. What is the electric flux passing through two
opposite faces of the cube?
5. A proton and an electron have same velocity. Which one has greater de-Broglie wavelength and
why?
8. In a single-slit diffraction experiment, the width of the slit is made double the original width. How
does this affect the size and intensity of the central diffraction band?
11. A test charge q is moved without acceleration
(1, 3)
B
from A to C along the path from A to B and then
from B to C in electric field E as shown in the
E
figure. (i) Calculate the potential difference
between A and C. (ii) At which point (of the two)
is the electric potential more and why?
(1, 0)
(5, 0)
16. A light bulb is rated 200 W for 220 V ac supply of
C
A
50 Hz. Calculate
(ii) the rms current through the bulb.
OR
An alternating voltage given by V = 280 sin 50 pt is connected across a pure resistor of 40 W. Find
17. A circular coil of N turns and diameter d carries a current I. It is unwound and rewound to
make another coil of diameter 2d, current I remaining the same. Calculate the ratio of the
magnetic moments of the new coil and the original coil.
Examination Papers
363
L1
L2
L3
I
20cm
15cm
circuit is 0.2 A. What would be the potential difference between points A and B?
6V
0.2 A
10W
5W
C
30W
15W
5W
2V
0.2 A
27. In a Geiger Marsden experiment, calculate the distance of closest approach to the nucleus of
Z = 75, when an a-particle of 5 MeV energy impinges on it before it comes momentarily to rest
and reverses its direction.
How will the distance of closest approach be affected when the kinetic energy of the a-particle is doubled?
OR
The ground state energy of hydrogen atom is 13.6 eV. If an electron makes a transition from an
energy level 0.85 eV to 1.51 eV, calculate the wavelength of the spectral line emitted. To
which series of hydrogen spectrum does this wavelength belong?

1. How does the fringe width, in Youngs double-slit experiment, change when the distance of
separation between the slits and screen is doubled?
3. A charge q is placed at the centre of a cube. What is the electric flux passing through the cube?
1
4. The speed of an electromagnetic wave in a material medium is given by v =
, m being the
me
permeability of the medium and e its permittivity. How does its frequency change?
9. A circular coil of closely wound N turns and radius r carries a current I. Write the expressions for
the following:
(i) the magnetic field at its centre
(ii) the magnetic moment of this coil
364
Xam idea PhysicsXII
10. Describe briefly with the help of a circuit diagram, the paths of current carriers in an n-p-n
transistor with emitter-base junction forward biased and base-collector junction reverse biased.
12. A light bulb is rated 150 W for 220 V ac supply of 60 Hz. Calculate
(ii) the rms current through the bulb.
(2, 2)
OR
B
An alternating voltage given by V = 70 sin 100 p t is
E
connected across a pure resistor of 25 W. Find
(2, 1)
(2, 1)
C
A
16. A test charge q is moved without acceleration from A
to C along the path from A to B and them from B to C
in electric field E as shown in the figure. (i) Calculate
the potential difference between A and C. (ii) At which point (of the two) is the electric potential
more and why?
20. Explain briefly the following terms used in communication system:
(i) Transducer
(ii) Repeater
(iii) Amplification
L1
L2
L3
I
15cm
10cm
circuit is 0.2 A. What would be the potential difference between points A and D?
10V
0.2 A
15W
10W
B
30W
5W
5V
R
0.2 A D
C
10W
Examination Papers
365
Solutions
1. We know
R =r
l
;
A
For copper,
R Cu = r Cu
lCu
A Cu
...(i)
For manganin,
Rm = r m
lm
Am
...(ii)
But r m > r Cu ,
and lm = lCu ,
R Cu = R m
Equation (i) and equation (ii)
rm
A
= m >1
r Cu
A Cu
Hence A m > A Cu
Manganin wire is thicker.
2. Both electric field and magnetic fields are electromagnetic waves. There waves are perpendicular
to each other and perpendicular to the direction of propagation.
b Dl / d l
3. Angular separation is q = =
=
D
D
d
Since q is independent of D, Angular separation would remain same.
4.
P
Q
1
A
D
2
A
In the figure, N pole is receding away coil (1), so in coil (1), the nearer faces will act as S-pole and
in coil (2) the nearer face will also act as S-pole to oppose the approach of magnet towards coil
(2), so current in coils will flow clockwise as seen from the side of magnet. The direction of
current will be from P to Q in coil (1) and from C to D in coil (2).
sin i c
5. From Snell's law n =
=
sin r v
For given i, v sin r ; r is minimum in medium A, so velocity of light is minimum in medium A.
366
Xam idea PhysicsXII
6. We know, de Broglie wavelength

h
l=
2m E k
For same K.E. of electron and proton.
As
m p > me
le > l p
Hence wavelength of electron is greater than that of proton.
7. Two characteristic properties:
(i) Low hysteresis loss
(ii) Low coercivity
8. By Gauss's Theorem in electrostatics

q
f = E . ds =
e0
Total flux through all six faces would be f' = 6f
where f = Flux through one face.
q
q
Hence,
6f =
f=
e0
6e 0
9.
(i) From the given diagram,

potential difference between A and C
C
VC VA = - E . dl cos180 = E 4 = 4E
A
10.
Hence, VC VA = 4E
(ii) VC > VA
Because direction of electric field is in decreasing potential.
(i) The dipole moment of dipole is
B
+q
| P | = q ( 2a)
+qE
Force on q at A = qE
2a
qE
Force on +q at B = + q E
N
Net force on the dipole = qE qE = 0
A
(ii) Work done on dipole
W = DU = PE(cos q1 - cos q 2 )
= PE(cos 0- cos180 )
W = 2 PE
11. The principle of transformer is based upon the principle of mutual induction which states that due
to continuous change in the current in the primary coil an emf gets induced across the secondary
coil. At the power generating station, the step up transformers step up the output voltage which
reduces the current through the cables and hence reduce resistive power loss. Then, at the
consumer end, a step down transformer step down the voltage.
Examination Papers
367
Hence, the large scale transmission of electric energy over long distances done with the use of
transformers is taken place.
12. Yes, because of the production of displacement current between the plate of capacitor on account
of changing electric field.
Current inside the capacitor
d fE
I D = e0
dt
13.
(i) Image formed will be inverted diminished between C and F.
A
D
B' F
A'
(ii) No change in position of image and its intensity will get reduced.
14.
Objective
mirror
Secondary
mirror
Eyepiece
Advantages:
(i) It is free from chromatic aberration.
15. The emitter-base junction is given a small forward bias, while base collector junction is given a
large reverse bias.
Under the forward biasing of emitter-base region, the positive
p
n
p
holes of P - region move towards the base. Due to thin base
E
C
most of holes (about 98%) entering it pass onto collector while
a very few of them (nearly 2%) combine with the electrons of
base. As soon as a hole combines with the electron, a fresh
B
IC
IE
electron leaves the negative terminal of battery VEE and enters
IB
the base. This causes a very small base current I B . The holes
entering the collector move under the aiding reverse bias
towards terminal C. As a hole reaches terminal C, an electron
+
VEE
VCC
leaves the negative terminal of battery VCC and neutralises the
hole. This causes the collector current I C . Both these currents
I B and I C combine to form the emitter current I e i. e.,
I E = I B + IC
368
Xam idea PhysicsXII
Obviously the holes are the charge carriers within the p-n-p transistor while the electrons are
charge carriers in external circuit.
16.
Receiving
antenna
Received
signal
Amplifier
Detector
Output
Here, X IF stage (Intermediate Frequency stage)

Its function is to change the carrier frequency to lower frequency.
Y Amplifier
Its function is to amplify the signal because the detected signal may not be strong enough to use
by the user.
17.
V 2 rms 220 220

=
= 48 W
P
100
P 100
(b) I rms =
= 0.45 A
Vrms 220
(a) R =
OR
(i) V =140 sin 314t
Q V = V0 sin wt
Hence w = 314
(ii) Vrms =
V0
2pn = 314
n = 50 Hz
140
= 98.9 V
2
V
98 . 9
= 1.97 A
I = rms =
R
50
18. As length of wire remains the same
R
N1 2pR = N 2 2p
2
N2 = 2N
\
Magnetic moment of a coil, m = NAI
For the coil of radius R, magnetic moment
m1 = N1 IA1 = N1 I pR 2
=
For the coil of radius
2,
magnetic moment
m 2 = N 2 IA 2 =
2N1 I pR 2
N IpR 2
= 1
4
2
Examination Papers
Now,
m2
= 1:2
m1
19. When a capacitor is charged by a battery, work is done by

the charging battery at the expense of its chemical energy.
This work is stored in the capacitor in the form of
electrostatic potential energy.
Consider a capacitor of capacitance C. Initial charge on
capacitor is zero. Initial potential difference between
capacitor plates = zero. Let a charge Q be given to it in small
steps. When charge is given to capacitor, the potential
difference between its plates increases. Let at any instant
VA
369
+ +Q
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
VB
VAB = V
q
when charge on capacitor be q, the potential difference between its plates V = .
C
Now work done in giving an additional infinitesimal charge dq to capacitor
q
dW = V dq = dq
C
The total work done in giving charge from 0 to Q will be equal to the sum of all such infinitesimal
works, which may be obtained by integration. Therefore total work
Q
Q q
W = V dq =
dq
0
0
C
1 q2
=
C 2
=
0
1
C
Q2 0 Q2
- =
2 2 2C
If V is the final potential difference between capacitor plates, then Q = CV

(CV ) 2 1
1
= CV 2 = QV
2C
2
2
This work is stored as electrostatic potential energy of capacitor i.e.,
Q2 1
1
Electrostatic potential energy,
U=
= CV 2 = QV
2C 2
2
When battery is disconnected
Q2
Q02
U
(i) Energy stored will be decreased. The energy becomes, U = 0 =
= 0
2C 2KC 0
K
1
Thus, energy is reduced to times the initial energy.
K
E
(ii) In the presence of dielectric the electric field is reduced to E = 0 .
K
20. Here, RBCD = 5 W + 10 W = 15 W
Effective resistance between B and E
1
1 1 1
= + +
R BE = 5W
R BE 30 10 15
Applying Kirchhoffs Law
5 0.2 + R 0.2 + 15 0.2 = 8 3
\
W=
370
Xam idea PhysicsXII
Hence
R = 5W
VBE = IR BE
= 0.2 5 = 1 volt
21. Given f 1 = f 2 = f 3 = 20 cm
For lens L1
u1 = 40 cm
1 1
1
By lens formula
- =
v1 u1 f 1
1
1
1
=
v1 = 40 cm
v1 20 -40
For lens L3
f3 = 20 cm, v3 = 20 cm, u3 = ?
1
1
1
By lens formula,
=
v3 u 3 f 3
1
1
1
=
20 u 3 20
1
= 0 u3 =
u3
Intercept = f/e
Thus lens L2 should produce image at infinity.

Hence, for L2, its objective should be at focus. The image formed by lens L1 is at 40 cm on
the right side of lens L1 which lies at 20 cm left of lens L2 i.e., focus of lens L2.
Hence, the distance between L1 and L2 = 40 + 20 = 60 cm.
As the image formed by lens L2 lies at infinity, then, the distance between lens L2 and L3
does not matter.
Hence, the distance between L2 and L3 can have any value.
22.
(i) Cut off or stopping potential is that minimum value
Y
of negative potential at anode which just stops the
photo electric current.
(ii) For a given material, there is a minimum frequency
h
Slope = e
of light below which no photo electric emission
will take place, this frequency is called as threshold
frequency.
V0
X
By Einstein's photo electric equation
n0
n
hC
KE max =
- f = hn - hn 0
l
eV0 = hn - hn 0
h
h
V0 = n - n 0
e
e
Clearly, V0 n graph is a straight line.
Examination Papers
371
23. Expression for Impedance in LCR series circuit: Suppose resistance R, inductance L and
capacitance C are connected in series and an alternating source of voltage V = V0 sin wt is applied
across it. (fig. a) On account of being in series, the current (i ) flowing through all of them is the
same.
R
VL
90o
VL
VR
VC
90
(VCVL)
V=V0 sin wt
(a)
VR
VC
(b)
Suppose the voltage across resistance R is VR , voltage across inductance L is VL and voltage across
capacitance C is VC . The voltage VR and current i are in the same phase, the voltage VL will lead the
current by angle 90 while the voltage VC will lag behind the current by angle 90 (fig. b). Clearly
VC and VL are in opposite directions, therefore their resultant potential difference
= VC - VL (if VC > VC ).
Thus VR and (VC - VL ) are mutually perpendicular and the phase difference between them is 90.
As applied voltage across the circuit is V, the resultant of VR and (VC - VL ) will also be V. From fig.
V
= VR 2 + (VC - VL ) 2 V = VR 2 + (VC - VL ) 2
...(i)
But
...(ii)
1
where X C =
wC
\
V = ( R i) 2 + ( X C i - X L i) 2
\ Impedance of circuit,
Z=
i.e.
V
= R 2 + (X C - X L ) 2
i
Z = R 2 + (X C - X L ) 2 = R 2 +
- wL
wC
V0 sin ( wt + f)
1
R2 +
- wL
w
C
The phase difference ( f) between current and voltage f is given by

X -XL
tan f = C
R
The graph of variation of peak current i m with frequency is shown
in fig.
With increase in frequency, current first increases and then
decreases. At resonant frequency, the current amplitude is
maximum.
im
lm
im
2
f1
fr
f
f2
372
Xam idea PhysicsXII
24. Three mode of propagation of electromagnetic waves:

(i) Ground waves
(ii) Sky waves
(iii) Space waves
Sky wave propagation is used for long distance communication by ionospheric reflection of
radio wave
Ionospheric
layers
When radio waves (frequency range 3MHz 30 MHz), emitted from the transmitting
antenna, reach the receiving antenna after reflection from the ionosphere which acts as a
reflector for radio waves.
25. Part AB represents repulsive force and Part BCD represents attractive force.
A
+100
MeV
Repulsive
B
0
D
Attractive
100
2
r (fm)
Examination Papers
373
Conclusions:
(1) Nuclear forces are attractive and stronger, then electrostatic force.
(2) Nuclear forces are charge-independent.
26. Let r 0 be the distance of closest approach where the K.E. of a-particle is converted into its
potential energy.
Given, Z = 80, Ek = 8MeV
1 ( Ze) ( 2e)
K=
4pe 0
r0
r0 =
r0 =
=
1 ( Ze)( 2e)
2Ze 2
=
4pe 0
K
4pe 0 K
9 10 9 2 80 (1.6 10 -19 ) 2
8 10 6 (1.6 10 -19 )
18 80 1.6 10 -10
8 10 6
m = 2.88 1014 m
1
K
If kinetic energy (K) of a-particle is doubled, the distance of closest approach will become half.
OR
As we know:
-13.6
...(i)
En =
eV
n2
For n =1, E1 = -13.6 eV
When electron undergoes transitions from E A = -0.85eV to E B = -3.4eV
Then, from equation (i)
-13.6
0.85 =
nA = 4
n A2
-13.6
Similarly,
3.4 =
nB = 2
n B2
As
r0
Hence electron transits from n = 4 to n = 2. It corresponds to Balmer series.

1
1
1
We know,
= R
2
2
l
nB nA
Here,
n A = 4, n B = 2, R = 1.097 107 m1
1
1
1

= 1.097 107
l = 4862
2
l
42
2
27. Relaxation time of free electrons drifting in a conductor is the average time elapsed between two
successive collisions.
The relation between t andv d is
Then,
374
Xam idea PhysicsXII
vd
eE
=t
m
Let a conductor of length 'l' and area of cross-section A with electron density n.
The current flowing through the conductor is
e E ne 2 EA
I = neA v d = n e A
t =
t
m
m
If V is the potential difference applied across the two ends, then electric field ( E) =
Then current becomes
n A e 2 Vt
I=
ml
V
ml
Then,
=
I ne 2 tA
By Ohm's Law R =
V
l
V
I
m l
=r l
R =
ne 2 t A
A
m
\
r=
ne 2 t
28.
(a) Conditions of Constructive and Destructive Interference:
Suppose two coherent waves travel in the same direction along a straight line, the frequency
w
of each wave is
and amplitudes of electric field are a1 and a 2 respectively. If at any time
2p
t, the electric fields of waves at a point are y1 and y 2 respectively and phase difference is f,
then equation of waves may be expressed as
y1 = a1 sin wt
...(i)
y 2 = a 2 sin ( wt + f)
...(ii)
According to Youngs principle of superposition, the resultant displacement at that point

will be
y = y1 + y 2
...(iii)
Substituting values of y1 and y 2 from (i) and (ii) in (iii), we get

y = a1 sin wt + a 2 sin ( wt + f)
Using trigonometric relation
sin ( wt + f) = sin wt cos f + cos wt sin f ,
we get
y = a1 sin wt + a 2 (sin wt cos f + cos wt sin f)

= ( a1 + a 2 cos f) sin wt + ( a 2 sin f) cos wt
Let
a1 + a 2 cos f = A cos q
...(iv)
...(v)
Examination Papers
and
375
a 2 sin f = A sin q
where A and q are new constants.
...(vi)
Then equation (iv) gives
...(vii)
y = A cos q sin wt + A sin q cos wt = A sin ( wt + q)
This is the equation of the resultant disturbance. Clearly the amplitude of resultant
disturbance is A and phase difference from first wave is q. The values of A and q are
determined by (v) and (vi). Squaring (v) and (vi) and then adding, we get
( a1 + a 2 cos f) 2 + ( a 2 sin f) 2 = A 2 cos 2 q + A 2 sin 2 q
or
a12 + a 22 cos 2 f + 2a1 a 2 cos f + a 22 sin 2 f = A 2 (cos 2 q + sin 2 q)
As cos 2 q + sin 2 q = 1, we get

A 2 = a12 + a 22 (cos 2 f + sin 2 f) + 2a1 a 2 cos f
or
A 2 = a12 + a 22 + 2a1 a 2 cos f
Amplitude, A = a12 + a 22 + 2a1 a 2 cos f
...(viii)
As the intensity of a wave is proportional to its amplitude in arbitrary units I = A 2

\ Intensity of resultant wave
I = A 2 = a12 + a 22 + 2a1 a 2 cos f
...(ix)
Clearly the intensity of resultant wave at any point depends on the amplitudes of individual
waves and the phase difference between the waves at the point.
Constructive Interference : For maximum intensity at any point cos f = + 1
or
phase difference, f = 0, 2p , 4p , 6p .........

= 2np ( n = 0, 1, 2, ....)
...(x)
The maximum intensity,

I max = a12 + a 22 + 2a1 a 2 = ( a1 + a 2 ) 2
Path difference
D=
l
l
Phase difference =
2 np = nl
2p
2p
...(xi)
...(xii)
Clearly the maximum intensity is obtained in the region of superposition at those points
where waves meet in the same phase or the phase difference between the waves is even
multiple of p or path difference between them is the integral multiple of l and maximum
intensity is ( a1 + a 2 ) 2 which is greater than the sum intensities of individual waves by an
amount 2a1 a 2 .
Destructive Interference : For minimum intensity at any point cos f = -1
or
phase difference, f = p , 3p , 5p , 7p ....
= ( 2n - 1) p , n = 1, 2, 3 ....
In this case the minimum intensity,
I min = a12 + a 22 - 2a1 a 2 = ( a1 - a 2 ) 2
...(xiii)
...(xiv)
376
Xam idea PhysicsXII
l
Phase difference
2p
l
l
=
( 2n - 1) p = ( 2n - 1)
2p
2
Path difference,
D=
...(xv)
Clearly, the minimum intensity is obtained in the region of superposition at those points
where waves meet in opposite phase or the phase difference between the waves is odd
l
multiple of p or path difference between the waves is odd multiple of and minimum
2
2
intensity = ( a1 - a 2 ) which is less than the sum of intensities of the individual waves by an
amount 2a1 a 2 .
I
Imax
Imin
2l
O
x
2l
From equations (xii) and (xvi) it is clear that the intensity 2a1 a 2 is transferred from positions
of minima to maxima. This implies that the interference is based on conservation of energy.
Variation of Intensity of light with position x is shown in fig.
(b) Given l1 = 800 nm = 800 10 -9 m
l 2 = 600nm = 600 10 -9 m
D = 1.4 m
d = 0.28 mm = 0.28 103m
For least distance of coincidence of fringes, there must be a difference of 1 in order of l1 and l 2 .
As
l1 > l 2 ,
n1 < n 2
If n1 = n,
n2 = n +1
n D l1 ( n +1) Dl 2
=
\
(yn ) l1 = ( yn+ 1 ) l2
d
d
n l1 = (n + 1) l 2
l2
600
=
=3
n=
l1 - l 2 800 - 600
nDl1
y min =
d
=
3 1.4 800 10 -9
0.28 10 -3
= 12000 106
= 12 103m
Examination Papers
377
OR
(a) A polaroid consists of long chain molecules aligned in a particular direction. The electric
vectors along the direction of the aligned molecules get absorbed. So, when an unpolarised
light falls on a polaroid, it lets only those of its electric vectors that are oscillating along a
direction perpendicular to its aligned molecules to pass through it. The incident light thus gets
linearly polarised.
D
B
A
Incident
ray
ip r'
Reflected ray
90
O
r
Refracted ray
Whenever unpolarised light is incident on the boundary between two transparent media, the
reflected light gets partially or completely polarised. When reflected light is perpendicular to
the refracted light, the reflected light is a completely polarised light.
(b) Let the angle between the pass axis of A and C = q
I
Intensity of light passing through A = 0
2
I0
Intensity of light passing through C =
cos2q
2
I
Intensity of light passing through B = 0 cos 2 q . cos 2 ( 90 - q)
2
I0
I
=
cos 2 q . sin 2 q = 0 (cos q . sin q) 2
2
2
According to question
I0
I
(cos q sin q ) 2 = 0
2
8
I0
2
I
2 sin q cos q
= 0
2
8
sin 2q = 1
or,
2q = 90
q = 45
The third polaroid is placed at q = 45.
378
Xam idea PhysicsXII
29.
(a) Two important processes occur during the formation of a p-n junction are (i) diffusion and
(ii) drift.
(i) Diffusion: In n-type semiconductor, the
Electron diffusion
Electron drift
concentration of electrons is much greater as
+
compared to concentration of holes; while in
p
n
p-type semiconductor, the concentration of
+
holes is much greater than the concentration
Electron
of electrons. When a p-n junction is formed,
+
then due to concentration gradient, the holes
Hole diffusion
Hole
diffuse from p side to n side ( p n) and
Hole drift
electrons diffuse from n side to p-side ( n p).
This motion of charge carriers gives rise to
diffusion current across the junction.
(ii) Drift: The drift of charge carriers occurs due to
Vo Potential barrier
electric field. Due to built in potential barrier an
electric field directed from n-region to p-region
+ +
is developed across the junction. This field
+
causes motion of electrons on p-side of the
P
N
+
junction to n-side and motion of holes on n-side
w
of junction to p-side. Thus a drift current starts.
Depletion
This current is opposite to the direction of
layer
diffusion current.
(b) Zener diode is used as voltage regulator.
Rs
Unregulated
voltage
(VL)
IL
Load
RL
Regulated
voltage
(Vz)
Any increase/decrease in the input voltage results in increase/decrease of the voltage drop
across Rs without any change in voltage across the zener diode. Thus, the zener diode acts as
a voltage regulator.
OR
(a) A transistor as an Oscillator:
`
The circuit of a tuned collector in CE configuration is shown in figure.

The circuit contains tuned circuit made of variable capacitor C and an inductor L in the
collector circuit and hence is named as tuned collector oscillator.
The feed back coil L connected to base circuit is mutually coupled with coil L (due to
phenomenon of mutual induction); the mutual inductance of L and L being M. In practice
L and L form the primary and secondary coil of the transformer.
Examination Papers
379
The biasing is provided by emitter resistance R E and potential divider arrangement

consisting of resistances R1 and R 2 . The capacitor C1 connected in the base circuit provides
low reactance path to the oscillations and the capacitor C E is the emitter by-pass capacitor
so that the resistor R E has no effect on the ac operation of the circuit.
Circuit Operation. When the collector supply voltage is switched on by closing switch S,
collector current starts increasing and the capacitor C is charged. When the capacitor attains
maximum charge, it discharges through coil L , setting up oscillations of natural frequency.
1
f =
2p ( LC)
These oscillations induce a small voltage in coil L by mutual induction. This induced
voltage is the feed back voltage; its frequency is same as that of resonant LC circuit but its
magnitude depends on the number of turns in L and coupling between L and L . The
feedback voltage is applied between the base and emitter and appears in the amplified form
in the collector circuit. A part of this amplifier energy is used to meet losses taking place in
oscillatory circuit to maintain oscillations in tank circuit and the balance is radiated out in
the form of electromagnetic waves.
Positive Feed back. The feed back applied in tuned collector oscillator circuit is positive.
This may be seen as follows: A phase shift of 180 is created between the voltages of
L and L due to transformer action. A further phase shift of 180 arises between
base-emitter and collector circuit due to transistor action in CE configuration. Thus the net
phase becomes 360 (or zero); which is the required condition for a positive feed back. Due
to positive feed back the energy fed back to the tank circuit is in phase with the generated
oscillations, thus maintaining oscillations.
(b) Output y = A + B = A . B = A . B
The equivalent gate for the given circuit is AND gate
A
Y = AB
B
Truth table
A
30.
(a) Electric force on particle, Fe = qE
Magnetic force on particle, Fm = q ( v + B )
Total force,
F = Fe + Fm
F = q ( E + v B)
Xam idea PhysicsXII
If a charge particle enter's perpendicular to both the electric and magnetic fields then it may
happen that the electric and magnetic forces cancel each other and so particle will pass
undeflected.
In such a case,
F =0
q ( E + v B) = 0
E = -( v B )
E =B v
E = Bv sin q = Bv ( when q = 90 )
E
v = (when v, E and B are mutually perpendicular)

B
N
(b) Torque on a current carrying loop: Consider
F2
a rectangular loop PQRS of length l, breadth b
suspended in a uniform magnetic field B . The

length of loop = PQ = RS = l and breadth
= QR = SP = b. Let at any instant the normal to
the plane of loop make an angle q with the
F1
I
F3
P
S
F4
I
(Upward)
l oo
F1=IlB
of
direction of magnetic field B and I be the

current in the loop. We know that a force acts
on a current carrying wire placed in a magnetic
field. Therefore, each side of the loop will
experience a force. The net force and torque
acting on the loop will be determined by the
forces acting on all sides of the loop. Suppose
that the forces on sides PQ, QR, RS and SP are
q
R
Axis of loop
or normal to loop
ax
is
380
b
q
F1 , F2 , F3 and F4 respectively. The sides QR

and SP make angle ( 90 - q) with the direction
of magnetic field. Therefore each of the forces
I (Downward)
N'
F2 and F4 acting on these sides has same

magnitude
b sin q
F3=IlB
F = Blb sin ( 90 - q) = Blb cos q.
According to Flemings left hand rule the forces F2 and F4 are equal and opposite but their
line of action is same. Therefore these forces cancel each other i.e. the resultant of F2 and F4
is zero.

Examination Papers
381
t = (Magnitude of one force F ) perpendicular distance = ( BIl ) ( b sin q) = I (lb) B sin q
\ Torque, t = IAB sin q
The magnetic dipole moment of rectangular current loop = M = NIA
t = MB
magnetic field i.e., along I A B .

OR
(a) Conversion of Galvanometer into Ammeter
A galvanometer may be converted into ammeter by
S
using very small resistance in parallel with the
galvanometer coil. The small resistance connected in
G
parallel is called a shunt. If G is resistance of
Ammeter
galvanometer, I g is current in galvanometer for full
scale deflection, then for conversion of galvanometer into ammeter of range I ampere, the
shunt is given by
Ig
S=
G
I - Ig
Conversion of Galvanometer into Voltmeter
A galvanometer may be converted into voltmeter by
connecting high resistance (R) in series with the coil of
galvanometer. If V volt is the range of voltmeter formed,
then series resistance
V
R=
-G
Ig
R
G
Voltmeter
(b) The magnetic field produced by current I1 at any point on conductor RS is

m I
B1 = 0
2pd
This field acts perpendicular to the conductor RS and points into the plane of paper. It exerts
a force on RS. The force acting on length l of the conductor RS will be
382
Xam idea PhysicsXII
F21 = I2l B1 sin90

Similarly, an equal force is exerted on the wire PQ by the field of conductor RS.
m I I
F12 = 0 1 2 l
2pd
P
I2
l
F21
I1
Q
a
l
b
I2
I1
F12
Thus, when the currents in the two conductor are in the same direction, the force between them are
attractive. When the currents flow in opposite directions, the forces between the two conductors
are repulsive.
CBSE (All India) SetII

2. By symmetry, the flux through each of the six faces of the cube will be same when charge q is
placed at its centre.
1 q
\
fE = .
6 e0
1 q
Thus, electric flux passing through two opposite faces of the cube = 2. .
6 e0
5. de Broglie wavelength (l) is given as
h
l=
mv
Given v p = v e
where v p = velocity of proton
v e = velocity of electron
Since m p > m e
From the given relation
1
l , hence
l p < le
m
Thus, electron has greater de Broglie wavelength, if accelerated with same speed.
8. In single slit diffraction experiment fringe width is
2 lD
b=
d
Examination Papers
383
If d is doubled, the width of central maxima is halved. Thus size of central maxima is reduced to
half. Intensity of diffraction pattern varies square of slit width. So, when the slit gets double, it
makes the intensity four times.
Thus electron has greater de Broglie wavelength, if accelerated with same speed.
11.
(i) As, work done is independent of path followed , therefore, we may directly move from A to C
VC - VA = Potential difference between A and C.
C
= - E . dl = - E dl cos180 = E dl = E 4 = 4E
A
16.
Hence,
VC VA = 4E
(ii) The direction of electric field is always towards the decreasing potential. Hence, electric
potential at C would be more VC > VA .
(i) P = 200 W,
Vrms = 220 V,
F = 50 Hz
We know
V 2 rms
V 2 rms
or R =
R
P
(ii) P = Irms Vrms
P
200
Irms =
= 0.909A
=
Vrms 220
P=
R=
220 220
= 242W
200
OR
Given V = 280 sin 50 pt
(a) Here, V0 = 280,
w = 50p
2pn = 50p
n = 25Hz
V
280
(b) Vrms = 0 =
= 197.99V
2
2
V
197.99 V
= 4.95 A
I rms = rms =
40 W
2
17. We know,
magnetic moment (m) = NIA
where N = No. of turns
Then, length of wire remains same
d
2d
Thus,
N 2p = N 2p
2

2
N
N =
2
1
Now, m A = NIA A = NI ( pr A2 ) = NIpd 2
4
NI
1
2
Similarly m B = N I AB =
pr B = ( NIpd 2 )
2
2
( )
2d
N'
384
Xam idea PhysicsXII
1
mB 2 2
= =
mA 1 1
4
19. Given f 1 = f 2 = f 3 = 15cm
We have, lens formula
1 1
1
- =
v1 u1 f 1
1
1
1
= +
v1 15 -20
mB 2
=
mA 1
u1 = 20 cm, f 1 = 15 cm
v1 = 60 cm
So, the image formed by lens L2 is at infinity.

It means that the object for L2 lies at its focus.
So,
u2 = 15 cm
Hence, distance between L1 and L2 is
d1 = v1 + u 2 = 60 + 15 = 75 cm
As the image formed by lens L 2 lies at infinity then, the distance between L 2 and L 3 does
not matter. Hence, the distance between L 2 and L 3 can have any value.
23. The equivalent diagram of given electric circuit is
6V
0.2 A
10W
5W
30W
15W
2V
10W
0.2 A
Effective resistance between A and B

1
1 1 1
= + +
R = 5W
R 10 30 15
Applying Kirchhoff's Law
5 0.2 + R(0.2) + 10(0.2) = 6 2
R = 5W
When R = unknown value of resistance
VAB = 5 0.2 = 1volt
27. Let r0 be the distance of closest approach where the K.E of a-particle is converted into its potential
energy.
Given Z = 75, Ek = 5MeV
( 2e) ( Ze)
1
Ek =
4pe 0
r0
Examination Papers
or
r0 =
r0 =
As
r0
385
1 ( 2e)( Ze)
4pe 0 E k
9 10 9 75 2 (1.6 10 -19 ) 2
6
5 10 1.6 10
-19
18 75 1.6 10 -10
8 10
= 2.7 10 -14 m
1
Ek
Hence, the distance of closest approach is halved if K.E is doubled.

OR
-13.6
As we know,
...(i)
En =
eV
n2
For n =1, E1 = -13.6 eV
When electron undergoes transition from E A = - 0.85 eV
Then, from equation (i)
13.6
0.85 =
nA = 4
nA 2
Similarly, 1.51 =
-13.6
nB 2
nB = 3
Hence, electron transits from n = 4 to n = 3 which corresponds to Paschen series of hydrogen atom.
We know
1
1
1
= R
n2 n2
l
A
B
Here n A = 4, n B = 3, R = 1.0974 107
Then
1
1
1
= 1.097 107
2
l
42
3
l = 1875 nm
m -1

1. The fringe width is
lD
d
If D (distance between slits and screen) is doubled, then fringe width will be doubled.
3. The total flux passing through the cube is
q
f=
e0
b=
4. The frequency of electromagnetic waves does not change while travelling through a medium.
386
Xam idea PhysicsXII
9. The magnetic field at the centre due a circular coil of N turns and radius r carrying current I is
m NI
B= 0
2r
The magnetic moment of the coil is
m = NIA = NI pr 2
10. The given transistor is p-n-p transistor. The emitter is reverse biased and the
collector is forward biased.
+1V C
B
Action of n-p-n transistor
0V
An NPN transistor is equivalent to two P-N junction diodes placed back to
back with their very thin P-regions connected together. The circuit diagram
2V E
for the operation of NPN transistor is shown in fig. The two batteries
VEE and VCC represent emitter supply and collector supply respectively. The emitter-base
junction is forward biased and the base-collector junction is reverse biased. Consequently the
internal potential barrier at emitter-base junction neutralises while the width of depletion layer at
collector-base junction increases.
Base Current and Collector Current: Under forward bias of emitter-base junction, the electrons
in emitter and holes in base are compelled to move towards the junction, thus the depletion layer
of emitter-base junction is eliminated. As the base region is very thin, most electrons (about 98%)
starting from emitter region cross the base region and reach the collector while only a few of them
(about 2%) combine with an equal number of holes of base-region and get neutralised. As soon as
a hole (in P-region) combines with an electron, a covalent bond of crystal atom of base region
breaks releasing an electron-hole pair. The electron released is attracted by positive terminal of
emitter battery VEE , giving rise to a feeble base current ( I B ). Its direction in external circuit is
from emitter to base. The hole released in the base region compensates the loss of hole neutralised
by electrons.
Depletion
layer
n
IE
IC
e
B
+
IB
IE
+
IC
IB
e
+
VEE
+
VCC
The electrons crossing the base and entering the collector, due to reverse biasing of collector-base
junction, are attracted towards the positive terminal of collector battery VCC . In the process an
equal number of electrons leave the negative terminal of battery VCC and enter the positive
terminal of battery VEE . This causes a current in collector circuit, called the collector current. In
Examination Papers
387
addition to this the collector current is also due to flow of minority charge carriers under reverse
bias of base-collector junction. This current is called the leakage current.
Thus, collector current is formed of two components:
(i) Current ( I nc ) due to flow of electrons (majority charge carriers) moving from emitter to
collector.
(ii) leakage current ( I leakage ) due to minority charge carriers, i. e., I c = I nc + I leakage .
Emitter Current: When electrons enter the emitter battery VEE from the base causing base
current or electrons enter the collector battery VCC from the collector causing collector current, an
equal number of electrons enter from emitter battery VEE to emitter, causing the emitter current.
The process continues.
Relation between Emitter, Base and Collector Currents:
Applying Kirchhoffs I law at terminal O , we get
I E = I B + IC
That is, the emitter current I E is the sum of base current I B and the collector current I C . This is
the fundamental relation between currents in the bipolar transistor circuit.
12.
(i) P = 150 W, Vrms = 220 V, f = 60 Hz
We have
2
Vrms
R
220 220
R=
= 322.6 W
150
P=
(ii) P = I rms Vrms

I rms =
I rms =
R=
2
Vrms
P
P
Vrms
150
= 0.68 A
220
OR
We know,
V = V0 sin wt
Given
V = 70 sin 100 pt
(a) V0 = 70 volt,
2pn = 100p
w =100 p
[Q w = 2pn]
n = 50 Hz
V
70
(b) Vrms = 0 =
2
2
Vrms 70 / 2
=
R
25
70
= 1.98A
=
25 2
I rms =
[where R = 25W]
388
Xam idea PhysicsXII
16.
(i) From the given diagram,

potential difference between A and C
C
VC VA = - E . dl = - E dl cos180 = E dl = E 4 = 4E
A
So, VC - VA = 4E
(ii) The direction of electric field is in the decreasing potential. Hence, the electric potential will
be more at C.
Hence,
VC > VA
20.
(i) Transducer: Any device which converts one form of energy into another.
(ii) Repeater: It is a combination of a receiver and a transmitter. A repeater, picks up the signal
from the transmitter, amplifies and retransmits it to receiver sometimes with a change in
carrier frequency.
(iii) Amplification: It is the process of increasing the amplitude of a signal using an electronic
circuit. (i.e., amplifier). It is necessary to compensate for attenuation of signal in
communication system.
22. Given f 1 = f 2 = f 3 = 10 cm, u1 = 15 cm
1 1
1
By lens formula
- =
v1 u1 f 1
1
1
1
3 -2
1
=
=
= +
v1 10 -15
30
30
v1 = - 30 cm
Since, final image is formed by lens L3 at focus. Hence, for L3, the object must be at infinity. Thus
lens L2 should produce image at infinity. So for L2, its object should be at focus.
The image formed by lens L, is at 15 cm on the right side of lens L1which lies at 10 cm left of lens
L2, i.e., focus of lens L2.
Hence, distance between L1 and L2 = 30 cm + 10 cm = 40 cm
As the image formed by Lens L2 lies at infinity. Then, the distance between lens L2 and L3 does
not matter.
Hence, the distance between L 2 and L3 can have any value.
26. The equivalent diagram of the given electrical circuit is as follows.
10V
0.2 A
15W
5W
10W
5V
30W
10W
0.2 A D
Examination Papers
The effective resistance between A and D

1 1 1 1
3 +1 + 2
=
= + +
R 10 30 15
30
R = 5 W
Applying Kirchhoff Law, to find unknown R.
5 0.2 + R 0.2 + 15 0.2 = + 10 5
R
1 + + 3 = +5
R = 5W
5
Hence VAD = 5 0.2 = 1 volt
389

FOREIGN2012
Maximum marks: 70
CBSE (Foreign) SetI

1. Why is the potential inside a hollow spherical charged conductor constant and has the same value
as on its surface?
2. A magnetic needle, free to rotate in a vertical plane, orients itself vertically at a certain place on
the Earth. What are the values of (i) horizontal component of Earths magnetic field and (ii) angle
of dip at this place?
3. The closed loop (PQRS) of wire is moved into a uniform magnetic field at right angles to the
plane of the paper as shown in the figure. Predict the direction of the induced current in the loop.
4. Name the electromagnetic waves, which (i) maintain the Earths warmth and (ii) are used in
aircraft navigation.
5. How does focal length of a lens change when red light incident
P
Q
on it is replaced by violet light? Give reason for your answer.
6. Write the relationship between the size of a nucleus and its mass
S
R
number (A).
7. Show on a graph the variation of the de Broglie wavelength (l)

associated with an electron, with the square root of accelerating potential (V).
8. Define dipole moment of an electric dipole. Is it a scalar or a vector?
9. A conductor of length l is connected to a dc source of potential V. If the length of the conductor
is tripled by gradually stretching it, keeping V constant, how will (i) drift speed of electrons and (ii)
resistance of the conductor be affected? Justify your answer.
10. Two students X and Y perform an experiment on
E
K1
+
R
potentiometer separately using the circuit given:
Keeping other parameters unchanged, how will the
position of the null point be affected it
J
A
B
(i) X increases the value of resistance R in the
set-up by keeping the key K1 closed and the
e
key K2 open?
G
(ii) Y decreases the value of resistance S in the
+
set-up, while the key K2 remain open and the
key K1 closed?
S
Justify.
K2
Examination Papers
391
11. A particle of charge q and mass m is moving with velocity V . It is subjected to a uniform
magnetic field B directed perpendicular to its velocity. Show that it describes a circular path.
Write the expression for its radius.
12. Calculate the quality factor of a series LCR circuit with L = 2-0 H, C= 2 mF and R = 10 W. Mention
the significance of quality factor in LCR circuit.
13. Explain briefly how electromagnetic waves are produced by an oscillating charge. How is the
frequency of the em waves produced related to that of the oscillating charge?
14. In a given sample, two radioisotopes, A and B, are initially present in the ratio of 1:4. The half
lives of A and B are respectively 100 years and 50 years. Find the time after which the amounts of
A and B become equal.
15. Figure shows a block diagram of a transmitter. Identify the boxes X and Y and write the their
functions.
Transmitting
antenna
m(t)
Message signal
16. Trace the path of a ray of light passing through a glass prism (ABC) as shown in the figure. If the
refractive index of glass is 3, find out of the value of the angle of emergence from the prism.
A
60
B
17. Write two characteristic features to distinguish between n-type and p-type semiconductors.
OR
How does a light emitting diode (LED) work? Give two advantages of LEDs over the
conventional incandescent lamps.
18. A short bar magnet of magnetic moment 0.9 J/T is place with its axis at 30 to a uniform magnetic
field. It experiences a torque of 0.063 J.
(i) Calculate the magnitude of the magnetic field.
(ii) In which orientation will the bar magnet be in stable equilibrium in the magnetic field?
19. State Gausss law in electrostatic. A cube with each side a is kept in an electric field given by
E = C i$, (as is shown in the figure) where C is a positive dimensional constant. Find out
392
Xam idea PhysicsXII

y
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
(i) the electric flux through the cube, and

(ii) the net charge inside the cube
A capacitor of 200pF is charged by a 300V battery. The battery is then disconnected and the
charged capacitor is connected to another uncharged capacitor of 100 pF. Calculate the difference
between the final energy stored in the combined system and the initial energy stored in the single
capacitor.
Draw a labelled diagram of a moving coil galvanometer and explain its working. What is the
function of radial magnetic field inside the coil?
1 1 1
Define power of a lens. Write its units. Deduce the relation = +
for two thin lenses kept in
f f1 f 2
contact coaxially.
Write two characteristic features observed in photoelectric effect which support the photon picture
of electromagnetic radiation.
Draw a graph between the frequency of incident radiation (v) and the maximum kinetic energy of
the electrons emitted from the surface of a photosensitive material. State clearly how this graph
can be used to determine (i) Plancks constant and (ii) work function of the material.
Define modulation index. Give its physical significance. For an amplitude modulated wave, the
maximum amplitude is found to be 10V while the minimum amplitude is 2V. Determine the
modulation index m.
e1,r1
Two cells of emfs e1 , e 2 and internal resistance r1
and r2 respectively are connected in parallel as
shown in the figure.
I
I
Deduce the expressions for
A
B
(i) the equivalent e.m.f. of the combination,
(ii) the equivalent resistance of the combination, and
e2,r2
(iii) the potential difference between the points A
and B.
Using Bohrs postulates for hydrogen atom, show that the total energy (E) of the electron in the
stationary states can be expressed as the sum of kinetic energy (K) and potential energy (U), where
K = 2U. Hence deduce the expression for the total energy in the nth energy level of hydrogen
atom.
Define a wavelength.Use Huygens geometrical construction to show the propagation of a plane
wavefront from a rarer medium (i) to a denser medium (ii) undergoing refraction.
Hence derive Snells law of refraction.
Examination Papers
393
OR
(a) Use Huygens geometrical construction to show the behaviour of a plane wavefront.
(i) passing through a biconvex lens;
(ii) reflecting by a concave mirror.
(b) When monochromatic light is incident on a surface separating two media, why does the
refracted light have the same frequency as that of the incident light?
28.
(a) What is the effect on the interference fringes in a Youngs double slit experiment when
(i) the separation between the two slits in decreased?
(ii) the width of the source slit is increased?
(iii) the monochromatic source is replaced by a source of white light?
(b) The intensity at the central maxima in Youngs double slit experimental set-up is I0. Show
that the intensity at a point where the path difference is l 3 is I 0 / 4.
OR
(a) Obtain the conditions for the bright and dark fringes in diffraction pattern due to a single
narrow slit illuminated by a monochromatic source.
Explain clearly why the secondary maxima go on becoming weaker with increasing n.
(b) When the width of the slit is made double, how would this affect the size and intensity of the
central diffraction band? Justify.
29.
(a) State the principle on which AC generator works. Draw a labelled diagram and explain its
working.
(b) A conducting rod held horizontally along East-West direction is dropped from rest from a
certain height near the Earths surface. Why should there be an induced emf across the ends
of the rod?
Draw a plot showing the instantaneous variation of emf as a function of time from the instant
it begins to fall.
OR
(a) State the principle of a step-up transformer. Explain, with the help of a labelled diagram, its
working.
(b) Describe briefly any two energy losses, giving the reasons for their occurrence in actual
transformers.
30.
(a) Draw the circuit for studying the input and output characteristics of an n-p-n transistor in CE
configuration. Show, how from the output characteristics, the information about the current
amplification factor ( bac) can be obtained.
(b) Draw a plot of the transfer characteristic (V0 versus Vi) for a base-biased transistor in CE
configuration. Show for which regions in the plot, the transistor can operate as a switch.
OR
Why is a zener diode considered as a special purpose semiconductor diode?
Draw the IV characteristic of a zener diode and explain briefly how reverse current suddenly
increases at the breakdown voltage.
Describe briefly with the help of a circuit diagram how a zener diode works to obtain a constant
dc voltage from the unregulated dc output of a rectifier.
394
Xam idea PhysicsXII
CBSE (Foreign) SetII

1. What is the angle of dip at a place where the horizontal and vertical components of the Earths
magnetic field are equal?
2. Show on a graph variation of the de-Broglie wavelength (l) associated with the electron versus
1 / V , where V is the accelerating potential for the electron.
7. The closed loop (PQRS) of wire is moved out of a uniform magnetic field at right angles to the
plane of the paper as shown in the figure. Predict the direction of the induced current in the loop.
8. Why is there no work done in moving a charge from one point to another on an equipotential
surface?
10. A magnetised needle of magnetic moment 4.8 102 J T1 is placed at 30 with the direction of
uniform magnetic field of magnitude 3 102 T. Calculate the torque acting on the needle.
12. Trace the path of ray (P) of light passing through the glass prism as shown in the figure. The
prism is made of glass with critical angle ic= 40.
A
P
45
B
13. In a given sample, two radioactive nuclei, A and B, are initially present in the ratio of 4:1. The half
lives of A and B are respectively 25 years. Find the time after which the amounts of A and B
become equal.
14. Calculate the quality factor of a series LCR circuit with L = 4.0 H, C = 1 mF and R = 20 W.
Mention the significance of quality factor in LCR circuit.
15. Figure shows a block diagram of a detector for amplitude modulated signal. Identify the boxes X
and Y and write their functions.
26. A capacitor of 150 pF is charged by a 220 V battery. The battery is then disconnected and the
capacitor.
Examination Papers
395
CBSE (Foreign) SetIII

1. Write the relation between de-Broglie wavelength (l) associated with the electron and its kinetic
energy E.
2. What are isotopes? Give one example.
5. A small magnet is pivoted to move freely in the magnetic meridian. At what place on the surface
of the Earth will the magnet be vertical?
7. Why do the equipotential due to a uniform electric field not intersect each other?
9. A right angle prism is placed as shown in the figure. Given that the prism is made of glass with
critical angle 40, trace the path of the ray P incident normal to the face AC.
A
45
B
11. A short bar magnet of magnetic moment 0.5 J/T is placed with its axis is 30 to a uniform
magnetic of 0.1 T. Calculate (i) the magnitude of the torque experienced and (ii) the direction on
which it acts.
14. A conductor of length l is connected to a dc source of potential V. If the length of the
conductor is doubled by gradually stretching it, keeping V constant, how will (i) drift speed of
electrons and (ii) resistance of the conductor be affected? Justify your answer.
15. Calculate the quality factor of a series LCR circuit with L = 4.0 H, C = 4 mF and R = 20W. Mention
the significance of quality factor in LCR circuit.
21. Define modulation index. Give its physical significance.
For an amplitude modulated wave, the maximum amplitude is 4V. Determine the modulation
index m.
27. A capacitor of 400pF is charged by a 100V battery. The battery is then disconnected and the
capacitor.
396
Xam idea PhysicsXII
Solutions
CBSE (Foreign) SetI
1. Electric field intensity is zero inside the hollow spherical charged conductor. So, no work is done
in moving a test charge inside the conductor and on its surface. Therefore, there is no potential
difference between any two points inside or on the surface of the conductor.
2. (a) 0
(b) 90
3. By Lenzs law, the direction of induced current is such that it opposes its own cause of
production. The induced current opposes the increase in magnetic flux. Hence the direction of
induced current is PSRQP (anticlockwise).
4.
(i) Infrared rays
(ii) Microwaves.
1
1
1
5. We know = (m -1)
f
R1 R 2
f
1
and m v > m R
(m -1)
The increase in refractive index would result in decrease of focal length of lens. Hence, we can
say by replacing red light with violet light, decreases the focal length of the lens used.
6. The relationship is
1
R = R0 A
where
R = Radius of nucleus
A = Mass number
1.22
7. We know l =
V
\
l V = constant
The nature of the graph between l and V is hyperbola.
8. Dipole moment of an electric dipole is the product of either of charge and the length of dipole. It
is a vector quantity.
9.
P = q (2 a )
eVt 1
(i) We know that v d =
ml l
When length is tripled, the drift velocity becomes one-third.
l
(ii) R =r , l = 3 l
A
Examination Papers
397
New resistance
l
3l
= r
= 9R
R = r
A
A3
R' = 9R
Hence, the new resistance will be 9 times the original.
10.
(i) By increasing resistance R the current through AB decreases, so potential gradient decreases.
Hence a greater length of wire would be needed for balancing the same potential difference.
So the null point would shift towards B.
(ii) By decreasing resistance S, the current through AB remains the same, potential gradient does
not change. As K2 is open so there is no effect of S on null point.
11. When a particle of charge q of mass m is directed to move perpendicular to the uniform
magnetic field B with velocity v

The force on the charge
F = q ( v B)
This magnetic force acts always perpendicular to the velocity
of charged particle. Hence magnitude of velocity remains
constant but direction changes continuously. Consequently
the path of the charged particle in a perpendicular magnetic
field becomes circular. The magnetic force (q v B) provides
the necessary centripetal force to move along a circular path.
mv
mv 2
Then,
qv B =
r=
r
qB
Here r = radius of the circular

1
12. We have,
Q=
R
1
=
10
F
F
q
path followed by the charge.

L
C
2
= 100
2 10 -6
It signifies the sharpness of resonance.
13. An oscillating or accelerated is supposed to be source of an electromagnetic wave. An oscillating
change produces an oscillating electric field in space which further produces an oscillating
magnetic field which in turn is a source of electric field. These oscillating electric and magnetic
field, hence, keep on regenerating each other and an electromagnetic wave is produced
The frequency of em wave = Frequency of oscillating charge
14. We have
N = N 0 e - lt
For radio isotopes A and B, we can write
N A = N 0 e - lA t A
N B = 4N 0 e
- lB t B
Let t be the time after which N A = N B

t A = t B = t( say)
...(i)
...(ii)
398
Xam idea PhysicsXII
N 0 e - lA t = 4 N 0 e - lB t
4 = e lB t - lA t
log e 4 = (l B t - l A t) log e e
log 2 log e 2
log e 2
2 log e 2 = e Ql =
t
TA1 / 2
T
TB1 / 2
1
1
2 -1
2 =
2 =
t
t
50 100
100
t = 200 years
15. X Amplitude Modulator
Y Power Amplifier
Function of X: The original message signal has very small energy and dies out very soon if
transmitted directly as such. Hence, these signals are modulated by mixing with very high
frequency waves (carrier wave) by modulator power.
Function of Y: The signal cannot be transmitted as such because they get weaken after travelling
long distance. Hence, use of power amplifier provides them necessary power before feeding the
signal to the transmitting antenna.
A
16. Given n g = 3
i=0
At the interface AC,
By Snells Law
ng
sin i
=
sin r
na
But sin i = sin 0 = 0, hence r = 0
At the interface AB, i = 30
Applying Snells Law
sin 30 n a
1
=
=
sin e = 3 sin 30
sin e
ng
3
30
e
60
B
e = 60
17.
ntype Semiconductor
(i) It is formed by doping pentavalent impurities.
ptype Semiconductor
(i) It is doped with trivalent impurities.
(iii) The electrons are majority carriers and holes are (ii) The holes are majority carriers and electrons are
minority carriers ( ne >> nh ).
minority carriers (nh >> ne ).
OR
A light emitting diode is simply a forward biased p-n junction which emits spontaneous light
radiation. At the junction, energy is released in the form of photons due to the recombination of
the excess minority charge carrier with the majority charge carrier.
Advantages
(i) Low operational voltage and less powder.
(ii) Fast action and no warm up time required.
Examination Papers
18.
399
(i) We know t = M B
or
19.
t = M B sin q
0.063 = 0.9 B sin 30
or
B = 0.14 T
(ii) The position of minimum energy corresponds to position of stable equilibrium.
The energy (U) = MB cos q
When q = 0 U = MB = Minimum energy
Hence, when the bar magnet is placed parallel to the magnetic field, it is the state of stable
equilibrium.
(i) Gausss Law in electrostatics states that the total electric flux through a closed surface
1
enclosing a charge is equal to
times the magnitude of that charge.
e0

f = E . dS =
s
q
e0
(ii) Net flux f = f1 + f2

where f1 = E . dS
= 2aC dS cos 0 = 2 aC a 2 = 2a 3 C
n
f2
f1
a
f2 = aC a 2 cos 180 = -a 3 C
f = 2a 3 C + ( -a 3 C) = a 3 C Nm 2 C -1
(iii) Net charge (q) = e 0 f = a 3 C e 0 coulomb
q = a 3 C e 0 coulomb.
1
20. Initial energy of capacitor (Ui ) = CV 2
2
1
Ui = 200 10 -12 (300) 2 = 9 106J
2
Charge on capacitor Q = CV = 200 1012 300 = 6 108 C
When both capacitors are connected then let V be common potential difference across the two
capacitors.
The charge would be shared between them.
q q
Hence, Q = q + q ,
=
C C
q charge on capacitor (first)
q' charge on capacitor (second)
C = 200 pF,
C = 100 pF
q
q
=
q = 2q
-12
200 10
100 10 -12
Q 60 nC
Then
= 20 nC
Q = 2q + q = 3q
q' = =
3
3
400
Xam idea PhysicsXII
and
q = 2q' = 40 nC
Hence, total final energy U f =
q 2 q 2
+
2C 2C
1 ( 40 10 -9 ) 2 1 ( 20 10 -9 ) 2
Uf =
+
2 200 10 -12 2 100 10 -12
U f = 6 10 -6 J
Energy difference
( DU ) = U f - Ui = 6 10 -6 - 9 10 -6 = -3 10 -6 J
DU = 3 10 -6 J (in magnitude)
21. Moving coil galvanometer: A galvanometer is used to detect current in a circuit.
Construction: It consists of a rectangular coil wound on a non-conducting metallic frame and is
suspended by phosphor bronze strip between the pole-pieces ( N and S ) of a strong permanent
magnet.
A soft iron core in cylindrical form is placed between the coil.
One end of coil is attached to suspension wire which also serves as one terminal (T1 ) of
galvanometer. The other end of coil is connected to a loosely coiled strip, which serves as the
other terminal (T2 ). The other end of the suspension is attached to a torsion head which can be
rotated to set the coil in zero position. A mirror ( M ) is fixed on the phosphor bronze strip by
means of which the deflection of the coil is measured by the lamp and scale arrangement. The
levelling screws are also provided at the base of the instrument.
H
Suspension wire
M
T1
T2
Coil
NIBl
b
NIBl
Coiled strip
(a)
(b)
Magnetic lines of
(c)
The pole pieces of the permanent magnet are cylindrical so that the magnetic field is radial at any
position of the coil.
Principle and working: When current ( I ) is passed in the coil, torque t acts on the coil, given by
t = NIAB sin q
where q is the angle between the normal to plane of coil and the magnetic field of strength B, N is
the number of turns in a coil.
Examination Papers
401
When the magnetic field is radial, as in the case of cylindrical pole pieces and soft iron core, then
in every position of coil the plane of the coil, is parallel to the magnetic field lines, so that q = 90
and sin 90 = 1
Deflecting torque,
t = NIAB
If C is the torsional rigidity of the wire and q is the twist of suspension strip, then restoring torque
=C q
i.e.
NIAB = C q
NAB
...(i)
\
q=
I
C
i.e.
qI
22. Power of lens: It is the reciprocal of focal length of a lens.
1
P = (f is in metre)
f
Unit of power of lens: Diopter.
A
I1
v1
An object is placed at point O. The lens A produces an image at I1 which serves as a virtual object
for lens B which produces final image at I.
Given, the lenses are thin. The optical centres (P) of the lenses A and B is co-incident.
For lens A, we have
1 1 1
...(i)
- =
v1 u f 1
1 1
1
For lens B, we have - =
...(ii)
v v1 f 2
Adding equations (i) and (ii),
1 1 1 1
- = +
v u f1 f 2
...(iii)
If two lenses are considered as equivalent to a single lens of focal length f, then
1 1 1
...(iv)
- =
v u f
402
Xam idea PhysicsXII
From equation (iii) and equation (iv), we can write

1 1 1
= +
f f1 f 2
(a) All photons of light of a particular frequency n
have same energy and momentum whatever the
intensity of radiation may be.
(b) Photons are electrically neutral and are not
affected by presence of electric and magnetic
fields,
(i) From this graph, the Planck constant can be
calculated by the slope of the current
q
X
D( KE)
n0
h=
n(Hz)
Dv
(ii) Work function is the minimum energy
required to eject the photo-electron from the
metal surface.
f = hv 0 , where v0 = Threshold frequency
24. Modulation index: It is the ratio of peak value of modulating signal to the peak value of carrier
wave.
A
m= m
Ac
K.E. of electron (eV)
23.
Physical significance: It signifies the level of distortion or noise. A lower value of modulation
index indicates a lower distortion in the transmitted signal.
Maximum amplitude, Amax = Ac + Am
= 10 V
Minimum aptitude, Amin = Ac Am = 2 V
A
- A min
10 - 2
8
2
Modulation index = max
=
=
= .
A max + A min
10 + 2 12 3
25. Here,
I = I1 + I 2
Let V = Potential difference between A and B.

For cell e1
e -V
Then, V = e1 - I 1 r1 I 1 = 1
r1
e -V
Similarly, for cell e 2
I2 = 2
r2
Putting these values in equation (i)
e -V e 2 -V
I= 1
+
r1
r2
or
, r1
...(i)
e
e
1 1
I = 1 + 2 -V +
r1 r 2
r1 r 2
I1
I
B
I2
, r2
Examination Papers
403
e r + e 2 r1 r1r 2
...(ii)
V = 1 2
- I
r1 + r 2 r1 + r 2
Comparing the above equation with the equivalent circuit of emf eeq and internal resistance
req then,
...(iii)
V = e eq - Ir eq
Then
e r + e 2 r1
rr
(i) e eq = 1 2
(ii) r eq = 1 2
r1 + r 2
r1 + r 2
or
(iii) The potential difference between A and B

V = e eq - I r eq
26. Energy of an electron in the stationary orbits of the hydrogen atom can be obtained by adding its
kinetic and potential energies.
For electron revolving in an orbit of radius r hydrogen (z = 1) atom with speed v.
mv 2
1 e2
=
r
4pe 0 r 2
KE =
(from first postulate of Bohrs atom model)
1
1 e2
mv 2 =
2
2 4pe 0 r
...(ii)
The potential energy is due to the presence of charge (+e) on the nucleus and is given by
PE = Potential charge
1
e
1 e2
, . (e) = 4pe 0 r
4pe 0 r
...(iii)
Total energy = KE + PE
1 e2
1 e 2
En =
+2 4e 0 r 4pe 0 r
En = -
1 e2
2 4 pe 0 r
According to Bohrs second postulate

nh
nh
mvr =
v=
2p
2pmr
From equation (i)
m n2h2
1 e2
=
r 4p 2 m 2 r 2
4pe 0 r 2
r =
n2 h2 e0 2
mpe 2
Substituting the value of r in equation (iv), we have
En = -
me 4
8n 2 e 0 2 h 2
...(iv)
...(v)
404
Xam idea PhysicsXII
27. Wavefront : A wavefront is a locus of all particles of medium vibrating in the same phase.
Huygens Principle : There are some phenomena like interference, diffraction and polarisation
which could not be explained by Newtons corpuscular theory. They were explained by wave
theory first proposed by Huygen.
The assumptions of Huygens theory are : (i) A source sends waves in all possible directions. The
locus of particles of a medium vibrating in the same phase is called a wavefront. For a point
source, the wavefront is spherical; while for a line source the wavefront is cylindrical. The distant
wavefront is plane.
Each point of a wavefront acts as a source of secondary wavelets. The envelope of all wavelets at
a given instant gives the position of a new wavefront.
Proof of Snells law of Refraction using Huygens wave
theory : When a wave starting from one homogeneous
medium enters the another homogeneous medium, it is
deviated from its path. This phenomenon is called
refraction. In transversing from first medium to another
medium, the frequency of wave remains unchanged but its
speed and the wavelength both are changed. Let XY be a
surface separating the two media 1 and 2. Let v1 and v 2
be the speeds of waves in these media.
B
i
X
90o
i
B'
r
90
A'
Suppose a plane wavefront AB in first medium is incident obliquely on the boundary surface XY
and its end A touches the surface at A at time t = 0 while the other end B reaches the surface at
point B after time-interval t. Clearly BB = v1t. As the wavefront AB advances, it strikes the
points between A and B of boundary surface. According to Huygens principle, secondary spherical
wavelets originate from these points, which travel with speed v1 in the first medium and speed v 2
in the second medium.
First of all secondary wavelet starts from A, which traverses a distance AA ( = v 2 t) in second medium
in time t. In the same time-interval t, the point of wavefront traverses a distance BB ( = v1t) in first
medium and reaches B , from, where the secondary wavelet now starts. Clearly BB = v1t and
AA = v 2 t.
First law : As AB, A B and surface XY are in the plane of paper, therefore the perpendicular
drawn on them will be in the same plane. As the lines drawn normal to wavefront denote the rays,
therefore we may say that the incident ray, refracted ray and the normal at the point of incidence
all lie in the same plane.
Second law : Let the incident wavefront AB and refracted wavefront A B make angles i and r
Examination Papers

vt
BB
\
sin i = sin BAB =
= 1
AB
AB
AA v 2 t
\
sin r = sin AB A =
=
AB AB
v
sin i
= 1 = constant
sin r
v2
405
...(i)
...(ii)
...(iii)
As the rays are always normal to the wavefront, therefore the incident and refracted rays make
angles i and r with the normal drawn on the surface XY i.e. i and r are the angle of incidence and
angle of refraction respectively. According to equation (3) :
The ratio of sine of angle of incidence and the sine of angle of refraction is a constant and is
equal to the ratio of velocities of waves in the two media. This is the second law of refraction,
and is called the Snells law.
When a light wave travels from rarer to denser medium, the speed decreases. It does not imply
reduction its energy. This is because energy of wave depends on its frequency and not on its
speed.
OR
(a) Wave Nature of Light : Huygens Theory
There are some phenomena like interference, diffraction and polarisation which could not be
explained by Newtons corpuscular theory. They were explained by wave theory first
proposed by Huygen.
The assumptions of Huygens theory are :
(i) A source sends waves in all possible directions. The locus of particles of a medium
vibrating in the same phase is called a wavefront. For a point source, the wavefront is
spherical; while for a line source the wavefront is cylindrical. The distant wavefront is
plane.
(ii) Each point of a wavefront acts as a source of secondary wavelets. The envelope of all
wavelets at a given instant gives the position of a new wavefront.
Rectilinear Propagation of Light : According to Newtons corpuscular theory, the path of
light is a straight line, but according to wave theory the rectilinear propagation of light is only
approximate.
(i) The action of a convex lens : A plane wavefront becomes spherical convergent
wavefront after refraction. Fig.
Spherical wavefront
Plane wavefront
Lens
406
Xam idea PhysicsXII
(ii) Action of concave mirror : A plane wavefront becomes spherical convergent after
reflection. Fig.
Plane wavefront
Spherical wavefront
mirror
28.
(b) As frequency of light is the characteristic of its source, light reflects and refracts due to the
interaction of incident light with the atoms of the medium. These atoms always take up the
frequency of the incident light which forces them to vibrate and emit light of same frequency.
Hence, frequency remains same.
lD
(a) (i) Fringe width (b) =
d
If d decreases, b increases
(ii) For interference fringe, the condition is
s l
<
D d
where s = size of source, D = distance of source from slits.
If the source slit width increases, fringe pattern gets less sharp or faint.
When the source slit is made wide which does not fullfil the above condition and
interference pattern not visible.
(iii) The central fringes are white. On the either side of the central white fringe the coloured
bands (few coloured maxima and minima) will appear. This is because fringes of
different colours overlap.
(b) Intensity at a point is
f
I = I 0 cos 2
2
l
2p l 2p
At path difference , the phase difference, f = . =
3
l 3
3
I
1
2
p
p
\
I = I 0 cos 2 = I 0 cos 2 = 0
2 3
3 4
OR
(a) Diffraction of light at a single slit : When monochromatic light is made incident on a single
slit, we get diffraction pattern on a screen placed behind the slit. The diffraction pattern
contains bright and dark bands, the intensity of central band is maximum and goes on
decreasing on both sides.
Explanation : Let AB be a slit of width a and a parallel beam of monochromatic light is
incident on it. According to Fresnel the diffraction pattern is the result of superposition of a
large number of waves, starting from different points of illuminated slit.
D = BP - AP = BN
Examination Papers
407
In D ANB , ANB = 90
\ and BAN = q
BN
or BN = AB sin q
\
sin q =
AB
\ Path difference,
....(i)
D = a sin q
be explained by simple arguments given below :
P
A
Light from
source
M1
q
q
O
M2 90o N
C
q
l
a sin q = l sin q =
a
l
If angle q is small, sin q = q =
...(ii)
a
a
Minima : Now we divide the slit into two equal halves AO and OB, each of width . Now for
2
a
every point, M 1 in AO, there is a corresponding point M 2 in OB, such that M 1 M 2 = ; Then
2
path difference between waves arriving at P and starting from M 1 and M 2 will be
a
l
sin q = . This means that the contributions from the two halves of slit AO and OB are
2
2
opposite in phase and so cancel each other. Thus equation (2) gives the angle of diffraction at
which intensity falls to zero. Similarly it may be shown that the intensity is zero for
nl
sin q =
, with n as integer. Thus the general condition of minima is
a
...(iii)
a sin q = nl
Secondary Maxima : Let us now consider angle q such that
408
Xam idea PhysicsXII
3l
2a
which is midway between two dark bands given by
l
2l
sin q = q = and sin q = q =
a
a
Let us now divide the slit into three parts. If we take the first two of parts of slit, the path
difference between rays diffracted from the extreme ends of the first two parts
2
2
3l
a sin q = a
=l
3
3
2a
l
Then the first two parts will have a path difference of and cancel the effect of each other.
2
The remaining third part will contribute to the intensity at a point between two minima.
Clearly there will be a maxima between first two minima, but this maxima will be of much
weaker intensity than central maximum. This is called first secondary maxima. In a similar
manner we can show that there are secondary maxima between any two consecutive minima;
and the intensity of maxima will go on decreasing with increase of order of maxima. In
general the position of nth maxima will be given by
1
...(iv)
a sin q = n + l ,
[ n =1, 2, 3, 4, .... ]
2
The intensity of secondary maxima decrease with increase of order n because with increasing
n, the contribution of slit decreases.
For n = 2, it is one-fifth, for n = 3, it is one-seventh and so on.
2Dl
(b) Width of central Maxima ' b' =
a
a size of slit
If size of slit is doubled, width of central maxima becomes half. Intensity varies as square of
slit width. It width of slit is doubled, intensity gets four times.
(a) AC generator: A dynamo or generator is a device which converts mechanical energy into
electrical energy. It is based on the principle of electromagnetic induction.
Construction: It consists of the four main parts:
magnetic field is generated by a permanent magnet, while in the case of large power
dynamo, the magnetic field is produced by an electromagnet.
(ii) Armature: It consists of a large number of turns of insulated wire in the soft iron drum
or ring. It can revolve round an axle between the two poles of the field magnet. The drum
or ring serves the two purposes: (i) It serves as a support to coils and (ii) It increases the
magnetic field due to air core being replaced by an iron core.
(iii) Slip Rings: The slip rings R1 and R 2 are the two metal rings to which the ends of
armature coil are connected. These rings are fixed to the shaft which rotates the armature
coil so that the rings also rotate along with the armature.
(iv) Brushes: These are two flexible metal plates or carbon rods ( B1 and B 2 ) which are fixed
and constantly touch the revolving rings. The output current in external load R L is taken
through these brushes.
sin q = q =
29.
Examination Papers
409
Working: When the armature coil is rotated in the strong magnetic field, the magnetic flux
linked with the coil changes and the current is induced in the coil, its direction being given by
Flemings right hand rule. Considering the
w
armature to be in vertical position and as it
Armature coil
rotates in anticlockwise direction, the wire ab
b
moves upward and cd downward, so that the
c
direction of induced current is shown in fig. In
the external circuit, the current flows along
N B
S
B1 R L B 2 . The direction of current remains
Field magnet
unchanged during the first half turn of
a
armature. During the second half revolution,
d
the wire ab moves downward and cd upward,
B1
so the direction of current is reversed and in
R1
external circuit it flows along B 2 R L B1 . Thus
Slip rings
Brushes Load
the direction of induced emf and current
RL
changes in the external circuit after each half
R2
B2
revolution.
Expression for Induced emf: If N is the number of turns in coil, f the frequency of rotation,
A area of coil and B the magnetic induction, then induced emf
df d
dt dt
Current produced by an ac generator cannot be measured by moving coil ammeter; because
the average value of ac over full cycle is zero.
(b) As the earths magnetic field lines are cut by the falling
rod, the change in magnetic flux takes place. This change
in flux induces an emf across the ends of the rod.
Since the rod is falling under gravity,
e
( Q u = 0)
v = gt
Induced emf, e = Blv
e = Blgt
\
e t
t
OR
(a) Transformer: Transformer is a device by which an alternating voltage may be decreased or
Construction: It consists of laminated core of soft iron, on which two coils of insulated
copper wire are separately wound. These coils are kept insulated from each other and from
the iron-core, but are coupled through mutual induction. The number of turns in these coils
are different. Out of these coils one coil is called primary coil and other is called the
secondary coil. The terminals of primary coils are connected to AC mains and the terminals
of the secondary coil are connected to external circuit in which alternating current of desired
voltage is required. Transformers are of two types:
410
Xam idea PhysicsXII
1. Step up Transformer: It transforms the alternating low voltage to alternating high voltage
and in this the number of turns in secondary coil is more than that in primary coil.
(i. e., N S > N p ).
2. Step down Transformer: It transforms the alternating high voltage to alternating low
voltage and in this the number of turns in secondary coil is less than that in primary coil
(i. e., N S < N p )
(A.C. mains)
Primary
laminated
iron core
Primary
Primary
Secondary
Secondary
(a) Step up
(b) Step down
Core
Secondary
Transformer
Df
...(i)
ep =-Np
Dt
Df
...(ii)
eS = - NS
Dt
From (i) and (ii)
eS NS
...(iii)
=
ep Np
equal to the applied potential difference (V p ) across its ends. Similarly if the secondary circuit
in it; therefore
VS e S N S
...(iv)
=
=
= r (say)
Vp e p N p
Examination Papers
where r =
411
NS
Np

For about 100% efficiency, Power in primary = Power in secondary
V p i p = VS i S
iS V p N p 1
=
=
=
i p VS N S r
...(v)
N s > N p r >1;
So
i.e. step up transformer increases the voltage.

(b)
(i) Flux leakage: There is always some flux leakage, that is, not all of the flux due to
primary passes through the secondary due to poor design of the core or the air gaps in the
core.
(ii) Eddy currents: The alternating magnetic flux induces eddy currents in the iron core and
causes heating.
(a) Characteristic Curves: The circuit diagram for determining the static characteristic curves
of an n-p-n transistor in common-emitter configuration is shown in figure.
mA
IB
A
VBB
VBE
Rh1
IC
C
+
VCE
E
IE
VCC
CE
=
10
Output characteristics: These characteristics are

obtained by plotting collector current IC versus
collector-emitter voltage VCE at a fixed value of base
current I B . The base current is changed to some other
fixed value and the observations of I C versus VCE are
VCE = 5V
repeated. Fig. represents the output characteristics of a
V
common-emitter circuit.
The characteristic curves show:
(i) When collector-emitter voltage VCE is
VBE
increased from zero, the collector current IC
increases as VCE increases from 0 to 1 V only and then the collector current
becomes almost constant and independent of VCE. The value of VCE upto which
collector current IC changes is called the knee voltage Vknee .
IB
30.
Xam idea PhysicsXII
Collector current in (IC) mA
412
12.5
Base current (IB)
10
7.5
60 A
50 A
40 A
30 A
2.5
20 A
10 A
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
Collector to emitter voltage (FCE) in volts
Determination of Current Gain

DI
Current gain b = C
DI B V
CE
We take the active region of output characteristics i, the region where collector current
( I C ) is almost independent of VCE .
Now we choose any two characteristic curves for given values of I B and find the two
corresponding values of I C .
DI ( I ) - ( I C ) 1
Then
b = C = C 2
DI B ( I B ) 2 - ( I B ) 1
From graph ( I C ) 1 = 5 2 mA, ( I C ) 2 = 7 3 mA
( I B ) 1 = 30 mA,
( I B ) 2 = 40 mA
(7 3 - 5 2) mA 2 1 10 - 3
b=
=
= 210
( 40 - 30) mA
10 10 - 6
Using any two curves from output characteristics current amplification factor b ac =
(b) A switch is a device which can turn ON and OFF current is an electrical circuit.
A transistor can be used to turn current ON or OFF rapidly in electrical circuits.
IC
C
RB
IB
VCE
+
E
Vi
VBB
VO
RL
VBE
2
VCC
DI C
.
DI B
Examination Papers
413
Operation: The circuit diagram of n-p-n transistor in CE configuration working as a switch is

shown in fig. VBB and VCC are two dc supplies which bias base-emitter and emitter collecter
junctions respectively.
Let VBB be the input supply voltage. This is also input dc voltage (VC ). The dc output voltage
is taken across collector-emitter terminals, R L is the load resistance in output circuit.
Applying Kirchhoffs second law to input and output meshes (1) and (2), we get
(i)
VBB = I B R B + VBE
and
(ii)
VCC = I C R L + VCE
We have VBB = Vi and VCE = V0 , so above equations take the form
(iii)
Vi = VBE + I B R B
and
(iv)
V0 ( = VCE ) = VCC - I C R L
Let us see the change in V0 due to a change in Vi . In case of Si transistor; the barrier voltage
across base-emitter junction is 0 6 V. Therefore, when Vi is less than 0 6 V, there is no
collector current ( I C = 0), so transistor will be in cut off state. Hence, from (iv) with
I C = 0; V0 = VCC .
When Vi becomes greater than 0 6 V, I C begins to
Cut off
Active
flow and increase with increase of Vi . Thus, from
region region
(iv), V0 decreases upto Vi =1 V; the increase in I C is
linear and so decrease in output voltage V0 is linear.
Beyond Vi =1 V, the change in collector current and
V0
hence in output voltage V0 is non-linear and the
Saturation
region
transistor goes into saturation. With further increase
in Vi , the output voltage further decrease towards
zero (though it never becomes zero).
AV
If we plot V0 versus Vi , we get the graph as shown in
fig. [This characteristics curve is also called transfer
characteristic curve of base biased transistor.]
Vi
1V
The curve shows that there are non-linear regions.
0.6 V
(i) between cut off state and active state and (ii) between active state and saturation state; thus
showing that the transitions (i) from cut off to active state and from active to saturation state
are not sharply defined.
Now we are in the position to explain the action of transistor as a switch. When transistor is
non-conducting ( I C = 0), it is said to be switched off but when it is conducting (I C is not
zero); it is said to be switched ON.
As long as input voltage Vi is low and unable to overcome the barrier voltage of the emitter
base junction, V0 is high (I C = 0 and V0 = VCC ), so the transistor is switched OFF and if it is
high enough to derive the transistor into saturation (I C is high and so V0 ( = VCC - I C R L ) is
low, very near to zero, so the transistor is switched ON. Thus we can say low input switches
the transistor is OFF state and high input switches it ON.
The switching circuits are designed in such a way that the transistor does not remain in active
state.
The transistor can operate as a switch in cut off region and saturation region.
414
Xam idea PhysicsXII
OR
A zener diode is considered as a special purpose
semiconductor diode because it is designed to operate under
reverse bias in the breakdown region.
We know that reverse current is due to the flow of electrons
(minority carriers) from p n and holes from n p. As
the reverse bias voltage is increased, the electric field at the
junction becomes significant. When the reverse bias voltage
V = Vz, then the electric field strength is high enough to pull
valence electrons from the host atoms on the p-side which
are accelerated to n-side. These electrons causes high
current at breakdown.
Working:
The unregulated dc voltage output of a
rectifier is connected to the zener diode
through a series resistance R s such that the
zener diode is reverse biased. Now, any
increase/decrease in the input voltage results
in increase/decrease of the voltage drop across
R s without any change in voltage across the
zener diode. Thus, the zener diode acts as a
voltage regulator.
BV
= tan d
BH
Given
BV = B H then tan d =1
Angle of dip, d = 45
h
2. l =
2 meV
Reverse bias
Vz
Forward bias
V(V)
I (A)
Rs
Unregulated
voltage
(VL)
CBSE (Foreign) SetII

1. We know
I (mA)
IL
Load
RL
Regulated
voltage
(Vz)
Examination Papers
415
7. From the given figure, it is clear that the magnetic flux decreases. By
P
Q
Lenzs law, the induced current opposes the change in flux by producing
the magnetic field in the same direction as the external magnetic field.
R
By right hand thumb rule, the induced current will flow in a clockwise S
direction. i.e., PQRSP.

8. The potential difference between any two points of equipotential surface is zero. We have
W
(Q dv = 0)
= dv
q
Thus W = 0, the work done in moving a charge on an equipotential is zero.
10. We have,
t = M B sin q
where
t torque acting on magnetic needle

M Magnetic moment
B Magnetic field strength
Then
t = 4.8 102 3 102 sin 30
1
= 4.8 102 3 102
2
4
t = 7.2 10 Nm
12. From the figure, the incident ray is normal to the surface of
prism. So, incident angle = 0
Then, angle of refraction will be zero. It means that the ray of
light will pass through the prism undeviated, reaches the other
end of prism.
The second angle of incident = 45 (greater than critical angle
of prism). The ray of light undergoes the phenomenon of total
internal reflection and continues in the same manner.
13. We have N = N 0 e - lt
For radio isotopes A and B, we can write
N A = 4 N 0 e - lA t A
N B = N 0 e - lB t B
Let t be the time after which N A = N B
t A = t B = t( say)
\
4 N 0 e - lA t = N 0 e - lA t
4 = e - lB t + lA t
log e 4 = ( -l B t + l A t) log e e
log e 2 log e 2
t
2 log e 2 =
TA
TB1 / 2
1/2
2 -1
2 =
t
50
1 1
2 = - t
25
50
t =100 years.
45
45
45
45 45
45
416
Xam idea PhysicsXII
14. We have, the quality factor Q of a series LCR

1 L
Here,
R = 20, L = 4H, C = 106F
Q=
C
R
1
4
Q=
= 100
20 10 -6
The quality factor measures the sharpness of resonance of an LCR circuit.
15. Here
X Rectifier
Y Envelope detector
Rectifier: It allows only the positive half of the AM input wave to go onwards.
It separates the message signal from the carrier wave.
26. Given, C1 = 150 pF = 150 1012F
V1 = 200 V
Initial energy of the first capacitor
1
1
U1 = C1V12 = 150 10 -12 ( 200) 2
2
2
6
= 3 10 J
When another uncharged capacitor of capacitance C2 = 50 pF = 50 1012F is connected across
q + q 2 C1V1 + 0
the first capacitor, common potential (V) = 1
=
C1 + C 2 C1 + C 2
=
150 10 -12 200

(150 + 50) 10 -12
= 150 V
1
U 2 = (C1 + C 2 )V 2
2
1
= (150 + 50) 10 -12 (150) 2 = 2.25 106 J
2
Change in energy, U 2 - U1 = 2.25 10 -6 3 106 = 0.75 106 J
Final energy,
CBSE (Foreign) SetIII

1. Relation between the de Broglie wavelength (l) associated with the electron and its kinetic energy
h
where
m = Mass of electron
l=
2mE
E = KE of electron
2. Isotopes are the two or more nuclides having the same atomic number (Z) but different mass
number (A).
One example of isotope is 11 H , 12 H , 13 H. (i.e., isotopes of hydrogen)
5. Poles of the earth.
7. This is because, at the point of intersection there will be two values of electric potential which is
not possible.
Examination Papers
C
417
9. From the given figure, incident angle = 0

Then angle of refraction will be zero. Thus the light ray
will pass through the prism undeviated, and reaches to the
other end of prism.
P
45
The second angle of incident = 45 which is greater than
the critical angle of prism.
45
Hence the light ray undergoes the phenomenon of total
internal reflection making angle 90 with the incident ray.
A
B
11.
(i) We know t = MB sin q
where t = Torque acting on a short bar magnet
P'
M = Magnetic moment
B = Magnetic field
t = 0.5 0.1 sin 30
1
= 0.5 0.1 = 2.5 102 Nm
2
(ii) The direction of torque is always perpendicular to the plane containing magnetic moment and

magnetic field M B .
14.
(i) We know that drift speed
eVt 1
vd =
ml l
When length of the conductor is doubled, drift velocity gets halved.
rl
(ii) As
R=
A
A
Now, l = 2l and A =
2
r( 2l)
rl
\ New resistance, R =
=4
A
A
2
Thus, resistance becomes four times.
15. We have, the quality factor of a series LCR.
1 L
Q=
where R = 20 W
R C
C=4m F
L=4H
1
4
1
Q=
=
10 3
20 4 10 -6
20
Q = 50
The quality factor measures the sharpness of resonance of an LCR circuit.
418
Xam idea PhysicsXII
21. Modulation index: It is the ratio of peak value of modulating signal to the peak value of carrier
wave.
A
m= m
Ac
It signifies the level of distortion.
Maximum amplitude, Amax = Ac + Am = 8V
Minimum amplitude, Amin = Ac Am = 4V
A
- A min
m = max
A max + A min
8 -4
4 1
=
=
=
8 + 4 12 3
27. Given, C1 = 400, pF = 400 1012 F
V1 =100 V
1
C1 V1 2
2
1
= 400 10 -12 (100) 2
2
= 2 106 J
When another uncharged capacitor of capacitance C2 = 100 pF is connected across the first
q + q 2 C1V1 + 0
capacitor, common potential (V) = 1
=
C1 + C 2 C1 + C 2
Initial energy, U1 =
400 10 -12 100

( 400 + 100) 10 -12
= 80 V
1
(C1 + C 2 )V 2
2
1
= ( 400 + 100) 10 -12 (80) 2 = 1.6 106 J
2
Difference in energy
Fixed energy, U2 =
U 2 - U1 = 1. 6 10 -6 J - 2 10 -6 J
= 0.4 106 J

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PHYSICS

CBSE Examination Paper2008 (Delhi)

CBSE Examination Paper2008 (All India)

CBSE Examination Paper2009 (Delhi)

CBSE Examination Paper2009 (All India)

CBSE Examination Paper2009 (Foreign)

CBSE Examination Paper2010 (Delhi)

CBSE Examination Paper2010 (All India)

CBSE Examination Paper2010 (Foreign)

CBSE Examination Paper2011 (Delhi)

CBSE Examination Paper2011 (All India)

CBSE Examination Paper2011 (Foreign)

CBSE Examination Paper2012 (Delhi)

CBSE Examination Paper2012 (All India)

CBSE Examination Paper2012 (Foreign)

CBSE EXAMINATION PAPERS

Boltzmanns constant k = 1 381 10 -23 J K -1

CBSE (Delhi) SETI

uniform magnetic field B ?

Xam idea PhysicsXII

(i) Calculate the wavelength of the electromagnetic wave.

(i) Identify the semiconductor diode used.

Xam idea PhysicsXII

(i) Calculate unknown emf of the cell.

CBSE (Delhi) SETII

Xam idea PhysicsXII

CBSE (Delhi) SETIII

15. The oscillating electric field of an electromagnetic wave is given by:

Xam idea PhysicsXII

Work done in moving charge q 0 = 10 mC from A to B is

Electric dipole moment, p = q . 2l, directed from - q to + q.

Consider a point P on the axis of dipole at a distance r from A

\ Resultant potential at P due to dipole

Xam idea PhysicsXII

11. (i) Standard equation of magnetic field is

P = Vrms I rms cos f = Vrms

i.e., power dissipated in an ideal capacitor is zero.

13. The equation of b-decay of

Changing nuclear masses into atomic masses

It is a semiconductor in pure form.

It is a semiconductor doped with p-type

Advantages: (i) It is free from chromatic aberration.

Xam idea PhysicsXII

For minimum deviation i1 = i 2 = i

i.e., output is obtained if either or both inputs are zero.

Xam idea PhysicsXII

R =10 W , Vrms =100 V

cross-section of the wire

Xam idea PhysicsXII

24. (i) Unknown emf e 2 is given by

vector r relative to current element is

The magnitude of magnetic field is

where q is the angle between current element I dl and position vector r .

The direction of magnetic field dB is perpendicular to the plane containing I dl and r .

Xam idea PhysicsXII

Magnetic field due to coil 2 at point O

Both B 1 and B 2 are mutually perpendicular, so

where A = pR 2 is area of loop.

Principle: The positive ions produced from a source are

Xam idea PhysicsXII