Salicylates Tca Toxicity
Salicylates Tca Toxicity
Salicylates Tca Toxicity
2016
Objectives
Discuss the toxicological effects
of salicylate overdose
Identify key management issues
Discuss the limitations of the
Done nomogram and how to avoid
pitfalls of management
History
and Demographics
arthritis
Abdominal pain
Felix Hoffmann
Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA)
Introduced 100 years ago
Antipyretic, analgesic, antiinflammatory
History
and Demographics
legislature
OTC meds
Salicylate
formulations
salicylate
1400 mg/mL
Bismuth subsalicylate
Aggrenox
Therapeutic
doses
Potential
150 mg/kg
Serious toxicity: 300-500 mg/kg
Chronic toxicity: >100
mg/kg/day
Peak
levels
Distribution
is facilitated by
pH
Elimination dependent on dose
First order kinetic to zero order
From 4 hours to 15-29 hours
Orders
Approximately
20 minutes
after
intubation,
the patient
rapidly
deteriorated
and died.
effects
production
Increase respiration
Respiratory alkalosis
Renal
and K
excretion of bicarb, Na
Metabolic acidosis
Inhibition
of mitochondrial
respiration
Disruption
of Krebs cycle
metabolism and glycolysis
Hyperglycemia, ketonemia
Dehydration
Hyperpnea
Diaphoresis
Vomiting
Fever (increased muscle metabolism)
Vasoconstriction of auditory
microvasculature
Enhance insulin secretion =>
hypoglycemia
Decrease peripheral glucose
utilization => hyperglycemia
Increase
permeability of
pulmonary vasculature
Increase the production of
leukotrienes
Stimulate medullary
chemoreceptor trigger zone
Hematologic effects
ASPIRIN Mnemonic
Altered mental status (lethargy coma)
Sweating/diaphoresis
Pulmonary edema
Increased vital signs (HTN, inc RR, inc
T, tachycardia)
Ringing in the ears
Irritable
Nausea and vomiting
Early
Nausea, vomiting, diaphoresis,
tinnitus, deafness
Level 25-30 mg/dL
Hyperventilation
Later
Hypotension, NCPE, oliguria,
Classic
acid-base disturbance
AGMA
Respiratory alkalosis with
metabolic acidosis
Acidemia
Severe
hypokalemia
NCPE
Older patients
Smokers
Levels >100 mg/dL
Acidemia
CNS involvement (hallucinations,
sz)
Chronic toxicity
Features
Acute
Chronic
Age
Young
adult
Overdose
Older
adult/infants
RX misuse
Coingestions
Frequent
Rare
Mental
status
Normal
Altered
Presentation
Early
Late
Mortality
Low w/ Rx
High
Serum levels
40 to >120 30 to >80
Etiology
Salicylate
level
Peak 4-6 hr
EC and SR preparations late rise
Every 2-4 hours until clearly
decreasing
Then q 4-6 until <30 mg/dL
Done
ingestions
Liquid
preparations
EC or SR
Acidemia
Renal failure
Unknown time of
ingestion
Methylsalicylate
Severity of ingestion
Serum levels
Acid-base status
Acuteness of ingestion
Mental status
Bedside Tests
Trinders reagent 10%
ferric chloride
Ames phenistix
Chemistry
Panel
Q 4-6 h
LFTs
Coagulation studies
ABGs
APAP
Consider: CT, Serum
osm,
ketones, LP, CO, serum Fe,
blood cultures
Urine alkalinization
maintenance
Caution in elderly and chronic
Monitor UO
Dialysis
Enteric
Coated aspirin
Don't
Serial
The
mmol/L)!
Start
potassium supplementation
early (in the absence of renal
insufficiency) because
hypokalemia makes urinary
alkalization impossible!
Multiple-dose activated
charcoal and alkalinization are
currently the most popular
methods of treatment.
Be
ASA
and elderly
Mortality
and Epidemiology
Indications
Depression
Chronic pain syndromes
OCD
Panic and Phobic disorders
Migraine prophylaxis
Peripheral neuropathies
Acute
Toxic Doses
mg/kg
2-4 mg/kg is therapeutic, 20 mg/kg
is potentially fatal
Variable response
Absorption
Rapidly and completely absorbed
Massive OD delays absorption
Enterohepatic re-circulation secretes
30%
Distribution
Wide range in Vd (15-40 L/kg)
Genetic variation
Lipophilic
Elderly has higher Vd
Distribution
(contd)
plasma levels
Protein binding usually exceeds 90%
with some variations
pH dependent
Elimination
Genetic component
Metabolism influenced by other
drugs
Therapeutic
effects
Cardiac
Effects
CNS
Anticholinergic
Excitation, confusion, hallucination,
ataxia
Seizures
Coma
Respiratory
Pulmonary edema
ARDS
Aspiration pneumonia
Gastrointestinal
Case #1
25 year-old man ingested 60 tablets
of Elavil 50 mg each. He presented to
the ED about 45 minutes post
ingestion agitated and confused.
Possibly hallucinating. BP 145/94, P
112, R22, T99.6. He became more
agitated and combative and was
intubated, lavaged and given AC.
EKG revealed QRS 108 with rate 114
What are the critical ECG changes?
ABCs
Activated Charcoal: 30-50 gm
Sodium
Bicarbonate
Dose
Endpoint
What
is the mechanism?
Alkalinization
appears to uncouple TCA from
the extracellular
sodium concentration
improves the gradient across the
channel.
bicarbonate
commonly accepted clinical practice
What
Hypotension, Persistent
Direct acting alpha agonists, such as
Benzodiazepines
Phenytoin is no longer recommended
limited efficacy and possible
prodysrhythmic.
Phenobarbital may be used as a long-acting
anticonvulsant.
choice
Physostigmine is contraindicated in TCA
overdoses
May cause bradycardia and asystole in the
setting of TCA cardiotoxicity.
Emergency
department discharge
criteria
At least 6 hour observation period
No significant sign of toxicity during