libro Complete Origami, Kenneway, Eric 1987, Ebury Press, Londres.

p17
Architecture
The possibility of using paper to manufacture
cheap, portable houses was first considered
seriously during World War II. It was thought
that they would provide shelter quickly for
large numbers of people who might suddenly
become homeless as result of enemy action.
Paper houses were later developed during the
1960s, by exponents of the survival culture, a
culture based on self-sufficiency and
closeness to nature.
La posibilidad de utilizar papel para la
fabricacin de casas baratas, porttiles fue
considerado por primera seriamente durante
la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Se pensaba que
iban a proporcionar refugio rpidamente a un
gran nmero de personas que de repente
pudieran quedar sin hogar como resultado de
la accin del enemigo. Las casas de papel
fueron posteriormente desarrolladas durante
la dcada de 1960, por exponentes de la
cultura de supervivencia, una cultura basada
en la autosuficiencia y la cercana a la
naturaleza.
Origami has had no direct influence on these
developments, but it is interesting that one of
the architectural designs considered most
successful is, in essence, origami. This is the
plydom, designed in 1966 by Canadian
architect Herbert Yates, to house migrant
agricultural worker in California. Its
appearance is not unlike a giant concertina.
The material used in constructing these
houses actually comprises two layers of paper
with a layer of polyurethane foam between
them. The exterior is coated with
polyethylene. The combination is considered
to be warm and waterproof.
Origami no ha tenido ninguna influencia
directa sobre estos acontecimientos, pero es
interesante que uno de los diseos
arquitectnicos considerados de mayor xito
es, en esencia, el origami. Esta es la Plydom,
diseada en 1966 por el arquitecto canadiense
Herbert Yates, para albergar trabajador
agrcola migrante en California. Su aspecto
no es diferente a un acorden gigante.
El material utilizado en la construccin de
estas casas realmente comprende dos capas de
papel, con una capa de espuma de poliuretano
entre ellos. El exterior est recubierta con
polietileno. La combinacin se considera que
es clido y resistente al agua.

The article influence of origami, the

Japanese art of paperfolding, on the possible
development of paper architecture, by B.M.
Muhlestein in the trilingual Swiss journal
Werk, May 1970, indicates that origami is not
unknown to architects. For more about paper
houses see Architectural Design, October
1970.
El artculo "influencia de origami, el arte
japons de la papiroflexia, sobre el posible
desarrollo de la arquitectura de papel", por B.
M. Muhlestein en la revista suiza trilinge
Werk, mayo de 1970, indica que el origami no
es desconocido para los arquitectos. Para ms
informacin sobre casas de papel ver
Architectural Design, Octubre 1970.
Chinese Tradition Eric-Kenneway p 40-42

Chinesse tradition
There is a line in a poem by the eighth century Chinese poet
Tu Fu which runs like this: Old wife draws on paper, squares
for a game of chess. What does this mean?.
Hay una lnea en un poema del poeta chino del siglo octavo Tu
Fu, que dice as: "Vieja esposa dibuja sobre el papel,
cuadrculas para un juego de ajedrez". Qu significa esto?.
For centuries the Chinese have used not a board for what we
call board games, but a square of paper folded and unfolded
into a chequered pattern of creases. An inked brush is run
lightly along each folded edge to achieve a series of fine black
lines drawn with greater accuracy than can be done with a ruler.
If the line from Tu Fu refers to this practice, as seems likely,
then it is the first recorded reference to paperfolding anywhere
in the world.
Durante siglos los chinos han utilizado una tabla no para lo que
llamamos juegos de mesa, pero un cuadrado de papel plegado y
desplegado en un modelo a cuadros de arrugas. Un cepillo de
entintado est dirigido ligeramente a lo largo de cada borde
doblado para lograr una serie de lneas negras finas dibujadas
con mayor precisin que se puede hacer con una regla. Si la
lnea de Tu Fu se refiere a esta prctica, como parece probable,
entonces es la primera referencia registrada a doblar el papel en
cualquier parte del mundo.
Paper originated in China. Its invention is attributed to Tsai
Lun, in the year 105 A.D. The main use for paper then, as now,
was as writing material, but someone must have soon
discovered that paper could be bent and flattened to create a
straight folded edge.
Papel origin en China. Su invencin se atribuye a Cai Lun, en
el ao 105 dC El uso principal para el papel, entonces como
ahora, era como material de escritura, pero alguien debe tener
pronto descubri que el papel podra ser doblado y aplanado
para crear un borde recto doblado.
The main tradition of Chinese paperfolding is to be found
within the tradition of Chinese funerary art, in which replicas or
representations of money or household goods were made to be
placed in the tombs of the dead, or burnt on funeral pyres. This
custom grew out of burying all a mans possessions with him to
take on his journey to the next world. This was a constant
templation to grave robbers and paper replicas were substituted
for the real thing. To this day, the burning of paper offerings is a
feature of funerals in Chinese communities where there is a
strong Buddist or Taoist tradition.
La principal tradicin de los chinos de plegado de papel se
encuentra dentro de la tradicin del arte funerario chino, en el
cual se hicieron rplicas o representaciones de dinero o bienes
del hogar para ser colocados en las tumbas de los muertos, o
quemados en piras funerarias. Esta costumbre surgi de enterrar
a todos unas posesiones man's con l para tomar en su viaje al
otro mundo. Este fue un templacin constante para los ladrones
de tumbas y rplicas de papel fueron sustituidos por la cosa
real. A da de hoy, la quema de ofrendas de papel es una
caracterstica de los funerales en las comunidades chinas, donde
hay una fuerte tradicin budista o taosta.

There are specialist shops which sell, along with ready-made

paper artefacts, prepared sheet of paper which the purchaser is
expected to fold into funerary or celebratory items at home.
These joss papers are in the form of rectangular sheets, of
various proportions, often in bundles of one hundred. On each
sheet there may be an area covered in gold or silver foil (for
funerary offerings) or, for example, printed symbols of Taoist
deities representing Happiness, Prosperity and Longevity (used
in celebrating the Chinese New Year). A family will burn a vast
number of these folded sheets several hundred at least and
sometimes thousands on each occasion.
Hay tiendas especializadas que venden, junto con artefactos de
papel confeccionadas, hoja preparada de papel que se espera
que el comprador se plieguen en funeraria o artculos de
celebracin en casa. Estos "documentos de incienso" estn en
forma de lminas rectangulares, de diversas proporciones, a
menudo en paquetes de cien. En cada hoja puede haber un rea
cubierta en oro o papel de aluminio (para las ofrendas
funerarias) o, por ejemplo, los smbolos impresos de deidades
taostas que representan la felicidad, la prosperidad y la
longevidad (utilizados en la celebracin del Ao Nuevo Chino).
Una familia se quemar un gran nmero de estas hojas plegadas
- varios cientos de veces por lo menos y miles en cada occasion
It is possible that no description of how these item should be
folded has ever appeared in print until now: Francis Ow of
Singapore explains that folding traditions are passed down
within families and there may be many slight differences
between them. The grandchild folding such suggest for his
deceased grandparent will one day have his grandchildren
folding for him. Such is the Chinese tradition, he says. But now
Ow has revealed two traditional methods of Chinese
ceremonial paperfolding which are described below. Both are
called nuggets, although the second does resemble a boat and
there is clearly a relationship between this fold and the Chinese
Junk (pag 42), a traditional model sometimes described in
nineteenth-century English publications and now well known
throughout the world. It has been suggested that the Chinese
Junk may not be Chinese at all but Spanish in origin. It seems
clear, however that its similarity to a Chinese ceremonial fold
places it firmly in the Chinese tradition.

Es posible que no hay una descripcin de cmo este el artculo

debe ser doblado jams ha aparecido en la prensa hasta ahora:
Francis Ow de Singapur explica que las tradiciones plegables se
transmiten dentro de las familias y puede haber muchas
pequeas diferencias entre ellos. El nieto plegable tales
sugieren por su abuelo fallecido un da tendr sus nietos
plegable para l. Tal es la tradicin china, dice. Pero ahora Ow
ha revelado dos mtodos tradicionales de doblaje de papel
ceremonial china que se describen a continuacin. Ambos son
llamados pepitas, aunque el segundo se parece a un barco y hay
una clara relacin entre este redil y el junco chino (pag 42), un
modelo tradicional a veces se describe en las publicaciones
inglesas del siglo XIX y ahora bien conocido en todo el mundo.
Se ha sugerido que el junco chino puede no ser chino en
absoluto, sino de origen espaol. Parece claro, sin embargo, que
su similitud con un pliegue ceremonial chino coloca
firmemente en la tradicin china.
Left to right: Chinese Junks (pag. 42), Joss paper (left)

TRADUCIR Japanese Tradition Eric-Kenneway libro Complete-Origami, p82-83

The tradition of folding paper in Japan is a long

and continuous one, probably going back to the
sixth century A.D., at a time soon after paper
was first introduced into the country from
China. Since medieval times, paperfolding of a
very formal kind has had an important place in
both religious and secular life. Out of this
formal use grew a tradition of paperfolding that
was a decorative accomplishment and a
amusement for girls and women. It is still
regarded as such by many Japanese, but it is
also finding respect as a valuable creative
activity, receiving patronage from both
Japanese industry and cultural institutions.
La tradicin de doblar el papel en Japn es una
larga y continua, probablemente se remonta al
siglo sexto DC, a la vez poco despus de papel
se introdujo por primera vez en el pas de
China. Desde tiempos medievales, el plegado
de papel de un tipo muy formal ha tenido un
lugar importante tanto en la vida religiosa y
seculsar. Fuera de este uso formal creci una
tradicin del plegado de papel que era un logro
decorativo y una diversin para las nias y las
mujeres. Todava es considerado como tal por
muchos japoneses, pero tambin est
encontrando el respeto como una valiosa
actividad creativa, que recibe apoyo tanto por
la industria japonesa y las instituciones
culturales.

p82

p82

p82

P83

p83

p83

P133

In the 1890s, the Japanese government

introduced a system of universal primary
education based on Western lines. They
adopted the educational practices of the
German educationalist Freindrich Froebel
and established kindergartens
throughout the country. As Froebels
methods employed paperfolding (albeit
of a very schematic kind) in the belief
that it was an excellent method for
bringing minds and hands into coordination, the curious result of this
westernization was the reinforcement of
Japans own tradition of paperfonding.
Preschool kindergatens are widespread
in Japan, and the teaching of traditional
origami continues therein. This has led to
a broad base for the creative origami
movement in Japan which is currently
growing with the support of both industry
and government.
En la dcada de 1890, el gobierno
japons introdujo un sistema de
educacin primaria universal basado en
el modelo occidental. Se adoptaron las
prcticas educativas del pedagogo
alemn Friedrich Froebel y
establecimiento de jardines de infante en
todo el pas. Como mtodos de Froebel
emplean papiroflexia (aunque de un tipo
muy esquemtica) en la creencia de que
era un mtodo excelente para traer la
mente y las manos en la coordinacin, el
curioso resultado de esta
occidentalizacin fue el refuerzo de la
propia tradicin de la papiroflexia
japonesa. jardines de infantes en edad
preescolar estn muy extendidas en
Japn, y la enseanza de origami
tradicional contina en el mismo. Esto ha
dado lugar a una amplia base para el
movimiento creativo de origami en
Japn, que actualmente est creciendo
con el apoyo de la industria y el
gobierno.

Pajarita
Pajarita is Spanish for little bird. It is
also the word that Spaniards use for
folded paper models is general. Most
Spanish people regard folding paper as
synonymous with making little paper
birds because this is something that
nearly all of them learn to do as children.
The fold they learn is the traditional
pajarita shown below.
Pajarita es espaol para el "pajarito".
Tambin es la palabra que los espaoles
utilizan para los modelos de papel
doblado es general. La mayora de los
espaoles se refiere al papel de papel
como sinnimo de hacer pajaritas de
papel, porque esto es algo que casi
todos ellos aprender a hacer de nios. El
pliegue que aprenden es el tradicional
"pajarita" que se muestra a
continuacin.
The model may have originated in Spain
but it is known throughout Europe. In
France, Emile Zola coined the expression
faire des cocottes longeur de journe
to describe the work of people employed
in government offices. The hens he
accused them of making all day were
folded paper hens in fact, the same
traditional model that Spanish children
fold.
El modelo puede tener su origen en
Espaa pero es conocido en toda Europa.
En Francia, Emile Zola acu la
expresin "faire des cocottes a longueur
de journe" para describir el trabajo de
las empleadas en las oficinas del
gobierno. Las gallinas que los acusaron
de hacer durante todo el da plegaron
gallinas de papel - de hecho, el mismo
modelo tradicional que los nios
espaoles plegaban.
To many German children it is known as
a crow, although it sometimes also
serves as a horse in their play. In Britain
it used to be called a hobby-horse, but it
is no longer widely known and seems
never to have won childrens affection to
the extent that it has in France and Spain
countries where the little paper bird is
recognized as a symbol of childhood.
Indeed, there is an old-established sweet
shop called La Pajarita in Madrid which
sells pajarita-shaped chocolates, and in
the northern Spanish town of Huesca,
there is a monument to the pajarita in a
local park.
Para muchos nios alemane que se
conoce como un cuervo, aunque a veces
tambin sirve como un caballo en su

P155 Sembazuru

juego. En Gran Bretaa, lo que sola ser

llamado un caballo de batalla, pero ya no
es ampliamente conocida y parece no
haber ganado el afecto de los nios
como lo ha hecho en Francia y Espaa pases donde la pajarita de papel es
reconocido como un smbolo de infancia.
De hecho, hay un viejo establecimiento
de dulces llamada "La Pajarita" en
Madrid que vende chocolates en forma
de pajarita, y en la ciudad nortea
espaola de Huesca, se encuentra un
monumento a la pajarita en un parque
local.
Vicente Palacios devotes sixteen pages
to methods of folding the pajarita in his
La Creacion en Papiroflexia, Miguel A.
Salvatella, Barcelona, 1979. In an earlier
book, Papirogami (1972), the same
writer lists references to the bird in
Spanish literature, which he has traced
back to 1793.
Vicente Palacios dedica diecisis pginas
a mtodos de plegado de la pajarita en
su La Creacion en Papiroflexia, Miguel A.
Salvatella, Barcelona, 1979. En un libro
anterior, Papirogami (1972), el mismo
autor enumera las referencias a las aves
en la literatura espaola, desde el ao
1793.
Scenic route
There is more than one method of
folding most origami structures more
than one sequence in which the folds can
be placed, and if other people are to find
pleasure in the act of folding your
origami designs, the folding method
should be chosen with care. The way a
model is taught may be quite different
from the way in which the creator
constructed it originally.
As in narrative story or a piece of music,
one step should follow another naturally
but not always predictably. Some
origami teachers try to organize folding
methods so that they contain what the
Japanese call igai-sei: the element of
surprise. Such a method is not, in every
instance, the shortest or most direct one.
It is comparable, in the happy phrase of
John S. Smith, to taking the scenic route.

P155

Sembazuru (thousand cranes)

Two of the oldest-known Japanese
origami books have both dealt
exclusively with one and the same
subject how to fold the crane, a longnecked bird which was adopted as a
Chinese Taoist symbol of long life and
good fortune. The crane symbol appears
in many Japanese folk arts over the
centuries, and folding paper cranes has
been a popular activity there for at least
two hundred years. But since World War
II, the crane has gained a special
significance as a symbol of peace.
Dos de los ms antiguos libros conocidos
de origami japoneses han tratado tanto
en exclusiva con uno y el mismo tema

-cmo para plegar la grulla, un ave de

cuello largo que fue adoptada como
smbolo taosta chino de larga vida y
buena fortuna. El smbolo de la grulla
aparece en muchas artes populares
japoneses lo largo de los siglos, y doblar
grullas de papel ha sido una actividad
muy popular all durante al menos
doscientos aos. Pero desde la Segunda
Guerra Mundial, la grulla ha adquirido un
significado especial -como un smbolo de
la paz.
This significance originated with a
twelve-year-old girl called Sadako
Sasaki, who was orphaned by the bomb
which fell on Hiroshima and also became
a victim of radiation sickness. As she lay
in her powdered medicine was wrapped
to fold cranes. Her hope was to fold one
thousand cranes in the belief that if she
succeeded her prayers would be
answered. At first she prayed for her own
recovery, but later, as she saw not
destined to recover, Sadako changed her
prayer to one for universal peace. She
managed to complete 644 cranes before
she died.
Esta importancia se origin con una nia
de doce aos llamada Sadako Sasaki,
que qued hurfano por la bomba que
cay sobre Hiroshima y tambin se
convirti en una vctima de la
enfermedad por radiacin. Mientras
yaca en su medicamento en polvo
estaba envuelto para plegar las grullas.
Su esperanza era doblar mil grullas en la
creencia de que si ella tenia xito sus
oraciones seran contestadas. Al
principio, ella or por su propia
recuperacin, pero ms tarde, ya que
ella no vio destinado a recuperar, Sadako
cambi su oracin a uno para la paz
universal. Se las arregl para completar
644 grullas antes de morir.
He story was publicized in Japan and
soon other children began to follow her
example, folding cranes as symbolic
prayers for peace and sending them to
Hiroshima. In 1958, a monument was
erected in Hiroshima Park, at its summnit

stands a bronze statue of a young girl

holding up a folded crane. Many
thousands of the paper cranes that had
been sent to Hiroshima were hung from
this monument in the form of streamers.
El artculo fue publicado en Japn y
pronto otros nios comenzaron a seguir
su ejemplo, grullas plegables oraciones
como simblicos para la paz y enviarlos
a Hiroshima. En 1958, se erigi un
monumento en Hiroshima Park, en su
cumbre se encuentra una estatua de
bronce de una nia sosteniendo una
grulla plegada. Muchos miles de las
grullas de papel que haban sido
enviados a Hiroshima fueron colgados de
este monumento en forma de
serpentinas.
Karl Bruckner, an Austrian, wrote about
these events in a book, Sadako Will
Leben, which was published in Vienna in
1961; the English version, The Day of
the Bomb, was published in London the
following year. In its many translations,
this book brought Sadakos story to the
notice of peace movement
sympathizers throughout the world.
Many of them folded cranes for peace,
sometimes forming clubs for that sole
purpose, and sent them to Hiroshima to
join the cranes already hanging from the
Peace Tower there.
Karl Bruckner, un austraco, escribi
acerca de estos eventos en un libro,
Sadako Will Leben, que fue publicado en
Viena en 1961; la versin en Ingls, The

P156

P 157

Day of the Bomb, se public en Londres

el ao siguiente. En sus numerosas
traducciones, este libro trajo la historia
de Sadako en conocimiento de la paz movimientos simpatizantes en todo el
mundo. Muchas grullas plegadas para la
paz, a veces formando clubes para ese
nico propsito, y los envi a Hiroshima
para unirse a las grullas ya que cuelgan
de la torre de la paz all.
Having folded one paper crane, you may
like to fold some traditional combinations
of cranes, which are collectively known
as a thousand cranes. These figures
are made with squares or rectangles of
paper which are cut into smaller squares,
except for certain corners which are left
uncut. In this way a chain of squares is
created. If a crane is folded on each of
these squares, the result will be a chain
of paper cranes. According to the placing
of the folds on the squares, the cranes
may all be linked beak to tail, or they
may alternate, one pair beak to beak and
the next pair tail to tail, or they may be
joined wing to wing, and so on.
Despus de haber doblado una grulla de
papel, que le gusten a veces algunas
combinaciones tradicionales de gras,
que se conocen colectivamente como
"mil gras". Estas cifras se hacen con
cuadrados o rectngulos de papel que se
cortan en cuadrados ms pequeos, a
excepcin de ciertos rincones que se
dejan sin cortar. De esta manera se crea
una cadena de cuadrados. Si una gra se
pliega en cada una de estas plazas, el
resultado ser una cadena de grullas de
papel. De acuerdo con la colocacin de
los pliegues en las plazas, las gras
pueden ser todos vinculados pico hasta
la cola, o pueden alternar, un pico par de
pico y el siguiente par cola con cola, o
pueden ser unidas ala con ala, y por lo
en.
You will see that if the two end squares
of a chain are superimposed and folded
as one, it is possible to make a closed
circle of cranes.

157
P158-159