ENGINEERING ECONOMICS

Factor Name
Single Payment
Compound Amount

Converts

Symbol

Formula

to F given P

(F/P, i%, n)

(1 + i)n

Single Payment
Present Worth

to P given F

(P/F, i%, n)

(1 + i) n

Uniform Series
Sinking Fund

to A given F

(A/F, i%, n)

Capital Recovery

to A given P

(A/P, i%, n)

Uniform Series
Compound Amount

to F given A

(F/A, i%, n)

Uniform Series
Present Worth

to P given A

(P/A, i%, n)

Uniform Gradient
Present Worth

to P given G

(P/G, i%, n)

Uniform Gradient
Future Worth

to F given G

(F/G, i%, n)

Uniform Gradient
Uniform Series

to A given G

(A/G, i%, n)

NOMENCLATURE AND DEFINITIONS

A........... Uniform amount per interest period
B........... Benefit
BV......... Book value
C........... Cost
d........... Combined interest rate per interest period
Dj. ........ Depreciation in year j
F........... Future worth, value, or amount
f............ General inflation rate per interest period
G........... Uniform gradient amount per interest period
i............ Interest rate per interest period
ie........... Annual effective interest rate
m........... Number of compounding periods per year
n........... Number of compounding periods; or the expected life
of an asset
P........... Present worth, value, or amount
r............ Nominal annual interest rate
Sn.......... Expected salvage value in year n
Subscripts
j............ at time j
n........... at time n
........... F/G = (F/A n)/i = (F/A) (A/G)
114

ENGINEERING ECONOMICS

(1 + i )n 1
n
i (1 + i )
(1 + i )n 1
(1 + i )n 1
i

(1 + i )n 1
n
i (1 + i )
(1 + i )n 1 n
n
n
i 2 (1 + i )
i (1 + i )
(1 + i )n 1 n
i2

1
n

i (1 + i )n 1

NON-ANNUAL COMPOUNDING
m
rl -1
ie = b1 + m
BREAK-EVEN ANALYSIS
By altering the value of any one of the variables in a situation,
holding all of the other values constant, it is possible to find a
value for that variable that makes the two alternatives equally
economical. This value is the break-even point.
Break-even analysis is used to describe the percentage of
capacity of operation for a manufacturing plant at which
income will just cover expenses.
The payback period is the period of time required for the profit
or other benefits of an investment to equal the cost of the
investment.

INFLATION
To account for inflation, the dollars are deflated by the general
inflation rate per interest period f, and then they are shifted
over the time scale using the interest rate per interest period
i. Use a combined interest rate per interest period d for
computing present worth values P and Net P.
The formula for d is d = i + f + (i f)

DEPRECIATION

CAPITALIZED COSTS
Capitalized costs are present worth values using an assumed
perpetual period of time.

Straight Line
Dj =

C - Sn
n

Capitalized Costs = P = A
i

Accelerated Cost Recovery System (ACRS)

BONDS
Bond Value equals the present worth of the payments the
purchaser (or holder of the bond) receives during the life of
the bond at some interest rate i.

Dj = (factor) C
A table of modified factors is provided below.
Sum of the Years Digits
n+1-j
_C - Sni
Dj =
n
! j

Bond Yield equals the computed interest rate of the bond

value when compared with the bond cost.

j=1

RATE-OF-RETURN
The minimum acceptable rate-of-return (MARR) is that
interest rate that one is willing to accept, or the rate one
desires to earn on investments. The rate-of-return on an
investment is the interest rate that makes the benefits and costs
equal.

BOOK VALUE
BV = initial cost Dj
TAXATION
Income taxes are paid at a specific rate on taxable income.
Taxable income is total income less depreciation and
ordinary expenses. Expenses do not include capital items,
which should be depreciated.

BENEFIT-COST ANALYSIS
In a benefit-cost analysis, the benefits B of a project should
exceed the estimated costs C.
B C 0, or B/C 1

MODIFIED ACRS FACTORS

Recovery Period (Years)
3
Year

10

Recovery Rate (Percent)

33.3

20.0

14.3

10.0

44.5

32.0

24.5

18.0

14.8

19.2

17.5

14.4

7.4

11.5

12.5

11.5

11.5

8.9

9.2

5.8

8.9

7.4

8.9

6.6

4.5

6.6

6.5

10

6.5

11

3.3

ENGINEERING ECONOMICS

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24
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30
40
50
60
100

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100

116

P/F

0.9950
0.9901
0.9851
0.9802
0.9754
0.9705
0.9657
0.9609
0.9561
0.9513
0.9466
0.9419
0.9372
0.9326
0.9279
0.9233
0.9187
0.9141
0.9096
0.9051
0.9006
0.8961
0.8916
0.8872
0.8828
0.8610
0.8191
0.7793
0.7414
0.6073

P/F

0.9901
0.9803
0.9706
0.9610
0.9515
0.9420
0.9327
0.9235
0.9143
0.9053
0.8963
0.8874
0.8787
0.8700
0.8613
0.8528
0.8444
0.8360
0.8277
0.8195
0.8114
0.8034
0.7954
0.7876
0.7798
0.7419
0.6717
0.6080
0.5504
0.3697

ENGINEERING ECONOMICS

P/A

0.9950
1.9851
2.9702
3.9505
4.9259
5.8964
6.8621
7.8230
8.7791
9.7304
10.6770
11.6189
12.5562
13.4887
14.4166
15.3399
16.2586
17.1728
18.0824
18.9874
19.8880
20.7841
21.6757
22.5629
23.4456
27.7941
36.1722
44.1428
51.7256
78.5426

P/A

0.9901
1.9704
2.9410
3.9020
4.8534
5.7955
6.7282
7.6517
8.5650
9.4713
10.3676
11.2551
12.1337
13.0037
13.8651
14.7179
15.5623
16.3983
17.2260
18.0456
18.8570
19.6604
20.4558
21.2434
22.0232
25.8077
32.8347
39.1961
44.9550
63.0289

Factor Table - i = 0.50%

P/G
F/P
F/A

A/P

A/F

1.0000
0.4988
0.3317
0.2481
0.1980
0.1646
0.1407
0.1228
0.1089
0.0978
0.0887
0.0811
0.0746
0.0691
0.0644
0.0602
0.0565
0.0532
0.0503
0.0477
0.0453
0.0431
0.0411
0.0393
0.0377
0.0310
0.0226
0.0177
0.0143
0.0077

0.0000
0.4988
0.9967
1.4938
1.9900
2.4855
2.9801
3.4738
3.9668
4.4589
4.9501
5.4406
5.9302
6.4190
6.9069
7.3940
7.8803
8.3658
8.8504
9.3342
9.8172
10.2993
10.7806
11.2611
11.7407
14.1265
18.8359
23.4624
28.0064
45.3613

Factor Table - i = 1.00%

P/G
F/P
F/A

A/P

A/F

A/G

0.0000
0.9901
2.9604
5.9011
9.8026
14.6552
20.4493
27.1755
34.8244
43.3865
52.8526
63.2136
74.4602
86.5835
99.5743
113.4238
128.1231
143.6634
160.0360
177.2322
195.2434
214.0611
233.6768
254.0820
275.2686
392.6324
681.3347
1,035.6966
1,448.6458
3,562.7934

0.0000
0.9803
2.9215
5.8044
9.6103
14.3205
19.9168
26.3812
33.6959
41.8435
50.8067
60.5687
71.1126
82.4221
94.4810
107.2734
120.7834
134.9957
149.8950
165.4664
181.6950
198.5663
216.0660
234.1800
252.8945
355.0021
596.8561
879.4176
1,192.8061
2,605.7758

1.0050
1.0100
1.0151
1.0202
1.0253
1.0304
1.0355
1.0407
1.0459
1.0511
1.0564
1.0617
1.0670
1.0723
1.0777
1.0831
1.0885
1.0939
1.0994
1.1049
1.1104
1.1160
1.1216
1.1272
1.1328
1.1614
1.2208
1.2832
1.3489
1.6467

1.0100
1.0201
1.0303
1.0406
1.0510
1.0615
1.0721
1.0829
1.0937
1.1046
1.1157
1.1268
1.1381
1.1495
1.1610
1.1726
1.1843
1.1961
1.2081
1.2202
1.2324
1.2447
1.2572
1.2697
1.2824
1.3478
1.4889
1.6446
1.8167
2.7048

1.0000
2.0050
3.0150
4.0301
5.0503
6.0755
7.1059
8.1414
9.1821
10.2280
11.2792
12.3356
13.3972
14.4642
15.5365
16.6142
17.6973
18.7858
19.8797
20.9791
22.0840
23.1944
24.3104
25.4320
26.5591
32.2800
44.1588
56.6452
69.7700
129.3337

1.0000
2.0100
3.0301
4.0604
5.1010
6.1520
7.2135
8.2857
9.3685
10.4622
11.5668
12.6825
13.8093
14.9474
16.0969
17.2579
18.4304
19.6147
20.8109
22.0190
23.2392
24.4716
25.7163
26.9735
28.2432
34.7849
48.8864
64.4632
81.6697
170.4814

1.0050
0.5038
0.3367
0.2531
0.2030
0.1696
0.1457
0.1278
0.1139
0.1028
0.0937
0.0861
0.0796
0.0741
0.0694
0.0652
0.0615
0.0582
0.0553
0.0527
0.0503
0.0481
0.0461
0.0443
0.0427
0.0360
0.0276
0.0227
0.0193
0.0127

1.0100
0.5075
0.3400
0.2563
0.2060
0.1725
0.1486
0.1307
0.1167
0.1056
0.0965
0.0888
0.0824
0.0769
0.0721
0.0679
0.0643
0.0610
0.0581
0.0554
0.0530
0.0509
0.0489
0.0471
0.0454
0.0387
0.0305
0.0255
0.0222
0.0159

1.0000
0.4975
0.3300
0.2463
0.1960
0.1625
0.1386
0.1207
0.1067
0.0956
0.0865
0.0788
0.0724
0.0669
0.0621
0.0579
0.0543
0.0510
0.0481
0.0454
0.0430
0.0409
0.0389
0.0371
0.0354
0.0277
0.0205
0.0155
0.0122
0.0059

A/G

0.0000
0.4975
0.9934
1.4876
1.9801
2.4710
2.9602
3.4478
3.9337
4.4179
4.9005
5.3815
5.8607
6.3384
6.8143
7.2886
7.7613
8.2323
8.7017
9.1694
9.6354
10.0998
10.5626
11.0237
11.4831
13.7557
18.1776
22.4363
26.5333
41.3426

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50
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100

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7
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12
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30
40
50
60
100

P/F

0.9852
0.9707
0.9563
0.9422
0.9283
0.9145
0.9010
0.8877
0.8746
0.8617
0.8489
0.8364
0.8240
0.8118
0.7999
0.7880
0.7764
0.7649
0.7536
0.7425
0.7315
0.7207
0.7100
0.6995
0.6892
0.6398
0.5513
0.4750
0.4093
0.2256

P/F

0.9804
0.9612
0.9423
0.9238
0.9057
0.8880
0.8706
0.8535
0.8368
0.8203
0.8043
0.7885
0.7730
0.7579
0.7430
0.7284
0.7142
0.7002
0.6864
0.6730
0.6598
0.6468
0.6342
0.6217
0.6095
0.5521
0.4529
0.3715
0.3048
0.1380

P/A

0.9852
1.9559
2.9122
3.8544
4.7826
5.6972
6.5982
7.4859
8.3605
9.2222
10.0711
10.9075
11.7315
12.5434
13.3432
14.1313
14.9076
15.6726
16.4262
17.1686
17.9001
18.6208
19.3309
20.0304
20.7196
24.0158
29.9158
34.9997
39.3803
51.6247

P/A

0.9804
1.9416
2.8839
3.8077
4.7135
5.6014
6.4720
7.3255
8.1622
8.9826
9.7868
10.5753
11.3484
12.1062
12.8493
13.5777
14.2919
14.9920
15.6785
16.3514
17.0112
17.6580
18.2922
18.9139
19.5235
22.3965
27.3555
31.4236
34.7609
43.0984

Factor Table - i = 1.50%

P/G
F/P
F/A

0.0000
0.9707
2.8833
5.7098
9.4229
13.9956
19.4018
26.6157
32.6125
40.3675
48.8568
58.0571
67.9454
78.4994
89.6974
101.5178
113.9400
126.9435
140.5084
154.6154
169.2453
184.3798
200.0006
216.0901
232.6310
321.5310
524.3568
749.9636
988.1674
1,937.4506

1.0150
1.0302
1.0457
1.0614
1.0773
1.0934
1.1098
1.1265
1.1434
1.1605
1.1779
1.1956
1.2136
1.2318
1.2502
1.2690
1.2880
1.3073
1.3270
1.3469
1.3671
1.3876
1.4084
1.4295
1.4509
1.5631
1.8140
2.1052
2.4432
4.4320

1.0000
2.0150
3.0452
4.0909
5.1523
6.2296
7.3230
8.4328
9.5593
10.7027
11.8633
13.0412
14.2368
15.4504
16.6821
17.9324
19.2014
20.4894
21.7967
23.1237
24.4705
25.8376
27.2251
28.6335
30.0630
37.5387
54.2679
73.6828
96.2147
228.8030

Factor Table - i = 2.00%

P/G
F/P
F/A

0.0000
0.9612
2.8458
5.6173
9.2403
13.6801
18.9035
24.8779
31.5720
38.9551
46.9977
55.6712
64.9475
74.7999
85.2021
96.1288
107.5554
119.4581
131.8139
144.6003
157.7959
171.3795
185.3309
199.6305
214.2592
291.7164
461.9931
642.3606
823.6975
1,464.7527

1.0200
1.0404
1.0612
1.0824
1.1041
1.1262
1.1487
1.1717
1.1951
1.2190
1.2434
1.2682
1.2936
1.3195
1.3459
1.3728
1.4002
1.4282
1.4568
1.4859
1.5157
1.5460
1.5769
1.6084
1.6406
1.8114
2.2080
2.6916
3.2810
7.2446

1.0000
2.0200
3.0604
4.1216
5.2040
6.3081
7.4343
8.5830
9.7546
10.9497
12.1687
13.4121
14.6803
15.9739
17.2934
18.6393
20.0121
21.4123
22.8406
24.2974
25.7833
27.2990
28.8450
30.4219
32.0303
40.5681
60.4020
84.5794
114.0515
312.2323

A/P

A/F

1.0000
0.4963
0.3284
0.2444
0.1941
0.1605
0.1366
0.1186
0.1046
0.0934
0.0843
0.0767
0.0702
0.0647
0.0599
0.0558
0.0521
0.0488
0.0459
0.0432
0.0409
0.0387
0.0367
0.0349
0.0333
0.0266
0.0184
0.0136
0.0104
0.0044

0.0000
0.4963
0.9901
1.4814
1.9702
2.4566
2.9405
3.4219
3.9008
4.3772
4.8512
5.3227
5.7917
6.2582
6.7223
7.1839
7.6431
8.0997
8.5539
9.0057
9.4550
9.9018
10.3462
10.7881
11.2276
13.3883
17.5277
21.4277
25.0930
37.5295

A/P

A/F

A/G

1.0150
0.5113
0.3434
0.2594
0.2091
0.1755
0.1516
0.1336
0.1196
0.1084
0.0993
0.0917
0.0852
0.0797
0.0749
0.0708
0.0671
0.0638
0.0609
0.0582
0.0559
0.0537
0.0517
0.0499
0.0483
0.0416
0.0334
0.0286
0.0254
0.0194

1.0200
0.5150
0.3468
0.2626
0.2122
0.1785
0.1545
0.1365
0.1225
0.1113
0.1022
0.0946
0.0881
0.0826
0.0778
0.0737
0.0700
0.0667
0.0638
0.0612
0.0588
0.0566
0.0547
0.0529
0.0512
0.0446
0.0366
0.0318
0.0288
0.0232

1.0000
0.4950
0.3268
0.2426
0.1922
0.1585
0.1345
0.1165
0.1025
0.0913
0.0822
0.0746
0.0681
0.0626
0.0578
0.0537
0.0500
0.0467
0.0438
0.0412
0.0388
0.0366
0.0347
0.0329
0.0312
0.0246
0.0166
0.0118
0.0088
0.0032

A/G

0.0000
0.4950
0.9868
1.4752
1.9604
2.4423
2.9208
3.3961
3.8681
4.3367
4.8021
5.2642
5.7231
6.1786
6.6309
7.0799
7.5256
7.9681
8.4073
8.8433
9.2760
9.7055
10.1317
10.5547
10.9745
13.0251
16.8885
20.4420
23.6961
33.9863

ENGINEERING ECONOMICS

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118

P/F

0.9615
0.9246
0.8890
0.8548
0.8219
0.7903
0.7599
0.7307
0.7026
0.6756
0.6496
0.6246
0.6006
0.5775
0.5553
0.5339
0.5134
0.4936
0.4746
0.4564
0.4388
0.4220
0.4057
0.3901
0.3751
0.3083
0.2083
0.1407
0.0951
0.0198

P/F

0.9434
0.8900
0.8396
0.7921
0.7473
0.7050
0.6651
0.6274
0.5919
0.5584
0.5268
0.4970
0.4688
0.4423
0.4173
0.3936
0.3714
0.3505
0.3305
0.3118
0.2942
0.2775
0.2618
0.2470
0.2330
0.1741
0.0972
0.0543
0.0303
0.0029

ENGINEERING ECONOMICS

P/A

0.9615
1.8861
2.7751
3.6299
4.4518
5.2421
6.0021
6.7327
7.4353
8.1109
8.7605
9.3851
9.9856
10.5631
11.1184
11.6523
12.1657
12.6593
13.1339
13.5903
14.0292
14.4511
14.8568
15.2470
15.6221
17.2920
19.7928
21.4822
22.6235
24.5050

P/A

0.9434
1.8334
2.6730
3.4651
4.2124
4.9173
5.5824
6.2098
6.8017
7.3601
7.8869
8.3838
8.8527
9.2950
9.7122
10.1059
10.4773
10.8276
11.1581
11.4699
11.7641
12.0416
12.3034
12.5504
12.7834
13.7648
15.0463
15.7619
16.1614
16.6175

Factor Table - i = 4.00%

P/G
F/P
F/A

0.0000
0.9246
2.7025
5.2670
8.5547
12.5062
17.0657
22.1806
27.8013
33.8814
40.3772
47.2477
54.4546
61.9618
69.7355
77.7441
85.9581
94.3498
102.8933
111.5647
120.3414
129.2024
138.1284
147.1012
156.1040
201.0618
286.5303
361.1638
422.9966
563.1249

1.0400
1.0816
1.1249
1.1699
1.2167
1.2653
1.3159
1.3686
1.4233
1.4802
1.5395
1.6010
1.6651
1.7317
1.8009
1.8730
1.9479
2.0258
2.1068
2.1911
2.2788
2.3699
2.4647
2.5633
2.6658
3.2434
4.8010
7.1067
10.5196
50.5049

1.0000
2.0400
3.1216
4.2465
5.4163
6.6330
7.8983
9.2142
10.5828
12.0061
13.4864
15.0258
16.6268
18.2919
20.0236
21.8245
23.6975
25.6454
27.6712
29.7781
31.9692
34.2480
36.6179
39.0826
41.6459
56.0849
95.0255
152.6671
237.9907
1,237.6237

Factor Table - i = 6.00%

P/G
F/P
F/A

0.0000
0.8900
2.5692
4.9455
7.9345
11.4594
15.4497
19.8416
24.5768
29.6023
34.8702
40.3369
45.9629
51.7128
57.5546
63.4592
69.4011
75.3569
81.3062
87.2304
93.1136
98.9412
104.7007
110.3812
115.9732
142.3588
185.9568
217.4574
239.0428
272.0471

1.0600
1.1236
1.1910
1.2625
1.3382
1.4185
1.5036
1.5938
1.6895
1.7908
1.8983
2.0122
2.1329
2.2609
2.3966
2.5404
2.6928
2.8543
3.0256
3.2071
3.3996
3.6035
3.8197
4.0489
4.2919
5.7435
10.2857
18.4202
32.9877
339.3021

1.0000
2.0600
3.1836
4.3746
5.6371
6.9753
8.3938
9.8975
11.4913
13.1808
14.9716
16.8699
18.8821
21.0151
23.2760
25.6725
28.2129
30.9057
33.7600
36.7856
39.9927
43.3923
46.9958
50.8156
54.8645
79.0582
154.7620
290.3359
533.1282
5,638.3681

A/P

A/F

1.0000
0.4902
0.3203
0.2355
0.1846
0.1508
0.1266
0.1085
0.0945
0.0833
0.0741
0.0666
0.0601
0.0547
0.0499
0.0458
0.0422
0.0390
0.0361
0.0336
0.0313
0.0292
0.0273
0.0256
0.0240
0.0178
0.0105
0.0066
0.0042
0.0008

0.0000
0.4902
0.9739
1.4510
1.9216
2.3857
2.8433
3.2944
3.7391
4.1773
4.6090
5.0343
5.4533
5.8659
6.2721
6.6720
7.0656
7.4530
7.8342
8.2091
8.5779
8.9407
9.2973
9.6479
9.9925
11.6274
14.4765
16.8122
18.6972
22.9800

A/P

A/F

A/G

1.0400
0.5302
0.3603
0.2755
0.2246
0.1908
0.1666
0.1485
0.1345
0.1233
0.1141
0.1066
0.1001
0.0947
0.0899
0.0858
0.0822
0.0790
0.0761
0.0736
0.0713
0.0692
0.0673
0.0656
0.0640
0.0578
0.0505
0.0466
0.0442
0.0408

1.0600
0.5454
0.3741
0.2886
0.2374
0.2034
0.1791
0.1610
0.1470
0.1359
0.1268
0.1193
0.1130
0.1076
0.1030
0.0990
0.0954
0.0924
0.0896
0.0872
0.0850
0.0830
0.0813
0.0797
0.0782
0.0726
0.0665
0.0634
0.0619
0.0602

1.0000
0.4854
0.3141
0.2286
0.1774
0.1434
0.1191
0.1010
0.0870
0.0759
0.0668
0.0593
0.0530
0.0476
0.0430
0.0390
0.0354
0.0324
0.0296
0.0272
0.0250
0.0230
0.0213
0.0197
0.0182
0.0126
0.0065
0.0034
0.0019
0.0002

A/G

0.0000
0.4854
0.9612
1.4272
1.8836
2.3304
2.7676
3.1952
3.6133
4.0220
4.4213
4.8113
5.1920
5.5635
5.9260
6.2794
6.6240
6.9597
7.2867
7.6051
7.9151
8.2166
8.5099
8.7951
9.0722
10.3422
12.3590
13.7964
14.7909
16.3711

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
30
40
50
60
100

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
30
40
50
60
100

P/F

0.9259
0.8573
0.7938
0.7350
0.6806
0.6302
0.5835
0.5403
0.5002
0.4632
0.4289
0.3971
0.3677
0.3405
0.3152
0.2919
0.2703
0.2502
0.2317
0.2145
0.1987
0.1839
0.1703
0.1577
0.1460
0.0994
0.0460
0.0213
0.0099
0.0005

P/F

0.9091
0.8264
0.7513
0.6830
0.6209
0.5645
0.5132
0.4665
0.4241
0.3855
0.3505
0.3186
0.2897
0.2633
0.2394
0.2176
0.1978
0.1799
0.1635
0.1486
0.1351
0.1228
0.1117
0.1015
0.0923
0.0573
0.0221
0.0085
0.0033
0.0001

P/A

0.9259
1.7833
2.5771
3.3121
3.9927
4.6229
5.2064
5.7466
6.2469
6.7101
7.1390
7.5361
7.9038
8.2442
8.5595
8.8514
9.1216
9.3719
9.6036
9.8181
10.0168
10.2007
10.3711
10.5288
10.6748
11.2578
11.9246
12.2335
12.3766
12.4943

P/A

0.9091
1.7355
2.4869
3.1699
3.7908
4.3553
4.8684
5.3349
5.7590
6.1446
6.4951
6.8137
7.1034
7.3667
7.6061
7.8237
8.0216
8.2014
8.3649
8.5136
8.6487
8.7715
8.8832
8.9847
9.0770
9.4269
9.7791
9.9148
9.9672
9.9993

Factor Table - i = 8.00%

F/P
F/A

A/P

Factor Table - i = 10.00%

P/G
F/P
F/A

A/P

P/G

0.0000
0.8573
2.4450
4.6501
7.3724
10.5233
14.0242
17.8061
21.8081
25.9768
30.2657
34.6339
39.0463
43.4723
47.8857
52.2640
56.5883
60.8426
65.0134
69.0898
73.0629
76.9257
80.6726
84.2997
87.8041
103.4558
126.0422
139.5928
147.3000
155.6107

0.0000
0.8264
2.3291
4.3781
6.8618
9.6842
12.7631
16.0287
19.4215
22.8913
26.3962
29.9012
33.3772
36.8005
40.1520
43.4164
46.5819
49.6395
52.5827
55.4069
58.1095
60.6893
63.1462
65.4813
67.6964
77.0766
88.9525
94.8889
97.7010
99.9202

1.0800
1.1664
1.2597
1.3605
1.4693
1.5869
1.7138
1.8509
1.9990
2.1589
2.3316
2.5182
2.7196
2.9372
3.1722
3.4259
3.7000
3.9960
4.3157
4.6610
5.0338
5.4365
5.8715
6.3412
6.8485
10.0627
21.7245
46.9016
101.2571
2,199.7613

1.1000
1.2100
1.3310
1.4641
1.6105
1.7716
1.9487
2.1436
2.3579
2.5937
2.8531
3.1384
3.4523
3.7975
4.1772
4.5950
5.0545
5.5599
6.1159
6.7275
7.4002
8.1403
8.9543
9.8497
10.8347
17.4494
45.2593
117.3909
304.4816
13,780.6123

1.0000
2.0800
3.2464
4.5061
5.8666
7.3359
8.9228
10.6366
12.4876
14.4866
16.6455
18.9771
21.4953
24.2149
27.1521
30.3243
33.7502
37.4502
41.4463
45.7620
50.4229
55.4568
60.8933
66.7648
73.1059
113.2832
259.0565
573.7702
1,253.2133
27,484.5157

1.0000
2.1000
3.3100
4.6410
6.1051
7.7156
9.4872
11.4359
13.5735
15.9374
18.5312
21.3843
24.5227
27.9750
31.7725
35.9497
40.5447
45.5992
51.1591
57.2750
64.0025
71.4027
79.5430
88.4973
98.3471
164.4940
442.5926
1,163.9085
3,034.8164
137,796.1234

1.0800
0.5608
0.3880
0.3019
0.2505
0.2163
0.1921
0.1740
0.1601
0.1490
0.1401
0.1327
0.1265
0.1213
0.1168
0.1130
0.1096
0.1067
0.1041
0.1019
0.0998
0.0980
0.0964
0.0950
0.0937
0.0888
0.0839
0.0817
0.0808
0.0800

1.1000
0.5762
0.4021
0.3155
0.2638
0.2296
0.2054
0.1874
0.1736
0.1627
0.1540
0.1468
0.1408
0.1357
0.1315
0.1278
0.1247
0.1219
0.1195
0.1175
0.1156
0.1140
0.1126
0.1113
0.1102
0.1061
0.1023
0.1009
0.1003
0.1000

A/F

A/G

1.0000
0.4808
0.3080
0.2219
0.1705
0.1363
0.1121
0.0940
0.0801
0.0690
0.0601
0.0527
0.0465
0.0413
0.0368
0.0330
0.0296
0.0267
0.0241
0.0219
0.0198
0.0180
0.0164
0.0150
0.0137
0.0088
0.0039
0.0017
0.0008

0.0000
0.4808
0.9487
1.4040
1.8465
2.2763
2.6937
3.0985
3.4910
3.8713
4.2395
4.5957
4.9402
5.2731
5.5945
5.9046
6.2037
6.4920
6.7697
7.0369
7.2940
7.5412
7.7786
8.0066
8.2254
9.1897
10.5699
11.4107
11.9015
12.4545

A/F

A/G

1.0000
0.4762
0.3021
0.2155
0.1638
0.1296
0.1054
0.0874
0.0736
0.0627
0.0540
0.0468
0.0408
0.0357
0.0315
0.0278
0.0247
0.0219
0.0195
0.0175
0.0156
0.0140
0.0126
0.0113
0.0102
0.0061
0.0023
0.0009
0.0003

0.0000
0.4762
0.9366
1.3812
1.8101
2.2236
2.6216
3.0045
3.3724
3.7255
4.0641
4.3884
4.6988
4.9955
5.2789
5.5493
5.8071
6.0526
6.2861
6.5081
6.7189
6.9189
7.1085
7.2881
7.4580
8.1762
9.0962
9.5704
9.8023
9.9927

ENGINEERING ECONOMICS

119

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
30
40
50
60
100

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
30
40
50
60
100

120

P/F

0.8929
0.7972
0.7118
0.6355
0.5674
0.5066
0.4523
0.4039
0.3606
0.3220
0.2875
0.2567
0.2292
0.2046
0.1827
0.1631
0.1456
0.1300
0.1161
0.1037
0.0926
0.0826
0.0738
0.0659
0.0588
0.0334
0.0107
0.0035
0.0011

P/F

0.8475
0.7182
0.6086
0.5158
0.4371
0.3704
0.3139
0.2660
0.2255
0.1911
0.1619
0.1372
0.1163
0.0985
0.0835
0.0708
0.0600
0.0508
0.0431
0.0365
0.0309
0.0262
0.0222
0.0188
0.0159
0.0070
0.0013
0.0003
0.0001

ENGINEERING ECONOMICS

P/A

0.8929
1.6901
2.4018
3.0373
3.6048
4.1114
4.5638
4.9676
5.3282
5.6502
5.9377
6.1944
6.4235
6.6282
6.8109
6.9740
7.1196
7.2497
7.3658
7.4694
7.5620
7.6446
7.7184
7.7843
7.8431
8.0552
8.2438
8.3045
8.3240
8.3332

P/A

0.8475
1.5656
2.1743
2.6901
3.1272
3.4976
3.8115
4.0776
4.3030
4.4941
4.6560
4.7932
4.9095
5.0081
5.0916
5.1624
5.2223
5.2732
5.3162
5.3527
5.3837
5.4099
5.4321
5.4509
5.4669
5.5168
5.5482
5.5541
5.5553
5.5556

P/G

Factor Table - i = 12.00%

F/P

P/G

Factor Table - i = 18.00%

F/P

0.0000
0.7972
2.2208
4.1273
6.3970
8.9302
11.6443
14.4714
17.3563
20.2541
23.1288
25.9523
28.7024
31.3624
33.9202
36.3670
38.6973
40.9080
42.9979
44.9676
46.8188
48.5543
50.1776
51.6929
53.1046
58.7821
65.1159
67.7624
68.8100
69.4336

0.0000
0.7182
1.9354
3.4828
5.2312
7.0834
8.9670
10.8292
12.6329
14.3525
15.9716
17.4811
18.8765
20.1576
21.3269
22.3885
23.3482
24.2123
24.9877
25.6813
26.3000
26.8506
27.3394
27.7725
28.1555
29.4864
30.5269
30.7856
30.8465
30.8642

1.1200
1.2544
1.4049
1.5735
1.7623
1.9738
2.2107
2.4760
2.7731
3.1058
3.4785
3.8960
4.3635
4.8871
5.4736
6.1304
6.8660
7.6900
8.6128
9.6463
10.8038
12.1003
13.5523
15.1786
17.0001
29.9599
93.0510
289.0022
897.5969
83,522.2657

1.1800
1.3924
1.6430
1.9388
2.2878
2.6996
3.1855
3.7589
4.4355
5.2338
6.1759
7.2876
8.5994
10.1472
11.9737
14.1290
16.6722
19.6731
23.2144
27.3930
32.3238
38.1421
45.0076
53.1090
62.6686
143.3706
750.3783
3,927.3569
20,555.1400
15,424,131.91

F/A

1.0000
2.1200
3.3744
4.7793
6.3528
8.1152
10.0890
12.2997
14.7757
17.5487
20.6546
24.1331
28.0291
32.3926
37.2797
42.7533
48.8837
55.7497
63.4397
72.0524
81.6987
92.5026
104.6029
118.1552
133.3339
241.3327
767.0914
2,400.0182
7,471.6411
696,010.5477

F/A

1.0000
2.1800
3.5724
5.2154
7.1542
9.4423
12.1415
15.3270
19.0859
23.5213
28.7551
34.9311
42.2187
50.8180
60.9653
72.9390
87.0680
103.7403
123.4135
146.6280
174.0210
206.3448
244.4868
289.4944
342.6035
790.9480
4,163.2130
21,813.0937
114,189.6665
85,689,616.17

A/P

1.1200
0.5917
0.4163
0.3292
0.2774
0.2432
0.2191
0.2013
0.1877
0.1770
0.1684
0.1614
0.1557
0.1509
0.1468
0.1434
0.1405
0.1379
0.1358
0.1339
0.1322
0.1308
0.1296
0.1285
0.1275
0.1241
0.1213
0.1204
0.1201
0.1200

A/P

1.1800
0.6387
0.4599
0.3717
0.3198
0.2859
0.2624
0.2452
0.2324
0.2225
0.2148
0.2086
0.2037
0.1997
0.1964
0.1937
0.1915
0.1896
0.1881
0.1868
0.1857
0.1848
0.1841
0.1835
0.1829
0.1813
0.1802
0.1800
0.1800
0.1800

A/F

A/G

A/F

A/G

1.0000
0.4717
0.2963
0.2092
0.1574
0.1232
0.0991
0.0813
0.0677
0.0570
0.0484
0.0414
0.0357
0.0309
0.0268
0.0234
0.0205
0.0179
0.0158
0.0139
0.0122
0.0108
0.0096
0.0085
0.0075
0.0041
0.0013
0.0004
0.0001

1.0000
0.4587
0.2799
0.1917
0.1398
0.1059
0.0824
0.0652
0.0524
0.0425
0.0348
0.0286
0.0237
0.0197
0.0164
0.0137
0.0115
0.0096
0.0081
0.0068
0.0057
0.0048
0.0041
0.0035
0.0029
0.0013
0.0002

0.0000
0.4717
0.9246
1.3589
1.7746
2.1720
2.5515
2.9131
3.2574
3.5847
3.8953
4.1897
4.4683
4.7317
4.9803
5.2147
5.4353
5.6427
5.8375
6.0202
6.1913
6.3514
6.5010
6.6406
6.7708
7.2974
7.8988
8.1597
8.2664
8.3321

0.0000
0.4587
0.8902
1.2947
1.6728
2.0252
2.3526
2.6558
2.9358
3.1936
3.4303
3.6470
3.8449
4.0250
4.1887
4.3369
4.4708
4.5916
4.7003
4.7978
4.8851
4.9632
5.0329
5.0950
5.1502
5.3448
5.5022
5.5428
5.5526
5.5555