There are four main types of coal classified based on carbon content and heat value:
1. Lignite, also known as brown coal, has the lowest quality with 25-35% carbon content and 10-20 MJ/kg energy content. It is often burned near mines to generate electricity.
2. Sub-bituminous coal has darker brown color than lignite with lower moisture content, making it suitable for power generation.
3. Bituminous coal is higher quality with 60-80% carbon content. It is primarily used for electricity and in steel production.
4. Anthracite has the highest quality at 92-98% carbon content and is very limited in supply. It produces the
There are four main types of coal classified based on carbon content and heat value:
1. Lignite, also known as brown coal, has the lowest quality with 25-35% carbon content and 10-20 MJ/kg energy content. It is often burned near mines to generate electricity.
2. Sub-bituminous coal has darker brown color than lignite with lower moisture content, making it suitable for power generation.
3. Bituminous coal is higher quality with 60-80% carbon content. It is primarily used for electricity and in steel production.
4. Anthracite has the highest quality at 92-98% carbon content and is very limited in supply. It produces the
There are four main types of coal classified based on carbon content and heat value:
1. Lignite, also known as brown coal, has the lowest quality with 25-35% carbon content and 10-20 MJ/kg energy content. It is often burned near mines to generate electricity.
2. Sub-bituminous coal has darker brown color than lignite with lower moisture content, making it suitable for power generation.
3. Bituminous coal is higher quality with 60-80% carbon content. It is primarily used for electricity and in steel production.
4. Anthracite has the highest quality at 92-98% carbon content and is very limited in supply. It produces the
There are four main types of coal classified based on carbon content and heat value:
1. Lignite, also known as brown coal, has the lowest quality with 25-35% carbon content and 10-20 MJ/kg energy content. It is often burned near mines to generate electricity.
2. Sub-bituminous coal has darker brown color than lignite with lower moisture content, making it suitable for power generation.
3. Bituminous coal is higher quality with 60-80% carbon content. It is primarily used for electricity and in steel production.
4. Anthracite has the highest quality at 92-98% carbon content and is very limited in supply. It produces the
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Lignite
Lignite and Lignite briquette
Lignite, often referred to as brown coal, is a soft brown combustible sedimentary rock formed from naturally compressed peat. It is considered the lowest rank of coal due to its relatively low heat content. It has a carbon content around 25-35%. It is mined all around the world and is used almost exclusively as a fuel for steam-electric power generation, but is also mined for its germaniumcontent in China. About 26.3% of Germany's electricity comes from lignite power plants,[1] while in Greece, lignite provides about 50% of its power needs.
Characteristics[edit]
Lignite mining in Western North Dakota, United States (circa 1945)
Lignite is brownish-black in color and has a carbon content around 25-35%, a high inherent moisture content sometimes as high as 66%, and an ash content ranging from 6% to 19% compared with 6% to 12% for bituminous coal.[2]
Strip mining lignite at Tagebau Garzweiler in Germany
The energy content of lignite ranges from 10 20 MJ/kg (917 million BTU per short ton) on a moist, mineral-matter-free basis. The energy content of lignite consumed in the United States averages 15 MJ/kg (13 million BTU/ton), on the as-received basis (i.e., containing both inherent moisture and mineral matter). The energy content of lignite consumed in Victoria, Australia, averages 8.4 MJ/kg (6.5 million BTU/ton). Lignite has a high content of volatile matter which makes it easier to convert into gas and liquid petroleum products than higher-ranking coals. Unfortunately, its high moisture content and susceptibility to spontaneous combustion can cause problems in transportation and storage. It is now known that efficient processes that remove latent moisture locked within the structure of brown coal will relegate the risk of spontaneous combustion to the same level as black coal, will transform the calorific value of brown coal to a black coal equivalent fuel, and significantly reduce the emissions profile of 'densified' brown coal to a level similar to or better than most black coals. [3] However, removing the moisture increases the cost of the final lignite fuel.
Uses[edit] Because of its low energy density and typically high moisture content, brown coal is inefficient to transport and is not traded extensively on the world market compared with higher coal grades. It is often burned in power stations near the mines, such as in Australia's Latrobe Valley and Luminant's Monticello plant in Texas. Primarily because of latent high moisture content and low energy density of brown coal, carbon dioxide emissions from traditional browncoal-fired plants are generally much higher per megawatt generated than for comparable blackcoal plants, with the world's highest-emitting plant being Hazelwood Power Station, Victoria. [4] The operation of traditional brown-coal plants, particularly in combination with strip mining, can be politically contentious due to environmental concerns. [5][6] Reaction with quaternary amine forms a product called amine-treated lignite (ATL), which is used in drilling mud to reduce fluid loss during drilling.
Geology[edit]
Pendant from Magdalenian in ligniteMusum de Toulouse
Lignite begins as an accumulation of partially decayed plant material, or peat. Burial by other sediments results in increasing temperature, depending on the local geothermal
gradient and tectonic setting, and increasing pressure. This causes compaction of the material and loss of some of the water and volatile matter (primarily methane and carbon dioxide). This process, called coalification, concentrates the carbon content, and thus the heat content, of the material. Deeper burial and the passage of time result in further expulsion of moisture and volatile matter, eventually transforming the material into higher rank coals such as bituminous and anthracite coal.[7] Lignite deposits are typically younger than higher-ranked coals, with the majority of them having formed during the Tertiary period.
Resources[edit] The Latrobe Valley in the state of Victoria, Australia, contains estimated reserves of some 65 billion tonnes of brown coal.[8] The deposit is equivalent to 25% of known world reserves. The coal seams are up to 100 metres thick, with multiple coal seams often giving virtually continuous brown coal thickness of up to 230 metres. Seams are covered by very little overburden (10 to 20 metres).[8]
Types[edit] Lignite can be separated into two types. The first is xyloid lignite or fossil wood and the second form is the compact lignite or perfect lignite. Although xyloid lignite may sometimes have the tenacity and the appearance of ordinary wood, it can be seen that the combustible woody tissue has experienced a great modification. It is reducible to a fine powder by trituration, and if submitted to the action of a weak solution of potash, it yields a considerable quantity of humic acid.[9]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignite
Macam-macam Batubara ENERGY SUPPLY BY ONNY
Batubara adalah bahan bakar fosil yang terbentuk dari
tumbuh-tumbuhan yang hidup dan telah mati sejak 100400 juta tahun yang lalu. Energi dari batubara yang kita gunakan pada saat ini berasal dari tumbuh-tumbuhan yang telah menyerap energi dari sinar matahari pada jutaan tahun yang lalu. Seperti yang kita ketahui bersama bahwa tumbuhan menyerap energi dari sinar matahari, mengolahnya menjadi karbohidrat melalui proses fotosintesis. Reaksi fotosintesis N CO + 2n H O + energi 2(CH O)n + 2n O Pada kondisi normal, tumbuhan yang mati akan terurai dan hancur di dalam tanah. Namun pada pembentukan batubara ratusan juta tahun silam hal ini tidak terjadi. Hal ini dikarenakan fenimena alam yang terjadi pada saat itu. Berdasarkan penelitian, hutan yang ada di ratusan juta tahun yang lalu tersebut tertimbun oleh banjir, lumpur, rawa, atau air asam. Sehingga menyebabkan energi karbohidrat yang terkandung di dalam tanaman tersebut terkunci dan tidak dapat terurai oleh alam. Selama jutaan tahun, lapisan tanah di atas tanaman-tanaman hutan tadi akan terus meningkat dan menciptakan tekanan yang sangat besar. Ditambah dengan panas yang berasal dari dalam bumi, secara perlahan tanaman-tanaman tadi akan membentuk batubara. 2
Proses Pembentukan Batubara
Proses pembentukan batubara sangat mempengaruhi kualitas dari batubara itu sendiri. Semakin padat batubara tersebut akibat tekanan alami yang dialaminya, akan semakin tinggi kualitasnya. Berdasarkan kualitas inilah batubara lebih lanjut diklasifikasikan menjadi beberapa jenis yaitu:
Lignite atau juga dikenal dengan sebutan batubara
coklat, adalah jenis batubara yang paling rendah kualitasnya. Banyak ditambang di Yunani, Jerman, Polandia, Serbia, Rusia, Amerika Serikat, India, Australia, dan beberapa bagian negara-negara Eropa. Batubara jenis ini banyak digunakan sebagai bahan bakar pembangkit listrik tenaga uap. Namun karena jenis ini memiliki energi konten rendah dan kandungan moisture yang tinggi, maka sangat tidak efisien untuk ditransportasikan ke tempat yang jauh. Untuk itu pembangkit listrik yang menggunakan
batubara jenis ini dibangun di lokasi yang cukup dekat
dengan lokasi penambangannya. Sub-bituminous adalah jenis batubara sedang di antara jenis lignite dan jenis bituminous. Secara fisik memiliki ciri-ciri berwarna coklat gelap cenderung hitam. Memiliki kandungan kelembaban yang lebih rendah dari jenis lignite dan cocok digunakan untuk bahan bakar pembangkit listrik tenaga uap. Bituminous, adalah jenis batubara yang lebih tinggi tingkatan kualitasnya. Mayoritas berwarna hitam, namun kadang masih ada yang berwarna coklat tua. Dinamakan bituminous dikarenakan adanya kandungan bitumen/aspal. Batubara jenis ini memiliki kandungan karbon sebanyak 60-80%, dan sisanya berupa air, udara, hidrogen, dan sulfur. Anthracite adalah jenis batubara yang paling baik kualitasnya. Jenis ini memiliki kandungan karbon sebesar 92,1% sampai dengan 98%, sehingga berwarna hitam mengkilap. Penggunaan batubaraanthracite pada pembangkit listrik tenaga uap, masuk ke dalam jenis batubara High Grade danUltra High Grade. Namun persediaannya masih sangat terbatas, yaitu sebanyak 1% dari total penambangan batubara. Negara penghasil batubara ini antara lain adalah Cina, Rusia, Ukraina, Korea Utara, Vietnam, Inggris, Australia, dan Amerika Serikat. http://artikel-teknologi.com/analisa-batubara/
Jenis-jenis Batubara
batubara antrasit
Batubara diklasifikasikan menjadi empat kategori umum, berdasarkan "ranking." Mulai
dari lignit, subbitumen, bitumen sampai antrasit, mencerminkan kandungan jenis batubara tersebut terhadap jumlah panas dan tekanan yang dihasilakan. Kandungan karbon batubara merupakan penentu utama dari panas yang dihasilkan, tetapi faktor lain juga mempengaruhi jumlah energi yang terkandung per bobotnya. (Jumlah energi dalam batubara dinyatakan dalam British thermal unit per pon. BTU adalah jumlah panas yang dibutuhkan untuk menaikkan suhu satu pon air sebesar satu derajat Fahrenheit.) Antrasit Antrasit adalah batubara dengan kadar karbon tertinggi, antara 86 sampai 98 persen, dan nilai panas yang dihasilakan hampir 15.000 BTU per pon. Paling sering digunakan pada alat pemanas rumah. Bitumen Bitumen digunakan terutama untuk menghasilkan listrik dan membuat kokas di industri baja. Pasar batubara yang tumbuh paling cepat untuk jenis ini, meskipun masih kecil, adalah yang memasok energi untuk proses industri. Bitumen memiliki kandungan karbon mulai 45 sampai 86 persen dan nilai panas 10.500 sampai 15.500 BTU per pon. Subbitumen
Peringkat dibawah bitumen adalah subbitumen, batubara dengan kandungan karbon 3545 persen dan nilai panas antara 8.300 hingga 13.000 BTU per pon. Meskipun nilai panasnya lebih rendah, batubara ini umumnya memiliki kandungan belerang yang lebih rendah daripada jenis lainnya, yang membuatnya disukai untuk dipakai karena hasil pembakarannya yang lebih bersih. Lignit (Batu bara muda) Lignit merupakan batubara geologis muda yang memiliki kandungan karbon terendah, 25-35 persen, dan nilai panas berkisar antara 4.000 dan 8.300 BTU per pon. Kadangkadang disebut brown coal, jenis ini umumnya digunakan untuk pembangkit tenaga listrik.
