varksu ps[ko

(1860-1904)

nf{k.kh :l osQ rxuksj uxj esa 1860 esa tUes varksu ps[ko us f'k{kk dky esa
gh dgkfu;k fy[kuk vkjaHk dj fn;k FkkA mUuhloha lnh dk ukSok n'kd :l
osQ fy, ,d dfBu le; FkkA ;g og le; Fkk tc vkkkn [k;ky gksus ls
gh yksx 'kklu osQ neu dk f'kdkj gks tk;k djrs FksA ,sls le; esa ps[ko us
mu ekSdkijLr yksxksa dks csudkc djrh dgkfu;k fy[kha ftuosQ fy, iSlk vkSj
in gh lc oqQN FkkA
ps[ko lkjs lalkj osQ pgsrs ys[kd ekus tkrs gSaA bldk lcls cM+k dkj.k
;g gS fd budh ukj esa lR; gh loksZifj jgkA lR; osQ izfr vkLFkk vkSj
fu"Bk] ;gh ps[ko dh /jksgj gSA ps[ko dh izeq[k dgkfu;k gSafxjfxV] DyoZQ
dh ekSr] okUdk] frryh] ,d dykdkj dh dgkuh] ?kksa?kk] bvksfut] jksekal]
nqyguA izfl ukVd gSaokY;k ekek] rhu cgusa] lhxy vkSj psjh dk cxhpkA

ikB izos'k
vPNh 'kklu O;oLFkk ogh gksrh gS tks lerk ij pyrh gSA lcdks ,d n`f"V
ls ns[krh gSA vU;k;h vkSj mlosQ vU;k; dks U;k; osQ rjkkw ij gh rkSyrh gSA
,slh 'kklu O;oLFkk tu&tu esa dkuwu osQ izfr vknj vkSj leiZ.k dk Hkko
txkrh gSA fuHkZ;rk dh Hkkouk Hkh iSnk djrh gSA ,slh 'kklu O;oLFkk dk;e
rHkh gks ldrh gS tc 'kklu dh ckxMksj lHkkyus okys i{kikr fd, fcuk]
vius vf/dkjksa vkSj drZO;ksa dk ikyu djsaA tc os bl dlkSVh ij [kjs ugha
mrjrs rc ns'k esa vjktdrk dk lkezkT; LFkkfir gksrs nsj ugha yxrhA
1884 esa fy[kh xbZ izLrqr dgkuh esa :l osQ egku ys[kd us ,d ,sls
volj dk o.kZu fd;k gS tc tkj'kkgh 'kklu pkiywlksa] HkkbZ&Hkrhtkokn osQ
iks"kd vf/dkfj;ksa osQ Hkjksls py jgk FkkA urhtk ;g Fkk fd os dkuwu osQ ;k
vke vkneh osQ i{k esa ,slh I+kQfj;kn dk Hkh U;k;ksfpr I +kQS lyk ugha dj ikrs
Fks] ftlesa nks"kh dksbZ euq"; ugha cfYd og'kh oqQkk gh D;ksa u gks\ laHkor%
,slh 'kklu O;oLFkk osQ fy, gh lar dfo rqylhnkl us dHkh dgk gksxk]
^lejFk dks ug nks"k xqlkbZ*A

fxjfxV
gkFk esa caMy Fkkes] iqfyl balisDVj vkspqesykWo u;k vksojdksV igus gq,] ckkkj osQ pkSjkgs ls
xqkjkA mlosQ ihNs] vius gkFkksa esa] kCr dh xbZ >jcsfj;ksa dh Vksdjh mBk,] yky ckyksaokyk ,d
flikgh pyk vk jgk FkkA pkjksa vksj [kkeks'kh Fkh--- pkSjkgs ij fdlh vkneh dk fu'kku rd ugha
FkkA nqdkuksa osQ [kqys njokks] Hkw[ks tcM+ksa dh rjg] Hkxoku dh bl l`f"V dks mnkl fuxkgksa ls rkd
jgs FksA dksbZ fHk[kkjh rd muosQ vkl&ikl ugha fn[k jgk FkkA
lglk vkspqesykWo osQ dkuksa esa ,d vkokk xwthrks rw dkVsxk\ rw\ 'kSrku dgha dk! vks
Nksdjks! bls er tkus nksA bu fnuksa dkV [kkuk euk gSA idM+ yks bl oqQks dksA vkg---!
rc fdlh oqQks osQ fdfd;kus dh vkokk lqukbZ nhA vkspqesykWo us ml vkokk dh fn'kk esa
?kwedj ?kwjk vkSj ik;k fd ,d O;kikjh fipwfxu osQ dkBxksnke esa ls ,d oqQkk rhu Vkxkssa osQ cy
ij jsaxrk pyk vk jgk gSA NhaV dh dyI+kQ yxh dehk vkSj fcuk cVu dh okLosQV igus gq,]
,d O;fDr oqQks osQ ihNs nkSM+ jgk FkkA fxjrs&iM+rs mlus oqQks dks fiNyh Vkx ls idM+ fy;kA
fiQj oqQks dk fdfd;kuk vkSj ,d ph[ker tkus nksnksckjk lqukbZ nhA nqdkuksa esa mQ?krs gq,
psgjs ckgj >kosQ vkSj ns[krs gh ns[krs] tSls kehu iQkM+dj fudy vkbZ ,d HkhM+] dkBxksnke dks
?ksjdj [kM+h gks xbZA
gqkwj! ;g rks tu'kkafr Hkax gks tkus tSlk oqQN nh[k jgk gS] flikgh us dgkA
vkspqesykWo eqM+k vkSj HkhM+ dh rjI+kQ py fn;kA mlus dkBxksnke osQ ikl cVu foghu okLosQV
kkj.k fd, gq, ml vkneh dks ns[kk] tks viuk nk;k gkFk mBk, ogk ekStwn Fkk rFkk mifLFkr yksxksa
dks viuh ygwyqgku mxyh fn[kk jgk FkkA mlosQ u'khys&ls gks vk, psgjs ij lkI+kQ fy[kk fn[k
jgk Fkk'kSrku dh vkSykn! eSa rq>s NksM+us okyk ugha! vkSj mldh mxyh Hkh thr osQ >aMs dh
rjg xM+h fn[kkbZ ns jgh FkhA vkspqesykWo us bl O;fDr dks igpku fy;kA og [;wfu uked lqukj
Fkk vkSj bl HkhM+ osQ chpksachp] viuh vxyh Vkxsa ilkjs] uqdhys eqg vkSj ihB ij iSQys ihys
nkxokyk] vijkkh&lk ukj vkrk] lI+ksQn ckjkksbZ fiYyk] mQij ls uhps rd dkirk iljk iM+k FkkA
mldh vklqvksa ls luh vk[kksa esa ladV vkSj vkrad dh xgjh Nki FkhA

102

/ Li'kZ

;g lc D;k gks jgk gS\ HkhM+ dks phjrs gq, vkspqesykWo us loky fd;krqe lc yksx
bkj D;k dj jgs gks\ rqeus viuh ;g mxyh mQij D;ksa mBk j[kh gS\ fpYyk dkSu jgk Fkk\
gqkwj! eSa rks pqipki pyk tk jgk Fkk] eqg ij gkFk j[kdj [kklrs gq, [;wfu us dgkeq>s
fe=kh fef=kp ls ydM+h ysdj oqQN dke fuiVkuk Fkk] rc vpkud bl dEc[r us vdkj.k esjh
mxyh dkV [kkbZA ekI+kQ djsAa vki rks tkurs gSa eSa Bgjk ,d dkedkth vkneh--- esjk dke Hkh ,dne
isphnk fdLe dk gSA eq>s yx jgk gS ,d g+rs rd esjh ;g mxyh vc dke djus yk;d ugha

fxjfxV / 103

gks ik,xhA rks gqkwj! esjh xqkkfj'k gS fd blosQ ekfydksa ls eq>s gjkkuk rks fnyok;k tk,A ;g rks fdlh
dkuwu eas ugha fy[kk gS gqkwj fd vkne[kksj tkuoj gesa dkV [kk, vkSj ge mUgsa cjnk'r djrs jgsAa
vxj gj dksbZ blh rjg dkV [kkuk 'kq: dj ns rks ;g knxh rks uoZQ gks tk,---
gw--- Bhd gS] Bhd gS] vkspqesykWo us viuk xyk [k[kkjrs vkSj viuh R;ksfj;k p<+krs gq,
dgkBhd gS ;g rks crkvks fd ;g oqQkk fdldk gSA eSa bl ekeys dks NksM+us okyk ugha gwA
oqQkksa dks bl rjg vkokjk NksM+ nsus dk ekk eSa buosQ ekfydksa dks p[kkdj jgwxkA tks dkuwu dk
ikyu ugha djrs] vc mu yksxksa ls fucVus dk oDr vk x;k gSA ml cnek'k vkneh dks eSa bruk
tqekZuk BksowQxk rkfd mls bYe gks tk, fd oqQkksa vkSj tkuojksa dks bl rjg vkokjk NksM+ nsus dk
D;k urhtk gksrk gS\ eSa mls Bhd djosQ jgwxk] rc flikgh dh rjI+kQ eqM+dj mlus viuh ckr
tkjh j[kh;sYnhjhu! irk yxkvks ;g fiYyk fdldk gS vkSj bldh iwjh fjiksVZ rS;kj djksA bl
oqQks dks fcuk nsjh fd, [kRe dj fn;k tk,A 'kk;n ;g ikxy gks--- eSa iwN jgk gw vkf[kj ;g
fdldk oqQkk gS\
esjs [k;ky ls ;g tujy f>xkykWo dk gS] HkhM+ ls ,d vkokk mHkjdj vkbZA
tujy f>xkykWo! gw ;sYnhjhu] esjk dksV mrjokus esa esjh enn djks--- vksI+kQ! vkt fdruh
xjeh gSA yx jgk gS ckfj'k gksdj jgsxh] og [;wfu dh rjI+kQ eqMk+ ,d ckr esjh le> esa ugha
vkrhvkf[kj blus rqEgsa oSQls dkV [kk;k\ ;g rqEgkjh mxyh rd igqp
k oSQls\ rw bruk yack&rxM+k
vkneh vkSj ;g jkh Hkj dk tkuoj! k:j gh rsjh mxyh ij dksbZ dhy oxSjg xM+ xbZ gksxh vkSj
rRdky rwus lkspk gksxk fd bls oqQks osQ eRFks e<+dj oqQN gjkkuk oxSjg ,sBa dj I+kQk;nk mBk fy;k
tk,A eSa rsjs tSls 'kSrku yksxksa dks vPNh rjg le>rk gwA
blus viuh tyrh flxjsV ls bl oqQks dh ukd ;w gh tyk Mkyh gksxh] gqkwj! ojuk ;g
oqQkk csoowQ+ Q gS D;k tks bls dkV [kkrk! ;sYnhjhu us dgkgqkwj! eSa tkurk gw ;g [;wfu
ges'kk dksbZ u dksbZ 'kjkjr djrk jgrk gSA
vcs! rwus eq>s ,slk djrs tc ns[kk gh ugha rks >wB&ewB esa lc D;ksa cosQ tk jgk gS\ gqkwj
rks [kqn cqfeku vkneh gSa vkSj c[kwch tkurs gSa fd dkSu lp cksy jgk gS vkSj dkSu >wBA ;fn
eSa >wB cksyrk ik;k tkmQ rks eq> ij vnkyr esa eqdnek Bksd nksA dkuwu lEer rks ;gh gS--- fd
lc yksx vc cjkcj gSaA eSa] ;fn vki pkgsa rks ;g Hkh crk nw fd esjk ,d HkkbZ Hkh iqfyl esa
gS---
cdokl can djks!
ugha! ;g tujy lkgc dk oqQkk ugha gS] flikgh us xaHkhjrkiwod
Z fVIi.kh dhtujy lkgc
osQ ikl ,slk dksbZ oqQkk ugha gSA muosQ rks lHkh oqQks iksVa j gSAa
rqe fo'okl ls dg jgs gks\

104

/ Li'kZ

,dne gqkwj!
rqe lgh dgrs gksA tujy lkgc osQ lHkh oqQks egxs vkSj vPNh uLy osQ gSa] vkSj ;gkjk
bl ij ukj rks nkSM+kvksA fdruk Hkk vkSj efj;y&lk fiYyk gSA dksbZ lH; vkneh ,slk oqQkk
dkgs dks ikysxk\ rqe yksxksa dk fnekx [kjkc rks ugha gks x;k gSA ;fn bl rjg dk oqQkk ekWLdks
;k ihVlZoxZ esa fn[k tkrk] rks ekywe gks mldk D;k gJ gksrk\ rc dkuwu dh ijokg fd, cxSj
bldh Nq^h dj nh tkrhA rq>s blus dkV [kk;k gS] rks I;kjs ,d ckr xkB ckk ys] bls ,sls er
NksM+ nsukA bls gj gkyr esa ekk p[kok;k tkuk k:jh gSA ,sls oDr esa---
'kk;n ;g tujy lkgc dk gh oqQkk gSA xaHkhjrk ls lksprs gq, flikgh us dgkbls ns[k
ysus Hkj ls rks ugha dgk tk ldrk fd ;g mudk ugha gSA dy gh eSaus fcyoqQy blh dh rjg
dk ,d oqQkk muosQ vkxu esa ns[kk FkkA
gk! ;g tujy lkgc dk gh rks gS] HkhM+ esa ls ,d vkokk mHkj vkbZA
gw! ;sYnhjhu] esjk dksV igu ysus esa kjk esjh enn djksA eq>s bl gok ls BaM yxus yxh gSA
bl oqQks dks tujy lkgc osQ ikl ys tkvks vkSj irk yxkvks fd D;k ;g mUgha dk rks ugha gS\
muls dguk fd ;g eq>s feyk vkSj eSua s bls okil muosQ ikl Hkstk gSA vkSj muls ;g Hkh fourh
djuk fd os bls xyh esa pys vkus ls jksoQas A yxrk gS fd ;g dkI+kQh egxk izk.kh gS] vkSj ;fn gk]
gj xqMa k&cnek'k blosQ ukd esa tyrh flxjsV ?kqlMs u+ s yxs] rks ;g rckg gh gks tk,xkA rqEgsa ekywe
gS oqQkk fdruk ukkqd izk.kh gSA vkSj rw viuk gkFk uhps dj cs! xkk dgha dkA viuh bl Hkh mxyh
dks fn[kkuk can djA ;g lc rsjh viuh xyrh gS---
mkj ns[kks] tujy lkgc dk ckophZ vk jgk gSA kjk mlls irk yxkrs gS-a -- vks izk[s kksj! bkj
vkuk HkkbZA bl oqQks dks rks igpkuks--- D;k ;g rqEgkjs ;gk dk gS\
,d ckj fiQj ls rks dgks! bl rjg dk fiYyk rks geus dbZ knfx;ksa esa ugha ns[kk gksxkA
vc vfkd tkpus dh k:jr ugha gS] vkspqesykWo us dgk;g vkokjk oqQkk gSA blosQ
ckjs esa bkj [kM+s gksdj ppkZ djus dh k:jr ugha gSA eSa rqels igys gh dg pqdk gw fd ;g
vkokjk gS] rks gSA bls ekj Mkyks vkSj lkjk fdLlk [kRe!
;g gekjk ugha gS] izks[kksj us vkxs dgk;g rks tujy lkgc osQ HkkbZ dk gS] tks FkksM+h
nsj igys bkj ikkjs gSaA vius tujy lkgc dks ^ckjtks;l* uLy osQ oqQkksa esa dksbZ fnypLih ugha
gS ij muosQ HkkbZ dks ;gh uLy ilan gSA
D;k\ D;k tujy lkgc osQ HkkbZ lkgc i/kj pqosQ gSa\ okYnhehj bokfup\ vkkn ls lu
vk, vius psgjs dks lesVrs gq,] vkspqesykWo us gSjkuh osQ Hkko izn'kZu osQ lkFk dgkfdruk
vn~Hkqr la;ksx jgkA vkSj eq>s ekywe rd ughaA vHkh oqQN fnu #osaQxs\

fxjfxV / 105

gk! ;g lgh gSA

rfud lkspks! os vius HkkbZ lkgc ls feyus ikkjs gSa vkSj eSa bruk Hkh ugha tkurkA rks ;g mudk
oqQkk gSA cgqr [kq'kh gqb-Z -- bls ys tkb,--- ;g rks ,d vfr lqna j ^MkWxh* gSA ;g bldh mxyh ij >iV
iM+k Fkk\ gk&gk&gk! cl&cl! vc dkiuk can dj HkkbZ! xjZ&xjZ--- uUgk&lk 'kSrku xqLls esa gS--- cgqr
[kwclwjr fiYyk gSA
izks[kksj oqQks dks lHkkydj dkBxksnke ls ckgj pyk x;kA HkhM+ [;wfu dh gkyr ij gl nhA
eSa rq>s vHkh Bhd djrk gw! vkspqesykWo us mls kedk;k vkSj vius yacs pksxs dks 'kjhj ij
Mkyrk gqvk] ckkkj osQ ml pkSjkgs dks dkVdj vius jkLrs ij pyk x;kA

iz'u&vH;kl
ekSf[kd
fuEufyf[kr iz'ukas osQ mkj ,d&nks iafDr;ksa esa nhft,
1- dkBxksnke osQ ikl HkhM+ D;ksa bd_h gks xbZ Fkh\
2- mxyh Bhd u gksus dh fLFkfr esa [;wfozQu dk uqdlku D;ksa gksrk\
3- oqQkk D;ksa fdfd;k jgk Fkk\
4- ckkkj osQ pkSjkgs ij [kkeks'kh D;ksa Fkh\
5- tujy lkgc osQ ckophZ us oqQks osQ ckjs esa D;k crk;k\

fyf[kr
(d) fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mkj (25-30 'kCnksa esa) fyf[k,
1234-

[;wfozQu us eqvkokk ikus dh D;k nyhy nh\

[;wfozQu us vkspqesykWo dks mxyh mQij mBkus dk D;k dkj.k crk;k\
;sYnhjhu us [;wfozQu dks nks"kh Bgjkrs gq, D;k dgk\
vkspqesykWo us tujy lkgc osQ ikl ;g lans'k D;ksa fHktok;k gksxk fd ^muls dguk fd ;g eq>s feyk
vkSj eSaus bls okil muosQ ikl Hkstk gS*\
5- HkhM+ [;wfu ij D;ksa glus yxrh gS\
([k) fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mkj (50-60) 'kCnksa esa fyf[k,
1- fdlh dhy&ohy ls mxyh Nhy yh gksxh,slk vkspqesykWo us D;ksa dgk\
2- vkspqesykWo osQ pfj=k dh fo'ks"krkvksa dks vius 'kCnksa esa fyf[k,A

106

/ Li'kZ

3- ;g tkuus osQ ckn fd oqQkk tujy lkgc osQ HkkbZ dk gSvkspqesykWo osQ fopkjksa esa D;k ifjorZu vk;k
vkSj D;ksa\
4- [;wfozQu dk ;g dFku fd ^esjk ,d HkkbZ Hkh iqfyl esa gS----A* lekt dh fdl okLrfodrk dh vksj laoQs r
djrk gS\
5- bl dgkuh dk 'kh"kZd ^fxjfxV* D;ksa j[kk gksxk\ D;k vki bl dgkuh osQ fy, dksbZ vU; 'kh"kZd lq>k
ldrs gSa\ vius 'kh"kZd dk vk/kj Hkh Li"V dhft,A
6- ^fxjfxV* dgkuh osQ ek;e ls lekt dh fdu folaxfr;ksa ij O;aX; fd;k x;k gS\ D;k vki ,slh
folaxfr;k vius lekt eas Hkh ns[krs gSa\ Li"V dhft,A
(x) fuEufyf[kr osQ vk'k; Li"V dhft,
1- mldh vklqvksa ls luh vk[kksa esa ladV vkSj vkrad dh xgjh Nki FkhA
2- dkuwu lEer rks ;gh gS--- fd lc yksx vc cjkcj gSaA
3- gqkwj! ;g rks tu'kkafr Hkax gks tkus tSlk oqQN nh[k jgk gSA

Hkk"kk v;;u
1- uhps fn, x, okD;ksa esa mfpr fojke&fp yxkb,
(d) ek us iwNk cPpksa dgk tk jgs gks
([k) ?kj osQ ckgj lkjk lkeku fc[kjk iM+k Fkk
(x) gk; jke ;g D;k gks x;k
(?k) jhuk lqgsy dfork vkSj 'ks[kj [ksy jgs Fks
() flikgh us dgk Bgj rq>s vHkh etk p[kkrk gw
2- uhps fn, x, okD;ksa esa js[kkafdr va'k ij ;ku nhft,

esjk ,d HkkbZ Hkh iqfyl esa gSA

;g rks vfr lqanj ^MkWxh* gSA

dy gh eSaus fcyoqQy blh dh rjg dk ,d oqQkk muosQ vkxu esa ns[kk FkkA

okD; osQ js[kkafdr va'k ^fuikr* dgykrs gSa tks okD; osQ eq[; vFkZ ij cy nsrs gSaA okD; esa buls irk
pyrk gS fd fdl ckr ij cy fn;k tk jgk gS vkSj okD; D;k vFkZ ns jgk gSA okD; esa tks vO;; fdlh
'kCn ;k in osQ ckn yxdj mlosQ vFkZ esa fo'ks"k izdkj dk cy ;k Hkko mRiUu djus esa lgk;rk djrs
gSa mUgas fuikr dgrs gSa_ tSlsgh] Hkh] rks] rd vkfnA
gh] Hkh] rks] rd vkfn fuikrksa dk iz;ksx djrs gq, ikp okD; cukb,A
3- ikB esa vk, eqgkojksa eas ls ikp eqgkojs Nk Vdj mudk okD; esa iz;ksx dhft,A

fxjfxV / 107

4- uhps fn, x, 'kCnksa esa mfpr milxZ yxkdj 'kCn cukb,

(d)
([k)
(x)
(?k)

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

$
$
$
$

Hkko
ilan
/kj.k
mifLFkr

=
=
=
=

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

()
(p)
(N)
(t)

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

$
$
$
$

yk;d
fo'okl
ijokg
dkj.k

=
=
=
=

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

5- uhps fn, x, 'kCnksa eas mfpr izR;; yxkdj 'kCn cukb,

enn
cqf
xaHkhj
lH;
BaM
izn'kZu

$
$
$
$
$
$

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=
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6- uhps fn, x, okD;ksa osQ js[kkafdr inca/ dk izdkj crkb,

(d) nqdkuksa esa mQ?krs gq, psgjs ckgj >kosQA
([k) yky ckyksaokyk ,d flikgh pyk vk jgk FkkA
(x) ;g [;wfozQu ges'kk dksbZ u dksbZ 'kjkjr djrk jgrk gSA
(?k) ,d oqQkk rhu Vkxksa osQ cy jsaxrk pyk vk jgk gSA
7- vkiosQ eksgYys esa ykokfjl @ vkokjk oqQkksa dh la[;k cgqr ;knk gks xbZ gS ftlls vkus&tkus okys yksxksa
dks vlqfo/k gksrh gSA vr% yksxksa dh lqj{kk dks ;ku esa j[krs gq, uxj fuxe vfkdkjh dks ,d i=k
fyf[k,A

;ksX;rk foLrkj
1- ftl izdkj fxjfxV 'k=kq ls Lo;a dks cpkus osQ fy, vius vkl&ikl osQ ifjos'k osQ vuqlkj jax cny
ysrk gS mlh izdkj dbZ O;fDr vius LokFkZ osQ fy, ifjfLFkfr;ksa osQ vuqlkj viuh ckr] O;ogkj]
n`f"Vdks.k] fopkj dks cny ysrs gSaA ;gh dkj.k gS fd ,sls O;fDr;ksa dks ^fxjfxV* dgk tkrk gSA
2- volj osQ vuqlkj O;kogkfjdrk dk lgkjk ysuk vki dgk rd mfpr le>rs gSa\ bl fo"k; ij d{kk
esa ppkZ dhft,A
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